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Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 3.5 Unbeatable Super Mom-Mary Kom Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Kumarbharati Textbook Solutions Unit 3.5 Unbeatable Super Mom-Mary Kom

Maharashtra Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 3.5 Warming Up Questions and Answers

Unbeatable Super Mom Mary Kom English Workshop Question 1.
Discuss and find out the jobs which were done only by men in the past but nowadays women too have started doing them.
……………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………….
Answer:
HR Manager, Finance Manager, Accountant, Auditor. Budget Analyst, Underwriter, Tax Examiner, Real Estate Agent, Media person, Psychotherapists, Advertising Manager, Event Manager, Social and Community Service Manager, Officer in the Civil Services, Officer in the Armed Forces, Commercial Airline, Pilot, Veterinarian, an Autorickshaw driver.

Unbeatable Super Mom Mary Kom Question 2.
Complete the following web of India’s winning medals in Olympics.

Answer:

Unbeatable Super Mom-Mary Kom Question Answer Question 3.
The text is about a famous female boxer, Mary Kom, who has brought laurels to our country by winning many national and international boxing championships. Make a list of famous men and women boxers across the world. You can take help of internet or your school library to get this information to complete the table.

Name of boxer	Gender	Country
1.  Mary Kom 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.	Female	India

Answer:

Name of boxer	Gander	Country
1. Mary Kom	Female	India
2. Muhammad Ali	Male	US
3. Vijender Singh	Male	India
5. Dolph Lundgren	Male	Sweden
6. Holly Holm	Female	US
7. Natascha Ragosina	Female	Russia
8. Lucia Rijker	Female	The Netherlands
9. Dingko. Singh	Male ;	India

Unbeatable Super Mom-Mary Kom Class 10 English Workshop Questions and Answers Maharashtra Board

4.4 Unbeatable Super Mom – Mary Kom Question 1.
Choose the correct alternative and underline it.
(a) What is included in the text?
(i) story
(ii) speech
(iii) interview
(iv) poem
Answer:
(iii) interview

(b) Which State does Mary Kom belong to?
(i) Maharashtra
(ii) Tamil Nadu
(iii) Kerala
(iv) Manipur
Answer:
(iv) Manipur

(c) Who inspired Mary Kom and other youngsters in Manipur to choose boxing as a career?
(i) Dingko Singh
(ii) Charles Atkinson
(iii) Mangte Tonpa Kom
(iv) Adams
Answer:
(i) Dingko Singh

(d) What does Mary Kom prefer being called?
(i) Super mom
(ii) Super boxer
(iii) Super woman
(iv) Super being
Answer:
(i) Super Mom

Question 2.
Go through the text again and find out the name of cities and their importance in Mary Kom’s life. One is given for you.
(a) Kangthei – Mary Kom’s birth place
(b) …………………….. – ……………………..
(c) …………………….. – ……………………..
(d) …………………….. – ……………………..
Answer:
Kangthei – Mary Kom’s birthplace.
Manipur – home state of Dingko Singh and Mary Korn
Bangkok – city that hosted the Asian games of 1998’
United States – Country that hosted the first AlBA Women’s World Boxing. Championship

10th English Workshop 4.4 Question 3.
Go through the text again and complete the following sentences.
1. Mary Kom helped her parents with …………………………. .
2. The success of Dingko Singh inspired …………………………. .
3. Mary Kom made her debut at …………………………. .
4. We can get more gold medals if …………………………. .
5. Mary Kom was able to increase her weight by …………………………. .
6. Mary Kom is good at …………………………. .
7. Mary Kom loves to be …………………………. .
8. Mary Kom apologised the nation for …………………………. .
9. Kom’s parents were Her father was …………………………. .
10. Kom was the first woman boxer to …………………………. .
Answer:
(1) farm-related chores.
(2) many, youngsters in Manipur to try boxing.
(3) the first AIBA Women’s World Boxing Championship in the United States.
(4) more and more people take up sports as a full-time career.
(5) eating the right kind of healthy food rather than bad saturated fats.
(7) Mary Kom loves to be a mom, acknowledging that it is the best thing that has ever happened to her. cooking and other household work too.
(10) qualify and win a bronze medal in the 51 kg flyweight category of Boxing.

Unbeatable Super Mom Mary Kom 10th Std Question 4.
You will find some Acronyms (short forms) in the text. Go to the library or search the internet to find their full forms. Discuss with your partner. One is given for you.
(a) OGQ – Olympic Gold Quest
(b) IBN –
(c) MTV –
(d) YPA –
(e) AIBA –
(f) CNN
Answer:
(a) OGQ – Olympic Gold Quest
(b) IBN – Indian Broadcasting Network
(c) MTV – Music Television
(d) YPA – Yellow Pages Advertising
(e) AIBA – Association Internationale de Boxe Amateur (International Boxing Association)
(f) CNN – Cable News Network

Unbeatable Super Mom Mary Kom English Workshop Pdf Question 5.
Fill in the fact file of Mary Kom.
(a) Full name :
(b) Native of :
(c) Early life and interests :
(d) Special sports taken up :
(e) Inspired by :
(f) Coach :
(g) Early achievements :
(h) International achievements :
(i) Her passion :
(j) Future plans :
Answer:
(1) Gerund: cooking Sentence: Though I do not like cooking, I have to do it.
(2) I ate the right kind of food and gained weight.
(3) (a) fly + weight (b) sports + men
(4) “What do you prefer being called – Super Mom or Super Boxer?”
(5) (a) focussing (b) sparring
(б) I receive letters and picture souvenirs from my penpals all the year round.
(7) Imperative Sentence
(8) whenever, where, which, who
(g) Early achievements:

• Manipur State Women’s Boxing Championship
• Regional championship in West Bengal

(h) International achievements:

• 2001: International debut at the first AIBA Women’s World Boxing Championship in United States – won the silver medal in the 48 kg category.
• 2012: Bronze medal at the Olympics, flyweight (51 kg category)
• five times World Amateur Boxing Champion

(i) Her passion: cooking
(j) Future plans: coaching Indian women

10th Class English Workshop 4.4 Question 6.
Glance through the text and find the special qualities of Mary Kom. Complete the web by putting different qualities of Mary Kom in the boxes.
Answer:

Unbeatable Super Mom Mary Kom Question Answer Question 7.
‘Super Mom’ refers to an excellent mother. Give three reasons why ‘super’ has been added to the word ‘mom’ as in the title.
1. ……………………………….
2. ……………………………….
3. ……………………………….
Answer:
(1) The word ‘Super’ is used to describe a person who aims for the highest standards of excellence. As a boxer Mary Kom aimed for the highest standards. As a result, she achieved success at the Olympics.

(2) When asked if she preferred the title ‘Super Mom’ to ‘Super Boxer’, she opted for the former. It was heroy to be a mother. In her words, it was the best thing that ever happened to her.

(3) This title gives us an idea of the priorities in Mary Korn’s life. Motherhood is her first preference. Hence the writer uses this word in the title.

Unbeatable Super Mum Mary Kom Question 8.
Answer the following questions in your own words.
(a) What makes the writer call Mary Kom ‘a legend’?
Answer:
The writer calls Mary Kom a legend not only because of her exceptional achievements as a woman boxer but also because of her truthful admission and apology to the nation about not being able to win the Gold at the Olympics.

(b) What prime quality did Mary Kom display during her first attempt in Olympic games? What was her bad luck?
Answer:
During her first attempt in the Olympic games, Mary Kom displayed the prime quality of underplaying the faults of others and taking on the blame for her losses upon herself. It was her bad luck that theudges did not press the buttons in her favour during her semi-final against Adams.

(c) What does Mary Kom suggest, for India to win more Olympic Gold Medals?
Answer:
Mary Kom suggests that more and more people should take up sports as a full-time career, so that India might win more Olympic Gold Medals

4.4 Unbeatable Super Mom-Mary Kom Question 9.
Rearrange the facts below in their proper order, as per the text.
(a) Mary Kom made her first appearance at international level.
(b) She sparred with male boxers in Pune.
(c) Mary Kom won the Manipur State’s Women’s Boxing Championship.
(d) She won a bronze medal in the 2012 Olympics.
(e) Mary Kom decided to take up boxing.
Answer:
(e) Mary Kom decided to take up boxing.
(c) Mary Kom won the Manipur State Women’s Boxing Championship.
(b) She sparred with male boxers in Pune.
(a) Mary Kom made her first appearance at the international level.
(d) She won a bronze medal in the 2012 Olympics.

Unbeatable Super Mom Mary Kom English Question 10.
Mary Kom prepared rigorously to win many championships. Read the text again and make a list of various things done by Kom regarding her preparations.

• Variety of preparations
• Diet
• Focus

Answer:

(i) Variety of preparations :	coaching under Charles Atkinson sparring with male boxers at Pune
(ii) Diet	eating healthy foods, not saturated fats
(iii) Focus	on what to eat

Unbeatable Super Mom Mary Kom Question Answer Question 11.
Make sentences of your own using the following words.
(a) debut : ……………………………….
(b) elation : ……………………………….
(c) sponsor : ……………………………….
(d) reinforced : ……………………………….
(e) humble surroundings : ……………………………….
Answer:
(a) debut – He wanted his daughter to make a debut as a dancer at the prestigious Manipuri Folk Festival.
(b) We received the news of our victory with great elation.
(c) sponsor: The college students wanted a sponsor for their fashion show.
(d) reinforced – His reputation as a brave soldier was reinforced by the many stories told about him by his comrades who fought alongside him.
(e) humble surroundings: Abraham Lincoln grew up in humble surroundings.

4.4 Unbeatable Super Mom – Mary Kom Question 12.
Find antonyms of the following words from the text.
(a) Arrogant x …………………
(b) Finally x …………………
(c) Depressed x …………………
(d) Disqualify x …………………
(e) Diffident x …………………
(f) Float x …………………
Answer:
(a) arrogant X humble
(b) finally X initially
(c) depressed x exhilarated
(d) disqualify X qualify
(e) diffident X confident
(f) float x sink

Question 13.
Underline the subordinate clauses and state their kind.
(a) Enough has been said about this great warrior, who conqured the world. (Subordinate ………………… clause)
(b) The male boxers kindly practised with me whenever I required them. …………………
(c) I think that more people should take up sports as a full – time career …………………
(d) Do you think nutrition is a neglected area in Indian sports? …………………
(e) That’s the best thing, that has happened to me. …………………
(f) India managed just 6 medals in 2012 Olympics even though we are a nation of 1.3 billion people. …………………
Answer:
(a) Enough has been said about this great warrior who conquered the world. – Subordinate Adjective Clause
(b) The male boxers kindly practised with me whenever I required them – Adverb Clause of Time
(c) More and more people should take up sports as a career – Obligation
(b) nutrition is a neglected area in Indian sports? – Noun Clause.
(e) That’s the best thing that has happened to me. Subordinate Adjective Clause
(f) even though we are a nation of 1.3 billion people. – Adverb Clause of Concession.

Question 14.
(A) Pick out from the lesson the Verb forms of :
(a) qualification …………………
(b) negligence …………………
(c) company …………………
(d) decisions …………………
(e) practice …………………
(f) birth …………………
Answer:
(a) qualify
(b) neglect
(c) accompany.
(d) decisively
(e) practise
(f) born

(B) Pick out the Noun forms of :
(a) represent …………………
(b) change …………………
(c) prepare …………………
(d) achieve …………………
(e) aware …………………
(f) succeed …………………
Answer:
(a) representative
(b) change
(c) preparation
(d) achievement
(e) awareness
(f) success

(C) Pick out the Adjective forms of :
(a) favour …………………
(b) proportion …………………
(c) finance …………………
(d) nutrition …………………
(e) female …………………
(f) addition …………………
Answer:
(a) favourite
(b) proportionate
(c) financial
(d) nutritional
(e)  female, feminine
(f) additional

Question 15.
Imagine that you are the Captain of your team. A famous cricketer is going to visit your school. You are assigned the task to conduct an interview of that famous cricketer. Frame a set of 10 questions that you will ask the cricketer. Take help of the points given below.
(a) Early life
(b) Interest in this field
(c) Inspiration
(d) Coaching and guidance
(e) Achievements/ Records
(f) Future plans
(g) Advice to youngsters
Answer:
Questions of the Interviewer:
Sir, welcome to our school. May I ask you a few questions? Thank you.
(1) Could you tell us something about your early life?
(2) Which field of sports were you interested in your early life?
(3) Who was your inspiration?
(4) Who was your coach and your guide during your early years of training?
(5) Which aspect of cricket. do you prefer batting, bowling or fielding?
(6)ust for the record, could you list your achievements and records?
(7) Surely you must have some future plans, What are they?
(8) What difficulties did .you face when you started your career?
(9) Who do you think is a model cricketer today?
(10) What is your advice to youngsters?

Question 16.
Write a short paragraph describing the life and work of Mary Kom. Take help of the points given below. You can take help of the fact file that you have prepared earlier (Activity 5).
(a) Early life
(b) Training
(c) Achievements
(d) Future Plans
Answer:
Mary Korn’s full name is Chungneijang Mary Kom Mangte. She hails from a village in Manipur. Her father was an ex-wrestler. Right from an early age, Mary Kom was interested in athletics and boxing. Finally she took up boxing, despite objections from her father. He was worried that boxing would mar her face and that would make it difficult for him to arrange a suitable marriage for her. She trained under Charles Atkinson and sparred with some of the finest male boxers in Pune.

Mary Kom has a list of National and International achievements. She won the Manipur State Women’s Boxing Championship. Then she won the Regional championship for boxing in West Bengal. She made her International debut in 2001 at the first AIBA Women’s World Boxing Championship in the United States. There she won the silver medal in the 48 kg category.

In 2012, she won the bronze medal at the Olympics in the flyweight (51kg category). She has been five times World Amateur Boxing Champion. She plans to take up coaching for women boxers with potential.

Question 17.
‘What men can do, women can do better.’
Divide your class in 2 groups. Let one group offer points ‘For the topic’ and the other, ‘Against the topic.’ Note down the points in your note books and expand the points in two separate write- ups, as views and counterviews. Suggest suitable titles for each.
Answer:
View: Men cannot compare to women Women have inherent qualities, not possessed by men, that enable them to do things better than men do. There was a time when certain professions or careers were considered the sole domain of men. In recent years, women have pooh-poohed the very idea.

Women have more patience and endurance than men. Hence when entrusted with any task, they stick it out and see it through. They are painstaking and focus on every detail. They are able to see the overall picture, unlike men who work for short-term benefits and instant solutions.

Women tend to communicate more effectively them men, focussing on how to create a solution that works for the group, talking through issues, and utilize non-verbal cues such as tone, emotion, and empathy whereas men tend to be more task-oriented, less communicative, and more isolated. Men have a more difficult time understanding emotions that are not explicitly verbalized, while women tend to intuit emotions and emotional cues.

Men tend to have a ‘fight or flight’ response to stress situations while women seem to approach these situations with a ‘tend or befriend’ strategy.

Hence women do very well as PR Managers, HR Managers, Psychologists, Psychiatrists, Counsellors, etc., – which were previously considered exclusive male-dominated fields of work.

Counterview: Men are the superior species With no disrespect or offence intended, when it comes to theob-front, men are superior to women. They have the discipline, the psychological assurance and presence and most important, the time to sit overtime and meet targets.

Women tend to be straightforward, outspoken and curt in their dealings with clients. Men are more polite, patient and considerate, especially with irate customers. This is because they are more hormonally stable and balanced than women. They tend to view things from a long-term viewpoint and are focused on the goals of the establishment they work for.

Men tend to process better in the left hemisphere of the brain while women tend to process equally well between the two hemispheres. This difference explains why men are generally stronger with left- brain activities and approach problem-solving from a task-oriented perspective.

Question 18.
Two famous proverbs – ‘Actions speak louder than words’ and ‘Fortune favours the brave’ are best suited to the personality of Mary Kom. Form two groups in the class. Each group should write a paragraph on one proverb with reference to the life and achievements of Mary Kom.
Answer:
(1) Actions Speak Louder Than Words

Mary Korn’s life and personality exemplify the proverb ‘Actions speak louder than words’.

Right from an early age she was interested in athletics and boxing. Her father, a former wrestler, was against her entering the field of boxing for fear of disfigurement, but Mary Kom went ahead, trained rigorously, left her home-state and pursued her goal.

There are many who express desires and ambitions, but limit themselves to highfalutin talks. Mary Kom made her dreams a reality and went on to win a medal at the Olympics for India. Her wo^ds always echoed humility. She avoided blaming others for her losses, but took the responsibility upon herself.

Mary Korn’s life has been aourney of high-voltage action, despite the fact that she is by nature a shy, soft-spoken girl.

(2) Fortune Favours The Brave
It is not easy for a girl to enter and participate in a male-dominated field such as boxing. Mary Kom hailed from Manipur, which is a conservative state to say the least.

Mary Kom, however, was brave enough to challenge gender-bias, opposition from her father and the tough rigours of sparring with professional male boxers at Pune.

Her daring and courage were rewarded with awards and national recognition. But the icing on the cake was when she went on to win international events, finally culminating in winning the bronze medal at the 2012 Olympic event.

Lady luck had smiled on her for her persistence, her continual efforts and her unswerving focus on her goals. Indeed, Mary Kom has proyed by her life and her achievements that if one has the spirit of challenging odds, one will surely reap rich dividends.

Question 19.
Name the following:
(1) According to the writer, the great warrior who conquered the world: ……………………
(2) The State in which Mary Kom was born: ……………………
(3) The kind of farms in which Mary Korn’s parents were working as tenant farmers: ……………………
(4) The sportsman who inspired many youngsters in Manipur: ……………………
Answer:
(1) Mary Mangte Kom
(2) Manipur
(3) hum fields
(4) Dingko Singh

Question 20.
Complete the following sentences.
(a) Korn’s parents were …………………… who worked in …………………
(b) Mary Kom apologized to the nation …………………..
Answer:
(a) tenant farmers, hum fields.
(b) for not being able to win gold.

Question 21.
Complete the following:
Answer:

Question 22.
What was Mary Kom’s exceptional achievement?
Answer:
Mary Kom’s exceptional achievement was that In the 2012 Olympics, she became the first Indian woman boxer to qualify and win a bronze medal in the 51 kg flyweight category of Boxing.

Question 23.
What has added to Mary’s greatness as a boxing champion?
Answer:
As a boxing champion Mary’s greatness is reinforced by the way she’ apologised to the whole nation for not being able to win the gold.

Question 24.
Find antonyms of the following words from the passage:
(a) urban
(b) failure
(c) defeat
(d) weakened
(e) wealthy
Answer:
(a) urban X rural
(b) failure X success
(c) defeat X victory
(d) weakened X reinforced
(e) wealthy X poor

Question 25.
Pick out from the passage the verb forms of the following words: (The answers are given directly.)
(a) survival – ……………….
(b) recollection – ……………….
Answer:
(a) survive
(b) recollect

Question 26.
Pick out the noun forms from the passage:
(a) great ……………….
Answer:
(a) greatness.

Question 27.
She is a legend for sure and an idol for all sportswomen to look up to. (use ‘not only…. but also’)
Answer:
She is not only a legend for sure but also an idol for all sportswomen to look up to.

Question 28.
In the 2012 Olympics, Mary become the first Indian woman boxer to qualify and win a bronze medal. (Rewrite using ‘as well as’)
Answer:
In the 2012 Olympics, Mary became the first Indian woman boxer to qualify as well as win a bronze medal.

Question 29.
What qualities do you think are required to become a good sports person?
Answer:
A good sportsperson should be hard working and persevering. He/She should be humble enough to accept defeat and amibtious enough to pursue success. He/She must have pride in his/her country and team. Above all, he/she must have the all-important sportsman spirit.

Question 30.
Choose the correct alternative for each question and underline it: (The answers are given directly and underlined.)
(a) What is the name of the interviewer?
(i) Sportskeeda
(ii) Taruka Srivastava
(iii) Charles Atkinson
(iv) Adams
Answer:
(ii) Taruka Srivastava

(b) Where did Mary Kom train?
(1) Manipur
(ii) the US
(iii) at home
(iv) Pune
Answer:
(iv) Pune

Question 31.
Say whether the following are True or False: (The answers are givemdirectly and underlined.)
Answer:
(a) Adams was Mary Kom’s friend.
(b) Charles Atkinson was Mary Kom’s coach.
(c) Theudges for Mary Kom’s semi-finals at the Olympics were fair.
(d) Charles Atkinson went along with Mary Kom for the Olympic finals.
Answer:
(a) False
(b) True
(c) False
(d) False

Question 32.
What failed to pressurize Mary Kom during the Olympics?
Answer:
During the Olympics, the fact that she was the only female representative from India in boxing failed to pressurize Mary Kom.

Question 33.
How could Mary Kom manage without her coach at the Olympics?
Answer:
Mary Kom could manage because they had already done their homework and she was well- prepared.

Question 34.
Find antonyms of the following words from the passage:
(a) gain
Answer:
(a) gain x loss

Question 35.
Write one word for each of the following: (The answers are given directly.)
Answer:
(a) a person employed to report for a newspaper ……………………
(b) a person who wins a medal at an event ……………………
(c) a person who takes an interview of a celebrity ……………………
(d) a person whose interview is taken ……………………
Answer:
(a) correspondent
(b) medallist
(c) interviewer
(d) interviewee

Question 36.
Find the noun forms of the following words:
(a) decide
Answer:
(a) decide – decision

Question 37.
Find the adjective forms of the following words:
(a) confidence
(b) tactics
Answer:
(a) confidence – confident
(b) tactics – tactical

Question 38.
Rewrite as an exclamatory sentence:
I am really happy.
Answer:
How happy I am!

Question 39.
Rewrite using ‘but’: Although she carried power, she wasn’t very tactical.
Answer:
She carried power but she wasn’t very tactical.

Question 40.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) Mary Kom had to gain ………… in order to fight in the 51 kg event
(b) In 2012, India won ………. medals in the Olympics.
(c) Mary Kom usually participated in the ………….. event.
(d) Mary Kom had decided to participate in the ………… event at the Olympics.
Answer:
(a) 3kg
(b) 6
(c) 48kg
(d) 51kg

Question 41.
What can help Indian sportsmen win more Olympic Medals?
Answer:
Mary Kom feels that if more corporates sponsored players, the players would not have any financial pressure and could focus on their games. This would help Indian sportsmen win more Olympic Medals.

Question 42.
Make sentences of your own using the following words:
(a) sponsor: The college students wanted a ………….. for their fashion show.
(b) a key factor: Heavy rain was …………… to our canceling the family picnic.
Answer:
(a) sponsor
(b) a key factor

Question 43.
Find the verb forms of:
(a) focus
(b) requirement
(c) weight
(d) health
Answer:
(a) focus – focus
(b) requirement – requIre
(c) weight – weigh
(d) health – healthy

Question 44.
What, according to you, are essential requirements for sportspersons in general?
Answer:
I think that sportspersons in general should spend all their time and energy practising and mastering the sport they are engaged in. They should also exercise daily in order to keep fit. The most important, however, is regulating the diet so as to ingest the best nutrition required by the body.

Question 45.
(1) Choose the correct alternative for each question and underline it:

(a) What is the full form of OGQ?
(i) Olympic Group Queries
(ii) Olympic Gold Quest
(iii) Overseas Guest Qualifications
(iv) Olympic Golf Qualifications
Answer:
(ii) Olympic Gold Quest

Question 46.
Is Mary Kom more proud of being a boxer or a mother?
Answer:
Mary Kom is more proud of being a mother.

Question 47.
What did OGQ do for Mary Kom?
Answer:
OGQ helped Mary Kom out whenever she needed something.. By taking care of everything, it helped her focus on her boxing and kept her stress- free.

Question 48.
(1) Find antonyms from the passage for the following words:
(a) few
(b) modern
(c) worst
(d) indifferent
Answer:
(a) few x several
(b) modern x traditional
(c) worst x best
(d) indifferent x interested

Question 49.
Write the adjective forms of the following words:
(a) care
(b) tradition
(c) importance
(d) difficulty.
Answer:
(a) care – careful, careless
(b) tradition – traditional
(c) importance – important
(d) difficulty – difficult

Question 50.
The future is very bright. (Rewrite as an exclamatory sentence.)
Answer:
How bright the future is!

Question 51.
Underline the determiners: You have broken several stereotypes about the women in India.
Answer:
You have broken several stereotypes about the women in India.

Question 52.
(1) Pick out the gerund and make a sentence : I am good at cooking.
(2) Spot the errors and rewrite the correct sentence : I eaten the right kind of food and gains weight.
(3) Write the root words that form the following compound words : (а) flyweight (b) sportsmen
(4) Punctuate the sentence : what do you prefer being called super mom or super boxer
(5) Form present participles using the given words : (a) focus (b) spar
(6) Make a meaningful sentence using the phrase : ‘all the year round’.
(7) Identify the kind of sentence :ust let their mother box.
(8) Arrange the following words in alphabetical order : where, who, whenever, which
Answer:
(1) Gerund : cooking Sentence : Though I do not like cooking, I have to do it.
(2) I ate the right kind of food and gained weight.
(3) (a) fly + weight (b) sports + men
(4) “What do you prefer being called – Super Mom or Super Boxer?”
(5) (a) focussing (b) sparring
(б) I receive letters and picture souvenirs from my penpals all the year round.
(7) Imperative Sentence
(8) whenever, where, which, who

Question 53.
(a) Rewrite using the simple future tense : I had to focus on what to eat.
(b) Rewrite beginning with the underlined part: OGQ played an important role in my success.
(c) Write a word register for the word ‘nutrition’.
(d) Write sentences to show the different meanings of the word ‘pretty’.
Answer:
(a) I will have to focus on what to eat.
(b) An important role was played by OGQ in my success.
(c) nutrition: diet, nourishment, wholesome, balanced, food, edibles, foodstuff, menu, sustenance.
(d) (1) The little child had a pretty face, (pleasing or attractive to the eye)
(2) It has been pretty hot this summer, (quite, but not extremely)

Question 54.
Change to the comparative degree: That’s the best thing that has happened to me.
Answer:
That’s better than any other thing that has happened to me.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 15 Life Processes in Living Organisms Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 15 Life Processes in Living Organisms

Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Life Processes in Living Organisms Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Match the pairs and explain.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1) Growth of pollen tube towards ovules (2) Growth of shoot system (3) Growth of root system (4) Growth towards the water	(a) Gravitropic movement (b) Chemotropic movement (c) Phototropic movement (d) Growth-irrelevant movement (e) Hydrotropic movement

Answer:
(1 – b),
(2 – c),
(3 – a),
(4 – e).

2. Complete the paragraph.

The milk was on the stove. Rasika was engrossed in watching television. She smelled something burning. She ran towards the kitchen. The milk was boiling over. She held the vessel with her bare hands but, screaming, she let it go at once. This activity was controlled by ……………….. cells. Special ends of ……………….. in these cells collected the information, from where it was transferred to the ……………….. and then towards the terminal end of the ……………….. The chemicals produced at the terminal end passed through the minute space i.e. ………………. . In this way, ……………….. were conducted in the body and the process of ……………….. was completed by conducting the impulses from ……………….. to ………………

(Nerve, muscle cell, impulse, dendrite, synapse, axon, reflex action, cell body)
Answer:
nerve, dendrite, cell body, axon, synapse, impulses, reflex action, nerve, muscle cell.

3. Write notes on Root pressure, Transpiration, Nerve cell, Human brain, Reflex action

4. Name the hormones of the following endocrine glands and the function of each.
Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, Thymus, Testis, Ovary.

Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Question 1.
Pituitary:
Answer:

Hormone	Function
(i) Growth hormone	Stimulates growth of bones.
(ii) Adrenocorticotropic hormone	Stimulates adrenal gland.
(iii) Thyroid-stimulating hormone	Stimulates thyroid gland.
(iv) Prolactin	Stimulates milk production.
(v) Follicle-stimulating hormone	Controls growth of gonads.
(vi) Luteinizing hormone	Controls menstrual cycle and ovulation.
(vii) Oxytocin	Contracts uterus during parturition.
(viii) Antidiuretic hormone	Regulates water-level in the body.

Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Question 2.
Thyroid
Answer:

Hormone	Function
(i) Thyroxine	Controls growth of body and metabolic activities.
(ii) Calcitonin	Controls calcium metabolism and calcium level in blood.

Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Exercise Question 3.
Adrenal
Answer:

Hormone	Function
(i) Adrenalin and nor-adrenalin	Controls behaviour during crisis and emotional situation.
(ii) Corticosteroid	Maintains balance of Na+ and K+ and stimulates metabolism.

9th Class Science Chapter 15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Exercise Question 4.
Thymus
Answer:

Hormone	Function
Thymosin	Control the cells which give rise to immunity.

Question 5.
Testis
Answer:

Hormone	Function
Testosterone	Stimulates growth of secondary sexual characteristics like beard, mustache, hoarse voice etc. in men.

Std 9 Science Chapter 15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Question 6.
Ovary
Answer:

Hormone	Function
(i) Oestrogen	Stimulates growth of the endometrium. Stimulates growth of secondary sexual characteristics in women.
(ii) Progesterone	Prepares the endometrium for conception and maintains pregnancy.

5. Draw and label the diagrams.
Human endocrine glands, Human brain, Nephron, Nerve cell, Human excretory system.

15. Life Processes In Living Organisms Question 1.
Human endocrine glands
Answer:

15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Question 2.
Human brain
Answer:

Life Processes In Living Organisms 9th Class Notes Question 3.
Nephron
Answer:

Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Questions And Answers Question 4.
Nerve cell
Answer:

Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Solutions Question 5.
Human excretory system
Answer:

6. Answer the following.

a. Explain chemical co-ordination in humans and give the names and functions of some hormones.
Answer:
Chemical co-ordination in humans :

• In humans chemical co-ordination is brought about with the help of certain chemical substances called hormones.
• Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands. These glands are also called ductless glands.
• These glands do not have any arrangement of their own to either store or carry their secretions. So, the hormones are directly released into the blood circulation.
• Though the endocrine glands are present at specific locations in our body, their secretions reach all parts of the body via the blood.
• Endocrine glands along with the nervous systems are responsible for control and co-ordination in our body.
  These two systems help each other to control and integrate the various activities of the body.
• A marked difference between these two systems is that nerve impulses are fast but short-lived whereas the actions of hormones are very slow but long-lasting.
• It is very important that hormones are secreted only in the required quantity and there is a special mechanism which controls the quantity and timing of hormone secretion.
• For example, whenever there is an increase in blood glucose level, certain cells in the pancreas get stimulated and as a response, they release a greater quantity of insulin, thus bringing down the sugar level to normal.

Hormone	Function
(1) Growth hormone	Stimulates growth of bones.
(2) Luteinizing hormone	Controls menstrual cycle and ovulation.
(3) Thyroxine	Controls growth of body and metabolic activities.
(4) Insulin	Stimulates liver to convert excess blood glucose to glycogen.
(5) Testosterone	Stimulates growth of secondary sexual characters like beard, mustache, hoarse voice, etc. in men.

Names and functions of some hormones:

b. Explain the difference between the excretory system of humans and plants.
Answer:

Excretory system of humans	Excretory system of plants
(i) In humans, the excretory system carries out the function of the removal of waste from the body.	(i) In plants, there is no special system or organ for excretion.
(ii) Waste substances are generally eliminated out of the body	(ii) Most of the waste substances are stored in the leaves, flowers, fruits and bark of the stem.
(iii) The excretory products are urea, uric acid, ammonia, etc.	(iii) The excretory products are gum, resin, latex of rubber, etc.

c. Explain co-ordination in plants with the help of suitable examples.
Answer:

• Plants do not have systems like the nervous system or muscular system.
• In plants, movements are mainly in the form of responses given to the stimuli.
• Plants show two types of movements – growth relevant movements and growth irrelevant movements.
• Movement or growth of any part of the plant in response to an external stimulus is called tropism or tropic movement.
• Examples of growth-relevant movements are :
• The shoot system of any plant responds to the light stimulus i.e., it grows towards the source of light. This is called phototropic movement.
• The root system of plants responds to stimuli like gravitation and water. These responses are called gravitropic movement and hydrotropic movement respectively.
• Movement shown by plants in response to specific chemicals is called chemotropic movement.
• For example, the growth of the pollen tube towards the ovule.
• Some specific movements of the plants do not lead to the plant growth.
• Such movements are called growth-irrelevant movements.
• As a response to changes in the surroundings, plant hormones bring about various movements in plants.
• Examples of growth irrelevant movements are closing of leaflets of Touch-me-not (Mimosa) plant on touch.
• In the plant called Venus fly trap, when an insect visits the flower like trap, the trap closes up and the trapped insect is digested by the plant.
• The lotus flower opens during day-time while that of the tuberose opens at night.
• In plants like Touch-me-not (Mimosa), movement also occurs at places other than where it has been touched.
• Hence, we can infer that the information about the touch must have been released within the plant from one place to another.
• Plants use electrochemical impulses for transfer of information from one place to another.
• Plant cells change their shape by increasing or decreasing the water content and thereby, bring about the movements of plants.

7. Explain in your own words with suitable examples.

a. What is meant by co-ordination?
Answer:

• Several different organ systems function in multicellular organisms.
• Their life goes on smoothly if there is co-ordination between different organ systems or organs and the stimuli in the surrounding.
• Depending upon this, we can say that systematic regulation of different processes can be called control and bringing about the different processes in the proper sequence is called co-ordination.
• If any activity in the body is to be completed successfully, proper co-ordination between different systems, and organs participating at different steps of that activity is necessary.
• If due to lack of co-ordination, there is confusion at any step, the activity may not get completed. There should be no randomness at any step.
• There should be proper co-ordination between internal activities of the body resulting from various factors like body temperature, water- level, enzyme-level, etc. or stimuli arising in the surrounding environment.
• Proper co-ordination between various systems of an organism helps to maintain a state of equilibrium called homeostasis which is necessary for the optimal efficiency of the body.

b. How does excretion occur in human beings?
Answer:

• Removal of wastes from the body is very important and it is the excretory system that carries out this function.
• The human excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra. Urine is formed by the kidneys by separating the waste and unwanted excess substances from the blood.
• The functional unit of the kidney that performs the basic function of filtration is called a nephron. The urea produced in the liver comes into the blood.
• When the urea-containing blood comes into the glomerulus, it is filtered through capillaries and urea and other similar substances are separated from it.
• Water molecules and small molecules of some other substances can cross the semipermeable membrane of Bowman’s capsule.
• The solution accumulated in the cavity of Bowman’s capsule passes into the tubular part of the nephron. Here, molecules of water and some other useful substances are reabsorbed into the blood.
• Urine is formed from the remaining solution which is full of waste materials. The urine is carried by the ureters and stored in the urinary bladder. Afterwards, urine is given out through the urethra.

c. How is excretion in plants useful to human beings?
Answer:

• Plants give out oxygen during photosynthesis by diffusion which is useful to human beings for respiration.
• Some waste materials of plants for example, gum, resin, latex of rubber, etc. are useful to humans.

d. Describe the transportation system in plants.
Answer:

• Plants have two types of conducting tissues i.e., xylem which conducts water and phloem which conducts food.
• During transpiration, water is released into the atmosphere.
• As a result, water level is the epidermal layer of the leaf decreases.
• Water is brought up to the leaves through the xylem so as to compensate for the lost water.
• Transpiration helps in absorption of water and minerals and distribution to all parts of the plant whereas root pressure preforms the important role of pushing the water up at night time.
• The food produced by leaves is transported to each cell of the plant through phloem.
• When the food material like sucrose is transported towards a part of the plant through phloem, using ATP, the water concentration in that part decreases.
• As a result, water enters the cell by diffusion. The pressure on the cell wall increases due to increase in the cellular contents.
• Due to the increased pressure, food is pushed into the neighboring cells where the pressure is low.
• This process helps the phloem to transport the materials as per the need of the plant.

Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Life Processes in Living Organisms Intext Questions and Answers

Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Exercise  Question 1.
How do the digestive system and respiratory system work?
Answer:
(a) Digestive system:

• The digestive system is responsible for digestion of food. i.e. breaking down complex insoluble food into simpler soluble form.
• The digestive system is made up of alimentary canal and digestive glands.
• The alimentary canal is a long and muscular tube of varying diameter which extends from the mouth to the anus.
• The digestive glands associated with alimentary canal are salivary glands, gastric glands, liver and pancreas.
• The process of digestion includes various stages wherein the food passes through the different organs of the alimentary canal and there it is digested part by part with the help of various enzymes secreted from the digestive glands.
• After the food is digested, the important nutrients are absorbed into the blood and the undigested food and residue of digested food is removed out of the body through the anus.

(b) Respiratory system:

• Respiration is the process of release of energy from the assimilated food.
• The respiratory system consists of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs (alveoli).
• Oxygen enters our body through breathing.
• This oxygen is taken to the cells and with the help of oxygen, food is oxidized into the cells to release energy in the form of ATR
• During this process, carbon dioxide and water vapour are given out as by-products which are given out during breathing.

Thus, the digestive and respiratory systems work in co-ordination with each other to produce energy from food.

Life Processes In Living Organisms Exercise Question 2.
Previously you have performed the activity of observing a branch covered in a plastic bag. What did you observe in that activity?
Answer:

• When a branch is covered in a plastic bag, we observe that small droplets of water accumulate on the inner side of the plastic bag.
• This shows that leaves release water in the form of vapour through the stomata during transpiration. These vapours get condensed to form water droplets and accumulate inside the bag.

Life Process In Living Organism Exercise Question 3.
Which are the sensory organs of an organism? What is their function?
Answer:

• Sensory organs of an organism are eyes, ears, tongue, skin and nose.
• The eyes help the organism to perceive the sensation of light to see the objects around it.
• The ears help the organism to perceive the sensation of sound and also perceive the sensation of pressure.
• The tongue helps to perceive different tastes and also in chewing the food.
• The skin helps to perceive the sensation of touch, pain, pressure etc.
• Some insects also possess antennae for sensing the changes in the environment.

15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Question 4.
Where are the gustatory and olfactory nerves to be found?
Answer:

• Gustatory nerves are concerned with sense of taste whereas olfactory nerves are concerned with the sense of smell.
• Gustatory nerves are found in the tongue from where they carry impulses to the gustatory cortex in the brain.
• Whereas the olfactory nerves are found in the nasal passage from where they carry impulses to the olfactory lobes in the brain.

Answer the following questions:

15.Life Processes In Living Organisms Question 1.
Why do we eat fruits and vegetables? Do the plants also need minerals like we do?
Answer:

• We eat fruits and vegetables to get nutrients like carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and fibers. These nutrients are important for the proper functioning of the body .
• Plants too need minerals for their growth and development.

Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Notes Question 2.
From where do plants get inorganic substances other than carbon dioxide and oxygen?
Answer:
Plants get inorganic substances like nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, sodium etc. from the soil. Soil is the nearest and richest source of these elements.

9th Std Science Chapter 15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Question 3.
At least a small quantity of garbage or waste is produced every day in each house. What will happen if you keep this garbage for many days in your house?
Answer:

• If we keep garbage for many days in our house, it will start decaying due to the growth of decomposers like fungi and bacteria.
• This will result in foul odour and will also lead to spread of diseases.

Life Processes In Living Organisms Exercise Class 9 Question 4.
Sometimes, while eating we bite our own finger or tongue by mistake.
Answer:

• Sometimes, while eating we over-fill our mouth causing the bite to misalign, thus we bite our own finger or tongue by mistake.
• If we are dehydrated, the muscles of the mouth and tongue do not function properly causing us to bite our own tongue.
• If we are distracted with other activities while eating, it can cause us to bite our tongue or finger.
• Thus, due to lack of co-ordination sometimes while eating, we bite our own finger or tongue by mistake.

9th Class Science 15 Chapter Life Processes In Living Organisms Question 5.
Sometimes, we choke while eating in a hurry.
Answer:

• There is an elastic flap at the starting of the wind-pipe called epiglottis which opens whenever we breathe in air and closes to prevent the entry of food into the respiratory system.
• While eating in hurry, due to lack of co-ordination, the epiglottis opens to take in air but food too enters in causing us to choke.

Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Extra Questions Question 6.
An injury to the medulla oblongata can lead to death. Why?
Answer:

• The medulla oblongata controls involuntary activities like the beating of the heart, blood circulation, breathing etc.
• An injury to the medulla oblongata will stop these activities, leading to death.

Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Maharashtra Board  Question 7.
You may have seen how a drunken person struggles to maintain his body balance. An excess of alcohol in the body causes one to lose control over it. Why does this happen? Find out the reason with help of the internet.
Answer:

• The cerebellum co-ordinates voluntary movements and maintains balance of the body.
• An excess of alcohol causes dysfunctioning of the cerebellum.
• It results in primary loss of co-ordinated movements and loss of balance.

9th Life Processes In Living Organisms 5 Question 8.
Why does this happen?

(a) Leaves of plants fall off in a particular season.
Answer:

• Plants lose water through their leaves by transpiration. So some plants shed their leaves in dry season to reduce transpiration and conserve water.
• In plants, the waste substances are stored in the vacuoles of leaf-cells which are then shed along with the leaves in a specific season.

(b) Fruits, flowers fall off after a certain period of time.
Answer:

• In plants, waste substances are stored in the vacuoles of fruits and flowers. So, they fall off after some time to excrete these wastes.
• Also, when fruits and flowers mature, the supply of nutrients to mature fruits and flowers is blocked. This causes abscission in that part of the plant leading to their detachment from the plant body and falling off.

(c) Substances like resin, gum, etc. are given out of the plant body.
Answer:

• Resin, gum etc. are the waste products of plants. They are given out after some time as a process of excretion in plants.
• Many plants, particularly, woody plants produce resin and gum in response to injury. These resin and gum act as bandage protecting the plants from invading insects and pathogens.

15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Exercise Question 9.
Which waste products are produced in our body through metabolic activities?
Answer:
The waste products formed in our body through metabolic activities are urea, uric acid, ammonia, carbon dioxide etc.

Life Processes In Living Organisms 9th Class Exercise Question 10.
As compared to the monsoons and winter a very small quantity of urine is produced in the summer season. Why is it so?
Answer:
In summer, we sweat more due to excess heat. So, the body tries to conserve water by reducing urine formation. This is to prevent dehydration.

Question 11.
In adults, the process of urination is under their control but not in infants. Why is it so?
Answer:

• In adults, the muscles of the bladder are under the voluntary control. So the process of urination is under control.
• In infants, the bladder muscles are not mature until about two years of age. So, the process of urination is not under control.

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Observe the following figures carefully.

Answer:
Observations:

• Figure ‘A’ shows chemotropic movement. Pollen tube grows towards the ovule in response to specific chemicals released by the ovule.
• Figure ‘B’ shows phototropic movement. Shoot grows towards the Sun in response to stimulus of light.
• Figure ‘C’ shows thigmotropic movement. Tendrils of climbers are sensitive to touth. When they come in contact with an object, they entwine around the object and cling to it.
• All the above movements are related to growth. Hence, they are called growth relevant movements.

Question 2.
Observe the pictures carefully and think about them.

Answer:

• Figure ‘A’ shows touch-me-not (Mimosa) plant. In this plant, the leaflets close in response to stimulus of touch.
• Figure ‘B’ shows Venus fly trap. In this plant, there is a trap that appears and smells like a flower and deceives the insect. When an insect visits that flower-like trap, the trap closes up and the trapped insect is digested by the plant,
• Figure ‘C’ shows lotus plant. The lotus flower opens during day-time.?
• Figure ‘D’ shows Balsam plant. In this plant, the ripened fruit dehisces (bursts open) at the right time to disperse the seeds.

Question 3.
As you watch the match being played on your school ground, you will see the control and co-ordination among the movements of the players. Make a list of all such different actions.
Answer:
In an inter-house basketball match, control and co-ordination is seen in dodging the ball, jumping, running, passing it to the team mates and dribbling the ball.

Question 4.
Observe the figure carefully and as per the numbers in that figure, answer the following questions.

(a) What is happening at 1 and 2?
Answer:
At 1 stimulus of heat is received by thermo-receptors in the skin. At 2, the hand is withdrawn instantly.

(b) Which nerve carried the impulse to the point marked 3? In which direction is it conducting the impulse?
Answer:
Sensory nerve carried the impulse to the point marked 3. The impulse is conducted from the skin towards the spinal cord.

(c) Which is the nerve shown by 4?
Answer:
The nerve shown by 4 is association neuron. It is present in the gray matter of the spinal cord. It receives the sensory impulse, interprets it and generates impulse.

(d) Which is the organ marked as 5?
Answer:
Spinal cord.

(e) At 6, which nerve is conducting the response impulse?
Answer:
Motor nerve.

(f) At 7, where has the impulse reached? What is its effect?
Answer:
At 7, the impulse has reached the muscles of the hand. As a result, the muscles contract and the hand is withdrawn instantly in response to the stimulus of heat.

Question 5.
Sketch and label:
Answer:

• Stimulus
• Hand is withdrawn
• Sensory neuron
• Association neuron
• Spinal cord
• Motor neuron
• Muscles

(6) Observe the figure and list down functions for ‘A’ and ‘B’

Answer:

Functions of Left Brain	Functions of right brain
(i) Analytical thinking	Holistic thinking
(ii) Logical thinking	Intuition
(iii) Language	Creativity
(iv) Science and Mathematics	Art and music

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Take a small plant like balsam or tuberose with its roots intact. Wash and clean its roots. As shown in the fig, keep it in the water containing a stain like safranin or eosin. Observe the stem and the veins of the leaves after 2-3 hours.

Answer:

• The stem and veins of the leaves appear pinkish in colour.
• Due to the root pressure generated, eosin solution is continuously pushed upward.
• As a result water reaches xylem and the water column is pushed forward.

Question 2.
Take a transverse section of the stem of a plant and observe the stained xylem under a compound microscope.
Answer:
The xylem elements appear pinkish as the eosin solution is conducted upwards through the xylem. From this we infer that the xylem is responsible for the conduction of water and minerals in the plant.

Question 3.
Observe your mother while she cuts the elephant’s foot (Amorphophallus) or arum leaves. Your hands may also begin to itch if you try to cut these leaves. Why does this happen? Try to find out. Ask your mother what she does to prevent the itching.
Answer:

• In some plants like elephant foot (Amorphophallus) or arum, waste materials are in the form of crystals of calcium oxalate. They are called raphides.
• As they are needle-shaped, they prickle and cause irritation of the skin leading to itching.
• This can be prevented by applying tartaric acid (tamarind) or citric acid (lemon) on the hands while cutting these vegetables as the acids dissolve the crystals of calcium oxalate.

Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Life Processes in Living Organisms Additional Important Questions and Answers

Choose and write the correct options.

Question 1.
The transport of food produced in leaves to each cell in the plant body is called …………………………… .
(a) Transpiration
(b) Root pressure
(c) Translocation
(d) Ascent of sap
Answer:
(c) translocation

Question 2.
Kidneys filter blood about ……………………………. times every day.
(a) 100
(b) 200
(c) 300
(d) 400
Answer:
(d) 400

Question 3.
About ……………………………. of blood is sent through the dialysis machine at one time.
(a) 500 ml
(b) 5 l
(c) 200 ml
(d) 400 ml
Answer:
(a) 500 ml

Question 4.
The movement of plant towards the source of light is called ……………………………. movement.
(a) chemotropic
(b) hydrotropic
(c) phototropic
(d) gravitropic
Answer:
(c) phototropic

Question 5.
The movement of root system towards stimulus of gravity is called ……………………………. movement.
(a) phototropic
(b) gravitropic
(c) hydrotropic
(d) chemotropic
Answer:
(b) gravitropic

Question 6.
The movement of root system towards stimulus of water is called ……………………………. movement.
(a) Phototropic
(b) Gravitropic
(c) Hydrotropic
(d) Chemiotropic
Answer:
(c) hydrotropic

Question 7.
Hormone ……………………………. helps in stem elongation.
(a) Auxin
(b) Gibberellin
(c) Cytokinin
(d) Abscisic acid
Answer:
(b) Gibberellin

Question 8.
Hormone ……………………………. helps in cell division.
(a) Auxin
(b) Gibberellin
(c) Cytokinin
(d) Abscisic acid
Answer:
(c) Cytokinin

Question 9.
The hormone ……………………………. is effective in prevention and retardation of growth, leaf wilting, etc.
(a) Auxin
(b) Cytokinin
(c) Gibberellin
(d) Abscisic acid
Answer:
(d) Abscisic acid

Question 10.
……………………………. neurons conduct impulses from the sensory organs to the brain and the spinal cord,
(a) Sensory
(b) Motor
(c) Association
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) Sensory

Question 11.
The brain of an adult human weighs about …………………………… .
(a) 500 – 600 grams
(b) 2 – 3 kilograms
(c) 1300 -1400 grams
(d) 1500 -1600 grams
Answer:
(c) 1300 – 1400 grams

Question 12.
……………………………. is the largest part of the brain.
(a) Cerebrum
(b) Cerebellum
(c) Medulla oblongata
(d) Spinal cord
Answer:
(a) Cerebrum

Question 13.
There are two triangular swollen structure called ……………………………. on the upper side of the medulla oblongata.
(a) Ventricles
(b) Meninges
(c) Pyramids
(d) Pons
Answer:
(c) Pyramids

Question 14.
Control of voluntary movements is done by …………………………… .
(a) Cerebrum
(b) Cerebellum
(c) Medulla oblongala
(d) Spinal cord
Answer:
(a) Cerebrum

Question 15.
Co-ordination of voluntary movements is done by …………………………… .
(a) cerebrum
(b) cerebellum
(c) medulla oblongata
(d) spinal cord
Answer:
(b) cerebellum

Question 16.
Control of involuntary activities like the beating of the heart, blood circulation, breathing etc. are controlled by …………………………… .
(a) Spinal cord
(b) Cerebrum
(c) Cerebellum
(d) Medulla oblongata
Answer:
(d) Medulla oblongata

Question 17.
The function of cerebrum is to …………………………… .
(a) control of voluntary movements
(b) co-ordination of voluntary movements
(c) control of involuntary activities
(d) maintaining the body balance
Answer:
(a) control of voluntary movements

Question 18.
The function of cerebellum is …………………………… .
(a) to control of voluntary movements
(b) to maintain the body balance
(c) to control of involuntary activities
(d) to co-ordinate of voluntary movements
Answer:
(b) to maintain the body balance

Question 19.
Hormone ……………………………. stimulates the liver to convert excess blood glucose into glycogen.
(a) Glucagon
(b) insulin
(c) Somatostatin
(d) Pancreatic polypeptide
Answer:
(a) Glucagon

Question 20.
Hormone ……………………………. controls behaviour during crisis and emotional situation.
(a) Thyroxine
(b) Parathormone
(c) Adrenalin and Nor adrenalin
(d) Somatostatin
Answer:
(c) Adrenalin and Nor adrenalin

Question 21.
……………………………. controls menstrual cycle and ovulation.
(a) Prolactin
(b) Oxytocin
(c) Luteinizing hormone
(d) Progesterone
Answer:
(c) Luteinizing hormone

Question 22.
……………………………. stimulates growth of secondary sexual characteristics in men.
(a) Thymosin
(b) Testosterone
(c) Oestrogen
(d) Thyroxine
Answer:
(b) Testosterone

Question 23.
……………………………. occurs through stomata.
(a) Translocation
(b) Perspiration
(c) Transpiration
(d) Conduction
Answer:
(c) Transpiration

Question 24.
……………………………. performs the important role of pushing the water up during the night time.
(a) Translocation
(b) Root pressure
(c) Transpiration pull
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Root pressure

Question 25.
In plants, gaseous substances are given out by …………………………….
(a) Root pressure
(b) Osmosis
(c) Diffusion
(d) Translocation
Answer:
(c) diffusion

Question 26.
Each kidney has approximately ……………………………. nephrons.
(a) 1 lakh
(b) 10,000
(c) 10 lakh
(d) 50 lakh
Answer:
(c) 10 lakh

Question 27.
Insulin is secreted by the ……………………………. of the pancreas.
(a) Alpha cells
(b) Beta cells
(c) Delta cells
(d) F cells
Answer:
(b) Beta cells

Select the odd man out:

Question 1.
Skin, Brain, Kidneys, Lungs.
Answer:
Brain – It is a controlling organ whereas the others are excretory orgAnswer:

Question 2.
Gum, Resin, Urea, Latex
Answer:
Urea – It is an excretory product of animals whereas the others are excretory products of plants.

Question 3.
Gibberellin, Auxin, Thyroxine, Cytokinin.
Answer:
Thyroxine – It is a hormone in animals whereas the others are hormones in plants.

Question 4.
Dendrite, Cell body, Axon, Synapse.
Answer:
Synapse – It is a minute space between two adjacent neurons whereas the others are parts of the neuron.

Question 5.
Thyroxine, Calcitonin, Insulin, Auxin.
Answer:
Auxin – It is a plant hormone whereas the others are hormones in human beings.

Complete the Analogy:

(1) Water : Xylem :: Food : …………………………….
(2) Movement of root system : Gravitropic :: Movement of shoot system : …………………………….
(3) Brain: Cranial Cavity :: Spinal Cord : …………………………….
(4) Cavities of the brain : Ventricles :: Cavities of the spinal cord : …………………………….
(5) Involuntary activities : Medulla oblongata : : Balance of the body : …………………………….
(6) Stem elongation: Gibberellin :: Cell division : …………………………….
(7) Control of voluntary movements : Cerebrum :: Co-ordination of voluntary movements : …………………………….
(8) Converts glucose to glycogen : Insulin :: Converts glycogen to glucose : …………………………….
(9) Secondary sexual characters in males : Testosterone :: Secondary sexual characters in females : …………………………….
Answer:
(1) Phloem
(2) Phototropic
(3) Vertebral column
(4) Central canal
(5) Cerebellum
(6) Cytokinin
(7) Cerebellum
(8) Glucagon
(9) Oestrogen

Match the columns:

Question 1.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1) Gibberellins (2) Cytokinins (3) Abscisic acid (4) Auxin	(a) Enlargement of cells (b) Helps in stem elogation (c) Cell division (d) Wilting of leaf

Answer:
(1 – b),
(2 – c),
(3 – d),
(4 – a).

Question 1.

Column ‘A’	Column B’
(1) Cerebrum (2) Cerebelleum (3) Medulla oblongata (4) Spinal cord	(a) Control of involuntary activities (b) Decision – making, memory and intellectual activities. (c) Centre for co­ordination of reflex actions (d) Maintaining body’s balance

Answer:
(1 – b),
(2 – d),
(3 – a),
(4 – c).

State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.

Question 1.
Plants need less energy as compared to animals.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Xylem conducts food whereas phloem conducts water.
Answer:
False. Xylem conducts water whereas phloem conducts food.

Question 3.
The loss of water from the plants is known as translocation.
Answer:
False. The loss of water from the plants is known as transpiration.

Question 4.
Calcium oxalate crystals present in some plants are called resins.
Answer:
False. Calcium oxalate crystals present in some plants are called raphides.

Question 5.
Root pressure helps to push the water up in plants during night time.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
Translocation is carried out by phloem in downward direction.
Answer:
False. Translocation is carried out by phloem in both upward and downward direction.

Question 7.
In unicellular organisms, waste materials are directly eliminated across the cell surface.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
Urea is produced in the liver.
Answer:
True

Question 9.
Systematic regulation of different processes is called co-ordination.
Answer:
False. Systematic regulation of different processes is called control.

Question 10.
A hormone auxin produced in the apical part of the shoot helps in enlargement of cells.
Answer:
True

Question 11.
Gibberellin helps in prevention and retardation of growth, leaf wilting etc.
Answer:
False. Abscisic acid helps in prevention and retardation of growth, leaf wilting etc.

Question 12.
The movement shown by venus fly trap while trapping an insect is a growth relevant movement.
Answer:
False. The movement shown by venus fly trap while trapping an insect is a growth irrelevant movement.

Question 13.
The lotus flower opens during night time while that of tuberose (polyanthus) opens during day time.
Answer:
False. The lotus flower opens during day time while that of tuberose (polyanthus) opens during night time.

Question 14.
Sensory neurons conduct impulses from the brain and the spinal cord to effector organs like muscles or glands.
Answer:
False. Sensory neurons conduct impulses from the sensory organs to the brain and the spinal cord.

Question 15.
There are 31 pairs of cranial nerves.
Answer:
False. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

Question 16.
Activities like heart beat, blood circulation, breathing, sneezing, etc. are controlled by cerebellum.
Answer:
False. Activities like heart beat, blood circulation, breathing, sneezing, etc. are controlled by cerebellum.

Question 17.
Spinal nerves are associated with head, thorax and abdomen.
Answer:
False. Spinal nerves are associated with arms, legs, skin and some other parts of the body.

Question 18.
Nerve impulses are slow and long lasting whereas action of hormones is fast and short lived.
Answer:
False. Nerve impulses are fast and short lived whereas action of hormones is slow and long lasting.

Question 19.
Reflex actions are controlled by cerebellum.
Answer:
False. Reflex actions are controlled by spinal cord.

Question 20.
Thyroid stimulating hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland.
Answer:
True

Question 21.
The hormone thymosin is secreted by the thyroid gland.
Answer:
False. The hormone thymosin is secreted by the thymus gland.

Question 22.
Parathormone controls metabolism of calcium and phosphorns.
Answer:
True

Question 23.
The right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney.
Answer:
True

Name the following:

Question 1.
The structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
Answer:
Newtron.

Question 2.
The network of capillaries in the Bowman’s capsule.
Answer:
Glomerulus.

Question 3.
The minute space between two adjacent nervous.
Answer:
Synapse.

Question 4.
The special cells which bring about control and co-ordination.
Answer:
Neurons.

Question 5.
The cavities present in various parts of the brain.
Answer:
Ventricles.

Question 6.
The long tubular cavity of the spinal cord.
Answer:
Central Canal.

Question 7.
The thread like fibrous structure at the end of the spinal cord.
Answer:
Filum terminale.

Give scientific reasons:

Question 1.
It is necessary to remove harmful and waste substances from the body.
Answer:

• Many harmful and waste substances like urea, uric acid, ammonia, etc. are produced in living organisms.
• If these substances accumulate in the body or are retained in the body for long, it can lead to serious harm or even death.
• Hence, it is necessary to remove such harmful and waste substances from the body.

Question 2.
In plants like Touch-me-not (Mimosa), movement also occurs at the places other than where it has been touched.
Answer:

• In plants like Touch-me-not (Mimosa), the information about the touch is relayed within the plant from one place to another.
• Plants use electro-chemical impulses for transfer of information from one place to another.
• Plant cells change their shape by increasing or decreasing their water content and thereby, bring about the movements of plants.
• Hence, in plants like Touch-me-not (Mimosa) movement also occurs at the places other than where it has been touched.

Question 3.
Endocrine glands are also called ductless glands.
Answer:

• Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands.
• These glands do not have any arrangement of their own to store or carry their secretions.
• Hence, as soon as hormones are produced, they are directly released into the blood circulation.
• Thus, though these endocrine glands are present at specific locations in our body, their secretions reach all parts of the body via blood.
• Therefore, endocrine glands are also called ductless glands.

Define the following:

Question 1.
Transportation
Answer:
The process by which a substance either synthesized or absorbed in one part of the body reaches another is called as transportation.

Question 2.
Control
Answer:
Systematic regulation of different processes is called as control.

Question 3.
Coordination
Answer:
Bringing about the different processes in the proper sequence is called as co-ordination.

Question 4.
Tropism or Tropic movement
Answer:
Movement or growth of any part of the plant in response to an external stimulus is called as tropism or tropic movement.

Question 5.
Excretion
Answer:
Removal of waste or harmful substances from the body is called excretion.

Question 6.
Dialysis
Answer:
The process of separating the nitrogenous waste from the blood with the help of a man?made machine is called dialysis.

Question 7.
Reflex action
Answer:
An immediate and involuntary response given to a stimulus from the environment is called a reflex action.

Question 8.
Homeostasis
Answer:
Proper co-ordination between various systems of an organism helps to maintain a state of equilibrium called homeostasis.

Question 9.
Tropism
Answer:
Movement or growth of any part of the plant in response to an external stimulus is called tropism.

Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Nervous control and Chemical control
Answer:

Nervous Control	Chemical Control
(i) Nervous control is brought about by special types of cells called neurons.	(i) Chemical control is brought about by chemical substances called hormones.
(ii) It involves the nervous system i.e., brain, spinal cord and nerves.	(ii) It involves the endocrine glands.
(iii) Nerve impulses are fast and short-lived.	(iii) Actions of hormones are very slow and long-lasting.

Question 2.
Growth relevant movements and growth irrelevant movements
Answer:

Growth relevant movements	Growth irrelevant movements
(i) Growth relevant movements result in growth of the plants.	(i) Growth irrelevant movements do not result in growth of the plants.
(ii) They are also called as tropic movements.	(ii) They are also called as nastic movements.
(iii) They are in response to stimulus of light, water, gravity, chemicals, etc.	(iii) They are generally in response to stimulus of touch.
(iv) Examples : Bending of stem towards light, movement of roots towards gravity and water, etc.	(iv) Example : Closing of leaflets of Mimosa plant, closing of Venus fly trap, etc.

Question 3.
Cerebrum and Cerebellum
Answer:

Cerebrum	Cerebellum
(i) It is the largest part of the brain.	(i) It is the smaller part of the brain.
(ii) It occupies two thirds of the brain.	(ii) It is situated below the cerebrum at the back of the cranial cavity.
(iii) Its surface has deep, irregular ridges and grooves which are called convolutions.	(iii) Its surface shows shallow grooves instead of convolutions.
(iv) It controls voluntary movements, concentration, planning, decision-making, memory, intelligence and intellectual activities.	(iv) It co-ordinates voluntary movements and maintains the body’s balance.

Write short notes:

Question 1.
Root Pressure
Answer:

• Root cells are in contact with water and minerals in the soil.
• Water and minerals enter the cells of the root surface due to difference in concentration. As a result, these cells become turgid.
• This is called root pressure.
• Under the effect of this pressure, water and minerals reach the xylem of the roots and to reduce this difference in concentration, they are continuously pushed forward.
• As a result of this continuous movement, a water column is formed, which is continuously pushed ahead.
• This pressure, is sufficient to lift the water up in shrubs, small plants and small trees.

Question 2.
Transpiration
Answer:

• Plants give out water in the form of water vapour through the stomata on their leaves. This is known as transpiration.
• Two cells called guard cells are present around the stomata. They control the opening and closing of stomata.
• Water is released into the atmosphere by leaves through the process of evaporation.
• As a result, water in the epidermal layer of the leaf decreases.
• Water is brought up to the leaves through the xylem to compensate for the lost water.
• Transpiration helps in absorption of water and minerals and distribution to all parts of the plant.

Question 3.
Nerve cell
Answer:

• Nerve cells also called as neurons are special types of cells which conduct impulses from one place to another in the body.
• Neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system.
• Nerve cells, the largest cell in the human body, may measure upto a few metres in length.
• Nerve cells have the ability to generate and conduct electrochemical impulse.
• The cells that support the nerve cells and help in their functioning are called neuroglia. Nerve cells and neuroglial cells together form nerves.

Question 4.
Reflex action
Answer:

• An immediate and involuntary response given to a stimulus from the environment is called a reflex action.
• Sometimes we react to an incident without any thinking on our part or control over the reaction.
• This is a response given to a certain stimulus from the surroundings.
• In such situations, proper control and co-ordination is achieved even without the intervention of the brain.
• For example, when our hand touches a hot object, the receptor in the skin detects the stimulus.
• The sensory neuron sends the impulse to the relay neuron in the spinal cord.
• The impulses are then sent to motor neurons which cause the muscles of the hand to contract and move away from the hot object.
• The spinal cord is the center of co-ordination for reflex actions.

Question 5.
Spinal cord
Answer:

• The spinal cord is the part of the central nervous system and it is held within the vertebral column.
• It is slightly thick but gradually tapers towards the end.
• There is a thread like fibrous structure at its end. It is called the filum terminale.
• The long tubular cavity of the spinal cord is called the central canal. It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
• The spinal cord conducts impulses from the skin towards the brain and from the brain to the muscles and glands.
• It functions as a centre of co-ordination of reflex actions.

Question 6.
Dialysis
Answer:

• The efficiency of kidneys can be adversely affected by injury, infection or decreased blood supply.
• If this happens, excess of toxic substances accumulates in the body and it can lead to death.
• If kidneys fail, nitrogenous wastes are separated from the blood with the help of a man-made machine.
• The process of separating the nitrogenous waste from the blood with the help of this machine is called dialysis.
• About 500 ml of blood is sent at one time through this machine. Purified blood is reinfused into the body of the patient.

Draw neat and labelled diagrams:

Question 1.
Vertical Section of Kidney
Answer:

Question 2.
Reflex action
Answer:

Name the hormones of the following endocrine glands and the function of each:

Question 1.
Parathyroid
Answer:

Hormone	Function
Parathormone	Controls metabolism of calcium and phosphorus

Question 2.
Pancreas
Answer:

Hormone	Function
(i) Glucagon	Stimulates liver to convert glycogen into glucose.
(ii) Insulin	Stimulates liver to convert excess blood glucose into glycogen.
(iii) Somatostatin	Controls levels of insulin and glucagon.
(iv) Pancreatic Polypeptide	Controls movement of intestine and thereby glucose absorption. Controls secretion of pancreatic juice.

Complete the following table of plant hormones with their functions:
Answer:

Plant hormone	Functions
(i) Auxin	Produced in the apical part of the shoot Helps in enlargement of cells
(ii) Gibberellins	Help in stem elongation
(iii) Cytokinins	Help in cell division
(iv) Abscisic acid	Effective in prevention and retardation of growth, leaf wilting, etc.

State the functions of different parts of the brain.
Answer:

Parts of the Brain	Functions
Cerebrum	Control of voluntary movements, concentration, planning, decision­making, memory, intelligence, and intellectual activities.
Cerebellum	(i) Co-ordination of voluntary movements. (ii)  Maintaining the body’s balance.
Medulla oblongata	Control of involuntary activities like the beating of the heart, blood circulation, breathing, sneezing, coughing, salivation, etc.
Spinal cord	(i) Conduction of impulses from the skin towards the brain. (ii) Conduction of impulses from brain to muscles and glands. (iii) Functions as centre of co­ordination of reflex actions.

Answer the following:

Question 1.
How do plants bring about movements in them?
Answer:

• Plants use electro-chemical impulses for transfer of information from one place to another.
• Plant cells change their shape by increasing or decreasing their water content and thereby bring about the movement of plants.

Answer the following:

Question 1.
What are growth-irrelevant movements? Give examples.
Answer:

• Some specific movements of the plants do not lead to the plant growth. Such movements are called growth-irrelevant movements.
• In the plant called venus fly trap, there is a trap that appears and smells like flowers and deceives insects. When an insect visits the flower-like trap, the trap closes up and the trapped insect is digested by the plant.
• Fibrils present on the leaves of the insectivorous plant Drosera, bend inward as soon as an insect lands on the leaves and surround the insects from all sides.
• In Balsam, the ripened fruit dehisces (bursts-open) at the right time to disperse the seeds.

Question 2.
Which are the different types of nerve cells or neurons?
OR
How are nerve cells classified according to their functions?
Answer:
According to their functions, nerve cells are classified into three types:

• Sensory neurons: They conduct impulses from the sensory organs to the brain and the spinal cord.
• Motor neurons : They conduct impulses from the brain or spinal cord to effector organs like muscles or glands.
• Association neurons : Association neurons perform the function of integration in the nervous system.

Question 3.
What are the different parts of the human nervous system?
Answer:
The human nervous system can be divided into the following three parts.

1. Central nervous system (CNS) : It consists of the brain and the spinal cord. It controls and regulates all activities of the body.
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) : The peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves originating from the central nervous system which connect the central nervous system with all parts of the body. They are of two types cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
3. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) : The autonomous nervous system consists of the nerves of involuntary organs like the heart, lungs, stomach etc. It is not under the control of our will.

Question 4.
Describe the structure of the central nervous system.
Answer:

• The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal card.
• The organization of the brain is extremely delicate and highly evolved.
• The brain is the main controlling part of the nervous system and is safely located in the cranial cavity. The spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column.
• In the space between the delicate central nervous system and its bony covering are the protective layers called the meninges.
• Cavities present in various parts of the brain are called ventricles whereas the long tubular cavity of the spinal cord is called the central canal.
• The ventricles, central canal and spaces between the meninges are filled with cerebro?spinal fluid.
• This fluid supplies nutrients to the central nervous system and protects it from shock.

Question 5.
Which are the two types of peripheral nerves?
Answer:
Peripheral nerves are of two types:
(a) Cranial nerves:

• Nerves originating from the brain are called cranial nerves.
• They are associated with various parts in the head.
• There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

(b) Spinal nerves:

• Nerves originating from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves.
• They are associated with arms, legs, skin and some other parts of the body.
• There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

Question 6.
How do plants get rid of their excretory products?
Answer:

• Excretion is a simpler process in plants. There is no special organ or system for excretion in plants.
• Gases are given out by diffusion.
• Most of the waste substances of plants are stored in vacuoles of leaf-cells and in flowers, fruits and the bark of the stem. After some time these parts fall off.
• Some other waste materials are stored in old and worn out xylem in the form of resin and gum.
• Some waste materials are also given out through roots in the surrounding soil.

Answer in detail:

Question 1.
Explain how food and other substances are transported in plants?
OR
Explain translocation in plants.
Answer:

• The food produced in leaves is transported to each cell in the plant body.
• Excess food, except amino acids, is stored in roots, fruits and seeds. This process is called translocation of materials.
• It is carried out in both the upward and downward directions by the phloem.
• Translocation is not a simple process, it requires energy. This energy is obtained from ATP.
• Whenever food material like sucrose is transported towards a part of a plant via the phloem with the help of ATP, the water concentration decreases in the part. As a result, water enters the cell by the process of diffusion.
• The pressure on the cell wall increases due to increase in cellular contents.
• Due to the increase pressure, food is pushed into the neighbouring cells where the pressure is low.
• This process helps the phloem to transport the materials as per the need of the plant. During flowering season, the sugar stored in roots or stem is transported towards the floral buds to make them open and blossom.

Question 2.
What is tropic movement? Describe the different types of tropic movements.
OR
What are growth relevant movements? Describe the different types of growth relevant movements.
Answer:
Movement or growth of any part of the plant in response to an external stimulus is called tropic movement or tropism.

The different types of tropic movements are:

• Phototropic movement : The shoot system of any plant responds to the light stimulus, i.e., it grows towards the source of light. The movement shown by plants towards the source of light is called phototropic movement.
• Gravitropic movement : The root system of plants responds to stimulus of gravity. This is called gravitropic movement.
• Hydrotropic movement : The root system of plants responds to the stimulus of water. This is called hydrotropic movement.
• Chemotropic movement : Movement shown by plants in response to specific chemicals is called chemotropic movement. For example, the growth of the pollen tube towards the ovule.

All the above-mentioned movements of plants are related with growth, hence are called growth relevant movement.

Question 3.
Write short note on : Human Brain
Answer:

• The brain is the main controlling part of the nervous system and is safely located in the cranial cavity.
• The brain is covered by protective layers called the Meninges.
• Cavities present in various parts of the brain are called ventricles.
• The ventricles are filled with cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid supplies nutrients to the brain and also protects it from shock.
• The brain of an adult human weighs about 1300 -1400 grams and consists of approximately 100 million neurons.
• The left side of our brain controls the right side of our body and right side of our brain controls left side of the body.
• In addition, the left side of the brain controls our speech and conversation, writing, logical thinking etc., whereas the right side controls artistic abilities.

Human brain is made up of following parts:

(a) Cerebrum:

• This is the largest part of the brain and consists of two cerebral hemispheres. These hemispheres are joined with each other with the help of tough fibres and nerve tracts.
• The cerebrum occupies two-thirds of the brain. Hence, it is also called as large brain.
• Its surface has deep, irregular ridges and grooves which are called convolutions, convolution increases the surface area of the cerebrum and therefore a large number of nerve cells can be accommodated.

(b) Cerebellum:

• This is the smaller part of the brain situated below the cerebrum at the back of the cranial cavity.
• Its surface shows shallow grooves instead of deep convolutions.

(c) Medulla Oblongata:

• This is the hind-most part of the brain.
• There are two triangular swollen structures called pyramids on the upper side of medulla oblongata.
• The medulla oblongata continues downwards the spinal cord.

(6) How are nerve impulses conducted in the body?
Answer:

• Special types of cells which conduct impulses from one place to another in the body are called neurons. Nerve cells have the ability to generate and conduct electro-chemical impulses.
• The cells that support the nerve cells and help in their functioning are called neuroglia.
• All the information about our surroundings is collected by the ends or dendrites of the neuron.
• The chemical process begins at those ends and electric impulses are generated which are conducted from the dendrites to the cell body, from the cell body to the axon and from the axon to its terminal.
• These impulses are then to be transferred from this nerve cell to the next.
• Now the impulse that reaches the terminal of an axon, stimulates the nerve cell to secrete certain chemicals.
• These chemicals pass through a minute space, called the synapse, between two adjacent neurons and generate the impulses in the dendrites of the next neuron.
• In this way, impulses are conducted in the body and these impulses are finally conveyed by nerve cells to muscles cells or glands.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 1.1 Where the Mind is Without Fear Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Kumarbharati Textbook Solutions Unit 1.1 Where the Mind is Without Fear

Maharashtra Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 1.1 Warming Up Questions and Answers

Where The Mind Is Without Fear Question Answer Class 10 Question 1.
Pair up with your partner and match the terms with their given meanings: (The answers are given directly)

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1) Humanism	(a) Concern about and action aimed at protecting the environment.
(2) Patriotism	(b) Holding liberal views.
(3) Internationalism	(c) Quality of being patriotic vigorous support for one’s country.
(4) Liberalism	(d) State or process of being international.
(5) Environmentalism	(e) A rationalistic outlook towards humans rather than a divine or supernatural one.

Answer:

(1) Humanism	(e) A rationalistic outlook towards humans rather than a divine or supernatural one.
(2) Patriotism	(c) Quality of being patriotic vigorous support for one’s country.
(3) Internationalism	(d) State or process of being international.
(4) Liberalism	(b) Holding liberal views.
(5) Environmentalism	(a) Concern about and action aimed at protecting the environment.

Where The Mind Is Without Fear Questions And Answers Question 2.
Taking the help of a dictionary/the internet, guess and write the type of poem against its description:
Sonnet, Epic, Limerick, Lyric, Ballad, Humorous, Elegy, Idyll, Free verse
Answer:
A long story-poem, often mythical – epic
A short story poem with a message – ballad
A poem of 14 lInes – sonnet
A song-like poem – lyric
A poem with no uniformity of rhyme. rhythm, &c. – free verse
A poem set in a picturesque. rustic background – idyll
A sad poem lamenting the death ofa loved one – elegy
A 5-line short funny poem with rhyme scheme aabba – limerIck
A poem written, just to create htniour – humorous

Where The Mind Is Without Fear Class 10 English Workshop Questions and Answers Maharashtra Board

Where The Mind Is Without Fear Question Answer Question 1.
In your notebook write down lines from the poem as a proof for the following.

(a) Tagore wishes for a nation where people are truthful.
Answer:
Line: Where words come out from the depth of truth.

(b) The poet would like everyone to work hard to reach their goal and in the long run to reach perfection.
Answer:
Line: Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection.

(c) The poet wishes that everyone in his country holds his head high in dignity.
Answer:
Line: Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high.

(d) The poet dreams of a nation where knowledge should be free to all.
Answer:
Line: Where knowledge is free.

(e) The poem is a ‘prayer’.
Answer:
Lines:
(i) Where the mind is led forward by Thee.
(ii) Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake.

Where The Mind Is Without Fear English Workshop Answers Question 2.
Read the columns carefully and match the expressions with their meanings.

No	Column A	Column B
(1)	The head is held high	(a) A fearless person
(2)	Narrow domestic walls	(b) Sincerity of heart
(3)	Knowledge is free	(c) A person with self-respect and proud of possessing it
(4)	Depth of truth	(d) Narrow mindedness
(5)	Mind is without fear	(e) Education is given to all
(6)	Stretches its arms	(f) Dried up, infertile land of sands
(7)	Clear stream of reason	(g) Clear thinking
(8)	Dead habits	(h) Aim at perfection
(9)	Ever widening thought and action	(i) Broadening the outlook and attitude

Answer:

(1) The head is held high	(c) A person with self-respect, and proud of possessing it. (Board’s Model Activity Sheet)
(2) Narrow domestic walls	(d) Narrow mindedness.
(3) Knowledge is free	(e) Education is given to all. (Board’s Model Activity Sheet)
(4) Depth of truth	(b) Sincerity of heart. (Board’s Model Activity Sheet)
(5) Mind is without fear	(a) A fearless person.
(6) Stretches its arms	(h) Aim at perfection.
(7) Clear stream of reason	(g) Clear thinking.
(8) Dead habits	(f) Dried, infertile land of sands, (Board’s Model Activity Sheet)
(9) Ever	(i) widening thought and action Broadening the outlook and attitude.

Where The Mind Is Without Fear Class 10 Question 3.
(A) Answer the following questions in your own words.

(a) How is the world broken into fragments?
Answer:
The world is broken into fragments by divisions on the basis of religion, caste, class, race and colour in societies all over the world.

(b) Explain what the ‘tireless striving’ should, be for.
Answer:
Tireless striving’ should be to attain one’s goals as well as to achieve perfection.

(c) ‘Where words come out from the depth of truth.’ Explain in your own words.
Answer:
It means when people speak truthfully and with complete’ sincerity of heart.

(d) Who is ‘Thee’ in the poem? What does the poet appeal to ‘Thee’ to do?
Answer:
‘Thee’ in this poem is God. The poet wishes God to awaken his country into a heaven of freedom, where the people are all truly free and total freedom of good thoughts, good words and good actions exists.

(e) What qualities does the poet wish to inculcate in his countrymen?
Answer:

(B) Write in your notebook your own response and justify, where needed.
(a) Is the poem a prayer for India alone?
Answer:
The poem is a prayer for India alone, but it is also relevant for countries all over the world.

(b) What should the words we speak reflect?
Answer:
The words we speak should reflect our sincerity and truthfulness.

(c) What should people keep on widening? How can it be done?
Answer:
People should keep on widening their attitude and outlook. This can be done by getting rid of prejudices, travelling to different places and through education.

(d) From what darkness of night should our nation awake?
Answer:
Our nation should awaken from the darkness of prejudices, division of society, old traditional rituals and customs that are harmful, discrimination in imparting knowledge, insincerity, untruthfulness, fear and lack of self-respect.

(e) What attributes of Rabindranath Tagore does the poem (prayer) reflect?
Answer:
The poem reflects Rabindranath Tagore’s patriotism and love for his countrymen, his clear- thinking, his broad outiook, his, scientific attitude and his emphasis on hard work.

(f) What effect does the repetition of the word ‘where’ at the begining of each line?
Answer:
The repetition of the word ‘where’ at the beginning of each line denotes the increasing intensity of hope and trust the poet puts in his vision.

Where The Mind Is Without Fear Solutions Question 4.
Read the poem carefully and complete the table after the discussion in pairs. One is done for you.
Answer:

Concepts in the poem	Present situation	Expected/ideal situation
(1) mind	mind is full of fear	fearless mind
(2) head	……………………………….	……………………………….
(3) knowledge	……………………………….	……………………………….
(4) words	……………………………….	……………………………….
(5) habit	……………………………….	……………………………….
(6) thought and action	……………………………….	……………………………….

Answer:

Concepts in the poem	Present situation	Expected/ideal situation
(1) mind	Mind is full of fear.	Fearless mind.
(2) head	Head is bowed down.	Head is held high
(3) knowledge	Knowledge is the privilege of a select minority.	Knowledge is free and available to all.
(4) words	Words are insincere.	Words are truthful and sincere.
(5) habit	Old traditional rituals and customs that are harmful are followed.	There is reason and clarity of thought.
(6) thought and action	Thoughts and actions are determined by a narrow-minded attitude.	Thoughts and actions are determined by a broad outlook.

Where The Mind Is Without Fear Rhyme Scheme Question 5.
(A) Complete the following sentences using your own interpretation.

(a) When the mind is without fear and head unbowed, we enjoy ………………………….. freedom.
(b) When knowledge is free, every citizen enjoys the right to ………………………….. and …………………………. .
(c) We can prevent ………………………….. injustice when we pull down discriminatory walls of caste, class, religion etc.
(d) Constant effort and strife leads to …………………………. .
(e) Logical thinking and reasoning can put a stop to ………………………….. .
(f) Tagore appeals to God to make his country a …………………………. .
Answer:
(a) When the mind is without fear and the head is unbowed, we enjoy complete freedom.
(b) When knowledge is free, every citizen enjoys the right to learn and obtain knowledge.
(c) We can prevent social injustice when we pull down the discriminatory walls of caste, class, religion, etc.
(d) Constant effort and strife leads to achieving our goals and td perfection.
(e) Logical thinking and reasoning can put a stop to the following of old traditions and customs that are harmful.
(f) Tagore appeals to God to make his country a heaven where people have good thoughts, say good words and do good actions.

(B) Fill in the blanks.
(a) Students should keep themselves aloof from ………………………….. .
(b) When ………………………….. everyone will be literate.
(c) It is a social duty of every student of modern world to uproot ………………………….. from societies.
(d) Students must develop ………………………….. outlook and attitudes.
(e) In the world of sycophancy, students must ………………………….. .
Answer:
(a) Students should keep themselves aloof from old harmful traditions.
(b) When knowledge is free everyone will be literate.
(c) It is the social duty of every student of the modern world to uproot narrow-mindedness from societies.
(d) Students must develop broad outlook and attitudes.
(e) In the world of sycophancy, students must have self-respect.

Question 6.
Find out the examples of ‘Metaphor’ from the poem.
Answer:

• ‘Clear stream of reason’. Here reason has been implicitly compared to a clear stream.
• ‘Dreary desert sand of dead habit’. Here old j habits have been implicitly compared to the dreary desert! sand.

Where The Mind Is Without Fear Question Answers Question 7.
Almost every line of the poem begins with the word ‘Where’ and it expects an idealistic country and countrymen. Now work in a group of six students and compose your poem regarding ‘Ideal School’. Begin your lines with the word ‘Where’ . . . . .
Answer:
Ideal School
An ‘Ideal School’ is one…
Where fun, games and studies go hand in hand,
Where teachers come from all over the land,
Where no punishment is given to one, nor any 5 blame,
Where motivation and encouragement is the name I of the game.
(Students can write their own poems.)

Question Answer Of Where The Mind Is Without Fear Question 8.
Read the poem. Write an Appreciation of the poem in about 12 to 15 sentences with the help of the following points. Use a paragraph format.

Points

• Title
• Poet
• Rhyme scheme
• Favourite line
• Theme/Central idea
• Figures of speech
• Special features – Type of the poem, language, tone, implied meaning, etc.
• Why I like/ dislike the poem

Answer:
Note : The points format given in Appreciation of Poem is for east), understanding. IU.nvever, it is io he written in the form of a [laragraph in the examination.

Question 9.
Imagine that you have to deliver a speech on the occasion of ‘Independence Day’ or the ‘Republic Day’ in the school assembly. Prepare a speech to deliver on ‘India of my dreams’

Use the following steps :
Greeting and salutation
Self Introduction
Introduction of the topic
Elaboration of the topic with examples
Conclusion
Thanking audience
Answer:

My Dream India

Respected Principal, teachers and my dear friends. Today, 15th August. is the day India won her freedom. No a0bL, at that time the citizens of free

India had many dreams for their country, some of which would have certainly come true. I, Rohan Mehta, often think about my ‘dream’ India too, and I would like to tell you something about it.

In the India of my dreams, there would be no poverty. Every Indian would be able to live a comfortable life. Every single person would be literate and the pursuit and acquisition of knowledge would be open to all, irrespective of caste, creed or religion. Corruption eats away a country, and in my dream India there would be no corrupt people. Truth and sincerity would reign. The large population will turn out to be an advantage rather than a handicap. We will be using renewable energy sources more and more. Every man, woman and child would be able to hold up his or her head with dignity and self-respect. India will be a ‘Super power’; but unlike the current ‘Super powers’ India will always lend a helping hand to the developing nations. There would be no need to have a police force because there would be no crime and no criminals—everyone would be happy and content.

This is my dream India in brief and there are many more things I would like to add to this list. I will certainly do my bit to make my dream come j true. Thank you.

Question 10.
Read the short story written by Rabindranath Tagore ‘The Kabuliwala’ or ‘The Home Coming.’
Answer:
Visit the website and collect more information about Rabindranath Tagore’s life and work.

Question 11.
Explain the following :

(a) what the poet prays to the Almighty for :
Answer:
The poet prays to the Almighty asking Him to awaken his country into a heaven of freedom, where the people are all truly free and total freedom of good thoughts, good words and good actions exists, while respecting those of others.

(b) what ‘reason’ and ‘dead habit’ are compared to :
Answer:
‘Reason’ is compared to a clear stream, and ‘dead habit’ is compared to the dreary desert sand.

(c) what the poet wishes for :
Answer:
The poet wishes that his country awakens into a heaven of freedom, where the people are all truly free and total freedom of good thoughts, good words and good actions exists.

(d) how the world is broken into fragments :
Answer:
The world is broken into fragments by divisions on the basis of religion, caste, class, race and colour in societies all over the world.

(e) what ‘tireless striving’ should be for :
Answer:
Tireless striving’ should be to attain one’s goals as well as to achieve perfection.

(f) the meaning of ‘Where words come out from the depth of truth’ :
Answer:
It means when people speak truthfully and with complete’ sincerity of heart.

(g) who ‘Thee’ is in the poem and what the poet appeals to ‘Thee’ to do :
Answer:
‘Thee’ in this poem is God. The poet wishes God to awaken his country into a heaven of freedom, where the people are all truly free and total freedom of good thoughts, good words and good actions exists.

Question 12.
Find out lines from the poem as a proof for the following :

(a) Tagore wishes for a nation where people are truthful.
Answer:
Line : Where words come out from the depth of truth.

(b) The poet would like everyone to work hard to reach their goal and in the long run to reach perfection.
Answer:
Line : Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection.

(c) The poet wishes that everyone in his country holds his head high in dignity.
Answer:
Line : Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high.

(d) The poet dreams of a nation where knowledge should be free to all.
Answer:
Line : Where knowledge is free.

(e) The poem is a ‘prayer’.
Answer:
Lines : (i) Where the mind is led forward by Thee.
(ii) Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake.

Question 13.
Find examples of Alliteration from the poem.
Answer:

1. Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high.
   Repetition of the sound of ‘w’ and ‘h’.
2. Where the world has not been broken up into fragments.
   Repetition of the sound 4of ‘w’.
3. Where words come out from the depth of truth.
   Repetition of the sound of ‘w’.
4. Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection.
   Repetition.of the sound of ‘t’ and ‘s’.
5. Into the dreary desert sand of dead habit
   Repetition of the sound of ‘d’.

Question 14.
Find examples of Personification from the poem.
Answer:

1. ‘Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection.’ Here ‘tireless striving’ has been given the human quality of stretching its arms.
2. ‘Dreary desert sand of dead habit’. Here ‘habit’ has been given the quality of death.

Question 15.
Find the figures of speech in the line: ‘Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake.’
Answer:

• Synecdoche: ‘Country’ stands for the people of the country.
• Apostrophe: The poet is addressing the Almighty.

Question 16.
Comment on the rhyme scheme of the poem.
Answer:
The poem is written in free verse without! any rhyme scheme.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Solutions Aksharbharati Chapter 12.1 जगणं कॅक्टसचं Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Aksharbharati Solutions Chapter 12.1 जगणं कॅक्टसचं

Marathi Aksharbharati Std 10 Digest Chapter 12.1 जगणं कॅक्टसचं Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
‘निसर्ग हा मोठा जादूगार आहे’, हे विधान वाळवंटी प्रदेशाच्या संदर्भात कसे लागू पडते, ते पाठाच्या आधारे सविस्तर लिहा.
उत्तर:
‘जगणं कॅक्टसचं’ या पाठात ‘वसंत शिरवाडकर’ यांनी वाळवंटी प्रदेशातील कॅक्टसवर विशेष माहिती दिली आहे. निसर्ग हा मोठा जादूगार आहे हे पटवून दिले आहे. साधारणपणे पाण्याशिवाय वनस्पती जगू शकत नाही. वाळवंटात अगदीच थोडे पाणी मिळते. पण निसर्ग एक जादूगार आहे. त्या थोड्याशा पाण्यातही तो वनस्पती फुलवतो. तेथील प्राणी जगवतो.वाळवंटी प्रदेशातील खास अशी जीवसृष्टी आहे. वनस्पती व प्राणी तेथेही जगू शकतात. कॅक्टसच्या झाडांवरची लाल-पिवळी फुले चित्रमय वाटतात. वाळवंटातील जीवनसृष्टी हा खरोखर पृथ्वीवरचा एक चमत्कारच आहे. त्यामुळेच प्रतिकूल परिस्थितीतही जीवसृष्टी निर्माण करणारा निसर्ग खरेच मोठा जादूगार आहे.

प्रश्न 2.
‘थोड्याशा पाण्यावर कसे वाढावे याचा नमुना म्हणजे कॅक्टस!’ या विधानाची यथार्थता लिहा.
उत्तरः
वाळवंटी प्रदेशात वर्षातून एखादाच पाऊस पडतो. कधी तर दोन-दोन, तीन-तीन वर्षे पावसाचा ठिकाणा नसतो, एरवी तेथे वाळवंटातसूर्यआगओकतअसतो.हवातापलेलीअसते.सूर्याच्या आगीमध्ये पाने, फुले, गवत करपून जातात. वाळवंटात ओसाड, भकास जीवन असते. कॅक्टस अवर्षणाचा प्रतिकार करणारा आहे. जे काही पाणी मिळेल तेवढे स्वत:मध्ये साठवून घ्यायचे आणि कोरड्या हंगामात अगदी मंद गतीने वाढत रहायचे. अशी कॅक्टसची जगण्याची किमया असते. सग्वारो कॅक्टस तर २०० वर्षे जगतो. कॅक्टसमध्ये पाणी साठवण्याची रचना असते.

मिळेल तेवढे पाणी तो साठवतो. त्याची सगळी अंगरचना पाणी साठवण्यासाठी बनलेली असते. पाऊस पडतो तेव्हा वाळवंटाची जमीन फारच थोडे पाणी शोषून घेते. त्यामुळे थोड्यावेळात पुष्कळ पाणी शोषून घेता येईल अशी कॅक्टसच्या मुळांची खास रचना असते. आपली मुळे लांब पसरवून भोवतालच्या जास्तीत जास्त क्षेत्रातील पाणी तो शोषून घेतो. झाडातले बरेचसे पाणी त्यांची पाने बाष्पीभवनाने गमावतात म्हणून कॅक्टसच्या झाडाने पान ही गोष्टच काढून टाकली आहे. म्हणूनच म्हटले आहे ‘थोड्याशा पाण्यावर कसे वाढावे याचा नमुना म्हणजे कॅक्टस!

प्रश्न 3.
टिपा लिहा.

उत्तरः
सग्वारो कॅक्टस वाळवंटी प्रदेशाचाअगदी खास प्रतिनिधी आहे. कॅक्टसच्या अनेक जातींमध्ये सग्वारो हा कॅक्टसचा राजा मानला जातो. तो ५० फूट उंचीपर्यंत वाढतो. त्याची वाढ मंद असते इतकी, की ५० वर्षात तो फक्त ३ फूट वाढतो आणि २०० वर्षे जगतो. सग्वारो कॅक्टसची फुले गेंदेदार असतात ही फुले फुलली की थोडा काळ तरी ओसाड वाळवंट सौंदर्यपूर्ण होते. सग्वारो कॅक्टसला फळे येतात. त्यातील गर कलिंगडासारखा असतो. सग्वारो कॅक्टस हात वर करून उभ्या राहिलेल्या एखाद्या मोठ्या बाहुल्यासारखा दिसतो. सम्वारो कॅक्टसचा उपयोग अमेरिकेतील रेड इंडियन करीत असत. अवर्षणाच्या काळात कॅक्टस चेचून ते त्याचे पाणी काढत आणि तहान शमवण्यासाठी हे पाणी पीत. सग्वारो फॅक्टसची फळे ही कलिंगडाच्या गरासारखी असल्याने खाण्यासाठी उपयोग होतो. फळाच्या गरात साखर घालून तो मोरावळ्यासारखा टिकवता येतो. रेड इंडियन लोकांचे हे ही एक खादय असते.

प्रश्न 4.
वाळवंटी प्रदेशातील झाडांना काटे असण्याची कोणकोणती कारणे असावीत, असे तुम्हाला वाटते ते लिहा.
उत्तरः
कॅक्टसच्या झाडामध्ये रसदार गर असतो, म्हणून त्यावर प्राण्यांच्या धाडी पडण्याचा धोका असतो. त्यासाठी खबरदारी म्हणून कॅक्टस झाडांच्या अंगावर धारदार बोचरे काटे पसरलेले असतात. वाळवंटी प्रदेशात बहुतेक झाडांना काटे असतात. त्याला खास कारण झाडे जनावरांनी ओरबाडून खाऊन टाकली तरी पाण्याची पंचाईत नसल्याने ती पुन्हा लवकर उगवून येतात. वाळवंटी प्रदेशात हे शक्य नाही. पाण्याच्या दुर्भिक्षामुळे झाड एकदा गेले की गेले. यासाठी या प्रदेशातील झाडांना स्वत:च्या रक्षणासाठी काटे असतात.

प्रश्न 5.
‘पाणी हेच जीवन!’ या विधानासंबंधी तुमचे विचार लिहा.
उत्तरः
पाण्याला समानार्थी शब्द ‘जीवन’ असा आहे. त्यावरून पाण्याचे अमूल्य महत्त्व लक्षात येते. जीवनात पाणी नसेल तर तहानेने व्याकूळ होऊन माणूस मरेल. स्वच्छता राहणार नाही. पशू-पक्षी, झाडे निसर्ग टिकणार नाही. सर्व सृष्टी उजाड होईल. वाळवंट, ओसाड राने तयार होतील. जीवसृष्टी राहणार नाही. जलचर प्राण्यांची सृष्टी नष्ट होईल. सूर्य आग ओकेल. जमिनीला मोठे तडे जातील. पाण्यावाचून हाहा:कार होईल. जीवनच संपुष्टात येईल. म्हणून पाण्याचा योग्य वापर करणे आपल्या सर्वांची जबाबदारी आहे.

प्रश्न 6.
पाठाच्या आधारे कॅक्टसच्या प्रकारांची माहिती थोडक्यात लिहा.
उत्तरः
कॅक्टसच्या सुमारे १००० जाती आहेत. त्यातील अनेकांचे आकार मोठे चित्रविचित्र आहेत. ‘सायाळ’ कॅक्टस – कुंपणाच्या आश्रयाने राहणाऱ्या सायाळासारखा (शत्रुने हल्ला करताच काटे सोडणारा प्राणी) दिसतो.
(ii) ‘अस्वल’ कॅक्टस – हा कॅक्टस अस्वलासारखा दिसतो.
(iii) “पिंप’ कॅक्टस – हा कॅक्टस थेट पिंपासारखा दिसतो.
(iv) ‘सांबरशिंग’ कॅक्टस – ‘सांबरशिंग’ कॅक्टस सांबराच्या शिंगासारखा दिसणाऱ्या कॅक्टसला म्हणतात.
(v) सग्वारो कॅक्टस – सग्वारो कॅक्टस हा हात वर करून उभ्या राहिलेल्या एखादया मोठ्या बाहुल्यासारखा दिसतो. काही कॅक्टसना सुंदर फुले व रसदार फळे येतात. सग्वारो कॅक्टसला शेंड्यावर येणारी फुले पुष्कळशी फुलासारखी गेंदेदार असतात. ही फुले फुलली की थोडा काळ का होईना बिचाऱ्या ओसाड वाळवंटाला सौंदर्याला स्पर्श होतो. याला कॅक्टसचा राजा म्हणतात.

जगणं कॅक्टसचं Summary in Marathi

जगणं कॅक्टसचं पाठपरिचय

‘जगणं कॅक्टसचं’ हा पाठ लेखक ‘वसंत शिरवाडकर’ यांनी लिहिला आहे. या पाठात लेखकाने वाळवंटी प्रदेशात उगवणाऱ्या ‘कॅक्टस’ या वनस्पतीची वैशिष्ट्ये, तिचे उपयोग, कमी पाण्यातही टिकून राहण्याची तिची क्षमता याचे सूक्ष्म वर्णन केले आहे.

जगणं कॅक्टसचं Summary in English

“Jagna Cactus Che’ is written by Vasant Shirwadkar. He has explained the types of cactuses, their utility and adaptation to less amounts of water. He has offered detailed information about the cactus.

जगणं कॅक्टसचं शब्दार्थ

• वाळवंटी प्रदेश – वाळूकामय प्रांत – (a desert region)
• कोरडेपणा – शुष्कपणा – (dryness)
• दुर्भिक्ष – टंचाई, दुष्काळ – (scarcity)
• ठणठणीत – कोरडा व रिकामा – (dry & empty)
• जीवन – आयुष्य – (life)
• जादूगार – जादू करणारा – (a magician)
• जीवसृष्टी – सचेतन सृष्टी – (the living world)
• बहादुरी – पराक्रम – (valour)
• चमत्कार – आश्चर्य – (a wonder, a mircale)
• अवर्षण – दुष्काळ, अनावृष्टी – (drought)
• प्रदीर्घ – लांबलचक, खूप लांब – (very long)
• वैराण – ओसाड, पडीक – (barren, desolate)
• रक्ष – कोरडे, शुष्क – (dry)
• निष्माण – प्राण / जीव नसलेला – (lifeless)
• पालवी – झाडाला फुटलेले नवे अंकुर – (fresh foliage)
• सुप्तावस्था – झोपलेली अवस्था – (sleeping stage)
• रोप – वनस्पती, रोपटे – (a plant)
• मरुभूमी – वाळवंट – (desert)
• नंदनवन – (येथे अर्थ) स्वर्ग (इंद्राचे उपवन) – (the pleasure garden of indra’s paradise)
• तवा – पोळ्या भाजण्याचे लोखंडी पसरट भांडे – (pan)
• करपणे – भाजणे, होरपळणे – (to get scorched)
• भकास – ओसाड, उजाड – (gloomy, desolate)
• हंगाम – ऋतू, मौसम – (season)
• प्रतिकार करणे – विरोध करणे – (to oppose)
• मंद गती – धिम्यागतीने – (slow motion)
• दिवाणखाना – बैठकीची खोली – (living room, hall)
• प्रतिनिधी – (representative)
• राक्षस – दानव – (monster)
• पेर – दोन सांध्यांमधील भाग – (the portion between two joints)
• पन्हाळी – पाणी वाहून नेण्याची नळी – (a pipe)
• बाष्पीभवन – वाफ होणे – (evaporation)
• वयं – दूर करणे – (to avoid)
• गर – गीर, मगज – (pulp)
• बिशाद – हिम्मत, धाडस – (daring)
• बुंधा – बुडखा – (tree trunk)
• निमुळता – क्रमाने अरूंद होत जाणारा, चिंचोळा – (tapering)
• सरळसोट – सरळ, उभा – (upright)
• कुंपण – संरक्षक भिंत – (a fence)
• सायाळ – अंगावर काटे असणारा प्राणी, साळू, साळींदर – (hedgehog)
• सांबर – फाटे फुटलेली शिंगे असणारा हरणासारखा – दिसणारा प्राणी – (horned deer)
• शिंग – शंग – (horm)
• शेंडा – टोक, शिखर – (the top)
• गेंदेदार – गोंड्याच्या फुलांसारखी भरलेली
• मोरावळा – साखरेच्या पाकात आवळ्याचे बारीक तुकडे शिजवून तयार केलेला गोडपदार्थ – (jam)
• जिकिरीचे – त्रासदायक – (trouble some)
• साल – झाडावरचे जाड आवरण – (bark, rind)
• सोलणे – वरचा पापुद्रा (साल) काढून टाकणे – (to peel, to skin)
• तुरट – तुरटीसारखी चव असलेला – (astringent)
• निरुपाय – अगतिक – (helpless)
• खटाटोप – दगदग, आटापिटा – (strenous efforts)
• पंचाईत – अडचण – (problem)
• परजून – परिधान करून – (to wear)
• स्वसंरक्षण – स्वत:चे संरक्षण – (self–defence)
• जबाबदारी – उत्तरदायित्व – (responsibility)

जगणं कॅक्टसचं वाक्प्रचार

• भूगा होणे – चूरा होणे
• प्रतिकार करणे – विरोध करणे – (to oppose)
• धाडी पडणे – अकस्मात हल्ला करणे – (to attack)
• शोषून घेणे – ओढून घेणे – (to absorb)
• मात करणे – विजय मिळवणे – (to overcome)
• अभाव असणे – कमतरता असणे, उणीव असणे – (lack of)
• व्याकूळ होणे – बेचैन होणे – (to feel uneasy)

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Solutions Aksharbharati Chapter 12 रंग मजेचे रंग उदयाचे Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Aksharbharati Solutions Chapter 12 रंग मजेचे रंग उदयाचे

Marathi Aksharbharati Std 10 Digest Chapter 12 रंग मजेचे रंग उदयाचे Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
(अ) कवितेच्या आधारे बी रुजण्याच्या क्रियेचा ओघतक्ता तयार करा.

उत्तरः

(आ) आकृती पूर्ण करा.

उत्तरः

प्रश्न 2.
चौकटी पूर्ण करा.
(i) जेथे दृष्टी पोहोचते असे ठिकाण – [          ]
(ii) कवयित्रीच्या मते जपायची गोष्ट – [          ]
उत्तरः
(i) जेथे दृष्टी पोहोचते असे ठिकाण – [फुलाफुलांचे ताटवे]
(ii) कवयित्रीच्या मते जपायची गोष्ट – [सृषृ]

प्रश्न 3.
कवितेत आलेल्या खालील संकल्पना स्पष्ट करा.
(i) आभाळाचे छत्र ……………………………………
(ii) गर्भरेशमी सळसळ ……………………………………
उत्तरः
(i) आभाळाचे छत्र – पाण्याने भरलेल्या ढगांचे आच्छादन
(ii) गर्भरेशमी सळसळ – हिरव्या पानांची, हिरव्याशार गवताची वाऱ्यामुळे सळसळ.

प्रश्न 4.
कृती पूर्ण करा.

(अ) ‘कष्ट करणाऱ्यांना मदत करू’ या आशयाची ओळ शोधा.
उत्तरः
मातीमध्ये जे हात राबती, तयांस देऊ पुष्टी.

(आ) ‘दौलत’ हे उत्तर येईल असा प्रश्न तयार करा.
उत्तरः
यंत्रांच्या संगतीने काय मिळणार आहे?

(इ) कवितेतील ‘यमक’ अलंकार साधणाऱ्या शब्दांच्या जोड्या शोधा.
उत्तरः
सृष्टी-दृष्टी, वृष्टी-कष्टी, तुष्टी-गोष्टी.

प्रश्न 5.
काव्यसौंदर्य.
(अ) खालील ओळींचे रसग्रहण करा.
‘हिरवी हिरवी मने भोवती, किती छटा हिरव्याच्या
गर्भरेशमी सळसळण्याच्या जगात सांगू गोष्टी’

(आ) पृथ्वीला वाचवण्यासाठी काय काय करावे असे कवयित्रीला वाटते.
उत्तरः
पृथ्वीवर मानवाने पर्यावरण संतुलन नष्ट करण्याचा सपाटा लावला आहे. झाडांची कत्तल, काँक्रीटीकरण, प्लॅस्टीकचा प्रचंड वापर, प्रदूषण इ. समस्यांनी पृथ्वी धोक्यात आली आहे. पर्यावरणाचे संतुलन नसल्याने पाऊसही नाही. पाण्याची समस्या भीषण आहे. अशा परिस्थितीत पृथ्वीचे संरक्षण करणे गरजेचे आहे. वनीकरण, झाडांची कत्तल रोखणे, प्लॅस्टीकला प्रतिबंध करणे, अशा उपायांनी अनेक समस्या रोखता येतील. वाढत्या जनसंख्येला आळा घालणे, गावागावांमध्ये वृक्षांची लागवड करणे, पाण्याचे साठे वाढविणे, विहिरी-तळी निर्माण करणे, इलेक्ट्रॉनिक कचऱ्याची योग्य विल्हेवाट लावणे, ओला-सुका कचरा वेगवेगळा टाकणे, बायोगॅस वापरणे, सौरशक्तीचा वापर करणे, तंत्रज्ञानाचा मर्यादित योग्य वापर करणे अशा प्रकारे हरितक्रांती व औद्योगिक क्रांतीने पृथ्वीला वाचविता येईल. पृथ्वी ही माता आहे, या दृष्टीने तिचा आदर व सांभाळ सर्वांनीच करायला हवा.

(इ) वसुंधरेचे हिरवेपण जपण्यासाठी उपाय सुचवा.
उत्तरः
वसुंधरा ही हिरव्यागार शालूत शोभून दिसते. हिरवाईचा, शेतांचा, रानांचा व गवताच्या विविध हिरव्या छटा निसर्ग खुलवतो. वसुंधरेचे हिरवेपण जपण्यासाठी खालील उपाय करता येतील.
(i) ‘झाडे लावा, झाडे जगवा’ या प्रतिज्ञेने सर्वांनीच ‘एक व्यक्ती, एक झाड’ असे प्रमाण ठेवले तर वसुंधरा हिरवीगार होईल.
(ii) फळांच्या बिया मोकळ्या जागेत, डोंगरावर उधळाव्या.
(iii) बागबगीचे, रानांकरिता अधिकृत जमीन राखावी व तेथे रोपे लावावी.
(iv) जमिनीचा कस कमी व नष्ट करणाऱ्या वस्तू वापरू नये. उदा. प्लॅस्टीक, थर्मोकोल, अतिप्रमाणात वापरात असेलेली कीटकनाशके,
(v) जागोजागी पाण्याचे साठे तयार करावेत, ज्यामुळे पावसाळ्याव्यतिरिक्तही झाडांना पाणी मिळेल. वसुंधरेच्या हिरवेपणावर आपले अस्तित्व टिकून आहे. याची जागृती प्रत्येक नागरिकाच्या मनात केली पाहिजे.

Marathi Akshar Bharati Class 10 Textbook Solutions Chapter 12 रंग मजेचे रंग उदयाचे Additional Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न १.पुढील कवितेच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सूचनेनुसार कृती करा,

कृती १ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
कंसातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा,
(i) फुलाफुलांचे दाट …………………………………… जिथे पोचते दृष्टी. (थवे, गुच्छ, ताटवे, झुडपे)
(ii) …………………………………… देईना संगणक हा, काळी आई जगवू. (पैसे, दौलत, संपत्ती, धान्य)
(iii) उधळू, फेकू बिया डोंगरी, रुजतील …………………………………… झाडे. (निलगिरी, आंब्याची, देशी, घनदाट)
(iv) आभाळाच्या छत्राखाली, एक अनोखी …………………………………… (दृष्टी, तुष्टी, वृष्टी, पुष्टी)
उत्तर:
(i) ताटवे
(ii) धान्य
(iii) देशी
(iv) तुष्टी

प्रश्न 3.
खालील प्रश्नांची उत्तरे एका वाक्यात लिहा.

(i) कवी कोणाला पुष्टी क्यायला सांगतात?
उत्तर:
कवी मातीमध्ये काम करणाऱ्या हातांना पुष्टी दयायला सांगतात.

(ii) यंत्राबरोबर राहिल्यास काय मिळेल?
उत्तरः
यंत्राबरोबर राहिल्यास पैसा, दौलत मिळेल.

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
चौकट पूर्ण करा.
(i) जिथे दृष्टी पोचते तेथे असतात – [फुलांचे ताटवे]
(ii) संगणक हे देत नाही – [धान्य]
(iii) जगास या गोष्टी सांगू – [गर्भरेशमी सळसळण्याच्या]

प्रश्न 2.
जोड्या जुळवा.

उत्तरे:
(i- क),
(ii – अ),
(iii – ड),
(iv – ब)

प्रश्न 3.
काव्यपंक्तीचा योग्य क्रम लावा.
(i) गर्भरेशमी सळसळण्याच्या जगास सांगू गोष्टी . . .
(ii) आभाळाच्या छत्राखाली, एक अनोखी तुष्टी . . .
(iii) फेनधवलशा तुषारांमध्ये, राहाल कैसे कष्टी?
(iv) गच्च माजतील राने, होईल आभाळातून वृष्टी . . .
उत्तर:
(i) गच्च माजतील राने, होईल आभाळातून वृष्टी . . .
(ii) फेनधवलशा तुषारांमध्ये, राहाल कैसे कष्टी?
(iii) आभाळाच्या छत्राखाली, एक अनोखी तुष्टी . . .
(iv) गर्भरेशमी सळसळण्याच्या जगास सांगू गोष्टी . . .

कृती ३: कवितेतील शब्दांचा अर्थ

प्रश्न 1.
खालील कवितेतील शब्दांचा अर्थ लिहा.
(i) फूल
(ii) दाट
(iii) ताटवे
(iv) दृष्टी
उत्तरे:
(i) कुसूम, सुमन
(ii) गच्च
(iii) बगिचे, उद्यान
(iv) नजर

प्रश्न २. दिलेल्या मुद्द्यांच्या आधारे कवितेसंबंधी पुढील कृती सोडवा.

(१) प्रस्तुत कवितेचे कवी/कवयित्री:
अंजली कुलकर्णी

(२) प्रस्तुत कवितेचा विषयः
पर्यावरणाचे रक्षण केले तर मानवाला काही कमी पडणार नाही अशा भावनांचे वर्णन केले आहे.

(३) प्रस्तुत कवितेतील दिलेल्या ओळींचा सरळ अर्थ:
डोंगरातून वाहात येते, खळाळते हे पाणी
फेनधवलशा तुषारांमध्ये, राहाल कैसे कष्टी?

आभाळातून होणाऱ्या पावसाच्या वृष्टीमुळे डोंगरातून खळाळत पाणी वाहत येईल. डोंगर दऱ्यातून वाहणारे धबधबे व त्यातून फेसाप्रमाणे उधळणाऱ्या पांढऱ्या तुषारांना पाहिल्यावर आपण आपली सारी दु:खे विसरून जाऊ व निसर्गाच्या सान्निध्यात खऱ्या अर्थाने आपण आनंदी होऊ, खळाळत्या पाण्याला पाहून आपल्याही मनात हास्याचे तुषार उधळले जातील व आपली सारी दुःखे राहणारच नाहीत, आपण कष्टी होणारी नाही? असे कवयित्री म्हणते.

(४) प्रस्तुत कवितेतून मिळणारा संदेशः

निसर्गाचे आणि मानवी जीवनाचे नाते हे अगदी घट्ट असेच आहे. निसर्गाच्या सहवासात माणूस अगदी आनंदी जगणे जगत असतो, पण आजच्या जागतिकीकरणाच्या या युगात संगणकामुळे आणि इतर वैज्ञानिक गोष्टींमुळे माणूस निसर्गापासून दूर होत चालला आहे. असे झाले तर माणसाला आपले अस्तित्व टिकवणे कठीण होऊन बसेल. पर्यावरणाची, निसर्गाची जोपसना केली तर मानवाला कधीच काही कमी पडणार नाही. निसर्गसौंदर्याचा आस्वाद घेत घेत आपले जीवन आनंदमय करण्यासाठी निसर्गाच्या हातात हात घालून आपण पुढे वाटचाल केली पाहिजे, असा संदेश या कवितेतून आपल्याला मिळतो.

(५) प्रस्तुत कविता आवडण्याचे वा न आवडण्याचे कारण :

‘रंग मजेचे रंग उदयाचे’ ही ‘अंजली कुलकर्णी’ यांची कविता मला खूप आवडली आहे. त्याचे मुख्य कारण म्हणजे कवयित्रीचे चित्रदर्शी वर्णन. त्यांच्या शब्दांमधून माणसाचा मातीशी, निसर्गाशी असलेला जिव्हाळ्याचा संबंध मनापासून जाणवतो. पर्यावरणाची काळजी घेणे हे आपले सर्वात महत्त्वाचे कर्तव्य आहे याची सोप्या व योग्य शब्दात कवयित्रीने करून दिलेली जाणीव खूप छान आहे. निसर्गसौंदर्याचा आस्वाद घेत घेत आपले जीवन कसे आनंदी होऊन जाते, त्याचे वर्णन अप्रतिम आहे.

(६) प्रस्तुत कवितेतील खालील शब्दांचा अर्थः
(i) जपणे – सांभाळणे
(ii) सृष्टी – निसर्ग, जग
(i) माती – मृदा
(ii) पुष्टी – पाठबळ, पाठिंबा

स्वाध्याय कती

प्रश्न 1.
पृथ्वीला वाचवण्यासाठी काय करावे असे कवयित्रीला वाटते?
उत्तरः
पृथ्वीवर मानवाने पर्यावरण संतुलन नष्ट करण्याचा सपाटा लावला आहे. झाडांची कत्तल, काँक्रीटीकरण, प्लॅस्टीकचा प्रचंड वापर, प्रदूषण इ. समस्यांनी पृथ्वी धोक्यात आली आहे. पर्यावरणाचे संतुलन नसल्याने पाऊसही नाही. पाण्याची समस्या भीषण आहे. अशा परिस्थितीत पृथ्वीचे संरक्षण करणे गरजेचे आहे. वनीकरण, झाडांची कत्तल रोखणे, प्लॅस्टीकला प्रतिबंध करणे, अशा उपायांनी अनेक समस्या रोखता येतील. वाढत्या जनसंख्येला आळा घालणे, गावागावांमध्ये वृक्षांची लागवड करणे, पाण्याचे साठे वाढविणे, विहिरी-तळी निर्माण करणे, इलेक्ट्रॉनिक कचऱ्याची योग्य विल्हेवाट लावणे, ओला-सुका कचरा वेगवेगळा टाकणे, बायोगॅस वापरणे, सौरशक्तीचा वापर करणे, तंत्रज्ञानाचा मर्यादित योग्य वापर करणे अशा प्रकारे हरितक्रांती व औद्योगिक क्रांतीने पृथ्वीला वाचविता येईल. पृथ्वी ही माता आहे, या दृष्टीने तिचा आदर व सांभाळ सर्वांनीच करायला हवा.

प्रश्न 2.
वसुंधरेचे हिरवेपण जपण्यासाठी उपाय सुचवा.
उत्तरः
वसुंधरा ही हिरव्यागार शालूत शोभून दिसते. हिरवाईचा, शेतांचा, रानांचा व गवताच्या विविध हिरव्या छटा निसर्ग खुलवतो. वसुंधरेचे हिरवेपण जपण्यासाठी खालील उपाय करता येतील.
(i) ‘झाडे लावा, झाडे जगवा’ या प्रतिज्ञेने सर्वांनीच ‘एक व्यक्ती, एक झाड’ असे प्रमाण ठेवले तर वसुंधरा हिरवीगार होईल.
(ii) फळांच्या बिया मोकळ्या जागेत, डोंगरावर उधळाव्या.
(iii) बागबगीचे, रानांकरिता अधिकृत जमीन राखावी व तेथे रोपे लावावी.
(iv) जमिनीचा कस कमी व नष्ट करणाऱ्या वस्तू वापरू नये. उदा. प्लॅस्टीक, थर्मोकोल, अतिप्रमाणात वापरात असेलेली कीटकनाशके,
(v) जागोजागी पाण्याचे साठे तयार करावेत, ज्यामुळे पावसाळ्याव्यतिरिक्तही झाडांना पाणी मिळेल. वसुंधरेच्या हिरवेपणावर आपले अस्तित्व टिकून आहे. याची जागृती प्रत्येक नागरिकाच्या मनात केली पाहिजे.

रंग मजेचे रंग उदयाचे Summary in Marathi

रंग मजेचे रंग उदयाचे काव्यपरिचय‌
‘रंग‌ ‌मजेचे‌ ‌रंग‌ ‌उदयाचे’‌ ‌ही‌ ‌कविता‌ ‌कवयित्री‌ ‌’अंजली‌ ‌कुलकर्णी’‌ ‌यांनी‌ ‌लिहिली‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌जागतिकीकरणाच्या‌ ‌या‌ ‌काळात‌ ‌तंत्रज्ञानाशी‌ ‌मैत्री‌ ‌करणारा‌ ‌मानव‌ ‌निसर्गाकडे‌ ‌पाठ‌ ‌फिरवत‌ ‌आहे,‌ ‌पण‌ ‌निसर्गाचे,‌ ‌पर्यावरणाचे‌ ‌रक्षण‌ ‌करणे‌ ‌ही‌ ‌अतिमहत्त्वाची‌ ‌बाब‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌पर्यावरणाची‌ ‌जोपासना‌ ‌केली‌ ‌तर‌ ‌माणसाला‌ ‌कधीच‌ ‌काही‌ ‌कमी‌ ‌पडणार‌ ‌नाही,‌ ‌असा‌ ‌विचार‌ ‌कवयित्रीने‌ ‌या‌ ‌कवितेत‌ ‌मांडला‌ ‌आहे.‌

रंग मजेचे रंग उदयाचे Summary in English

As‌ ‌a‌ ‌result‌ ‌of‌ ‌globalization,‌ ‌a‌ ‌human‌ ‌being‌ ‌appears‌ ‌to‌ ‌be‌ ‌more‌ ‌connected‌ ‌to‌ ‌technology‌ ‌rather‌ ‌than‌ ‌nature.‌ ‌The‌ ‌preservation‌ ‌of‌ ‌nature‌ ‌and‌ ‌environment‌ ‌should‌ ‌be‌ ‌the‌ ‌first‌ ‌priority‌ ‌of‌ ‌a‌ ‌human‌ ‌being.‌ ‌Only‌ ‌then‌ ‌can‌ ‌he‌ ‌live‌ ‌a‌ ‌satisfied‌ ‌life.‌ ‌The‌ ‌poetess‌ ‌has‌ ‌tried‌ ‌to‌ ‌elaborate‌ ‌on‌ ‌this‌ ‌understanding‌ ‌in‌ ‌her‌ ‌poem.‌

भावार्थ‌ ‌फुलाफुलांचे‌ ‌दाट‌ ‌ताटवे,‌ ‌जिथे‌ ‌पोचते‌ ‌दृष्टी‌
‌रंग‌ ‌मजेचे,‌ ‌रंग‌ ‌उद्याचे‌ ‌जपून,‌ ‌ठेवू‌ ‌सृष्टी….‌

निसर्ग‌ ‌हा‌ ‌खरा‌ ‌जादूगार‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌त्याच्या‌ ‌जादूई‌ ‌दुनियेमध्ये‌ ‌रंगा–गंधाचे‌ ‌साम्राज्य‌ ‌पसरले‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌आभाळाची‌ ‌निळाई‌ ‌पाहत,‌ ‌पाण्याची‌ ‌खळखळ‌ ‌आणि‌ ‌वाऱ्याची‌ ‌अंगाई‌ ‌ऐकत‌ ‌धरतीच्या‌ ‌कुशीत‌ ‌फुलाफुलांचे‌ ‌म्हणजेच‌ ‌अनेक‌ ‌रंगाच्या‌ ‌फुलांचे‌ ‌बाग‌ ‌बगीचे‌ ‌आपण‌ ‌फुलवूया‌ ‌आणि‌ ‌हे‌ ‌बगीचे‌ ‌फक्त‌ ‌एका‌ ‌ठिकाणी‌ ‌फुलवायचे‌ ‌नाहीत‌ ‌तर‌ ‌कवयित्रीच्या‌ ‌मते‌ ‌जिथे‌ ‌जिथे‌ ‌नजर‌ ‌पोचते‌ ‌तेथे‌ ‌तेथे‌ ‌उद्याच्या‌ ‌भविष्याचे‌ ‌रंग,‌ ‌उद्याच्या‌ ‌मजेचे‌ ‌रंग‌ ‌आपण‌ ‌फुलवूया‌ ‌म्हणजेच‌ ‌निसर्गाच्या‌ ‌रंगात‌ ‌आणि‌ ‌निसर्गाच्या‌ ‌सान्निध्यात‌ ‌राहून‌ ‌जो‌ ‌आनंद,‌ ‌जी‌ ‌मजा‌ ‌मिळणार‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌अशी‌ ‌एक‌ ‌सुंदर‌ ‌सृष्टी‌ ‌आपण‌ ‌उद्याच्या‌ ‌भविष्यासाठी‌ ‌जपून‌ ‌ठेवूया.‌

धान्य‌ ‌देईना‌ ‌संगणक‌ ‌हा,‌ ‌काळी‌ ‌आई‌ ‌जगवू‌
‌मातीमध्ये‌ ‌जे‌ ‌हात‌ ‌राबती,‌ ‌तयांस‌ ‌देऊ‌ ‌पुष्टी….‌
‌रंग‌ ‌मजेचे,‌ ‌रंग‌ ‌उदयाचे‌

कवयित्री‌ ‌म्हणते‌ ‌आजचे‌ ‌युग‌ ‌कितीही‌ ‌आधुनिक‌ ‌झाले,‌ ‌तंत्रज्ञान‌ ‌विकसित‌ ‌झाले‌ ‌तरी‌ ‌निसर्ग‌ ‌तुमचा‌ ‌खरा‌ ‌मित्र‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌तुमचा‌ ‌पोषण–कर्ता‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌कारण‌ ‌तंत्रज्ञानाच्या‌ ‌विकासामुळे‌ ‌संगणकाची‌ ‌निर्मिती‌ ‌झाली.‌ ‌पण‌ ‌हा‌ ‌संगणक‌ ‌तुम्हांला‌ ‌धान्य‌ ‌देऊन‌ ‌तुमचे‌ ‌पोषण‌ ‌करू‌ ‌शकत‌ ‌नाही.‌ ‌तर‌ ‌काळी‌ ‌आई‌ ‌म्हणजेच‌ ‌धरतीमाता‌ ‌आपण‌ ‌जगवली‌ ‌तरच‌ ‌आपण‌ ‌जगू‌ ‌शकतो.‌ ‌तीच‌ ‌खरी‌ ‌आपले‌ ‌पोषण‌ ‌करणारी‌ ‌जननी‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌तिला‌ ‌आपण‌ ‌जगवूया‌ ‌असे‌ ‌कवयित्री‌ ‌सांगते.‌ ‌या‌ ‌काळ्या‌ ‌मातीमध्ये‌ ‌जे‌ ‌हात‌ ‌खऱ्या‌ ‌अर्थाने‌ ‌राबतात,‌ ‌कष्ट‌ ‌करतात‌ ‌आणि‌ ‌तिचे‌ ‌संगोपन‌ ‌करतात‌ ‌अशा‌ ‌शेतकऱ्याचे,‌ ‌भूमिपुत्राचे‌ ‌सुद्धा‌ ‌आपण‌ ‌संरक्षण‌ ‌केले‌ ‌पाहिजे‌ ‌त्याच्या‌ ‌कष्टांना‌ ‌पाठबळ,‌ ‌दुजोरा‌ ‌दिला‌ ‌पाहिजे.‌ ‌तरच‌ ‌आपल्याला उदयाच्या‌ ‌उज्ज्वल‌ ‌भविष्याचे‌ ‌रंग‌ ‌व‌ ‌जीवनातील‌ ‌मजेचे‌ ‌रंग‌ ‌पाहायला‌ ‌मिळतील‌ ‌आणि‌ ‌ही‌ ‌धरती‌ ‌खऱ्या‌ ‌अर्थाने‌ ‌सुजलाम्‌ ‌सुफलाम्‌ ‌होऊन‌ ‌इथला‌ ‌मनुष्यप्राणी‌ ‌सुखी‌ ‌होईल.‌

उधळू,‌ ‌फेकू‌ ‌बिया‌ ‌डोंगरी,‌ ‌रुजतील‌ ‌देशी‌ ‌झाडे‌
‌गच्च‌ ‌माजतील‌ ‌राने,‌ ‌होईल‌ ‌आभाळातून‌ ‌वृष्टी….‌
‌रंग‌ ‌मजेचे,‌ ‌रंग‌ ‌उदयाचे‌ ‌

‘झाडे‌ ‌लावा,‌ ‌झाडे‌ ‌जगवा’.‌ ‌हा‌ ‌मंत्र‌ ‌सत्यात‌ ‌उतरविण्यासाठी‌ ‌आपण‌ ‌खऱ्या‌ ‌अर्थाने‌ ‌कोणती‌ ‌कृती‌ ‌केली‌ ‌पाहिजे‌ ‌हे‌ ‌सांगताना‌ ‌कवयित्री‌ ‌म्हणते‌ ‌की,‌ ‌आपण‌ ‌आपल्या‌ ‌देशामध्ये‌ ‌पिकणारी,‌ ‌उगवणारी‌ ‌जी‌ ‌फळे,‌ ‌फुले‌ ‌आहेत,‌ ‌त्यांच्या‌ ‌बिया‌ ‌डोंगरावर,‌ ‌पर्वतावर‌ ‌उधळूया‌ ‌म्हणजे‌ ‌डोंगरावर‌ ‌त्या‌ ‌रुजतील‌ ‌आणि‌ ‌देशी‌ ‌झाडांनी‌ ‌आपली‌ ‌जंगले‌ ‌परत‌ ‌गच्च‌ ‌भरून‌ ‌जातील,‌ ‌माजतील‌ ‌ज्यामुळे‌ ‌जमिनीची‌ ‌धूप‌ ‌थांबेल‌ ‌आणि‌ ‌वृष्टी‌ ‌होईल.‌ ‌भरपूर‌ ‌पाऊस‌ ‌पडला‌ ‌तर‌ ‌ही‌ ‌सृष्टी‌ ‌हिरवी‌ ‌समृद्ध‌ ‌होईल‌ ‌आणि‌ ‌समृद्ध‌ ‌अशा‌ ‌भविष्याचे‌ ‌आपले‌ ‌स्वप्न‌ ‌पूर्ण‌ ‌होईल.‌

डोंगरातून‌ ‌वाहात‌ ‌येते,‌ ‌खळाळते‌ ‌हे‌ ‌पाणी‌
‌फेनधवलशा‌ ‌तुषारांमध्ये,‌ ‌राहाल‌ ‌कैसे‌ ‌कष्टी?‌
‌रंग‌ ‌मजेचे,‌ ‌रंग‌ ‌उदयाचे‌

आभाळातून‌ ‌होणाऱ्या‌ ‌पावसाच्या‌ ‌वृष्टीमुळे‌ ‌डोंगरातून‌ ‌खळाळत‌ ‌पाणी‌ ‌वाहत‌ ‌येईल.‌ ‌डोंगर‌ ‌दऱ्यातून‌ ‌वाहणारे‌ ‌धबधबे,‌ ‌त्यातून‌ ‌फेसाप्रमाणे‌ ‌उधळणाऱ्या‌ ‌पांढऱ्या‌ ‌तुषारांना‌ ‌पाहिल्यावर‌ ‌आपण‌ ‌आपली‌ ‌सारी‌ ‌दुःखे‌ ‌विसरून‌ ‌जाऊन‌ ‌निसर्गाच्या‌ ‌सान्निध्यात‌ ‌खऱ्या‌ ‌अर्थाने‌ ‌जावू.‌ ‌खळाळत्या‌ ‌पाण्याला‌ ‌पाहून‌ ‌आपल्याही‌ ‌मनात‌ ‌हास्याचे‌ ‌तुषार‌ ‌उधळले‌ ‌जातील‌ ‌व‌ ‌आपली‌ ‌दुःखे‌ ‌राहणारच‌ ‌नाहीत.‌ ‌किंबहुना‌ ‌त्यांना‌ ‌पाहिल्यावर‌ ‌कसे‌ ‌राहू‌ ‌आपण‌ ‌कष्टी?‌ ‌असाच‌ ‌प्रश्न‌ ‌कवयित्री‌ ‌आपल्याला‌ ‌विचारते‌ ‌आहे.‌

मिळेल‌ ‌पैसा,‌ ‌मिळेल‌ ‌दौलत,‌ ‌यंत्रांच्या‌ ‌संगती‌ ‌
आभाळाच्या‌ ‌छत्राखाली,‌ ‌एक‌ ‌अनोखी‌ ‌तुष्टी….‌ ‌
रंग‌ ‌मजेचे,‌ ‌रंग‌ ‌उदयाचे‌ ‌

तंत्रज्ञानामुळे‌ ‌आपल्याला‌ ‌पैसा,‌ ‌दौलत‌ ‌मिळेल‌ ‌पण‌ ‌त्या‌ ‌कागदी‌ ‌नोटांना‌ ‌समाधानाचा,‌ ‌तुष्टीचा‌ ‌गंध‌ ‌येणार‌ ‌नाही.‌ ‌त्यातून‌ ‌स्पर्धा,‌ ‌अवहेलना‌ ‌वाढेल,‌ ‌दुसऱ्याचे‌ ‌दुःख‌ ‌जाणून‌ ‌घेण्याची‌ ‌मनाची‌ ‌दौलत‌ ‌तिथे‌ ‌नसेल.‌ ‌परंतु‌ ‌निसर्गाच्या‌ ‌सान्निध्यात‌ ‌एकाच‌ ‌आभाळाच्या‌ ‌छत्राखाली‌ ‌आपण‌ ‌सारे‌ ‌भेदभाव‌ ‌विसरून‌ ‌जाऊ,‌ ‌कुणी‌ ‌लहान–मोठा,‌ ‌श्रीमंत,‌ ‌गरीब‌ ‌राहणार‌ ‌नाही,‌ ‌आभाळाची‌ ‌आम्ही‌ ‌लेकरे,‌ ‌काळी‌ ‌माती‌ ‌आई‌ ‌असे‌ ‌म्हणण्यातच‌ ‌आपल्याला‌ ‌खरी‌ ‌तुष्टता,‌ ‌समाधान‌ ‌मिळेल‌ ‌आणि‌ ‌एकत्वाच्या‌ ‌छत्राखाली‌ ‌आपण‌ ‌उद्याच्या‌ ‌भविष्याचे,‌ ‌आनंदाचे‌ ‌रंग‌ ‌जपून‌ ‌या‌ ‌सृष्टीलाही‌ ‌जपून‌ ‌ठेवू.‌

हिरवी‌ ‌हिरवी‌ ‌मने‌ ‌भोवती,‌ ‌किती‌ ‌छटा‌ ‌हिरव्याच्या‌ ‌
गर्भरेशमी‌ ‌सळसळण्याच्या‌ ‌जगास‌ ‌सांगू‌ ‌गोष्टी….‌ ‌
रंग‌ ‌मजेचे,‌ ‌रंग‌ ‌उदयाचे‌

या‌ ‌निळ्या‌ ‌आभाळाच्या‌ ‌छत्राखाली‌ ‌निसर्गाच्या‌ ‌सान्निध्यात‌ ‌साऱ्यांची‌ ‌मने‌ ‌हिरवी‌ ‌होतील,‌ ‌आनंदी‌ ‌होतील.‌ ‌नवीन‌ ‌विचारांनी,‌ ‌सुखा–समाधानाने‌ ‌भरून‌ ‌जातील‌ ‌आणि‌ ‌या‌ ‌आनंदाच्या‌ ‌विविध‌ ‌छटा‌ ‌आपल्याला‌ ‌आपल्या‌ ‌अवतीभोवती‌ ‌पाहता‌ ‌येतील.‌ ‌पर्यावरणाच्या‌ ‌रक्षणासाठी‌ ‌डोंगरावर‌ ‌उधळलेल्या‌ ‌बियांमुळे‌ ‌झाडे‌ ‌निर्माण‌ ‌होतील.‌ ‌घनदाट‌ ‌जंगले‌ ‌तयार‌ ‌होतील‌ ‌व‌ ‌त्यामुळे‌ ‌भरपूर‌ ‌वृष्टी‌ ‌होईल.‌ ‌त्यामुळे‌ ‌सर्वत्र‌ ‌उगवलेल्या‌ ‌गवताची‌ ‌रेशमासारखी‌ ‌नाजूक,‌ ‌मऊ‌ ‌पाती‌ ‌डोलतील.‌ ‌हिरव्यागार‌ ‌धरणीमुळे‌ ‌मनाला‌ ‌समाधान‌ ‌मिळेल.‌ ‌निसर्गसौंदर्यामुळे‌ ‌जगण्याचा‌ ‌खराखुरा‌ ‌आनंदही‌ ‌मिळेल.‌ ‌आपली‌ ‌मनेही‌ ‌हिरवी‌ ‌हिरवी‌ ‌अर्थात‌ ‌प्रसन्न‌ ‌होतील,‌ ‌आपण‌ ‌सर्व‌ ‌जगाला‌ ‌या‌ ‌हिरवाईचा‌ ‌आनंद‌ ‌सांगूया.‌ ‌सगळ्या‌ ‌जगाला‌ ‌आनंदी‌ ‌करत‌ ‌आपण‌ ‌उदयाच्या‌ ‌भविष्याचे,‌ ‌आनंदाचे‌ ‌रंग‌ ‌जपून‌ ‌या‌ ‌सृष्टीलाही‌ ‌जपून‌ ‌ठेवू.‌ ‌

‌रंग मजेचे रंग उदयाचे शब्दार्थ‌

• ‌दृष्टी‌ ‌– ‌नजर‌ ‌– ‌(sight)‌
• सृष्टी‌ ‌– ‌निसर्ग,‌ ‌जग‌ ‌– (nature)‌
• संगणक‌ ‌– ‌(computer)‌ ‌
• काळी‌ ‌आई‌ ‌– ‌माती‌ ‌– (earth)
• पुष्टी‌ ‌– ‌पाठबळ,‌ ‌दुजोरा‌‌ ‌– ‌(support)
• वृष्टी‌ ‌– ‌पाऊस‌ ‌– ‌(rain)‌ ‌
• आभाळ‌ ‌– ‌आकाश,‌ ‌नभ‌ ‌– ‌(sky)‌ ‌
• छटा‌ ‌– ‌विविध‌ ‌रंग,‌ ‌स्तर‌ ‌– ‌(shades)‌ ‌
• गर्भरेशमी‌ ‌– ‌मऊ‌ ‌– ‌(soft‌ ‌silk)‌ ‌
• सळसळणे‌ ‌– ‌पानांच्या‌ ‌हालचालीचा‌ ‌आवाज‌ ‌– (rustling)‌ ‌
• फुल‌ ‌‌– ‌सुमन,‌ ‌पुष्प‌ ‌– ‌(flower)‌ ‌
• घाट – ‌गच्च‌ ‌– ‌(dense)‌ ‌
• ताटवे‌ ‌– ‌बगीचे‌ ‌– ‌(gardens)‌
• ‌मजा‌ ‌– ‌गंमत‌ ‌– (‌fun)‌ ‌
• जपणे‌ – ‌सांभाळून‌ ‌ठेवणे‌ ‌– (to‌ ‌preserve‌ ‌carefully)‌ ‌
• माती‌ ‌– मृदा (Soil)
• हात‌ ‌– ‌कर‌ ‌– ‌(hand)‌ ‌
• राबती‌ ‌– ‌राबणे,‌ ‌कष्ट‌ ‌करणे‌ ‌– ‌(to‌ ‌work‌ ‌hard)‌ ‌
• उधळू‌ ‌– ‌उडवू,‌ ‌उडवणे‌ ‌– ‌(throw)‌ ‌
• बीया‌ ‌– ‌बीज‌ ‌– (seeds)‌ ‌
• डोंगर‌ ‌– ‌पर्वत‌ – (mountain)‌
• ‌रुजणे‌ ‌– ‌अंकुरणे‌ ‌– (to‌ ‌germinate)‌ ‌
• झाड‌ ‌– ‌वृक्ष‌ ‌– (tree)‌ ‌
• रान‌ ‌– ‌जंगल,‌ ‌वन‌ ‌– ‌(forest)‌
• ‌पाणी – ‌जल‌ ‌– (water)‌ ‌
• फेनधवलशा‌ ‌– ‌फेसाप्रमाणे‌ ‌पांढऱ्या‌ ‌– ‌(white‌ ‌like‌ ‌foam)‌ ‌
• कष्टी‌ ‌– ‌थकलेले,‌ ‌दुःखी‌ ‌– ‌(Sad)‌ ‌
• पैसा‌ ‌– ‌अर्थ‌ ‌– ‌(money)‌ ‌
• दौलत‌ ‌– ‌संपत्ती‌ ‌– (wealth)‌ ‌
• संगत‌ ‌सोबत‌ ‌– ‌(company)‌ ‌
• छत्र‌ ‌– ‌सावली‌ ‌– (shade)‌ ‌
• अनोखी‌ ‌– ‌वेगळी‌ ‌– (special)‌ ‌
• तृष्टी‌ ‌– ‌तृप्ती,‌ ‌समाधान‌ ‌– ‌(satisfaction)‌ ‌
• मन‌ – ‌चित्त‌ ‌– (mind)‌

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Solutions Aksharbharati Chapter 11 जंगल डायरी Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Aksharbharati Solutions Chapter 11 जंगल डायरी

Marathi Aksharbharati Std 10 Digest Chapter 11 जंगल डायरी Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
लेखकाने बिबळ्याची ताजी पावलं पाहिल्यानंतरच्या कृतींचा घटनाक्रम लिहा.
(i) जंगलाच्या कोपऱ्यात हालचाल जाणवली.
(ii) ___________________________
(iii) ___________________________
(iv) तिथं तेंदूच्या झाडाखाली बांबूमध्ये बिबळ्या बसला होता.
(v) ___________________________
(vi) ___________________________
उत्तर:
(i) जंगलच्या कोपऱ्यात हालचाल जाणवली.
(ii) लेखकाने सगळ्यांना हातानेच थांबायची खूण केली.
(iii) दुर्बीण डोळ्यांना लावल्यावर ती हालचाल स्पष्ट झाली.
(iv) तिथं तेंदूच्या झाडाखाली बांबूमध्ये बिबळ्या बसला होता.
(v) बिबळ्याचा रंग आसपासच्या परिसराशी एवढा मिसळून गेला होता, की त्याची शेपूट जर हलली नसती तर तो लेखकाला मुळीच दिसला नसता.
(vi) त्याची पाठ लेखकाकडे होती, त्यामुळे त्याने अदयाप त्यांना पाहिले नव्हते.
(vii) वनरक्षकाचा पाय काटकीवर पडला.

प्रश्न 2.
कारणे लिहा.
(i) वाघिणीने मंदपणे गुरगुरून नापसंती व्यक्त केली, कारण ……………………………..
(ii) वाघीण पिल्लांच्या सुरक्षेबद्दल दक्ष होती, कारण ……………………………..
उत्तर:
(i) वाघिणीचे पिल्लू तिच्या पाठीवरून घसरले व पाण्यात पडल्यामुळे वाघीणीच्या तोंडावर पाणी उडले.
(ii) वाघांच्या पिल्लांना इतर भक्षकांपासून खूपच धोका असतो.

प्रश्न 3.
विशेष्य आणि विशेषण यांच्या जोड्या लावा.

प्रश्न 4.
स्वमत.
(अ) ‘लेखकाला वाघिणीतील आईची झलक जाणवली’, हे विधान पाठाच्या आधारे स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तरः
अतुल धामनकर यांनी ‘जंगल डायरी’ या पाठात जंगलातील प्राण्यांचे निरीक्षण करतांना आलेल्या विविध अनुभवांचे वर्णन तसेच वाघिणीत दिसलेल्या ‘आईची झलक’ मार्मिक पणे व्यक्त केली आहे.

वाघीण रात्रीच पिल्लांना नाल्याकाठच्या जांभळीच्या दाट झुडपात लपवून शिकारीसाठी गेली होती. संभाव्य शत्रूच्या हल्ल्या पासून आईने पिल्लांना सुरक्षित ठिकाणी लपवले होते. शिकारीनंतर ती सरळ पाण्यात येऊन बसली. मुलांचा दंगाधोपा सुरू होता. थोड्यावेळाने शिकारीपर्यंत पिल्लांना नेण्यासाठी ती उठली. बाबूंच्या गंजीत जिथे शिकार ठेवली होती तिथे पिल्ले आपल्यासोबत येताहेत की नाही हे पाहिले. दोन पिल्ले तिच्या मागोमाग निघाली पण अदयाप दोघे पाण्यातच खेळत होती. वाघिणीने परत त्यांना बोलवणारा आवाज काढला.

वाघिणीने चारही पिल्ले आपल्याबरोबर येताहेत याची पूर्ण खात्री केली. बाकीची दोन्ही पिल्ले आपला खेळ थांबून आईच्या मागे पळत सुटली. या तिच्या प्रेमाचे, खबरदारीचे लेखकाने निरिक्षण केले व त्याला तिच्यातील आईची झलक बघायला मिळाली. पिल्लांची देखभाल करणे, सांभाळणे, त्यांना शिकार आणून खाऊ घालणे हे वाघिणीनेही जबाबदारीने केले होते. आईचे कर्तव्य निभावले होते. त्याला वाघिणीतील आईची झलक अशाप्रकारे जाणवली.

(आ) वाघीण आणि तिच्या पिल्लांची भेट हा प्रसंग शब्दबद्ध करा.
उत्तरः
जंगल डायरी या पाठात अतुल धामनकर यांनी चंद्रपूर येथील जंगल प्रसंगाचे जीवंत चित्रण शब्दबद्ध केले आहे.

वाघीण चारही पिल्लांना वाघ, बिबळा, रानकुत्री यांच्यापासून धोका असल्याने नाल्याकाठच्या जांभळीच्या दाट झुडपात लपवून शिकारीला गेली होती. तिने पिल्लांसाठी खास खबरदारी घेतली होती. ती रात्रभर जंगलात फिरून पिल्लांजवळ परत आली. आईची हाक ऐकताच अजूनवर दडून बसलेली पिल्लं खेळकरपणे तिच्याकडे झेपावली. थकलेली वाघीण पाण्यात विश्रांतीसाठी बसली.

पण पिल्लांना आईला बघून उधान आले. त्यातील एका पिल्लाने वाघिणीच्या पाठीवरच उडी घेतली. तिथून ते घसरले व धपकन पाण्यात पडले. वाघिणीच्या तोंडावर पाणी पडल्याने तिने नापसंती व्यक्त केली. पण पिल्ले खेळतच होती. आईच्या भोवती दंगाधोपा चालू होता. एकमेकांचा पाठलाग करणे, पाण्यात उड्या मारणे, आईला मायेने चाटणे असे खेळ चालू होते. आईच्या भेटीने लपवून ठेवलेली पिल्ले मनमोकळेपणाने खेळत होती.

(इ) डायरी लिहिणे हा छंद प्रत्येकाने जोपासावा, याविषयी तुमचे मत लिहा.
उत्तर:
डायरी म्हणजे दैनंदिनी. रोज आपण सकाळी उठल्यापासून झोपेपर्यंत कोणत्या ठळक गोष्टी करतो याची नोंद ठेवणे केव्हाही उपयुक्त. डायरी लिहिण्याने दिवसभराचा गोषवारा हाती येतो. चांगल्या वाईट गोष्टींची नोंद केली जाते. आजपर्यंत झालेल्या चुका सुधारण्यासाठी डायरीचा उपयोग होतो. चांगल्या गोष्टींच्या नोंदीने पुन्हापुन्हा त्या वाचताना मनाला समाधान वाटते, प्रेरणा मिळते. काही प्रेक्षणीय स्थळे बघितल्यास त्याचीपण नोंद करावी. त्यामुळे विपुल माहिती जमा करता येते. डायरीतील प्रत्येक पान म्हणजे त्या दिवसाचा आरसा असतो. स्थळे, प्रदर्शने, उद्घाटने, करावयाची कामे इ. नोंद आवश्यक असते. त्याची पडताळणी घेऊन आपल्याच कामावर आपण लक्ष ठेवू शकतो. कितीतरी उपयुक्त माहिती भावी पिढीसाठी ही मार्गदर्शक ठरते. स्वत:वर शिस्त, नियंत्रण व सच्चेपणा राखण्यासाठी डायरी लिहिण्याचा छंद प्रत्येकाने जोपासावा असे माझे मत आहे.

Marathi Akshar Bharati Class 10 Textbook Solutions Chapter 11 जंगल डायरी Additional Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न १. उताराच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सूचनेनुसार कृती करा.

कृती १ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
खालील प्रश्नांची उत्तरे एका वाक्यात लिहा.

(i) लेखकाने कोणता रस्ता धरला?
उत्तरः
लेखकाने डावीकडं जाणारा झरीचा रस्ता धरला.

(ii) वनमजूर अचानक का थबकला?
उत्तरः
नुकत्याच गेलेल्या एका मोठ्या बिबळ्याची ताजी पावलं झरीच्या रस्त्यावर उमटलेली दिसली, म्हणून वनमजूर थबकला.

(iii) दुर्बिणीने काय स्पष्ट दिसले?
उत्तरः
तेंदूच्या झाडाखाली बांबूमध्ये बसलेला बिबळ्या दुर्बिणीने स्पष्ट दिसला.

(iv) बिबळ्या जंगलात अदृश्य का झाला?
उत्तर:
टोंगे वनरक्षकाचा पाय एका वाळक्या काटकीवर पडून झालेल्या ‘कट्’ आवाजाने बिबळ्या सावध होऊन जंगलात अदृश्य झाला.

प्रश्न 3.
कंसातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा.
(i) गावातून ………………………………….. वनरक्षक आणि त्यांचा सहकारी वनमजूर येताना दिसले. (रेगे, टोंगे, दिघे, पोंगशे)
(ii) हा एक ………………………………….. असून आम्ही पोहोचण्याच्या तासाभर आधीच इथून गेला असावा. (वाघ, रेडा, नर, गेंडा)
(iii) एका ………………………………….. झाडाखाली, बांबूमध्ये बिबळा बसला होता. (आंब्याच्या, तेंदूच्या, बाभळीच्या, सागाच्या)
(iv) थोड्याच अंतरावर ………………………………….. जाणारा रस्ता उजवीकडं वळत होता. (रायबाकडं, ज्योतिबाकर्ड, पन्हाळ्याकडं, जंगलाकड)
उत्तर:
(i) टोंगे
(ii) नर
(iii) तेंदूच्या
(iv) रायबाकडं

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
सकारण लिहा.
(i) बिबळ्यानं अदयाप लेखकाला पाहिलं नव्हतं, कारण –
(अ) लेखक लपून बसला होता.
(आ) झुडपांची दाट झाडी होती.
(इ) लेखकाकडे त्याची पाठ होती.
(ई) बांबूचे बन होते.
उत्तर:
बिबळ्यानं अदयाप लेखकाला पाहिलं नव्हतं, कारण लेखकाकडे त्याची पाठ होती.

(ii) तिथं कुठलाही वन्यप्राणी दिसण्याची शक्यता होती, कारण
(अ) बांबूमध्ये बिबळ्या बसला होता.
(आ) नाल्यामध्ये थोडं पाणी साचून राहात होतं.
(इ) जंगलाच्या कोपऱ्यावर थोडीशी हालचाल जाणवली.
(ई) रायबाकडं जाणारा रस्ता उजवीकडे वळत होता.
उत्तरः
तिथं कुठलाही वन्यप्राणी दिसण्याची शक्यता होती, कारण नाल्यामध्ये थोडं पाणी साचून राहात होतं.

प्रश्न 2.
‘बिबळ्याच्या निरीक्षणाची’ हे उत्तर येईल असा प्रश्न तयार करा.
उत्तरः
कोणती चांगली संधी हातची गेली म्हणून लेखक हळहळला?

प्रश्न 3.
सहसंबंध लिहा.
(i) वनरक्षक : टोंगे :: तिखट कानांचा : …………………………………..
(ii) वाळक्या : काट्या :: दाटी : …………………………………..
उत्तर:
(i) बिबळ्या
(ii) झुडपांची

प्रश्न 4.
चूक की बरोबर लिहा.
(i) गावातून टोंगे वनरक्षक आणि त्यांचा सहकारी वनमजूर येताना दिसले.
(ii) बिबळ्याच्या निरीक्षणांची चांगली संधी हातची गेली म्हणून लेखक आनंदी होते.
उत्तर:
(i) बरोबर
(ii) चूक

प्रश्न 5.
उताऱ्यानुसार पुढील वाक्यांचा योग्य क्रम लावा.
(i) जंगलाच्या कोपऱ्यावर थोडीशी हालचाल जाणवली.
(ii) बिबळ्यानं तो आवाज ऐकताच वळून पाहिलं.
(iii) दोन-तीन नाले असल्यानं झुडपांची दाटी जास्तच जाणवते.
(iv) समोर चालणारा वनमजूर अचानक थबकला.
उत्तर:
(i) समोर चालणारा वनमजूर अचानक थबकला.
(ii) जंगलाच्या कोपऱ्यावर थोडीशी हालचाल जाणवली.
(iii) बिबळ्यानं तो आवाज ऐकताच वळून पाहिले.
(iv) दोन-तीन नाले असल्यानं झुडपांची दाटी जास्तच जाणवते.

कृती ३ : स्वमत

प्रश्न 1.
तुम्ही अनुभवलेल्या जंगल सफारीचे वर्णन लिहा.
उत्तरः
मी इयत्ता ८ वीत असताना नाताळाच्या सुट्टीत जंगल सफारीचा अनुभव घेतला आहे. कोचीन, पेरीयार व टेकाडी या केरळाच्या टूरवर असताना. टेकाडीच्या घनदाट जंगलात हत्तीवरून जंगल सफारीची मजा लुटली. हत्तीवर बसण्याचा, संथ पण हेलकावे घेत जाण्याचा अनुभव निराळाच होता. आम्ही चारजण हत्तीवर बसून जंगल फिरलो. हरणांचे कळप दिसले, रानम्हशी दिसल्या. रानगव्यांचा कळप जाताना आमच्या गाईडने दाखवला. मुंग्यांची मोठ-मोठी वारूळे दिसली. मधमाश्यांचे पोळे पाहिले. वाघही पहायला मिळाला. खूप दूरवर असल्याने वाघाची अंधूकशी झलक दिसली. कोल्हे तर दोन-तीन वेळा दिसले. बहिरीससाणेही दिसले.

आमच्या रस्त्यावरून मुंगूस जाताना पाहिले. त्याची मोठी तुरेदार शेपूट शोभून दिसत होती. सांबरशिंग काळ्याकभिन्न रंगाचे होते. त्याची शिंगे मोठी डौलदार होती. हत्तींचा कळप टेकडीच्या नदीवर पाणी प्यायला आला होता. हत्तींची दोन पिल्ले फारच मोहक होती. पक्ष्यांचा किलबिलाट होता. दाट जंगलातून जाताना पानांची सळसळ होती. झाडांच्या फांदया अक्षरश: आमच्या अंगाखांदयाला लागत होत्या. हत्तीवर असल्याने कोणत्याही वन्यप्राण्यापासून आम्हाला धोका नव्हता. दिवस कसा संपला हे कळलेही नाही. जंगलातील अनुभवांचे गाठोडे घेऊन आम्ही परतलो.

प्रश्न २. पुढील उताऱ्याच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सूचनेनुसार कृती करा :

कृती १ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
एका वाक्यात उत्तरे लिहा.

(i) लेखकाला ओलसर चिखलात काय दिसले?
उत्तरः
लेखकाला ओलसर चिखलात मांजरापेक्षा मोठ्या आकाराची अनेक पावलं उमटलेली दिसली.

(ii) लेखक कशासाठी अधीर होता?
उत्तर:
लेखक वाघिणीची पिल्ले बघण्यासाठी अधीर होता.

(iii) लेखकाचे हृदय केव्हां धडधडू लागले?
उत्तर:
पाणवठा जवळ आला तसे लेखकाचे हृदय जोरजोरात धडधडू लागले.

(iv) वाघीण कोठे लपली असावी असे लेखकाला वाटते?
उत्तरः
वाघीण जांभळीच्या झुडपात लपली असावी असे लेखकाला वाटते.

प्रश्न 3.
कंसातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा.
(i) प्रचंड ………………………………….. दिवस असल्यानं वाघासारखं जनावर पाण्याच्या आसपासच वावरतं. (थंडीचे, उष्णतेचे, पावसाचे, गरमीचे)
(ii) सुकलेल्या नाल्यात उतरताना माझ्या मनावर एक दडपण आलं होतं. (अनामिक, सहज, भरभरून, दु:खाचे)
(iii) जमिनीवर सर्वत्र पानगळीमुळं पडलेला वाळका ………………………………….. साचून होता. (पाचोळा, पालापाचोळा, पाला, कचरा)
उत्तर:
(i) उष्णतेचे
(ii) अनामिक
(iii) पाचोळा

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
योग्य पर्याय निवडून विधान पूर्ण करा.
(i) लहान पिल्लं असणारी वाघीण ही जंगलातलं सगळ्यात …………………………………..
(अ) उत्तम जनावर!
(आ) धोकादायक जनावर!
(इ) विश्वासू प्राणी!
(ई) घाबरट जनावर!
उत्तर:
लहान पिल्लं असणारी वाघीण ही जंगलातलं सगळ्यात धोकादायक जनावर!

(ii) आम्ही सगळ्यांनीच एकमेकांकडं बघत चौकस राहण्याची डोळ्यांनीच.
(अ) खूण करून सूचना केली.
(आ) सावध करून इशारा केला.
(इ) खूणवत संकेत केला.
(ई) इशारा करून सावध केला.
उत्तर:
आम्ही सगळ्यांनीच एकमेकांकडं बघत चौकस राहण्याची डोळ्यांनीच खूण करून सूचना केली.

प्रश्न 2.
चूक की बरोबर लिहा.

(i) लेखकांना वाऱ्यानं हळूच होणारी पानांची सळसळ देखील मोठी वाटत होती.
(ii) सुकलेल्या नाल्यात उतरताना लेखकांच्या मनावर एक अनामिक दडपण आलं नव्हतं.
उत्तर:
(i) बरोबर
(ii) चूक

प्रश्न 3.
सहसंबंध लिहा.
(i) ओलसर : चिखल :: पानांची : …………………………………..
(ii) पिल्लांच्या : पाऊलखुणा :: वाघीणीचे : …………………………………..
उत्तर:
(i) सळसळ
(ii) गुरगुरणे.

कृती ३: स्वमत

प्रश्न 1.
तुम्ही पाहिलेल्या सर्कशीमधील चित्तथरारक प्रसंगाचे वर्णन तुमच्या शब्दांत करा.
उत्तरः
आजही तो प्रसंग डोळ्यांसमोर जसाचा तसा आठवतो. ‘द ग्रेट रॉयल सर्कस’ चा अविस्मरणीय प्रसंग चित्तथरारक होता, सर्कशीची सुरुवात अतिशय शानदार झाली. एका पायावरच्या कसरती झाल्या. मग खास आकर्षण असणारा सिंह पिंजऱ्यात आणला गेला. पिंजऱ्यातून त्याला बाहेर काढले, मग रिंग मास्टर ने त्याला पेटलेल्या चक्रातून उडी मारण्याचा हुकूम दिला. सिंहाने ५ उड्या मारल्या, सर्वांनी टाळ्यांचा गजर केला. रिंग मास्टरने देखील त्याला हंटर दाखवून पुन्हा पिंजऱ्यात जाण्याचा आदेश दिला. आता मात्र सिंहाने तो आदेश साफ नाकारला. तो तेथूनच रिंगणातून पळत सुटून प्रेक्षकांच्या दिशेने धावत गेला. एकच हाहा:कार माजला. सगळे लोक गडबडले. किंचाळ्या आणि आक्रोशांनी परिसर गंभीर झाला. लोक इतस्तत: धावू लागले. चेंगराचेंगरीत अनेकांना गंभीर दुखापती झाल्या. सिंह येऊन आपल्याला खाणार या भीतीने मृत्यूच डोळ्यांपुढे दिसू लागला. सर्कशीतील कलाकारांची तारांबळ उडाली. अनेक खुर्ध्या तुटल्या. सर्कशीच्या तंबूलाही आग लागली. जो तो जीव घेऊन पळत सुटला. अनेकांच्या प्रयत्नांनी परिस्थिती आटोक्यात आली.

प्रश्न ३. पुढील उताऱ्याच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सूचनेनुसार कृती करा.
कृती १ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
खालील प्रश्नांची उत्तरे एका वाक्यात लिहा.

(i) वाघीण कशाबद्दल दक्ष असते?
उत्तर:
वाघीण पिल्लांच्या सुरक्षेबद्दल दक्ष असते.

(ii) पिल्लांना कां उधाण आले होते?
उत्तर:
आईला पाहून पिल्लांना उधाण आले होते.

(iii) वाघिणीने शिकारीला जाण्यापूर्वी पिल्लांना कोठे लपवले होते?
उत्तर:
शिकारीला जाण्यापूर्वी वाघिणीने पिल्लांना नाल्याकाठच्या जांभळीच्या दाट झुडपात लपविले होते.

(iv) लेखकाच्या अंगावर काटा आला व तो जागीच का थबकला?
उत्तरेः
‘ऑऽव्हऽऽ!’ अचानक नाल्याच्या पलीकडून आलेल्या बारीक आवाजानं लेखकाच्या अंगावर काटा आला व तो जागीच थबकला.

(v) बाजूच्या जांभळीच्या झाडीतून थेट पाण्यात कोणी उडी मारली?
उत्तर:
वाघिणीच्या एका पिल्लानं बाजूच्या जांभळीच्या झाडीतून थेट पाण्यात उडी मारली.

प्रश्न 3.
कंसातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा.
(i) ………………………………….. पिल्लांच्या सुरक्षेबद्दल भलतीच दक्ष असते. (सिंहीण, वाघीण, हरीण, कोल्हीण)
(ii) ………………………………….. च्या भोवती जबरदस्त दंगाधोपा सुरू झाला. (आई, वाघीणी, पिल्लां, लेखका)
उत्तर:
(i) वाघीण
(ii) आई

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
योग्य पर्याय निवडा.

(i) वाघीण विश्रांती घेत होती, कारण …………………………………..
(अ) पिल्लांचा जबरदस्त दंगाधोपा चालू होता
(आ) रात्रभरच्या वाटचालीनं ती थकली होती.
(इ) पिल्लांच्या सुरक्षिततेबद्दल दक्ष होती.
(ई) तीनही पिल्लं पाण्यात उतरली होती.
उत्तरः
वाघीण विश्रांती घेत होती, कारण रात्रभरच्या वाटचालीनं ती थकली होती.

प्रश्न 2.
घटनेनुसार वाक्यांचा क्रम लावा.
(i) एका पिल्लानं बाजूच्या जांभळीच्या झाडीतून थेट पाण्यात उडी घेतली.
(ii) अचानक पाण्यात धपकन’ काहीतरी पडल्याचा आवाज आला.
(iii) लगेच त्याच्या पाठोपाठ उरलेली तीनही पिल्लं धपाधप पाण्यात उतरली.
(iv) मी पाणवठ्याकडं पाहिलं आणि आश्चर्यानं थक्कच झालो.
उत्तरः
(i) अचानक पाण्यात धपकन’ काहीतरी पडल्याचा आवाज आला.
(ii) मी पाणवठ्याकडे पाहिलं आणि आश्चर्यानं थक्कच झालो.
(iii) एका पिल्लानं बाजूच्या जांभळीच्या झाडीतून थेड पाण्यात उडी घेतली होती.
(iv) लगेच त्याच्या पाठोपाठ उरलेली तीनही पिल्लं धपाधप पाण्यात उतरली.

प्रश्न 3.
चूक की बरोबर लिहा.
(i) वाघीण रात्रीच पिल्लांना नाल्याकाठच्या जांभळीच्या दाट झुडपात लपवून शिकारीसाठी गेली होती.
(ii) पिल्लांच्या उत्साहाला लेखक बघताच उधाण आलं होतं.
उत्तर:
(i) बरोबर
(ii) चूक

कृती ३: स्वमत.

प्रश्न 1.
‘भारताचा राष्ट्रीय पशू-वाघ’ याबद्दल तुम्हांला असलेली माहिती तुमच्या शब्दांत मांडा.
उत्तरः
वाघ हा जंगलात राहणारा मांसाहारी सस्तन पशू आहे. हा भूतान, नेपाळ, भारत, कोरिया, अफगाणिस्तान व इंडोनेशिया मध्ये जास्त संख्येने आढळतो. लाल, पिवळ्या पट्ट्यांचे याचे शरीर असून पायाकडचा भाग पांढरा असतो. त्याचे वैज्ञानिक नाव ‘पॅथेरा टिग्रिस’ आहे. संस्कृत मध्ये ‘व्याघ्र’ असे संबोधले जाते. दाट वनांत, दलदलीच्या भागात रहाणारा हा प्राणी आहे. सांबर, चित्ता, म्हैस, हरणे यांची तो झडप घालून शिकार करतो. वाघीण साडेतीन महिन्यानंतर साधारणत: दोन ते तीन पिल्लांना जन्म देते. ही पिल्ले शिकार करण्याची कला आपल्या आईकडून म्हणजे वाघिणीकडून शिकतात. साधारणपणे १९ वर्षांचे आयुर्मान यांना लाभलेले असते. असा हा ‘वाघ’ आपल्या भारताचा राष्ट्रीय पशू आहे.

प्रश्न ४. खालील उताऱ्याच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सूचनेनुसार कृती करा,
कृती १ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतीबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
खालील प्रश्नांची उत्तरे एका वाक्यात लिहा.

(i) वाघिण पिल्लांना कोठे घेऊन जात होती?
उत्तर:
वाघिण पिल्लांना शिकारीकडे घेऊन जात होती.

(ii) वाघिणीने पिल्लांना कोणता इशारा केला?
उत्तर:
वाघिणीने पिल्लांना ‘ऑऽव’ आवाज करून मागे येण्याबद्दल इशारा केला.

प्रश्न 3.
कंसातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा.
(i) आई वळून एखादया पिल्लाला ………………………………….. चाटत होती. (ममतेने, प्रेमाने, आपुलकीने, मायेने)
(ii) वाघिणीनं ………………………………….. पार करून बांबूच्या गंजीत पाय ठेवला. (नाला, ओढा, नदी, ओहोळ)
(iii) ………………………………….. मिनिटांत पिल्लांना घेऊन वाघीण जंगलात दिसेनाशी झाली. (चारच, पाचच, एकच, दोनच)
उत्तर:
(i) मायेने
(ii) नाला
(iii) दोनच

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
एका शब्दात चौकटी पूर्ण करा,
(i) दोनच मिनिटांत वाघीण येथे गेली दिसेनाशी झाली.
(ii) लेखकाच्या यात मोलाची भर पडली.
उत्तर:
(i) जंगलात
(ii) व्याघ्रअनुभवात.

प्रश्न 2.
परिच्छेदात आलेल्या वन्यप्राण्यांची नावे लिहा.
उत्तर:
सांबर, रानगवा, नीलगाय, रानडुक्कर, वाघीण

प्रश्न 3.
ओघतक्ता योग्यक्रमाने पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 4.
चूक की बरोबर लिहा.
(i) वाघिणीनं नाला पार करून बांबूच्या गंजीत पाय ठेवला.
(ii) लेखकांच्या व्याघ्रअनुभवात मोलाची भर घालणारा हा अनुभव नव्हता.
उत्तर:
(i) बरोबर
(ii) चूक

(स्वाध्याय कृती)

प्रश्न 1.
(i) डायरी लिहिणे हा छंद प्रत्येकाने जोपासावा, या विषयावर तुमचे मत लिहा.
उत्तर:
डायरी म्हणजे दैनंदिनी. रोज आपण सकाळी उठल्यापासून झोपेपर्यंत कोणत्या ठळक गोष्टी करतो याची नोंद ठेवणे केव्हाही उपयुक्त. डायरी लिहिण्याने दिवसभराचा गोषवारा हाती येतो. चांगल्या वाईट गोष्टींची नोंद केली जाते. आजपर्यंत झालेल्या चुका सुधारण्यासाठी डायरीचा उपयोग होतो. चांगल्या गोष्टींच्या नोंदीने पुन्हापुन्हा त्या वाचताना मनाला समाधान वाटते, प्रेरणा मिळते. काही प्रेक्षणीय स्थळे बघितल्यास त्याचीपण नोंद करावी. त्यामुळे विपुल माहिती जमा करता येते. डायरीतील प्रत्येक पान म्हणजे त्या दिवसाचा आरसा असतो. स्थळे, प्रदर्शने, उद्घाटने, करावयाची कामे इ. नोंद आवश्यक असते. त्याची पडताळणी घेऊन आपल्याच कामावर आपण लक्ष ठेवू शकतो. कितीतरी उपयुक्त माहिती भावी पिढीसाठी ही मार्गदर्शक ठरते. स्वत:वर शिस्त, नियंत्रण व सच्चेपणा राखण्यासाठी डायरी लिहिण्याचा छंद प्रत्येकाने जोपासावा असे माझे मत आहे.

जंगल डायरी Summary in Marathi

जंगल डायरी पाठपरिचय‌ ‌

‘जंगल‌ ‌डायरी’‌ ‌हा‌ ‌पाठ‌ ‌लेखक‌ ‌’अतुल‌ ‌धामनकर’‌ ‌यांनी‌ ‌लिहिला‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌या‌ ‌पाठात‌ ‌ताडोबा‌ ‌अभयारण्यात‌ ‌सफर‌ ‌करताना‌ ‌आलेले‌ ‌अनुभव‌ ‌रोमहर्षक‌ ‌पद्धतीने‌ ‌मांडले‌ ‌आहेत.‌ ‌त्याचबरोबर‌ ‌वाघिणीमध्ये‌ ‌दडलेल्या‌ ‌’आईचे’‌ ‌रोमहर्षक‌ ‌वर्णन‌ ‌केलेले‌ ‌आहे.‌

जंगल डायरी Summary in English

“Jungle‌ ‌Diary’‌ ‌is‌ ‌written‌ ‌by‌ ‌Atul‌ ‌Dhamankar.‌ ‌Thrilling‌ ‌experiences‌ ‌are‌ ‌mentioned,‌ ‌of‌ ‌a‌ ‌jungle‌ ‌safari‌ ‌at‌ ‌Tadoba‌ ‌Sanctuary.‌ ‌The‌ ‌motherhood‌ ‌of‌ ‌a‌ ‌tigress‌ ‌is‌ ‌beautifully‌ ‌depicted‌ ‌in‌ ‌this‌ ‌lesson.

जंगल डायरी ‌शब्दार्थ‌ ‌

• विश्रामगृह‌ ‌–‌ ‌आरामालय‌ ‌–‌ ‌(guest‌ ‌house)‌ ‌
• थबकणे‌ ‌– थांबणे‌ ‌–‌ ‌(pause)‌ ‌
• चारही‌ ‌बाजूंना‌ ‌–‌ ‌चारही‌ ‌दिशांना‌ ‌–‌ ‌(in‌ ‌all‌ ‌directions)‌ ‌
• कोपरा‌ ‌–‌ ‌आडोसा‌ ‌–‌ ‌(corner)‌ ‌
• अदयाप‌ ‌–‌ ‌अजूनही‌ ‌–‌ ‌(till‌ ‌now)‌ ‌
• वाळकी‌ ‌–‌ ‌सुकलेली‌ ‌–‌ ‌(dried)‌ ‌
• काटकी‌ ‌–‌ ‌वाळक्या‌ ‌काटक्या‌ ‌–‌ ‌(twings)‌ ‌
• अदृश्य‌ ‌–‌ ‌दिसेनासा‌ ‌–‌ ‌(disappear)‌ ‌
• वन्यप्राणी‌ – ‌रानटी‌ ‌प्राणी‌ ‌–‌ ‌(wild‌ ‌animals)‌
• ‌हळहळणे‌ ‌–‌ ‌वाईट‌ ‌वाटणे‌ ‌–‌ ‌(to‌ ‌feel‌ ‌bad)‌
• ‌शरमिंदा‌ ‌–‌ ‌लाजणे‌ ‌– (awkward)‌ ‌
• दाट‌ –‌ ‌गर्द‌ ‌– (dense)‌ ‌
• सावध‌ ‌–‌ ‌दक्ष‌ ‌–‌ ‌(careful)‌ ‌
• अनामिक‌ ‌–‌ ‌नाव‌ ‌नसलेले‌ ‌–‌ ‌(unknown)‌ ‌
• ओलसर‌ ‌ओला‌ ‌–‌ ‌(damp)‌ ‌
• परिसर‌ ‌–‌ ‌आजुबाजूची‌ ‌जागा‌ ‌–‌ ‌(surrounding)‌ ‌
• पानगळ‌ – ‌पानझड‌ ‌– (fall) ‌
• वाळका‌ ‌पाचोळा‌ ‌–‌ ‌सुकलेली‌ ‌पाने‌ ‌–‌ ‌(dry‌ ‌leaves)‌ ‌
• ‌कसरत‌ ‌‌–‌ ‌कठीण‌ ‌बाब‌ ‌–‌ ‌(difficult‌ ‌task)‌ ‌
• चौकस‌ ‌– जिज्ञासू,‌ ‌–‌ ‌(inquisitive)‌, ‌काळजीपूर्वक‌ ‌–‌ ‌(careful)‌ ‌
• खूण‌ ‌–‌ ‌इशारा‌ ‌–‌ ‌(a‌ ‌sign)‌ ‌
• दडपण‌ ‌–‌ ‌ताण‌ ‌– (pressure)‌ ‌
• पाणवठा‌ ‌–‌ ‌पाण्याची‌ ‌जागा‌ ‌–‌ ‌(reservoiour)‌ ‌
• आश्वासक‌ ‌–‌ ‌पाठींबा‌ ‌देणारा‌ ‌– (supportive)‌ ‌
• विरळ‌ ‌–‌ ‌संख्येने‌ ‌कमी‌ ‌–‌ ‌(rare)‌ ‌
• संभाव्य‌ ‌–‌ ‌अपेक्षित‌ ‌– (expected)‌ ‌
• खबरदारी‌ ‌–‌ ‌काळजी‌ ‌– (precaution)
• आवश्यक‌ ‌– जरुरी‌ ‌– (necessary)
• राबता – ये‌ ‌जा‌ ‌–‌ ‌(movements)
• ‌भलतीच‌ ‌– खुप – ‌(too‌ ‌much)
• दडून‌ ‌बसणे‌ ‌–‌ ‌लपून‌ ‌बसणे‌ ‌–‌ ‌(to‌ ‌hide)
• विश्रांती‌ ‌– आराम‌ – (to‌ ‌take‌ ‌rest)‌
• गुरगुरणे‌ ‌‌–‌ ‌वाघाचा‌ ‌आवाज‌ –‌ ‌(roaring)
• मायेने‌ ‌‌–‌ ‌प्रेमाने – (with‌ ‌love)‌
• घटकाभर‌ ‌‌–‌ ‌थोडावेळ‌ ‌–‌ ‌(for‌ ‌a‌ ‌while)
• झलक‌ – रूप –‌ ‌(glimpse)
• व्याघ्र – वाध‌ – ‌(tiger)‌ ‌

जंगल डायरी वाक्प्रचार‌

• हातची‌ ‌संधी‌ ‌गमावणे‌ ‌–‌ ‌हातचा‌ ‌मोका‌ ‌घालवणे,‌
• ‌सरसरून‌ ‌काटा‌ ‌येणे‌ ‌–‌ ‌घाबरणे.‌ ‌
• पारंगत‌ ‌असणे‌ ‌– तरबेज‌ ‌असणे.‌ ‌
• दंग‌ ‌होणे‌ ‌– मग्न‌ ‌होणे.‌ ‌
• उधाण‌ ‌येणे‌ ‌– उत्साह‌ ‌संचारणे.‌ ‌
• आश्चर्याने‌ ‌थक्क‌ ‌होणे‌ ‌–‌ ‌नवल‌ ‌वाटणे.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 7 International Date Line Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 7 International Date Line

Class 9 Geography Chapter 7 International Date Line Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Two boxes in different hemispheres are given in the following diagram. The IDL passes through both the boxes. In one box, the meridian, day and date is given. Find the day and date for the other box.

Answer:

2. Select the correct option :

Class 9 Geography Chapter 7 International Date Line Question 1.
While crossing the IDL, a person will have to add one day when traveling from
(a) East to West
(b) West to East
(c) South to North
(d) North to South
Answer:
(a) East to West

International Date Line Class 9 Question 2.
If it is Wednesday 10 a.m. at 150 E meridian, then what will be the time at IDL?
(a) Wednesday at 6 a.m.
(b) Wednesday 9 p.m.
(c) Thursday 2 p.m.
(d) Thursday at 6 p.m.
Answer:
(b) Wednesday 9 p.m.

International Date Line Questions And Answers Question 3.
According to the international convention, at which meridian does the day and date change occurs?
(a) 0°
(b) 90° E
(c) 90° W
(d) 180°
Answer:
(d) 180°

International Date Line 9th Std Geography Question 4.
At which direction of the IDL does a new day start immediately?
(a) East
(b) West
(c) North
(d) South
Answer:
(b) West

9 Std Geography International Date Line Question 5.
IDL brings coordination in which of the following?
(a) GPS system
(b) Defence departments
(c) Transportation schedules
(d) Determining the hemisphere
Answer:
(c) Transportation schedules

3. Give geographical reasons

Std 9 Geography Chapter 7 International Date Line Question 1.
IDL is proving to be very useful in today’s times
Answer:
IDL is proving to be very useful in today’s times because:

• The IDL brings coordination between international airlines, transportation services, economic and trade activities.
• The IDL has been carved out of the necessity of coordinating time and date.
• It is also important in today’s modern era and rapidly happening global developments.
• We can keep a track of all the calculations of a day and time accurately with the help of IDL in case of global transportation especially, with respect to airways.
• It is only because of the IDL that the schedules of the traffic worldwide are organised properly.

Class 9th Geography Chapter 7 Question Answer Question 2.
The day starts in the Pacific Ocean on the earth
Answer:

• The IDL passes through the Pacific Ocean.
• With reference to the IDL, the day on Earth starts in the West and ends in the East.
• It is one and the same day only at 12 o’clock midnight at the 180° meridian.
• For the countries lying to the east of it i.e. the USA, Chile, etc., it is the end of the day while for the countries lying to the west of it i.e. Japan, Australia, etc. it is the start of a new day.

Thus, a new day starts in the Pacific Ocean on Earth.

4. Write in brief:

International Date Line Std 9 Question 1.
What considerations have been made while deciding the IDL?
Answer:
The following points were taken into consideration while drawing the International Date Line. (IDL):

1. The direction of travel
2. The current day and date

• • Accordingly, while traveling from East to West of IDL, a day is added. For example, while travelling from America to Japan, if it is Thursday 25th December, then it will be Friday 26th December in Japan.
  • While from West to East of IDL, the day remains the same. For example, while travelling from Japan to America, if it is Thursday 25th December, then Thursday 25th December, only should be considered.

Question 2.
While crossing the IDL, what changes will you make?
Answer:

• When you cross the 180° meridian, some precautions need to be taken.
• There is a difference of 12 hours from Prime Meridian, if you go from East or West.
• According to the convention, the start (and end) of a date is considered to be at 180° Meridian.
• Accordingly, an adjustment or change in day and time is made. Thus, while travelling from east to west of IDL , a day is added whereas while travelling from west to east of IDL, the day remains the same.

Question 3.
Why is the IDL not a straight line like the 1800 meridian?
Answer:

• Attempt has been made to make the IDL pass through the Pacific Ocean completely.
• Had it passed through a land or some islands, the people there would have had to follow different dates and timings because dates would have been different on their Eastern and Western parts.
• Also, it would have been difficult to know when one crosses the IDL on land, and when the date changes on the calendar.
• Therefore, the IDL is not a straight line like the 1 180° Meridian. At places, it turns East while at other places, it turns West.

Question 4.
Why doesn’t the IDL pass through land?
Answer:

• If the IDL had passed through a land or some islands, the people there would have had to follow different dates and timings because dates would have been different on their Eastern and Western parts.
• Also, it would have been difficult to know when one crosses the IDL on land and when the date changes on the calendar.
• Hence, the IDL does not pass through land

Question 5.
Why is the IDL considered with respect to the 1800 meridian only?
Answer:

• Our 24-hour day starts at 12 midnight. Because of the earth’s rotation, the midnight occurs at different times, at different places.
• As the Earth is spherical in shape, every place has a place to its East.
• So, it was necessary to determine at what location to the East does the day start on Earth.
• Hence, representatives of many nations got together, under the leadership of an American Professor, Davidson, in the year 1884 and decided the International Date Line.
• The line was drawn opposite to the Greenwich Prime Meridian i.e. with reference to the 180° Meridian.

5. Using an atlas, tell in which of the following routes the IDL will be crossed and show them on the map.

(1) Mumbai- London- New York- Los Angeles- Tokyo
(2) Delhi- Kolkata- Singapore- Melbourne
(3) Kolkata- Hong Kong- Tokyo- San Francisco
(4) Chennai-Singapore- Tokyo- Sydney-Santiago
(5) Delhi-London-New York

Answer:
(1) Mumbai – London – New York – Los Angeles – Tokyo – IDL will be crossed.
(2) Delhi – Kolkata – Singapore – Melbourne – IDL will not be crossed
(3) Kolkata – Hong Kong – Tokyo – San Fransico – IDL will be crossed.
(4) Chennai – Singapore – Tokyo – Sydney – Santiago – IDL will be crossed
(5) Delhi – London – New York – IDL will not be crossed.

Class 9 Geography Chapter 7 International Date Line Intext Questions and Answers

Use your Brain Power:

Question 1.
You are traveling from the Kamchatka Peninsula (in the northern hemisphere) to New Zealand (in the southern hemisphere) along the IDL. It is Monday, 22nd June in the northern hemisphere. What will the day and date in the southern hemisphere?
Answer:
The day will be Monday, 22nd June as we are not crossing the IDL.

Examine a ticket of UA 876 Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner closely and find the answers to the following questions:

Question 1.
From which country will the plane take off and where will it go?
Answer:
The plane will take off from Tokyo (Japan) and will go to San Francisco, California (USA)

Question 2.
What is the duration of the flight?
Answer:
The duration of the flight is 9hrs and 15 min.

Question 3.
What is the day, date and time given at the starting point and destination of the flight?
Answer:
At the starting point of Tokyo (Japan) it is Friday, 1st April 12.30 am and at the destination of San Francisco California (USA) it will arrive on Thursday March 31st at 5.45 pm.

Question 4.
What special note is given on the air ticket?
Answer:
A special note on the ticket states that the flight involves a date change.

Question 5.
What could be the reason behind giving such a note?
Answer:
The reason behind giving such a note is to make us understand that the flight will cross the IDL

Question 6.
During this flight, will the plane cross the IDL? If yes, then from which direction to which direction?
Answer:
During this flight, the plane will cross the IDL from west to east.

Question 7.
What did you understand by reading the ticket?
Answer:
We understand that a day is deducted and the time is fixed backward by 1 day while crossing the IDL from west to east.

Try this:

Question 1.
Complete the following table to understand the time at different meridians: (In this activity we are not taking into consideration the rotation of the earth.)
Answer:

• All places to east of Prime Meridian are ahead of GMT and all places to west of Prime Meridian are behind GMT.
• Earth rotates on its axis and covers 1° longitude in 4 minutes.
• As Sunil is moving 30° east, time will move ahead by 120 min, i.e. 2 hours (30° x 4 min.) and as Minal is moving 30° west, time will move backwards by 120 min. i.e. 2 hours.

Question 1.
What is the day at 00 meridians at Greenwich after completing the table ‘A’?
Answer:
The day at 0° meridian at Greenwich after completing the table ‘A’ is Wednesday.

Question 2.
What is the day at 00 meridians at Greenwich after completing the table ‘B’?
Answer:
The day at 0° meridian at Greenwich after completing the table B is Friday.

Question 3.
Though both were at the same place, why were they experiencing different days? How did this happen?
Answer:
Because Sunil was moving eastward, so time will move ahead whereas Meenal was moving westward, so time is moving backward.

Question 4.
How many days occurred while doing this activity? Name them.
Answer:
While doing this activity, 3 days came in reference as Wednesday, Thurday and Friday.

Question 5.
Which day is correct: Wednesday in Table ‘A’ or Friday in Table ‘B’? Why?
Answer:
None of the given days are correct. The correct day is Thursday after considering IDL.

Explanation:
(i) When Sunil reached 180° meridian i.e. IDL, according to him it is Thursday midnight (24.00). When IDL is crossed from west to east we need to deduct a day (24 hrs.). Thus when 24 hrs are deducted from Thursday 24.00 (midnight) we get Thursday 00.00. So after crossing the IDL the day to be considered is Thursday i.e. the same day.

(ii) When Minal reached 180° meridian i.e. IDL, according to her it is Wednesday midnight (24.00). When IDL is crossed from east to west we need to add a day (24 hrs.). Thus when 24 hrs are added to Wednesday 24.00 (midnight) we get Thursday 24.00 (midnight). So after crossing the IDL the day to be considered is Thursday.

Give it a try:

Your are now aware of the changes required to be made while crossing the ¡DL. Now redo the activity given on Page 59. Tell us the changes that you will have to make while crossing the IDL i.e. 1800 meridian. Your travel will start on Sunday, 21st May 2016 at 10 a.m.

Let’s Recall:

Question 1.
Which meridian is used to determine world standard Time (GMT)?
Answer:
World Standard Time (GMT) is determined using Prime Meridian at 0° longitude.

Question 2.
Which meridian determines Indian Standard Time (1ST)?
Answer:
82°30′ E is the standard meridian of India.

Question 3.
What is the time difference between the GMT and the IST?
Answer:
IST is 5hrs and 30 min ahead of GMT.

Class 9 Geography Chapter 7 International Date Line Additional Important Questions and Answers

Complete the Statements choosing correct option:

Question 1.
Man has studied the rotation speed, direction and shape of the earth and prepared the system.
(a) monometric
(b) chronometric
(c) topographic
(d) GIS
Answer:
(b) Chronometric

Question 2.
Earth rotates from
(a) north to south
(b) south to north
(c) east to west
(d) west to east
Answer:
(d) west to east

Question 3.
In terms of time the part of the earth is ahead of the part.
(a) northern, southern
(b) southern, northern
(c) eastern, western
(d) western, eastern
Answer:
(c) eastern, western

Question 4.
is reached after 12 hours from Prime Meridian
(a) 90° W
(b) 90° E
(c) 180°
(d)120°W
Answer:
(c) 180°

Question 5.
According to IDL, while traveling from east to west
(a) a day is added
(b) a day is deducted
(c) keep the same day
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) a day is added

Question 6.
Many nations got together under the leadership of in 1884 and decided on International Date Line.
(a) Professor Davidson
(b) Professor Samuelson
(c) Professor Adam Smith
(d) Professor Richardson
Answer:
(a) Professor Davidson

Answer in one sentence:

Question 1.
If it is 12noon at the Prime Meridian then what will be the time at 60°E longitude?
Answer:
If its is 12noon at the Prime Meridian, then it will be 16.00hrs (4pm) at 60°E longitude.

Question 2.
Which part of the earth is ahead in terms of time?
Answer:
In terms of time the eastern part of the earth is ahead of the western part.

Question 3.
When was it decided to draw the International Date line?
Answer:
When representatives of many nations got together under the leadership of American professor Davidson in the year of 1884 they decided on the International Date line.

Question 4.
A new day starts on the earth in which Ocean?
Answer:
A new day starts in the Pacific Ocean on the earth.

The following table shows the days and time to welcome New Year in different countries and cities according to 1ST. Observe the table and answer the questions gives below:

Country-city	Day	Indian Time
England – London	Sunday	05.30
Japan – Tokyo	Saturday	20.30
USA-New York	Sunday	10.30
USA – Baker Island	Sunday	17.30
Australia – Sydney	Saturday	18.30
New Zealand – Auckland	Saturday	16.30
Samoa Island – Apia	Saturday	15.30
Tuvalu – Funafuti Island	Saturday	17.30

Question 1.
Which location was the first to welcome the New Year in the World? What day was it then?
Answer:
Samoa islands in Apia was the first to welcome the New Year in the world on Saturday.

Question 2.
Which location bid farewell to the year 2016, the last of all?
Answer:
Baker islands in USA was last to bid farewell to the year 2016.

Question 3.
On which day did that location welcome 2017?
Answer:
Baker islands in USA welcomed 2017 on Sunday.

Question 4.
What could be the reason behind the change in the day of Sydney and London?
Answer:
According to 1ST, India welcomed the New Year at 12 midnight on Saturday. Sydney being 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of IST and has already welcomed the New year before India on Saturday itself. But London is 5 hours and 30 minutes behind IST will welcome the New Year the next day i.e. on Sunday.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 4 Measurement of Matter Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 4 Measurement of Matter

Class 9 Science Chapter 4 Measurement of Matter Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Give examples.

a. Positive radicals
Answer:
Na⁺– Sodium ion, K⁺ – Potassium ion

b. Basic radicals
Answer:
Na⁺ – Sodium ion, K⁺ – Potassium ion, Ag⁺ – Silver ion

c. Composite radicals
Answer:
\(\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}, \mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}\)

d. Metals with variable valency
Answer:
(a) Iron (Ferrum)
(i) Fe²⁺ – Ferrous [Iron – II]
(ii) Fe³⁺ – Ferric [Iron – III]

(b) Copper (Cuprum)
(i) Cu⁺ – Cuprous [Copper -1]
(ii) Cu²⁺ – Cupric [Copper – II]

(c) Mercury (Hydragyrum)
(i) Hg⁺ – Mercurous [Mercury -1]
(ii) Hg²⁺ – Mercuric [Mercury – II]

e. Bivalent acidic radicals
Answer:
O^2- – Oxide, S^2- – Sulphide, \(\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}\) – Carbonate

f. Trivalent basic radicals
Answer:
Al³⁺ – Aluminium, Cr³⁺ – Chromium, Fe³⁺ – Ferric.

2. Write symbols of the following elements and the radicals obtained from them, and indicate the charge on the radicals.
Mercury, potassium, nitrogen, copper, sulphur, carbon, chlorine, oxygen
Answer:

3. Write the steps in deducing the chemical formulae of the following compounds.
Sodium sulphate, potassium nitrate, ferric phosphate, calcium oxide, aluminium hydroxide
Answer:
In order to write the chemical formulae of compounds, it is necessary to know the symbols and valency of various radicals.

1. Sodium Sulphate:
Step – 1 : To write the symbols of the radicals (Basic radicals on the left and acidic radicals on the right)
\(\mathrm{Na} \quad \mathrm{SO}_{4}\)
Step – 2 : To write the valency below the respective radical.

Step – 3: To cross-multiply as shown by arrows the number of radicals.

Step – 4 : To write down the chemical formula of the compound.
Na₂ SO₄
(Sodium sulphate)

2. Potassium Nitrate:
Step -1 : To write the symbols of the radicals (Basic radicals on the left and acidic radicals on the right)
K NO₃
Step – 2 : To write the valency below the respective radical.
\(\begin{array}{cc}
\mathrm{K} & \mathrm{NO}_{3} \\
1 & 1
\end{array}\)
Step – 3: To cross-multiply as shown by arrows the number of radicals.

Step – 4 : To write down the chemical formula of the compound.
KNO₃
(Potassium nitrate)

3. Ferric phosphate:
Step -1 : To write the symbols of the radicals (Basic radicals on the left and acidic radicals on the right)
Fe PO₄
Step – 2 : To write the valency below the respective radical.

Step – 3: To cross-multiply as shown by arrows the number of radicals.

Step – 4 : To write down the chemical formula of the compound.
FePO₄
(Ferric phosphate)

4. Calcium oxide:
Step – 1 : To write the symbols of the radicals (Basic radical on the left and acidic radicals on the right)
Ca O
Step – 2 : To write the valency below the respective radical.

Step – 3: To cross-multiply as shown by arrows the number of radicals.

Step – 4 : To write down the chemical formula of the compound.
CaO
(Calcium oxide)

5. Aluminium hydroxide:
Step – 1 : To write the symbols of the radical (Basic radical on the left and acidic radical on the right)
Al OH
Step – 2 : To write the valency below the respective radical.

Step – 3: To cross-multiply as shown by arrows the number of radicals.

Step – 4 : To write down the chemical formula of the compound.
Al(OH)₃
(Aluminium hydroxide)

6. Calcium carbonate:
Step – 1 : To write the symbols of the radical (Basic radical on the left and acidic radicals on the right)
Ca CO₃
Step – 2 : To write the valency below the respective radical.

Step – 3: To cross-multiply as shown by arrows the number of radicals.

Step – 4 : To write down the chemical formula of the compound.
CaCO₃
(Calcium Carbonate)

7. Sodium dichromate:
Step – 1 : To write the symbols of the radicals (Basic radical on the left and acidic radical on the right)
Na Cr₂O₇
Step – 2 : To write the valency below the respective radical.
\(\begin{array}{cc}
\mathrm{Na} & \mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7} \\
1 & 2
\end{array}\)
Step – 3: To cross-multiply as shown by arrows the number of radicals.

Step – 4 : To write down the chemical formula of the compound.
Na2Cr₂O₇
(Sodium dichromate)

4. Write answers to the following questions and explain your answers.

a. Explain how the element sodium is monovalent.

Answer:

1. The number of protons or electrons (atomic number) in Sodium (Na) atom is 11. Therefore the electronic configuration of sodium atom is (2, 8,1).
2. In chemical reaction, sodium atom has the capacity to give away le_ from its outermost orbit to form Na+ ion with stable electronic configuration (2, 8).
3. As sodium atom gives away le- and a cation of sodium is formed, hence the valency of sodium is 1 and therefore, the element sodium is monovalent.

b. M is a bivalent metal. Write down the steps to find the chemical formulae of its compounds formed with the radicals, sulphate and phosphate.
Answer:
M is a bivalent metal. Following are the steps to find the chemical formulae of its compounds formed with the radicals, sulphate and phosphate:

(i) Compound of metal ‘M’ with radical sulphate
Step – 1: To write the symbols of the radicals (Basic radicals on the left and acidic radicals on the right)
M SO₄
Step – 2: To write the valency below the respective radical.

Step – 3: To cross multiply as shown by arrows the number of radicals.

Step – 4: To write down the chemical formula of the compound.
M SO₄

(ii) Compound of metal ‘M’ with radical phosphate.
Step – 1: To write the symbols of the radicals (Basic radicals on the left and acidic radicals on the right)
M PO₄
Step – 2: To write the valency below the respective radical.

Step – 3: To cross multiply as shown by arrows the number of radicals.

Step – 4: To write down the chemical formula of the compound.
M₃ (PO₄)₂

c. Explain the need for a reference atom for atomic mass. Give some information about two reference atoms.
Answer:

• The mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus and it is due to the protons (p) and neutrons (n) in it.
• Since an atom is very very tiny, it was not possible to measure atomic mass accurately. Therefore, the concept of relative mass of an atom was formed.
• To express relative mass of an atom, reference of atom is considered. The two reference atoms were as follows:

(a) Hydrogen (H) atom: The hydrogen atom is the lightest. The relative mass of a hydrogen atom is 1 which has only 1 proton in its nucleus. On this scale, the relative atomic mass of many elements comes out to be fractional. Therefore, carbon was selected as a reference atom.

(b) Carbon (C) atom: The carbon atom is selected as reference atom. In this scale, the relative mass of a carbon atom is accepted as 12.

• The relative atomic mass of 1 hydrogen (H) atom compared to the carbon (C) atom becomes

d. What is meant by Unified Atomic Mass.
Answer:

• During earlier time, relative mass of an atom was considered for measuring the mass of an atom directly. But since the founding of unified mass, relative mass is not accepted henceforth.
• Unified atomic mass is the unit of atomic mass called as Dalton.
• Its symbol is ‘u’. lu = 1.66053904 x 10^-27 kg.

e. Explain with examples what is meant by a ‘mole’ of a substance.
Answer:

• A mole is that quantity of a substance whose mass in grams is equal in magnitude to the molecular mass of that substance in Daltons.
• For example: Atomic mass of oxygen atom (O) is 16u. Thus, the molecular mass of oxygen molecule (O₂) is 16 x 2 = 32u. Therefore, 32 g of oxygen is 1 mole of oxygen.

5. Write the names of the following compounds and deduce their molecular masses.
Na₂SO₄, K₂CO₃, CO₂, MgCl₂, NaOH, AlPO₄, NaHCO₃
Answer:

6. Two samples ‘m’ and ‘n’ of slaked lime were obtained from two different reactions. The details about their composition are as follows:
‘sample m’ mass : 7g
Mass of constituent oxygen : 2g
Mass of constituent calcium : 5g
‘sample n’ mass : 1.4g
Mass of constituent oxygen : 0.4g
Mass of constituent calcium : 1.0g

Which law of chemical combination does this prove? Explain.
Answer:
(i) The expected proportion by weight of the constituent elements of quick lime that is calcium oxide would be from its known molecular formula CaO. The atomic mass of Ca and O are 40 and 16 respectively. This means, the proportion by weight of the constituent elements Ca and O in the compound CaO is 40 :16 which is 5 : 2.

(ii) Now, for the given sample’m’ of CaO = 5 g
mass of given sample = 7 g
mass of constituent Ca in sample’m’ = 5 g
mass of constituent O in sample’m’ = 2 g

(iii) This means that 7 g of calcium oxide contairis 5 g of calcium (Ca) and 2 g of oxygen (O); apd the proportion by weight of calcium and oxygen in it is 5 : 2.

(iv) Now, for the given sample ‘n’ of CaO mass of given sample CaO = 1.4 g
Mass of constituent Ca in sample ‘n’ = 1.0 g
Mass of constituent O in sample ‘n’ = 0.4 g
This means that 1.4g of calcium oxide contains 1.0 g of calcium (Ca) and 0.4 g of oxygen (O); and the proportion by weight of calcium and oxygen in it is 5 : 2.

(v) Above samples’m’ and ‘n’ of calcium oxide (CaO) shows that the proportion by weight of the constituent elements in different samples of a compound is always constant that is the proportion by weight of calcium (Ca) and oxygen (O) in different samples of calcium oxide (CaO) is constant.

(vi) The experimental value of proportion by weight of the constituent elements matched with the expected proportion calculated by molecular mass. This proves and verifies the law of constant proportion.

The law states that ‘The proportion by weight of the constituent elements in the various samples of a compound is fixed’.

7. Deduce the number of molecules of the following compounds in the given quantities.
32g oxygen, 90g water, 8.8g carbon dioxide, 7.1g chlorine.

Class 9 Science Chapter 4 Measurement Of Matter Notes Question 1.
32g oxygen
Answer:
Given : Mass of oxygen (O₂) m = 32g
To find : Number of molecules in 32g of oxygen.
Solution : Atomic mass of oxygen (O) = 16
∴ Molecular mass of oxygen (O₂) M = 16 x 2 = 32
According to the formula, Number of moles in the given O₂ (n)

1 mol of O₂ contains 6.022 x 10²³ molecules that is 32 g of 02 contains 6.022 * 10²³ molecules of O₂.
32g of oxygen contains 6.022 x 10²³ molecules of oxygen.

Class 9 Science Chapter 4 Measurement Of Matter Answers Question 2.
90g water
Answer:
Given : Mass of water (H₂O) m = 90g.
To find : Number of molecules in 90g of water.
Solution : Molecular mass of (H₂O) M = (Atomic mass of H) x 2 + (Atomic mass of O) x 1
∴ Molecular mass of (H₂O) M = 1 x 2 +16
∴ Molecular mass of (H₂O) M = 18
According to the formula,
Number of moles in the given H₂O (n)

1 mol of H₂O contains 6.022 x 10²³ molecules.
5 mol of H₂O contains 5 x 6.022 x 10²³ molecules. = 30.11 x 10²³ molecules, that is 90g of H₂O contains 30.11 x 10²³ molecules of H20.
90g of water contains 30.11 x 10²³ molecules of water.

4 Measurement Of Matter Exercise Question 3.
8.8g carbon dioxide
Answer:
Given : Mass of Carbon dioxide (CO₂)m = 8.8g.
To find : Number of molecules in 8.8g of carbon dioxide.
Solution : Molecular mass of (CO₂)M = (Atomic mass of C) x 1 + (Atomic mass of O) x 2
∴ Molecular mass of (CO₂)M = 12 x 1 + 16 x 2 = 12 + 32
Molecular mass of (CO₂)M = 44
According to the formula, Number of moles in the given CO₂ (n)

∴ 1 mol of CO₂ contains 6.022 x 10²³ molecules.
∴ 0.2 mol of CO₂ contains 0.2 x 6.022 x 10²³ molecules.
= 1.2044 x 10²³ molecules,
that is 8.8g of CO₂ contains 1.2044 x 10²³ molecules of CO₂.
8.8g of CO₂ contains 1.2044 x 10²³ molecules of CO₂.

Class 9 Science Solutions Maharashtra Board Question 4.
7.1g chlorine
Answer:
Given : Mass of Chlorine (Cl₂)m = 7.1g.
To find : Number of molecules in 7.1g of chlorine.
Solution : Atomic mass of (Cl) = 35.5
∴ Molecular mass of chlorine (Cl₂)M = 35.5 x 2 = 71
According to the formula, Number of moles in the given Cl₂ (n)

∴ 1 mol of Cl₂ contains 6.022 x 10²³ molecules.
∴ 0.1 mol of Cl₂ contains 0.1 x 6.022 x 10²³ molecules.
= 0.6022 x 10²³ molecules,
that is 7.1g of Cl₂ contains 0.6022 x 10²³ molecules of Cl_2.
7.1g of Cl₂ contains 0.6022 x 10²³ molecules of chlorine.

8. If 0.2 mol of the following substances are required how many grams of those substances should be taken? Sodium chloride, magnesium oxide, calcium carbonate
Answer:
Given : Number of moles of sodium chloride (NaCl) n = 0.2 mol
To find : Mass in grams of 0.2 mol of NaCl
Solution:
Molecular mass of (NaCl)M = (Atomic mass of Na) x 1 + (Atomic mass of Cl) x 1
= 23 x 1 + 35.5 x 1
= 23 + 35.5
Molecular mass of (NaCl)M = 58.5
According to the formula,
Number of moles in the given NaCl (n)

Mass of NaCl in grams (m) = 0.2 x 58.5
Mass of NaCl in grams (m) = 11.7 g
Mass of 0.2 mole of NaCl is 11.7g

Class 9 Science Chapter 3 Current Electricity Intext Questions and Answers

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Question 1.
What is the type of chemical bond in NaCl and MgCl₂?
Answer:

• The type of chemical bond in NaCl and MgCl₂ is ionic bond.

9th Class Science Chapter 4 Measurement Of Matter Question 2.
Determine the valencies of H, Cl, O and Na from the molecular formulae H₂, HC1, H₂O and NaCl.
Answer:
(i) In the molecular formula HCl

∴ The valency of H is 1 and Cl is 1.

(ii) In the molecular formula H₂O

∴ The valency of H is 1 and O is 2.

(iii) In the molecular formula NaCl

∴ The valency of Na is 1 and Cl is 1.
∴ From all the above, the valencies of the given elements are as follows : H = 1, Cl = 1, O = 2 and Na = l.

Measurement Of Matter Class 9 Exercise Answers Question 3.
How is an element indicated in Chemistry?
Answer:
In chemistry an element is indicated by its symbol.

Question 4.
Write down the symbols of the elements you know.
Answer:
Symbols of some elements are

• Hydrogen – H
• Helium – He
• Boron – B
• Carbon – C
• Aluminium – A1

Question 5.
Write down the symbols for the following elements.
Antimony, Iron, Gold, Silver, Mercury, Lead, Sodium
Answer:
The symbols of given elements are as follows:

• Antimony – Sb
• Iron – Fe
• Gold – Au
• Silver – Ag
• Mercury – Hg
• Lead – Pb
• Sodium – Na

Following are atomic masses of a few elements in Daltons and the molecular formulae of some compounds. Deduce the molecular masses of those compounds:

Atomic masses – H(l), 0(16), N(14), C(12), K(39), S(32) Ca(40), Na(23), Cl(35.5), Mg(24), Al(27)

Question 1.
Molecular formula – NaCl
Answer:
Molecular mass of NaCl (M)
= (Atomic mass of Na) x 1 + (Atomic mass of Cl) x 1
= (23 x 1) + (35.5 x 1)
= 23 + 35.5
= 58.5
∴ Molecular mass of NaCl (M) = 58.5

Question 2.
Molecular formula – MgCl₂
Answer:
Molecular mass of MgCl₂ (M)
= (Atomic mass of Mg) x 1 + (Atomic mass of Cl) x 2
= (24 x 1) + (35.5 x 2)
= 24 + 71
= 95
∴ Molecular mass of MgCl₂ (M) = 95?

Question 3.
Molecular formula – KNO₃
Answer:
Molecular mass of KNO₃ (M)
= (Atomic mass of K) x 1 + (Atomic mass of N) x 1 + (Atomic mass of O) x 3
= (39 x 1) + (14 x 1) + (16 x 3)
= 39 + 14 + 48
= 101
Molecular mass of KNO₃ (M) = 101

Question 4.
Molecular formula – H₂O₂
Answer:
Molecular mass of H₂O₂ (M)
= (Atomic mass of H) x 2 + (Atomic mass of O) x 2
= (1 x 2) + (16 x 2)
= 2 + 32
= 34
∴ Molecular mass of H₂O₂ (M) = 34.

Question 5.
Molecular formula – A1C1₃
Answer:
Molecular mass of A1C1₃ (M)
= (Atomic mass of Al) x 1 + (Atomic mass of Cl) x 3
= (27 x 1) + (35.5 x 3)
= 27 + 106.5
= 133.5
∴ Molecular mass of A1C1₃ (M) = 133.5

Question 6.
Molecular formula – Ca(OH)₂
Answer:
Molecular mass of Ca(OH)₂ (M)
= (Atomic mass of Ca) x 1 + (Atomic mass of O + Atomic Mass of H) x 2
= (40 x 1) + (16 + 1) x 2
= 40 + (17 x 2)
= 40 + 34
= 74
∴ Molecular mass of Ca(OH)₂ (M)
= 74

Question 7.
Molecular formula – MgO
Answer:
Molecular mass of MgO (M)
= (Atomic mass of Mg) x 1 + (Atomic mass of 0)xl
= (24 x 1) + (16 x 1)
= 24 + 16
= 40
Molecular mass of MgO (M) = 40

Question 8.
Molecular formula – H2S04
Answer:
Molecular mass of H2S04 (M)
= (Atomic mass of H) x 2 + (Atomic mass of S) x 1 + (Atomic mass of O) x 4
= (1 x 2) + (32xl) + (16×4)
= 2 + 32 + 64
= 98
Molecular mass of H2S04 (M) = 98

Question 9.
Molecular formula – HN03
Answer:
Molecular mass of HN03 (M)
= (Atomic mass of H) x 1 + (Atomic mass of N) x 1 + (Atomic mass of O) x 3
= (lxl)+ (14xl)+ (16×3)
= 1 + 14 + 48
= 63
Molecular mass of HNOs (M) = 63

Question 10.
Molecular formula – NaOH
Answer:
Molecular mass of NaOH (M)
= (Atomic mass of Na) x 1 + (Atomic mass of O) x 1 + (Atomic mass of H) x 1
= (23 x 1) + (16 x 1) + (l x l)
= 23 + 16 + 1
= 40
Molecular mass of NaOH (M) = 40

Question 11.
How many molecules of water are there in 36 g water?
Answer:
Given : Mass of water (H₂O) m = 36g
To find : Number of molecules in 36g of water
Solution :
Molecular mass of (H₂O) M = (Atomic mass of H) x 2 + (Atomic mass of O) x 1 Molecular mass of (H₂O) M
= (1 x 2) + 16 x 1
Molecular mass of (H₂O) M = 18
According to the formula,
Number of moles in the given H₂O (n)

1 mol of H₂O contains 6.022 x 10²³ molecules.
∴ 2 mol of H₂O contains 2 x 6.022 x 10²³ molecules.
= 12.044 x 10²³ molecules, that is 36g of H₂O contains 12.044 x 10²³ molecules of H₂O.
36 g of water contains 12.044 x 10²³ molecules of water.

Question 12.
How many molecules of H2S04 are there in a 49 g sample?
Answer:
Given : Mass of Sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) m = 49g
To find : Number of molecules in 49g of H₂SO₄
Solution:
Molecular mass of (H₂SO₄) M = (Atomic mass of H) x 2 + (Atomic mass of S) x 1 + (Atomic mass of O) x 4
Molecular mass of (H₂SO₄)M = (1 x 2) + (32 x 1) + (16 x 4)
= 2 + 32 + 64
= 98.
According to the formula,
Number of moles in the given H₂SO₄ (n)

∴ 1 mol of H₂SO₄ contains 6.022 x 10²³ molecules.
∴ 0.5 mol of H₂SO₄ contains 0.5 x 6.022 x 10²³ molecules.
= 3.011 x 10²³ molecules,
that is 49g of H₂SO₄ contains 3.011 x 10²³ molecules of H₂SO₄.
49 g of Sulphuric acid contains 3.011 x 10²³ molecules of H₂SO₄.

Question 13.
Fill the following tables.
Answer:

Question 14.
Complete the following chart.
Answer:

Question 15.
The relative atomic masses of some elements in the chart below are given. You have to find the relative atomic masses of the others.
Answer:

Question 16.
Classify the following radicals into simple radicals and composite radicals: (Use your brain power;
\(\begin{array}{l}
\mathrm{Ag}^{+}, \mathrm{Mg}^{2+}, \mathrm{Cl}^{-}, \mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}, \mathrm{Fe}^{2+}, \mathrm{ClO}_{3}^{-}, \mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}, \mathrm{Br}^{-} \\
\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}, \mathrm{Na}^{+}, \mathrm{Cu}^{+}
\end{array}\)
Answer:

Simple radicals	Composite radicals
Ag+	\(\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}\)
Mg2+	\(\mathrm{ClO}_{3}^{-}\)
Cl	\(\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}\)
Fe2+	\(\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}\)
Br–
Na+
Cu+

Question 17.
Which are the basic radicals and which are the acidic radicals among the following?
\(\begin{array}{l}
\mathrm{Ag}^{+}, \mathrm{Cu}^{2+}, \mathrm{Cl}^{+}, \mathrm{I}, \mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}, \mathrm{Fe}^{3+}, \mathrm{Ca}^{2+}, \mathrm{NO}_{3} ; \mathrm{S}^{2}, \mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+} \\
\mathrm{K}^{+}, \mathrm{MnO}_{4}, \mathrm{Na}^{+}
\end{array}\)
Answer:

Basic Radical	Acidic Radical
(i)Ag+	(i) Cl–
(ii) Cu2+	(ii) I–
(iii) Fe3+	\(\text { (iii) } \mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}\)
(iv) Ca2+	\(\text { (iv) } \mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}\)
Wnh;	\(\text { (v) } \mathrm{S}^{2-}\)
(vi) K+	\(\text { (vi) } \mathrm{MnO}_{4}^{-}\)
(vii) Na+

Give examples:

Question 1.
Make a list of elements in the monoatomic and in the diatomic molecular state. (Make a list and discuss;
Answer:

• Elements in the monoatomic molecular state are: Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Sodium (Na), Copper (Cu),
• Elements in the diatomic molecular state are:
  Oxygen (O₂), Nitrogen (N₂), Hydrogen (H₂), Chlorine (Cl₂), Fluorine (F₂).

Problem-based questions

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Is it possible to weigh one molecule using a weighing balance?
Answer:
No, it is not possible to weigh one molecule using a weighing balance.

Question 2.
Will the number of molecules be the same in equal weights of different substances?
Answer:
No, the number of molecules will not be the same in equal weights of different substances.

Question 3.
If we want equal number of molecules of different substances, will it work to take equal weights of those substances.
Answer:
No, if we want equal number of molecules of different substances, it will not work to take equal weights of those substances.

Answer the following:

Question 1.
What is the Dalton’s atomic theory?
Answer:
Dalton’s Atomic theory-

• All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible.
• All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties.
• Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms.
• A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms.

Question 2.
How are compounds formed?
Answer:
Compounds are formed by a chemical combination of two or more different kinds of atoms.

Question 3.
What are the molecular formulae of salt, slaked lime, water, lime, limestone?
Answer:
The molecular formulae for
Salt – Sodium chloride – NaCl
Slaked lime – Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)₂
Water – H₂O
Lime – Calcium oxide – CaO
Lime stone – Calcium carbonate – CaCO₃

Question 4.
From which experiments was it discovered that atoms have an internal structure? When?
Answer:

• In 1911, Earnest Rutherford conducted a well known experiment called as ‘Gold foil experiment’.
• From this experiment it was discovered that atoms have internal structure.

Question 5.
What are the two parts of an atom? What are they made up of?
Answer:
The two parts of atoms are nucleus and extra nuclear part. Nucleus is made up of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons and the extra nuclear part is made up of negatively charged electrons revolving around the nucleus in different orbits.

Open-ended questions

Q.3. 2. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
How will the compounds, MgCl₂ and CaO be formed from their elements?
Answer:
(1) Magnesium Chloride (MgCl₂)
Magnesium atom (Mg): Electronic configuration
\((2,8,2) \stackrel{-2 e^{-}}{\longrightarrow}\) Magnesium ion Mg²⁺ (2,8).
Chlorine atom (Cl). Electronic configuration \((2,8,7) \stackrel{+1 e^{-}}{\longrightarrow}\) Chloride ion Ch (2,8,8).
∴ Mg²⁺ + 2CT → MgCl₂ (Magnesium Chloride)

• A Magnesium atom gives away 2e^– and a cation of Magnesium (Mg²⁺) is formed, hence, the valency of magnesium is two.
• Two chlorine atoms takes le^– each and forms two anions of chlorine (2Cl^–) (chloride), and thus, the valency of chlorine is one.
• After the give and take of electrons is over, the electronic configuration of all the resulting ions has a complete octet.
• Due to the attraction between the unit but opposite charges on all the ions, one chemical bond known as ionic bond is formed between Mg²⁺ and 2C1^– each and the compound MgCl₂ is formed.

(2) Calcium Oxide (CaO)
Calcium atom (Ca): Electronic configuration
\((2,8,8,2) \stackrel{-2 e^{-}}{\longrightarrow}\) Calcium ion Ca²⁺ (2,8,8).
Oxygen atom (O). Electronic configuration (2,6)
\(\stackrel{+2 e^{-}}{\longrightarrow}\) Oxygen ion O^2- (2,8).
∴ Ca²⁺ + O^2- → CaO

• A calcium atom gives away 2er and a cation of calcium (Ca²⁺) is formed, hence, the valency of calcium is two.
• An oxygen atom takes 2e^– and forms anions of oxygen (O^2-) (oxide), and thus, the valency of oxygen is two.
• After the give and take of electrons is over, the electronic configuration of both the resulting ions has a complete octet.
• Due to the attraction between the unit but opposite charges on the two ions, one chemical bond known as ionic bond is formed between Ca²⁺ and O^2- and the compound CaO is formed.

Question 2.

• Take 56 g calcium oxide in a large conical flask and put 18 g water in it.
• Observe what happens.
• Measure the mass of the substance formed.
• What similarity do you find? Write your inference.

Answer:
(i) When 18 g of water is added to 56 g of calcium oxide, calcium oxide combines with water to form calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)₂

(ii) The mass of calcium hydroxide formed is 74 g.?

(iii) In this activity the total mass of reactants, Calcium oxide + Water = 56 g +18 g = 74 g.
It is equal to the mass of the product formed. Ca(OH)₂ = 74g.

This activity verifies the Law of Conservation of Matter, i.e., in a chemical reaction, the total weight of the reactants is same as the total weight of the products formed due to the chemical reactions.

Question 3.

• Take a solution of calcium chloride in a conical flask and a solution of sodium sulphate in a test tube.
• Tie a thread to the test tube and insert it in the conical flask.
• Seal the conical flask with an airtight rubber cork.
• Weigh the conical flask using a balance.
• Now tilt the conical flask so that the solution in the test tube gets poured in the conical flask.
• Now weigh the conical flask again.

Answer:

• In this activity, a white precipitate of CaS04 in NaOl is seen in the conical flask after the reaction.
• There is no change in the weight of the flask before and after the reaction.
• This activity verifies the Law of Conservation of Matter i.e., in a chemical reaction, the total weight of the reactants is same as the total weight of the products formed due to the chemical reactions.

Question 4.
Using the chart of ions/radicals and the cross-multiplication method, write the chemical formulae of the following compounds : Calcium carbonate, Sodium bicarbonate, Silver chloride, Calcium hydroxide, Magnesium oxide, Ammonium phosphate, Cuprous bromide, Copper sulphate, Potassium nitrate, Sodium dichromate.

Answer:
Calcium carbonate – CaCO₃ Sodium bicarbonate – NaHCO₃ Silver chloride – AgCl, Calcium hydroxide – Ca(OH)₂, Magnesium oxide – MgO, Ammonium phosphate – (NH₄)₃PO₄, Cuprous bromide – CuBr, Copper sulphate – CuSO₄, Potassium nitrate – KNO₃, Sodium dichromate – Na₂Cr₂O₇.

Class 9 Science Chapter 3 Current Electricity Additional Important Questions and Answers

(A) Select the correct option:

Question 1.
The proportion by weight of hydrogen and oxygen in water is ……………………….. .
(a) 8 : 1
(b) 2 : 1
(c) 1 : 2
(d) 1 : 8
Answer:
(d) 1: 8

Question 2.
The proportion by weight of carbon and oxygen in carbon dioxide is ……………………….. .
(a) 8 : 3
(b) 3 : 8
(c) 3 : 2
(d) 2 : 3
Answer:
(b) 3 : 8

Question 3.
A nucleus of an atom is made up of positively charged ………………………… and electrically neutral ……………………….. .
(a) protons; neutrons
(b) electrons; neutrons
(c) neutrons; protons
(d) neutrons; electrons
Answer:
(a) protons; neutrons

Question 4.
The size of an atom is determined by its ……………………….. .
Answer:
radius

Question 5.
Atomic radius is expressed in ……………………….. .
(a) milimetres
(b) centimetres
(c) nanometres
(d) picometres
Answer:
(c) nanomet res

Question 6.
The atomic size depends on the number of ………………………… in the atom.
(a) protons
(b) nucleus
(c) neutrons
(d) electron orbits
Answer:
(d) electron orbits

Question 7.
The mass of an atom is concentrated in its ……………………….. .
(a) protons
(b) nucleus
(c) neutrons
(d) electrons
Answer:
(b) nucleus

Question 8.
The total number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus is called the ……………………….. .
(a) atomic number
(b) electronic configuration
(c) atomic mass number
(d) valency
Answer:
(c) atomic mass number

Question 9.
A ………………………… is that quantity of a substance whose mass in grams is equal in magnitude to the molecular mass of that substance in Daltons.
(a) mole
(b) dalton
(c) dozen
(d) gross
Answer:
(a) Mole

Question 10.
Avogadro’s number is denoted by the symbol ……………………….. .
(a) N_G
(b) N_v
(c) N_A
(d) N_D
Answer:
(c) N_A

Question 11.
A mole of any substance stands for ………………………… molecules.
(a) 60.22 x 10²³
(b) 6.022 x 10²²
(c) 6.022 x 10²³
(d) 60.22 x 10²²
Answer:
(a) 60.22 x 10²³

Question 12.
The capacity of an element to combine is called its ……………………….. .
(a) valency
(b) electronic configuration
(c) atomic number
(d) volence electrons
Answer:
(a) valency

Question 13.
Electronic configuration of sodium atom is ……………………….. .
(a) (2, 8, 3)
(b) (2, 8, 7)
(c) (2, 8, 2)
(d) (2, 8,1)
Answer:
(d) (2,8,1)

Question 14.
Electronic configuration of chlorine atom is ……………………….. .
(a) (2, 8, 3)
(b) (2, 8, 7)
(c) (2, 8, 2)
(d) (2, 8, 1)
Answer:
(b) (2, 8, 7)

Question 15.
Positively charged ions are called as ……………………….. .
(a) cations
(b) anions
(c) nucleous
(d) protons
Answer:
(a) cations

Question 16.
Negatively charged ions are called as ……………………….. .
(a) cations
(b) anions
(c) nucleus
(d) electrons
Answer:
(b) anions

Question 17.
Iron (Fe) exhibits the variable valencies ……………………….. .
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 and 4
(d) 2 and 4
Answer:
(b) 2 and 3

Question 18.
Cationic radicals are called as ………………………… radicals.
(a) basic
(b) acidic
(c) neutral
(d) mixed
Answer:
(a) basic

Question 19.
Anionic radicals are called as ………………………… radicals.
(a) basic
(b) acidic
(c) neutral
(d) mixed
Answer:
(b) acidic

Question 20.
The unit Dalton is used to express …………………………
(a) atomic mass
(b) atomic radius
(c) atomic number
(d) mass number
Answer:
(a) atomic mass

Question 21.
The valency of element with electronic configuration ………………………… is 2.
(a) (2,5)
(b) (2, 4)
(c) (2, 6)
(d) (2, 7)
Answer:
(c) (2, 6)

Question 22.
The symbol of Avogadro’s number is ……………………….. .
(a) ND
(b) N0
(c) NB
(d) NA
Answer:
(d) NA

Question 23.
………………………. is bicarbonate radical.
\((a) \mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{2-} (b) \mathrm{CO}_{3}^{-}
(c) \mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}
(d) \mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}\)
Answer:
\(\text { (c) } \mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}\)

Question 24.
Molecular formula of sodium sulphate is ……………………….. .
(a) Na(SO₄)₂
(b) Na₂SO₄
(c)Na₂(SO₄)₂
(d)NaSO₄
Answer:
(b) Na₂SO₄

Question 25.
………………………… is a composite radical.
(a) Fe³⁺
(b) Ca²⁺
(c) NH₄⁺
(d) S^2-
Answer:
(c) NH

Question 26.
A mole of any substance stands for ………………………… molecules.
(a) 6.022 x 10²³
(b) 6.022 x 10²²
(c) 60.22 x 10²³
(d) 60.22 x 10²²
Answer:
(a) 6.022 x 10²³

Question 27.
The mass of an atom is concentrated in its ………………………… .
(a) nucleus
(b) electrons
(c) extranuclear part
(d) protons
Answer:
(a) nucleus

Question 28.
………………………… g of water make 1 mole of water.
(a) 32
(b) 33
(c) 16
(d) 18
Answer:
(d) 18

Complete the analogy:

(1) Electron : extra nuclear part:: Neutron ………………………… .
(2) Sodium: (2, 8, 1):: Chlorine:: ………………………… .
(3) K : basic radical :: Br^– : ………………………… .
(4) Cut: simple radical:: NH₄⁺ : ………………………… .
(5) Sodium sulphate: Na₂SO₄:: Potassium Sulphate: ………………………… .
(6) Mercurous: Hg⁺:: Mercuric : ………………………… .
(7) Positively charged ion : cation:: Negatively charged ion : ………………………… .
(8) 12: 1 dozen :: 144 : ………………………… .
(9) Hydrogen : \(\odot\) :: Copper : ………………………… .
(10) Law of constant proportions : J. L. Proust::
Law of conservation of matter : ………………………… .
Answer:
(1) nucleus
(2) (2, 8, 7)
(3) acidic radical
(4) composite radical
(5) K₂SO₄
(6) Hg²⁺
(7) anion
(8) 1 gross
(9) ©
(10) Antoine Lavoisier.

Match the columns:

Column A’	Column ‘B’
Example	Atomic radius (in metres)
(1) Water molecule (2) Haemoglobin molecule (3) Hydrogen atom	(a) 10-10 (b) 10-9 (c) 10-8

Answer:
(1-b),
(2- c),
(3 – a)

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
Element	Atomic mass
(1) Neon	(a) 35.5
(2) Silicon	(b) 32
(3) Chlorine	(c) 28
(4) Sulphur	(d) 20

Answer:
(1 – d),
(2 – c),
(3 – a),
(4 – b)

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
Molecule	Molecular mass in grams
(1) h2	(a) 32 g
(2) H2O	(b) 34 g
(3) O2	(c) 2 g
(4) H2O2	(d) 18 g

Answer:
(1 – c),
(2 – d),
(3 – a),
(4 – b)

Column ‘A’	Column B’
Radicals	Names
(1) \(\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}^{2-}\)	(a) Carbonate
(2) \(\mathrm{ClO}_{3}^{-}\)	(b) Chromate
(3) \(\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}\)	(c) Dichromate
(4) \(\mathrm{CrO}_{4}^{2-}\)	(d) Chlorate

Answer:
(1 – c),
(2 – d),
(3 – a),
(4 – b)

Answer the following in one sentence:

Question 1.
What are valence electrons?
Answer:
The electrons present in the outermost orbit of an atom are called valence electrons.

Question 2.
Give the formula to determine the number of moles of a substance.
Answer:
The formula to determine the number of moles of a substance is as given below.

Question 3.
What are basic radicals? Give examples.
Answer:
The radicals which are formed by removal of electrons from the atoms of metals are called as basic radicals, e.g., Na+, Cu2+

Question 4.
What are acidic radicals? Give examples.
Answer:
The radicals which are formed by adding electrons to the atoms of non-metals are called as acidic radicals, e.g., CT, S2-

State whether the following statement is ‘True’ or ‘False’. Correct the false statement.

(1) Molecular state of oxygen is monoatomic.
(2) The capacity of an element to combine is called its valency.
(3) Anionic radicals are basic radicals.
(4) The magnitude of charge on any radical is its atomic number.
(5) In a chemical reaction, mass of original matter and mass of matter newly formed as a result of chemical change are equal.
(6) The proportion by weight of carbon and oxygen in carbon dioxide is 3 : 5.
(7) Relative mass of hydrogen is 1.
(8) The number of molecules in a given quantity of a substance is determined by its atomic mass.
(9) Avogadro’s number is 6.022 x 10²³
(10) Valency of sodium is 2.
Answer:
(1) False. Molecular state of oxygen is diatomic:
(2) True
(3) False. Anionic radicals are acidic radicals.
(4) False. Magnitude of charge on any radical is its valency.
(5) True
(6) False. The proportion by weight of carbon and oxygen in carbon dioxide is 3 : 8.
(7) True
(8) False. The number of molecules in a given quantity of a substance is determined by its molecular mass.
(9) True
(10) False. Valency of sodium is 1.

Name the following:

Question 1.
Scientist who gave Law of Conservation of Matter.
Answer:
Antoine Lavoisier

Question 2.
Scientist who gave Law of Constant Proportion.
Answer:
J. L. Proust

Question 3.
What are protons and neutrons present in nucleus together called as?
Answer:
Nucleons

Question 4.
Unit used to express atomic radius.
Answer:
Nanometre

Question 5.
The number (p + n) in the atomic nucleus is called as?
Answer:
Atomic mass number

Question 6.
Name the unit of atomic mass.
Answer:
Dalton (u)

Question 7.
Write molecular formula of two ionic compounds containing chlorine.
Answer:
NaCl, MgCl₂

Question 8.
Give two monoatomic radicals.
Answer:
Na⁺, Cl^–

Question 9.
Give two examples of simple radicals.
Answer:
Ag⁺, O^2-

Give scientific reasons:

Question 1.
An atom is electrically neutral though it contains charged particles.
Answer:

• An atom is made up of a nucleus and an extranuclear part. Protons and neutrons are present in the nucleus.
• The nucleus is positively charged. The extranuclear part is made up of negatively charged electrons.
• Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged and neutrons are without any charge.
• The magnitude of their charges is the same when they are equal in number.
• Hence, the negative charge on all the extra, nuclear electrons together balances the positive charge on the
• nucleus.
• Therefore, an atom is electrically neutral though it contains charged particles.

Question 2.
Neon is chemically inert element.
Answer:

• Atomic number of neon is 10, so its electronic configuration is (2, 8). There are 8 electrons in its 2nd shell, fulfilling its capacity.
• Thus, neon has a complete octet.
• It has a stable orbit therefore, it does not indulge in chemical reactions. Hence, neon is a chemically inert element.

Question 3.
The valency of sodium (Na) is one.
Answer:

• The electronic configuration of sodium (Na) is (2, 8,1). It has 1 electron in its 3rd orbit.
• It tends to give up this electron so that it is left up with (2, 8), having 8 electrons in the second orbit, with a stable state.
• The loss of one electron leads to the formation of sodium ion (Na+) which is positively charged as it has lost one electron.

Question 4.
The valency of chlorine (Cl) is one.
Answer:

• The electronic configuration of chlorine (Cl) is (2, 8, 7). It has 7 electrons in its 3rd orbit.
• It tends to take one electron from another atom so that it has 8 electrons in the outermost orbit with electronic configuration (2,8,8) with stable state.
• The gaining of one electron leads to formation of chloride ion (Cl^–) which is negatively charged as it has gained one electron.

Question 5.
The valency of Magnesium (Mg) is two.
Answer:

• The electronic configuration of Magnesium (Mg) is (2,8,2), it has 2 electrons in its 3rd orbit.
• It tends to give these ‘2’ electrons so that it is left up with (2, 8), having 8 electrons in the second orbit, with a stable state.
• The loss of two electrons leads to the formation of Magnesium ion (Mg2+) which is double positively charged as it has lost two electrons.

Question 6.
Valency is always a whole number.
Answer:

• The number of electrons that an atom of an element gives away, takes up or shares forming a bond is called the valency of that element.
• These electrons are always in whole numbers and not in fractions.
• Therefore, valency is always a whole number.

Question 7.
Atomic size of potassium is bigger than atomic size of sodium.
Answer:

• The atomic size of an element depends on the number of electron orbits in the atom of that element.
• The greater the number of orbits, the larger the size.
• Atomic number of potassium (K) is 19. Hence, its electronic configuration is (2, 8, 8,1). While atomic number of sodium (Na) is 11. Hence its electronic configuration is (2, 8,1)
• Number of orbits in potassium atom is 4, while that in sodium atom is 3.
• Hence, atomic size of potassium is bigger than atomic size of sodium.

Question 8.
The atomic size of sodium is bigger than atomic size of Magnesium.
Answer:

• The atomic size of an element depends on the number of electron orbits in the atom of that element.
• If 2 atoms have the same outermost orbit, then the atom having the larger number of electrons in the outermost orbit is smaller than the one having fewer electrons in the same outermost orbit.
• Atomic number of sodium (Na) is 11. Hence, its electronic configuration is (2, 8, 1) while atomic number of magnesum (Mg) is 12 and hence its electronic configuration is (2, 8, 2).
• As compared to sodium atom Magnesum atom has larger number of electrons n its electronic configuration.
• Therefore, atomic size of sodium is bigger than atomic size of Magnesium.

Write the names of the following compounds and deduce their molecular masses:

Atomic masses : H(1), 0(16), N(14), C(12), K(39), S(32), Ca(40), Na(23), C1(35.5), Mg(24), A1(27), P(31)

Question 1.
Molecular mass of K₂CO₃
Answer:

Question 2.
Molecular mass of CO₂
Answer:

Question 3.
Molecular mass of MgCl₂
Answer:

Question 4.
Molecular mass of NaOH
Answer:

Question 5.
Molecular mass of AIPO₄
Answer:

Question 6.
Molecular mass of NaHCO₃
Answer:

Numerical.

Question 1.
Magnesium Oxide:
Answer:
Given : Number of moles of Magnesium oxide (MgO)n = 0.2 mol
To find : Mass in grams of 0.2 mol of MgO
Solution:
Molecular mass of (MgO)M
= (Atomic mass of Mg) x 1 + (Atomic mass of O) x 1
= 24 x 1 + 16 x 1
= 24 + 16
Molecular mass of (MgO)M = 40
According to the formula Number of moles in the given MgO (n)

Mass of MgO in grams (m) = 0.2 x 40
Mass of MgO in grams (m) = 8 g.
Mass of 0.2 mole of MgO is 8 g

Question 2.
Calcium Carbonate:
Answer:
Given : Number of moles of Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) n = 0.2 mol
To find : Mass in grams of 0.2 mol of CaCO₃
Solution:
Molecular mass of (CaCO₃) M
= (Atomic mass of Ca) x 1 + (Atomic mass of C) x 1 + (Atomic mass of O) x 3
= (40 x l) + (12 x 1) +(16 x 3)
= 40+ 12+ 48
Molecular mass of (CaCO₃) M = 100
According to the formula Number of moles in the given CaCO₃ (n)

∴ Mass of CaCO₃ in grams (m) = 0.2 x 100
∴ Mass of CaCO₃ in grams (m) = 20 g
Mass of 0.2 mole of CaCO₃ is 20 g

State laws/Define the following:

Question 1.
Law of Conservation of Matter.
Answer:
In a chemical reaction, the total weight of the reactants is same as the total weight of the products formed due to chemical reaction.

Question 2.
Law of Constant Proportion.
Answer:
The proportion by weight of the constituent elements in the various samples of a compound is fixed.

Question 3.
Molecular Mass:
Answer:
The molecular mass of a substance is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a single molecule of that substance.

Question 4.
Mole
Answer:
A mole is that quantity of a substance whose mass in grams is equal in magnitude to the molecular mass of that substance in Daltons.

Question 5.
Valency
Answer:
The capacity of an element to combine is called its valency.

Question 6.
Electronic definition of Valency
Answer:
The number of electrons that an atom of an element gives away or takes up while forming an ionic bond is called valency of that element.

Question 7.
Radicals
Answer:
The positively or negatively charged ions that take part independently in chemical reactions are called radicals.

Question 8.
Atomic size determination
Answer:
The size of an atom is determined by its radius. The atomic radius of an isolated atom is the distance between the nucleus of an atom and its outermost orbit.

Question 9.
Atomic mass number
Answer:
The number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus is called the atomic mass number.

Question 10.
Unified mass
Answer:
Unified mass is the standard unit of atomic mass that quantifies mass on an atomic or molecular scale. Its symbol is ‘u’.
1 u = 1.66053904 x 10^-27 kg.

Question 11.
Molecular mass of a substance
Answer:
The molecular mass of a substance is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a single molecule of that substance. Like atomic mass, molecular mass is also expressed in the unit Dalton (u).

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What is variable valency?
Answer:

• Under different conditions, the atoms of some elements give away or take up a different number of electrons.
• In such cases, those elements exhibit more than one valency.
• This property of elements is called variable valency.

Complete the following table:

Question 1.
Write down the cations and anions obtained from the compounds in the following chart.
Answer:

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Using the chart of ions/radicals and the cross-multiplication method, write the chemical formulae of the following compounds:

(a) Calcium carbonate
Answer:

∴ Chemical formula of Calcium carbonate is CaCO₃

(b) Sodium bicarbonate
Answer:

∴ Chemical formula of Sodium bicarbonate is NaHCO₃

(c) Silver chloride
Answer:

∴ Chemical formula of Silver chloride is AgCl

(d) Calcium hydroxide Answer: Symbol Ca OH
Answer:

∴ Chemical formula of Calcium hydroxide is Ca(OH)₂

(e) Magnesium oxide
Answer:

∴ Chemical formula of Magnesium oxide is MgO

(f) Ammonium phosphate
Answer:

∴ Chemical formula of Ammonium phosphate is (NH₄)₃PO₄

(g) Cuprous bromide
Answer:

∴ Chemical formula of Cuprous bromide is CuBr.

(h) Copper sulphate
Answer:

∴ Chemical formula of Copper sulphate is CuSO₄.

(i) Potassium nitrate
Answer:

∴ Chemical formula of Potassium nitrate is KNO₃.

(j) Sodium dichromate
Answer:

∴ Chemical formula of Sodium dichromate is Na₂Cr₂O₇.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Solutions Aksharbharati Chapter 10 रंग साहित्याचे Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Aksharbharati Solutions Chapter 10 रंग साहित्याचे

Marathi Aksharbharati Std 10 Digest Chapter 10 रंग साहित्याचे Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
प्रस्तुत पाठात आलेल्या साहित्य प्रकारांची नावे लिहा.

उत्तर:
(i) कथा
(ii) कादंबरी
(iii) कविता
(iv) नाटक
(v) चरित्र
(vi) आत्मचरित्र
(vii) प्रवासवर्णन

प्रश्न 2.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 3.
फरक स्पष्ट करा.

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 4.
खाली दिलेल्या अनेकवचनी नामांचे एकवचनी रूप लिहून त्यांचा वापर करून प्रत्येकी एक वाक्य तयार करा.
(i) रस्ते
(ii) वेळा
(iii) भिंती
(iv) विहिरी
(v) घड्याळे
(vi) माणसे
उत्तर:
(i) रस्ते – रस्ता – हा रस्ता रूंद व डांबरी आहे.
(ii) वेळा – वेळ – सकाळची वेळ अभ्यासासाठी चांगली असते.
(iii) भिंती – भिंत – चीनची भिंत खूप उंच व लांब आहे.
(iv) विहिरी – विहीर – गावाकडची विहीर पाण्याने भरली आहे.
(v) घड्याळे – घड्याळ – भिंतीवरचे घड्याळ सुशोभित दिसते.
(vi) माणसे – माणूस – कष्टाळू व इमानदार माणूस बक्षिसपात्र असतो.

प्रश्न 5.
खालील शब्दांना ‘पर’ हा एकच शब्द जोडून नवीन अर्थपूर्ण शब्द तयार होतात. ते बनवा. मराठी भाषेतील अशा विपुल शब्दसंपत्तीचा अभ्यास करा. त्याप्रमाणे वेगवेगळे शब्द तयार करा.

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 6.
खालील सामासिक शब्दांचा समास ओळखून तक्ता पूर्ण करा.
यथामती, प्रतिदिन, आईवडील, चारपाच, त्रिभुवन, केरकचरा, भाजीपाला, चहापाणी, आजन्म, गैरशिस्त, विटीदांडू, पापपुण्य, स्त्रीपुरुष

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 7.
स्वमत.
(अ) पुस्तकाशी मैत्री करण्याचे फायदे लिहा.
उत्तरः
पुस्तकांशी मैत्री म्हणजे निर्भेळ आनंदच. पुस्तके आपल्याशी बोलतात, त्यांचे विचार प्रगट करतात. ज्ञान देतात. चांगल्या कामासाठी प्रेरणा देतात. कठीण संकल्पना सोप्या करून सांगतात. चित्रांद्वारे, शब्दांतून मनमोकळ्या गप्पा मारतात. शब्दसंग्रह वाढवितात. प्रसंगी विविध स्थळांना भेटी दिल्याचा आनंद देतात. पुस्तके आपल्यावर कधीही रागावत नाहीत. रूसत नाहीत. भांडत नाहीत. काही अपेक्षा ठेवत नाहीत. म्हणून त्यांच्याशी मैत्री करून आपणही त्यांची काळजी घेणे तितकेच गरजेचे आहे.

(आ) तुम्हाला आवडलेल्या कोणत्याही एका साहित्यप्रकाराची वैशिष्ट्ये तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तरः
मला आवडलेला साहित्यप्रकार म्हणजे कादंबरी. कादंबरी म्हणजे मोठी कथाच. विविध पात्रांनी, प्रसंगांनी नटलेली, सजलेली. कादंबरी जर खुमासदार असेल तर, ती हातातून सोडवत नाही. पुढे काय होणार याची उत्कंठा लागते. त्यातील पात्रांचा परिचय होतो व ती पात्रे आपल्याला आपल्यातीलच वाटू लागतात. कादंबरीत मन रममाण होते. सुखाच्या प्रसंगात भान हरपते. दु:खी प्रसंगाने अतिशय वाईटही वाटते, इतके तादात्म्य कादंबरीशी साधता येते. ‘ययाति’, ‘स्वामी’, या कादंबऱ्या माझ्या आवडत्या आहेत.

(इ) ‘उत्तम लेखक होण्यासाठी उत्तम वाचक होणे आवश्यक असते’, याबाबत तुमचे विचार स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तरः
‘वाचाल तर वाचाल’ या उक्तीप्रमाणे वाचनाने आपणांस अनेक लाभ होतात. वाचनाने शब्द संपत्ती वाढते. नवनवीन संकल्पना कळतात. विचार प्रगल्भ होतात, लेखक होण्यासाठी या सर्वांचा उपयोग होतो. समाजातील चालीरिती, संस्कृती, नवीन शोध, पर्यटन, शैक्षणिक स्तर यांची माहिती वाचनाने मिळते. विचारांची बैठक पक्की होते. काळाचे भान येते. नव्या जुन्या गोष्टी कळतात. उत्तम विचार समर्थ लेखणीद्वारे प्रगट होतात.

(ई) तुम्हाला आवडलेल्या पुस्तकाबाबत खालील मुद्द्यांचा विचार करून माहिती लिहा.
(१) पुस्तकाचे नाव
(२) लेखक
(३) साहित्यप्रकार
(४) वर्ण्य विषय
(५) मध्यवर्ती कल्पना
(६) पुस्तकातून मिळणारा संदेश
(७) मूल्य
(८) सामाजिक महत्त्व
(९) आवडण्याची कारणे
उत्तरः
मला ‘पांडुरंग सदाशिव साने’ लिखित ‘श्यामची आई’ हे पुस्तक आवडते. हा ‘कादंबरी’ साहित्यप्रकार असून प्रस्तुत कादंबरीत श्याम हे मुख्य पात्र आहे. बालपणी त्यावर झालेले संस्कार, आईने लावलेले वळण, घरची गरीबी पण संस्कारांची श्रीमंती अशा मिश्रणातून घडलेला श्याम म्हणजे स्वतः लेखक पांडुरंग सदाशिव साने, अर्थात साने गुरूजी. मोठेपणी स्वातंत्र्य लढ्यात सहभागी झाले.

गांधीवादाचा पुरस्कार केला. कारागृहात रोज रात्री आपल्या इतर कैदी मित्रांसोबत लहानपणीच्या सर्व आठवणींना उजाळा दिला. रोज एक कथा सांगण्याचा परिपाठ झाला व त्यातून ‘श्यामची आई’ पुस्तक साकारले. धारिष्ट्य, खरेपणा, स्वाभिमान, निखळप्रेम, सहिष्णूता या गोष्टींचा अंतर्भाव या कादंबरीत ओतप्रोत भरला आहे.

आजच्या तंत्रज्ञानाच्या युगात बुद्ध्यांक जरी वाढला तरी भावनांक कमी झाला आहे. ही कादंबरी वाचून समानता, आदरभाव, स्वाभिमान, सच्चेपणा या मुल्यांची सजवणूक समाजात होईल, आईविषयीचे नितांत प्रेम, आईचे ही खरे मार्गदर्शन अशा वात्सल्यतेची अपूर्व कहाणी ‘श्यामची आई’ मध्ये असल्याने ही कादंबरी आवडते.

Marathi Akshar Bharati Class 10 Textbook Solutions Chapter 10 रंग साहित्याचे Additional Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न १. खालील उताऱ्याच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सूचनेनुसार कृती करा.

कृती १ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.
उत्तरः

प्रश्न 2.
चौकटीत उत्तरे लिहा.
उत्तरः
(i) सुश्रुतची सहल या गावी नेण्याचे ठरले – [भिलार]
(ii) मुलामुलींचा वेश करून आले – [पुस्तके]
(ii) कथेचे दुसरे नाव – [गोष्ट]

प्रश्न 3.
कोण कोणास म्हणाले?
उत्तरः

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
खालील शब्द उत्तर येईल असे प्रश्न तयार करा,
(i) हातात हात घालून
(ii) लहानपणापासूनच.
उत्तर:
(i) काही पुस्तके कशी नाचत होती?
(ii) कथेची ओळख सुश्रुतला केव्हापासून आहे?

प्रश्न 2.
सहसंबंध लिहा.
(i) सूचना : वर्ग : : सहल : ……………………………..
उत्तर:
भिलार

प्रश्न 3.
कंसातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा,
(i) सुश्रुतच्या वर्गाची …………………………….. गावाला सहल नेण्याचे ठरले. (किल्लारी, भिलार, पुणे, ठाणे)
(ii) काही पुस्तके मुला – मुलींचा वेश करून आणि हातात हात घालून …………………………….. गाणी गात आहेत. (नाचत, बागडत, आनंदाने, उत्साहाने)
उत्तर:
(i) भिलार
(ii) आनंदाने

प्रश्न 4.
खालील प्रश्नांची एका वाक्यात उत्तरे लिहा.

(i) सुश्रुतला कथा आपले दुसरे नाव काय सांगते?
उत्तर:
सुश्रुतला कथा आपले दुसरे नाव ‘गोष्ट’ असे सांगते.

(ii) सुश्रुतची आजी त्याला कोणत्या गोष्टी सांगायची?
उत्तर:
सुश्रुतची आजी त्याला कोल्हा, उंदीर, ससा-कासव यांच्या गोष्टी सांगायची.

(iii) अरे आम्ही सर्व तुला भेटायला आलो आहोत, असे सुश्रुतला कोण म्हणाले?
उत्तर:
अरे आम्ही सर्व तुला भेटायाला आलो आहोत, असे सुश्रुतला पुस्तकाच्या वेशातील मुले म्हणाली.

प्रश्न २. खालील उताऱ्याच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सूचनेनुसार कृती करा.

कृती १ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.
उत्तरः

प्रश्न 2.
खालील प्रश्नांची उत्तरे एका वाक्यात लिहा.

(i) कलाकृती उत्तम केव्हा होते?
उत्तरः
दर्जेदार कथा असली की कलाकृती उत्तम होते.

(ii) कथेच्या यशाचे रहस्य काय?
उत्तर:
उत्तम निवेदनतंत्राचा वापर हे कथेच्या यशाचे रहस्य आहे.

(iii) कादंबरी वाचताना वाचक कशात रममाण होतो?
उत्तरः
कथानकात पुढे काय होईल याच्या विचारात कादंबरी वाचताना वाचक गुंतून जातो व रममाण होतो.

(iv) कथेची थोरली बहीण कोण?
उत्तर:
कथेची थोरली बहीण कादंबरी होय.

प्रश्न 3.
कंसातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा.
(i) …………………………… म्हणजे खरं तर मोठी कथाच; पण माझा आवाका कथेपेक्षा पार मोठा! (कथा, निबंध, कादंबरी, संवाद)
(ii) साहित्य क्षेत्रातील सर्वोच्च मानाचा …………………………… पुरस्कार वि. स. खांडेकर यांच्या ययाति या कादंबरीला मिळाला. (अर्जुन, ज्ञानपीठ, साहित्य)
(iii) कवितेची शब्दरचना अर्थपूर्ण व …………………………… असते. (चपखल, लयबद्ध, वैशिष्ट्यपूर्ण, आशययुक्त)
(iv) उत्तम …………………………… तंत्रामुळे मी खुलत जाते, रंगत जाते किंबहुना उत्तम निवेदनतंत्राचा वापर हे माझ्या यशाचं रहस्य. (भाषण, कथन, निवेदन, अनुवादन)
उत्तर:
(i) कादंबरी
(ii) ज्ञानपीठ
(iii) चपखल
(iv) निवेदन

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.
उत्तरः

प्रश्न 2.
सकारण लिहा.

(i) कवितांची व आपली फार पूर्वीपासून चांगलीच ओळख आहे.
उत्तर:
शालेय जीवनात पाठ्यपुस्तकातील सगळ्या कविता तालासुरांत म्हटल्या जातात.

(ii) मराठी माणसांचा ऊर अभिमानानं भरून आला.
उत्तरः
साहित्य क्षेत्रातील सर्वोच्च मानाचा ‘ज्ञानपीठ’ पुरस्कार वि. स. खांडेकर यांच्या ‘ययाति’ या कादंबरीला मिळाला.

प्रश्न 3.
चूक की बरोबर ते लिहा.

(i) ‘ही आवडते मज मनापासुनी शाळा’ आणि ‘श्रावणमासी हर्ष मानसी’ या सुश्रुतच्या नावडत्या कविता होत्या.
(ii) कादंबरी म्हणजे खरं तर मोठी कथाच.
उत्तर:
(i) चूक
(ii) बरोबर

कृती ३ : स्वमत

प्रश्न 1.
तुम्ही दूरदर्शनवर किंवा प्रत्यक्षात पाहिलेल्या काव्य संमेलनाविषयी तुमचे मत लिहा.
उत्तर:
होळीच्या निमित्ताने भरलेल्या काव्यसंमेलनास मला प्रत्यक्ष उपस्थित राहण्याचा योग आला. मोठ्या व्यासपीठावर अनेक कवी, कवयित्री विराजमान होते. प्रत्येक जण आपली कविता विशिष्ट हावभावांसहित, चालीत म्हणून दाखवीत होते. कवितांची रचना अर्थपूर्ण व चपखल होती. कल्पनांचा सुंदर आविष्कार होता. काही कविता सामाजिक होत्या तर काही कविता हास्यरसपूर्ण होत्या. श्रोते मनापासून कवितांना दाद देत होते. कवीच्या आवाजातील चढउतार, त्यांचे हावभाव कौतुकास्पद होते. काही कवितांमध्ये अनुप्रासामुळे गोडवा होता. उत्प्रेक्षा, उपमा, रूपक अलंकारांनी सजलेल्या या कविता मनाला मोहून गेल्या. काव्यसंमेलन कधी संपले ते कळले नाही. कविता गुणगुणतच आम्ही बाहेर पडलो.

प्रश्न ३. खालील उताऱ्याच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सूचनेनुसार कृती करा.

कृती १ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.
उत्तरः

प्रश्न 2.
खालील प्रश्नांची उत्तरे एका वाक्यात लिहा.

(i) सामान्य लोकांची मते कशी बदलतात?
उत्तर:
चरित्र वाचनाने सामान्य लोकांची मते बदलतात,

(ii) चरित्र कसे असते?
उत्तर:
चरित्र संघर्षमय, कर्तृत्ववान, संधीचे सुवर्णसंधीत रूपांतर करणारे असते.

(iii) चरित्र कसे जन्माला येते?
उत्तर:
एखादया थोर व्यक्तिमत्त्वाच्या आयुष्याची गाथा लिहिण्याची प्रेरणा लेखकाला मिळते व चरित्र जन्माला येते.

(iv) नाटककाराची कोणती अपेक्षा असते?
उत्तरः
नाटक वाचनीय आणि प्रेक्षणीय व्हावं अशी नाटककाराची अपेक्षा असते.

प्रश्न 3.
कंसातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा.
(i) …………………………. नाटकाचे लेखक वि. वा. शिरवाडकर म्हणजेच कवीवर्य कुसुमाग्रज. (‘नटसम्राट’, ‘विठ्ठल तो आला’, ‘गिधाड’, ‘कुलांगार’)
(ii) माझं रंगमंचावर सादरीकरण होणार याचे भान ठेवूनच …………………………. माझी मांडणी करतो. (कादंबरीकार, कथाकार, कविताकार, नाटककार)
उत्तर:
(i) ‘नटसम्राट’
(ii) नाटककार

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
कारणे शोधा.

(i) नाटक मराठी माणसाच्या हृदयात अढळ स्थान प्राप्त करते कारण . . .
उत्तरः
पात्ररचना, चुरचुरीत संवाद आणि नाट्यमय घटना प्रसंग यांमुळे नाटक मराठी माणसाच्या हृदयात अढळ स्थान प्राप्त करते.

(ii) २७ फेब्रुवारीला मराठी दिन साजरा करतात कारण . . .
उत्तर:
२७ फेब्रुवारी हा ‘ज्ञानपीठ’ पुरस्काराचे मानकरी कविवर्य कुसुमाग्रज म्हणजे वि.वा.शिरवाडकर यांचा जन्मदिन आहे. त्यांच्या साहित्य सेवेमुळेच त्यांचा जन्मदिवस मराठी दिन म्हणून साजरा करतात.

प्रश्न 2.
वर्गीकरण करा.
वसंत कानेटकर, रणजित देसाई, पु.ल. देशपांडे, धनंजय गाडगीळ, प्र.के. अत्रे, भा.द.खेर, राम गणेश गडकरी, मधुसुदन कालेलकर, बाबासाहेब पुरंदरे
उत्तरः

प्रश्न 3.
योग्य पर्याय निवडून विधान पूर्ण करा.
(i) संतकाव्यापासून पंतकाव्य, मध्ययुगीन काव्य, शाहिरी काव्य अशी वळणे घेत आधुनिक काळात मी …
(अ) मुक्त छंदाचे रूप धारण केले आहे.
(आ) करूण रसाचे रूप धारण केले आहे.
(इ) अभंग छंदाचे रूप धारण केले आहे.
(ई) मुक्त छंदाचे रूप स्वीकारले आहे
उत्तर:
संतकाव्यापासून पंतकाव्य, मध्ययुगीन काव्य, शाहिरी काव्य अशी वळणे घेत आधुनिक काळात मी मुक्त छंदाचे रूप धारण केले आहे.

प्रश्न 4.
चूक की बरोबर लिहा.
(i) ‘नटसम्राट’ नाटकाचे लेखक कुसुमाग्रज म्हणजेच वि. वा. शिरवाडकर.
(ii) थोरांची चरित्रे सामान्यांना धोका देतात.
उत्तर:
(i) बरोबर
(ii) चूक

कृती ३ : स्वमत

प्रश्न 1.
‘नाटक कलाकाराला घडवते’ याचे समर्थन करणारे विचार तुमच्या शब्दांत मांडा.
उत्तरः
साहित्यप्रकारातील ‘नाटक’ हा भाग म्हणजे विलक्षण आव्हानात्मक, नाट्यसंहिता लिहिण्यापासून ते थेट रंगमंचापर्यंतचा नाटकाचा प्रवास हा विविधांगी असतो. उत्कृष्ट लेखन, उत्कृष्ट दिग्दर्शन व उत्कृष्ट अभिनय यावर नाटकाचे यश अवलंबून असते, नाटकात काम करणारे कलाकार शब्दांना मूर्तरूप देतात. प्रेक्षकांच्या मनावर पकड करतात. संवादफेक, शब्दांचे उच्चार, आवाजातील चढ-उतार, नाटकाचा आशय व त्यातून समाजाला मिळणारा संदेश याची जबाबदारी कलाकारावर असते. कलाकार त्या भूमिकेत मनापासून शिरल्याखेरीज ती भूमिका प्रभावी होत नाही. नाटक कलाकाराच्या रोमारोमांत भिनलेले असते. म्हणून नाटक कलाकाराची सर्वांगीण प्रगती करते व त्याला घडवते.

प्रश्न ४. खालील उताऱ्याच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सूचनेनुसार कृती करा.

कृती १ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.
उत्तरः

प्रश्न 2.
मी कोण ते लिहा.
उत्तरः
(i) एखादया व्यक्तिच्या आयुष्याचे वर्णन – [चरित्र]
(ii) स्वत:च्या जीवनप्रवासाचे तटस्थपणे केलेले वर्णन – [आत्मचरित्र]

प्रश्न 3.
खालील प्रश्नांची उत्तरे एका वाक्यात लिहा.

(i) आत्मचरित्रात तटस्थपणे कशाचे कथन आढळते?
उत्तरः
आत्मचरित्रात आयुष्यात आलेल्या विविध टप्प्यांचे, वळणांचे, भल्याबुऱ्या अनुभवांचे तटस्थपणे केलेले कथन आढळते.

(ii) घरी बसून दूरच्या गावी नेणारे कोण असते?
उत्तरः
घरी बसून दूरच्या गावी नेणारे प्रवासवर्णन असते.

(iii) प्रवासवर्णनात लेखकाचे कसब कोणते?
उत्तरः
माहिती रटाळ, कंटाळवाणी न होऊ देता रंजक पद्धतीने मनोवेधक भाषेत मांडणं हे लेखकाचं कसब असतं.

(iv) सर्व साहित्य मित्रांमुळे सुश्रुतला काय फायदा होणार आहे ?
उत्तरः
सर्व साहित्य मित्रांमुळे मनोरंजन होऊन ज्ञानही वाढेल व लेखनही सुधारेल.

कृती २: आकलन

प्रश्न 1.
आकृती पूर्ण करा.
उत्तरः

प्रश्न 2.
सकारण लिहा.
प्रवासवर्णन रंजक होते –
उत्तरः
लेखक त्या ठिकाणच्या माहितीबरोबर स्वत:चे अनुभव, भावना, निसर्गसौंदर्य, व्यक्तिविशेष यांची सुरेख मांडणी करतो.

प्रश्न 3.
योग्य पर्याय निवडा.
(i) सुश्रुतला साहित्य मित्रांशी मैत्री करायला आवडेल कारण . . .
(अ) ते सुश्रुतला बक्षिस देतील.
(ब) ते सुश्रुतला कधीच सोडून जाणार नाही.
(क) ते सप्तरंगी इंद्रधनुष्यासारखे आहेत.
(ड) ते सुश्रुतशी खेळतील.
उत्तरः
सुश्रुतला साहित्य मित्रांशी मैत्री करायला आवडेल कारण ते सुश्रुतला कधीच सोडून जाणार नाही.

(ii) मी प्रेक्षणीय ठिकाणांची माहिती वाचकांपर्यंत पोहोचवतो –
(अ) लेखक
(ब) कवी
(क) चित्रकार
(ड) प्रवासवर्णन
उत्तरः
मी प्रेक्षणीय ठिकाणांची माहिती वाचकांपर्यंत पोहोचवतो प्रवासवर्णन.

प्रश्न 4.
कंसातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा.
(i) …………………………….. रंग विविध हे, भुलविती साऱ्या रसिकजना. (विषयाचे, साहित्याचे, कथेचे, निबंधाचे)
(ii) धन्य आमुची …………………………….. मराठी, धन्य साहित्यसंपदा. (माय, मातृ, श्रेष्ठ, कनिष्ठ)
उत्तर:
(i) साहित्याचे
(ii) माय

कृती ३ : स्वमत

प्रश्न 1.
‘आत्मचरित्र म्हणजे लेखकाच्या जीवनाचा आरसा’ हे विधान स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तरः
आत्मचरित्र म्हणजे लेखकाने स्वत:च्या जीवनप्रवासाचे तटस्थपणे केलेले वर्णन. विविध वळणांचे, आयुष्यातील भल्या-बुऱ्या घटनांचे लेखक तटस्थपणे वर्णन करून शब्दात मांडतो. त्यात खोटेपणाला वाव नसतो. जे घडले ते जसेच्या तसे मांडण्याचा त्याचा प्रामाणिक प्रयत्न असतो.

जसा आरसा जे आहे तसेच दाखवतो तसेच आत्मचरित्र ही घडलेल्या घटना अतिरंजीत न करता जशाच्या तशा दाखवते. त्यात लेखकाचा संघर्ष असू शकतो, त्याचे कर्तृत्व, त्याचा मान-अपमान व त्याची गुणवैशिष्ट्ये आत्मचरित्रातून दिसतात. अनेक आत्मचरित्रे बोधप्रद असतात. त्यातून जिद्द, चिकाटी, सच्चेपणा हे गुण शिकता येतात. मी स्वातंत्र्यवीर सावरकर व गांधीजीचे चरित्र वाचले आहे. खरोखरच आत्मचरित्र म्हणजे लेखकाच्या जीवनाचा आरसा असतो हे तेव्हा उमगले.

स्वाध्याय कृती

(७) स्वमत

(i) पुस्तकाशी मैत्री करण्याचे फायदे.
उत्तरः
पुस्तकांशी मैत्री म्हणजे निर्भेळ आनंदच. पुस्तके आपल्याशी बोलतात, त्यांचे विचार प्रगट करतात. ज्ञान देतात. चांगल्या कामासाठी प्रेरणा देतात. कठीण संकल्पना सोप्या करून सांगतात. चित्रांद्वारे, शब्दांतून मनमोकळ्या गप्पा मारतात. शब्दसंग्रह वाढवितात. प्रसंगी विविध स्थळांना भेटी दिल्याचा आनंद देतात. पुस्तके आपल्यावर कधीही रागावत नाहीत. रूसत नाहीत. भांडत नाहीत. काही अपेक्षा ठेवत नाहीत. म्हणून त्यांच्याशी मैत्री करून आपणही त्यांची काळजी घेणे तितकेच गरजेचे आहे.

(ii) तुम्हांला आवडलेल्या कोणत्याही साहित्यप्रकाराची वैशिष्ट्ये तुमच्या शब्दात लिहा.
उत्तरः
मला आवडलेला साहित्यप्रकार म्हणजे कादंबरी. कादंबरी म्हणजे मोठी कथाच. विविध पात्रांनी, प्रसंगांनी नटलेली, सजलेली. कादंबरी जर खुमासदार असेल तर, ती हातातून सोडवत नाही. पुढे काय होणार याची उत्कंठा लागते. त्यातील पात्रांचा परिचय होतो व ती पात्रे आपल्याला आपल्यातीलच वाटू लागतात. कादंबरीत मन रममाण होते. सुखाच्या प्रसंगात भान हरपते. दु:खी प्रसंगाने अतिशय वाईटही वाटते, इतके तादात्म्य कादंबरीशी साधता येते. ‘ययाति’, ‘स्वामी’, या कादंबऱ्या माझ्या आवडत्या आहेत.

(iii) ‘उत्तम लेखक होण्यासाठी उत्तम वाचक होणे आवश्यक असते’ यावर तुमचे विचार स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तरः
‘वाचाल तर वाचाल’ या उक्तीप्रमाणे वाचनाने आपणांस अनेक लाभ होतात. वाचनाने शब्द संपत्ती वाढते. नवनवीन संकल्पना कळतात. विचार प्रगल्भ होतात, लेखक होण्यासाठी या सर्वांचा उपयोग होतो. समाजातील चालीरिती, संस्कृती, नवीन शोध, पर्यटन, शैक्षणिक स्तर यांची माहिती वाचनाने मिळते. विचारांची बैठक पक्की होते. काळाचे भान येते. नव्या जुन्या गोष्टी कळतात. उत्तम विचार समर्थ लेखणीद्वारे प्रगट होतात.

रंग साहित्याचे Summary in Marathi

रंग साहित्याचे पाठपरिचय‌
प्रत्येक‌ ‌भाषा‌ ‌विविध‌ ‌साहित्यप्रकारांनी‌ ‌नटलेली‌ ‌असते.‌ ‌असे‌ ‌साहित्यप्रकार‌ ‌मानवी‌ ‌रूप‌ ‌घेऊन‌ ‌या‌ ‌पाठातून‌ ‌स्वपरिचय‌ ‌करून‌ ‌देत‌ ‌आहेत,‌ ‌भाषासमृद्धीकरणासाठी‌ ‌साहित्यप्रकारांचा,‌ ‌त्यांच्यातील‌ ‌वैशिष्ट्यांचा‌ ‌उपयोग‌ ‌होतो.‌ ‌या‌ ‌साहित्यप्रकारांशी‌ ‌मैत्री‌ ‌केली,‌ ‌तर‌ ‌मनोरंजनाबरोबर‌ ‌आपले‌ ‌ज्ञानही‌ ‌वाढेल‌ ‌असा‌ ‌संदेशही‌ ‌पाठातून‌ ‌दिला‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌नाट्यस्वरूपातील‌ ‌हा‌ ‌पाठ‌ ‌साहित्यातील‌ ‌विविध‌ ‌कलाकृतींचा‌ ‌परिचय‌ ‌करून‌ ‌देणारा‌ ‌आहे.‌‌

रंग साहित्याचे Summary in English

Every‌ ‌language‌ ‌is‌ ‌enhanced‌ ‌by‌ ‌a‌ ‌body‌ ‌of‌ ‌literature.‌ ‌When‌ ‌different‌ ‌types‌ ‌of‌ ‌literature‌ ‌take‌ ‌human‌ ‌form‌ ‌and‌ ‌introduce‌ ‌themselves,‌ ‌they‌ ‌add‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌beauty‌ ‌of‌ ‌language.‌ ‌The‌ ‌various‌ ‌characteristics‌ ‌of‌ ‌literature‌ ‌help‌ ‌in‌ ‌this‌ ‌process.‌ ‌If‌ ‌we‌ ‌get‌ ‌acquainted‌ ‌with‌ ‌these‌ ‌literary‌ ‌types,‌ ‌we‌ ‌not‌ ‌only‌ ‌get‌ ‌entertained‌ ‌but‌ ‌also‌ ‌acquire‌ ‌a‌ ‌fair‌ ‌amount‌ ‌of‌ ‌knowledge.‌ ‌This‌ ‌message‌ ‌is‌ ‌conveyed‌ ‌through‌ ‌this‌ ‌lesson.‌ ‌This‌ ‌animated‌ ‌lesson‌ ‌introduces‌ ‌us‌ ‌to‌ ‌various‌ ‌types‌ ‌of‌ ‌literary‌ ‌divisions.‌‌

रंग साहित्याचे ‌शब्दार्थ‌

• सहल‌ ‌–‌ ‌यात्रा‌‌ –‌ ‌(picnic)‌ ‌
• वेश‌ ‌–‌ ‌पोशाख‌‌ –‌ ‌(costume)‌ ‌
• सूचना‌ ‌–‌ ‌बातमी‌‌ –‌ ‌(notice)‌ ‌
• ओळख‌ ‌–‌ ‌परिचय‌‌ – (introduction)‌ ‌
• कथा –‌ ‌गोष्ट‌‌ – (story)‌ ‌
• आकर्षक‌ ‌–‌ ‌लक्षवेधी‌‌ –‌ ‌(attractive)‌ ‌
• परिणामकारक‌ ‌–‌ ‌प्रभावी‌ ‌–‌ ‌(effective)‌ ‌
• शेवट‌‌ –‌ ‌समारोप‌‌ – (ending)‌ ‌
• साहसकथा‌ ‌–‌ ‌शौर्यकथा‌‌ – (adventurous)‌ ‌
• परीकथा‌ ‌–‌ ‌पऱ्यांच्या‌ ‌गोष्टी‌ ‌–‌ ‌(fairly‌ ‌tales)‌ ‌
• बोधकथा‌ ‌–‌ ‌नीतीकथा‌‌ – (moral‌ ‌stories)‌ ‌
• नाटक‌ ‌–‌ ‌नाटिका‌ ‌–‌ ‌(drama,‌ ‌play)‌ ‌
• मालिका‌ ‌–‌ ‌संलग्नकथा‌ ‌–‌ ‌(episodes)‌ ‌
• चित्रपट‌ ‌–‌ ‌सिनेमा‌‌ –‌ ‌(movies)‌ ‌
• दर्जेदार‌ ‌–‌ ‌गुणवत्तापूर्ण‌ ‌–‌ ‌(qualitative)‌ ‌
• उत्तम‌ ‌–‌ ‌सुरेख‌‌ –‌ ‌(excellent)‌ ‌
• निवेदन‌ ‌–‌ ‌कथन‌‌ –‌ ‌(statement)‌ ‌
• तंत्र –‌ ‌पद्धत‌ ‌–‌ ‌(technique)‌ ‌
• यश‌ ‌–‌ ‌सफलता‌ ‌–‌ ‌(success)‌ ‌
• रहस्य‌ ‌–‌ ‌गुपीत‌‌ – (mystery)‌ ‌
• तृप्त‌ ‌–‌ ‌समाधान‌‌ –‌ ‌(satisfaction)‌ ‌
• कादंबरी‌ ‌–‌ ‌अखंड‌ ‌मोठी‌ ‌कथा‌ ‌–‌ ‌(novel)‌ ‌
• आवाका‌ ‌–‌ ‌पसारा‌ ‌–‌ ‌(volume)‌‌
• पात्र‌ कलाकार‌ ‌–‌ ‌(characters)‌ ‌
• ‌परस्पर‌ एकमेकांशी‌ ‌–‌ ‌(inter‌ ‌related)‌ ‌
• ‌उत्कंठा‌‌ –‌ ‌उत्सुकता‌ ‌–‌ ‌(eagerness)‌
• सर्वोच्च‌‌ –‌ ‌अत्यंत‌ ‌मोठा‌‌ –‌ ‌(highest)
• पुरस्कार‌ ‌‌–‌‌ ‌बक्षिस‌‌ –‌ ‌(award)‌ ‌
• आटोपशीर‌ ‌–‌ ‌नेमके‌‌ –‌ ‌(handily)‌‌
• आशय‌‌ –‌ ‌हेतू‌‌ –‌ ‌‌(purpose)‌
• वैशिष्ट्य‌‌ –‌ ‌विशिष्टता‌‌ –‌ ‌(peculiarity)‌ ‌
• यमक‌‌ ‌–‌ एक‌ ‌शब्दालंकार‌ ‌–‌ ‌(homonym)‌ ‌
• अनुप्रास‌ –‌ ‌एक‌ ‌शब्दालंकार‌ ‌–‌ ‌(alliteration)
• ‌उपमा‌‌ –‌ ‌‌एक‌ ‌अर्थालंकार‌ ‌–‌ ‌(example)‌
• रूपक‌‌ ‌–‌ ‌एक‌ ‌अर्थालंकार‌ ‌–‌ ‌(metaphor)‌ ‌
• चपखल‌ ‌–‌ ‌तंतोतंत‌ ‌–‌ ‌(precise)‌ ‌
• आविष्कार‌ ‌–‌ ‌प्रगटीकरण‌ ‌–‌ ‌(manifestation)‌ ‌
• रूपांतर‌ ‌–‌ ‌परिवर्तन‌ ‌–‌ ‌(transfiguration)‌ ‌
• निरीक्षण‌ ‌–‌ ‌बारकाईने‌ ‌पहाणे‌ ‌–‌ ‌(observation)‌ ‌
• अर्थालंकार‌‌ –‌ ‌एक‌ ‌अलंकाराचा‌ ‌प्रकार‌‌ (figure‌ ‌of‌ ‌speech)‌ ‌
• अर्थपूर्ण‌ ‌–‌ ‌उद्देशपूर्ण‌ ‌–‌ ‌(meaningful)‌ ‌
• कल्पना‌ ‌–‌ ‌कल्पित‌‌ (imagination)‌
• संवाद ‌–‌ ‌संभाषण‌ ‌–‌ ‌(dialogue)‌‌

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Solutions Aksharbharati Chapter 8.1 जाता अस्ताला (स्थूलवाचन) Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Aksharbharati Solutions Chapter 8.1 जाता अस्ताला (स्थूलवाचन)

Marathi Aksharbharati Std 10 Digest Chapter 8.1 जाता अस्ताला Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
तुम्हांला समजलेली कवितेतील सूर्याची भूमिका स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तरः
सूर्य उदयाला येतो त्याबरोबर संपूर्ण धरा तेजोमय होते. चैतन्याने भरून जाते, संपूर्ण चराचराचे जीवनचक्र फिरू लागते. म्हणून अस्ताला जातांना सूर्याच्या मनात विचार येतो, मी अस्ताला गेल्यानंतर ही संपूर्ण धरा/पृथ्वी अंधारात बुडून जाईल. माझ्या प्रकाशाचा एक साधा कवडसाही उरणार नाही. मग या पृथ्वीवरील जीवांचं काय होईल? हा मिट्ट अंधार विश्वाच्या चैतन्याला संपवून तर टाकणार नाही ना? या विश्वाच्या चराचरात/अणुरेणूत सामावलेले जीवन, चैतन्य हा अंधार गिळून तर टाकणार नाही ना? एक अनामिक भीती त्याला छळू लागते. पृथ्वीला अंधारापासून कोणीतरी वाचवलं पाहिजे. विश्वाचे कोणीतरी भले करावे. मी अस्ताला गेल्यानंतर कोणीतरी माझे कार्य करावे या सुंदर विश्वाला प्रकाशमान करावे असे त्याला वाटते.

कवितेतली आशयावरून सूर्य हा जणू पृथ्वीचा जनक आहे, असे वाटते. एखादया पित्याला आपल्या कन्येच्या भल्याची, तिच्या चांगल्या जीवनाबद्दल चिंता असते तसाच सूर्य देखील धरेची काळजी घेणारा तिला जपणारा पिता आहे असे प्रतीत होते.

प्रश्न 2.
पणतीच्या उदाहरणातून कवितेत व्यक्त झालेला विचार स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तरः
पणती म्हणजे अदम्य विश्वासाचे आणि साहसाचे प्रतिक आहे. वास्तविक पाहता सूर्य म्हणजे प्रकाशाचा लखलखता स्रोत, अनंत पसरलेल्या विश्वाला उजळून टाकण्याचे सामर्थ्य असलेला; म्हणून त्याच्या विनवणीला उत्तर देण्याचे धाडस कोणी करत नाही; पण साधी मातीची पणती पुढे येते आणि नम्रपणाने म्हणते, “हे स्वामी, तेजोमय भास्करा, तुझ्याएवढा धगधगता प्रकाश माझ्याकडे नाही, पण जमेल तसा या पृथ्वीवरील अंधार दूर करण्याचा मी प्रयत्न करीन.” आपल्याकडे जे काही चांगलं आहे. ते आपण दुसऱ्याला देऊ शकतो.

इतरांची मदत करू शकतो असा विचार करून प्रत्येकाने आपल्या जीवनात काहीतरी सकारात्मक कार्य करावे. पणतीच्या उदाहरणातून हाच विचार कवी रविंद्रनाथांनी व्यक्त केलेला आहे. पणतीच्या प्रकाशाने सगळा अंधार जरी दूर होणार नसला तरी दहा पावलांची वाट ती नक्कीच उजळू शकते, हा विश्वास पणतीच्या ठिकाणी दिसतो. म्हणजेच प्रत्येकाने आपली समता जाणून चांगले कार्य करावे. जे नाही त्याचा विचार न करता जे आपल्याजवळ आहे मग ते थोडं, थोडच का असेना त्याचाच उपयोग करून आपल्या जीवनात जास्तीत जास्त चांगले कार्य करण्याची प्रेरणा कवीने पणतीच्या प्रतिकातून व्यक्त केली आहे.

प्रश्न 3.
सूर्यास्ताच्या दर्शनाने मनात निर्माण होणाऱ्या भावभावना शब्दबद्ध करा,
उत्तर:
वेगवेगळ्या ठिकाणचा सूर्यास्त वेगवेगळे सौंदर्य, वेगळे भाव, वेगळे रंग निर्माण करत असतो. माणसाची मनोदशा जशी असेल तसे भावतरंग सूर्यास्ताच्या वेळी त्याच्या मनात निर्माण होत असतात.

वाळवंटाच्या ठिकाणचा सूर्यास्त. वाळूच्या विस्तीर्ण पसरलेल्या अथांग भूप्रदेशावर सोनेरी मऊसार किरणे पसरवत असतो. मन अगदी तृप्त करून तो अस्ताला जातो. तेथील वाळूचा सागर हळूहळू थंड होत जातो. शितल वाऱ्याच्या झुळका वाहू लागतात. मानव, पशू, पक्षी सुखावून जातात. वाळूचा थंड स्पर्श, वाऱ्याची थंड झुळूक यामुळे मानवी मन सुखावून जाते. त्या सुवर्णमयी वातावरणात नव्या संकल्पना, जुन्या संवेदना जाग्या होतात. कवी, लेखक, चित्रकार यांना नवीन कल्पना सुचतात.

समुद्राच्या ठिकाणी अस्ताला जाणाऱ्या सूर्यास्ताचे दर्शन मोठे विलोभनीय असते. हळू हळू सागराच्या कुशीत सामावणाऱ्या सूर्याला बघून वाटते की, हा सागरात मिसळून जातो. म्हणूनच चमकदार मोती निर्माण होतात. सुंदर रंगीत प्रवाळ आणि अनंत असे जीव निर्माण होतात. समुद्राच्या लाटांसोबत हेलकावे खात हा तेजोगोल जेव्हा सागरात सामावतो तेव्हा आपोआप त्या सृष्टीका पुढे आपण नतमस्तक होतो.

प्रश्न 4.
कवितेतील सूर्य आणि पणती या प्रतीकांचा तुम्हाला समजलेला अर्थ सविस्तर लिहा.
उत्तर:
सूर्य म्हणजे पृथ्वीचा कर्ता तिच्यावरच जीवनचक्र चालवणारा, फुलवणारा, चराचराचा निर्माता, प्रचंड शक्तीचे प्रतिक. आपण निर्मिलेल्या या पृथ्वीवरच्या जीवनाचे आपल्या अनुपस्थितीत कोणीतरी रक्षण करावे यासाठी मनापासून, कळवळून साद घालणारा तो व्याकूळ जनक किंवा निर्माता आहे असे वाटते. एखादयाच्या भल्यासाठी, कल्याणासाठी जर विनवणी करायची असेल तर आपण कितीही शक्तीशाली व ताकदवान असू तरी आपल्याला विनम्रता धारण करावी लागते. सामर्थ्याचा अहंकार बाजूला ठेवून दयाभाव व करूणा हृदयात निर्माण करावी लागते.

सहृदयता ठेवून काही काम करू लागल्यावर काहीतरी चांगले, श्रेयस आपल्या हाती नक्कीच लागते हे सूर्याच्या प्रतिकातून दिसून येते. त्या उलट, पणती म्हणजे सूर्यासमोर प्रकाशाचा एक छोटाशा कवडसा. पण सूर्याच्या विनवणीला उत्तर देण्याचे धाडस ती करते. तिच्यातला आत्मविश्वास तिला बोलण्याची हिम्मत देतो. जर इच्छा प्रबळ असली आणि सकारात्मक दृष्टीकोन ठेवून कामाला सुरुवात केली तर काहीही अशक्य नाही हे पणतीच्या प्रतिकातून जाणवते. त्याचबरोबर अगदी छोट्या जीवातही जगाला काहीतरी देण्याची. जग सुंदर करण्याची क्षमता असते हे सुद्धा पणतीच्या प्रतिकातून जाणवते.

सूर्य आणि पणती यांच्यातील संवाद स्वत:च्या कल्पनेने लिहा.

उत्तरः
सूर्य : पणती, तू खरचं खूप चांगली आहेस. तुझ्याजवळ माझ्याइतका झगझगीत प्रकाश नाही. तरी पण माझ्या अनुपस्थितीत पृथ्वीला प्रकाश देण्याचं काम स्विकारलयं याबद्दल खरचं तुझं खूप कौतुक वाटतं मला!

पणती : हे भास्करा, या पृथ्वीवरील जीवांसाठी, सृष्टीसाठी तू सतत कार्यरत असतोस. तू नसतास तर ही सृष्टी, तिचे अस्तित्व राहिलेच नसते. धरेसाठीची तुझी व्याकूळता मला समजू शकते म्हणूनच माझ्याजवळ जेवढा प्रकाश आहे त्याने मला जे काही करणे शक्य होईल तेवढं मी करण्याचा प्रयत्न करीन.

सूर्य : तू इतकी छोटी असूनही इतका मोठा विचार करतेस खरेच तुझे खूप आभार. पृथ्वीवरचा सगळ्यात प्रगत जीव म्हणजे मानव हा मात्र पृथ्वीच्या अस्तित्वाचा, पर्यावरणाचा अजिबात विचार करत नाही. विकासाच्या नावाखाली त्याने माझ्या सुंदर धरेचा नाश करायला सुरुवात केली आहे. तिला विदृप केले आहे. म्हणून मला खूप कळजी वाटते.

पणती : तुझी काळजी अगदीच योग्य आहे सूर्यदेवा. ‘विनाशकाले विपरीत बुद्धी’ अशाप्रकारे मानव वागतो आहे. आपल्या स्वार्थासाठी निसर्गाला तो अक्षरश: ओरबाडतो आहे.

सूर्य : हो ना! याच गोष्टीचा मला खूप त्रास होतो. रोज सकाळी जेव्हा पृथ्वीला उजळून टाकण्यासाठी मी येतो आणि तो पक्ष्यांचा किलबिलाट, खळाळून वाहणारे झरे, दया; डोंगर, शेते, वाळवंट, दलदली, वृक्ष, वन हे सारं जेव्हा मी बघतो, त्यावेळी मन हेलावतं हे सगळं खरंच एक दिवस नष्ट पावणार का?

पणती : हे रविराजा, इतकं चिंतीत होण्याची गरज नाही कारण आता मानवालाही या गोष्टीची जाणीव झाली आहे. तू निर्माण केलेलं हे पृथ्वीरत्न तो सांभाळण्यासाठी आता धडपडतो आहे.

सूर्य : खरचं किती आशावादी आहेस तू. मानव वेळीच जागरूक झाला आहे, हे ऐकून मला खूप बरं वाटलं. अशा आशावादी विचारांची, सहृदय माणसे जर एकत्र आली तर तो दिवस नक्कीच दूर नाही. ज्या दिवशी ही वसुंधरा पूर्वीसारखी सुजलाम् सुफलाम् व रमणीय होईल.

पणती : नक्कीच होईल, कारण आता बरीच माणसे आपापल्या परीने पर्यावरणाबद्दल काम करीत आहेत. पर्यावरणाची चळवळ सर्वत्र जोर धरत आहे. सकारात्मक विचारांची माणसे एकत्र येऊन काम करत आहेत.

सूर्य : अरे व्वा! असं होत असेल तर फारच उत्तम. जे सुंदर आहे ते सुंदरच कसे राहील यासाठी प्रत्येकाने प्रयत्न केला पाहिजे. शिवाय प्रत्येकाने ‘जगा आणि जगू क्या’, हा निसर्गाचा नियम पाळला, तर ज्याच्या त्याच्या क्रमाने जीवनक्रम सुरू राहील आणि मग ही सृष्टी निर्मळतेने भरून जाईल.

जाता अस्ताला Summary in Marathi

जाता अस्ताला पाठपरिचय‌‌

‘जाता‌ ‌अस्ताला’‌ ‌ही‌ ‌कविता‌ ‌’गुरूदेव‌ ‌रविंद्रनाथ‌ ‌टागोर’‌ ‌यांनी‌ ‌लिहिली‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌मुळात‌ ‌बंगाली‌ ‌कवितेचे‌ ‌मराठीत‌ ‌स्वैर‌ ‌रूपांतर‌ ‌श्यामला‌ ‌कुलकर्णी‌ ‌यांनी‌ ‌केले‌ ‌आहे‌ ‌.‌ ‌या‌ ‌कवितेत‌ ‌टागोर‌ ‌यांनी‌ ‌सूर्य‌ ‌आणि‌ ‌पणतीच्या‌ ‌प्रतीकांद्वारे‌ ‌अगदी‌ ‌छोट्या‌ ‌जीवातही‌ ‌जगाला‌ ‌काहीतरी‌ ‌देण्याची,‌ ‌जग‌ ‌सुंदर‌ ‌करण्याची‌ ‌क्षमता‌ ‌असते‌ ‌हे‌ ‌सांगितले‌ ‌आहे.‌‌

जाता अस्ताला Summary in English

This‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌translation‌ ‌of‌ ‌a‌ ‌poem‌ ‌(originally‌ ‌written‌ ‌by‌ ‌Rabindranath‌ ‌Tagore‌ ‌in‌ ‌Bengali)‌ ‌by‌ ‌Shyamala‌ ‌Kulkarni.‌ ‌The‌ ‌poem‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌comparison‌ ‌between‌ ‌the‌ ‌sun‌ ‌and‌ ‌a‌ ‌small‌ ‌lamp‌ ‌both‌ ‌of‌ ‌which‌ ‌give‌ ‌light‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌world.‌ ‌In‌ ‌this‌ ‌own‌ ‌way,‌ ‌the‌ ‌lamp‌ ‌is‌ ‌small‌ ‌yet‌ ‌spreads‌ ‌light‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌world.‌ ‌Its‌ ‌is‌ ‌beautifully‌ ‌shown‌ ‌how‌ ‌small‌ ‌creatures‌ ‌or‌ ‌things‌ ‌have‌ ‌the‌ ‌capacity‌ ‌to‌ ‌make‌ ‌a‌ ‌world‌ ‌beautiful.‌‌

जाता अस्ताला भावार्थ‌ ‌

जाता‌ ‌अस्ताला‌ ‌सूर्याचे‌ ‌
डोळे‌ ‌पाणावले‌ ‌
जाईन‌ ‌मी‌ ‌जर‌ ‌या‌ ‌विश्वाचे‌ ‌
होईल‌ ‌कैसे‌ ‌भले‌ ‌

‌सूर्य‌ ‌आपल्या‌ ‌प्रखर‌ ‌उष्णतेने‌ ‌संपूर्ण‌ ‌पृथ्वी‌ ‌प्रकाशित‌ ‌करून‌ ‌टाकतो.‌ ‌सूर्योदयापासून‌ ‌ते‌ ‌सूर्यास्तापर्यंत‌ ‌न‌ ‌थकता‌ ‌न‌ ‌दमता‌ ‌तो‌ ‌आपले‌ ‌कार्य‌ ‌करत‌ ‌असतो.‌ ‌म्हणजेच‌ ‌संपूर्ण‌ ‌पृथ्वीला‌ ‌प्रकाशमय‌ ‌करण्याची‌ ‌जबाबदारी‌ ‌सूर्याने‌ ‌उचललेली‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌या‌ ‌सूर्याला‌ ‌पृथ्वीवरील‌ ‌प्रत्येक‌ ‌गोष्टीची‌ ‌काळजी‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌तो‌ ‌कुटुंबाचा‌ ‌प्रमुख‌ ‌या‌ ‌नात्याने‌ ‌चिंतातुर‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌

‌आपण‌ ‌अस्ताला‌ ‌जाणार‌ ‌तेव्हा‌ ‌ही‌ ‌पृथ्वी‌ ‌अंधारमय‌ ‌होईल,‌ ‌ही‌ ‌भीती‌ ‌या‌ ‌सूर्याला‌ ‌वाटत‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌याच‌ ‌भीतीने‌ ‌व‌ ‌पृथ्वीच्या‌ ‌काळजीपोटी‌ ‌सूर्याचे‌ ‌डोळे‌ ‌पाणावले‌ ‌आहेत.‌ ‌सूर्याला‌ ‌वाईट‌ ‌वाटत‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌माझ्यानंतर‌ ‌या‌ ‌विश्वाचे‌ ‌काय‌ ‌होईल?‌ ‌ही‌ ‌चिंता‌ ‌या‌ ‌सूर्याला‌ ‌लागलेली‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌अंधारामध्ये‌ ‌बुडून‌ ‌जाईल‌ ‌लगेच‌ ‌सारी‌ ‌धरा‌ ‌कुणी‌ ‌वाचवा‌ ‌या‌ ‌पृथ्वीला‌ ‌करा‌ ‌करा‌ ‌हो‌ ‌त्वरा‌‌ मावळतीला‌ ‌चाललेल्या‌ ‌सूर्याला‌ ‌आपल्यानंतर‌ ‌या‌ ‌पृथ्वीचे‌ ‌काय‌ ‌होईल‌ ‌ही‌ ‌चिंता‌ ‌लागली‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌आपण‌ ‌अस्ताला‌ ‌गेल्यानंतर‌ ‌लगेचच‌ ‌संपूर्ण‌ ‌पृथ्वी‌ ‌अंधारामध्ये‌ ‌बुडून‌ ‌जाईल‌ ‌असे‌ ‌सूर्याला‌ ‌वाटते.‌ ‌पृथ्वीची‌ ‌काळजी‌ ‌करणारे‌ ‌कोणीतरी‌ ‌असायला‌ ‌हवे,‌ ‌तिला‌ ‌कोणीतरी‌ ‌वाचवायला‌ ‌हवे‌ ‌असे‌ ‌सूर्याला‌ ‌वाटते.‌ ‌त्यासाठी‌ ‌कोणीतरी‌ ‌पुढाकार‌ ‌घ्यावा,‌ ‌त्वरेने‌ ‌यावे‌ ‌असे‌ ‌सूर्याला‌ ‌वाटते.‌ ‌आपला‌ ‌कोणीतरी‌ ‌उत्तराधिकारी‌ ‌असावा,‌ ‌आपले‌ ‌कार्य‌ ‌कोणीतरी‌ ‌थोड्याफार‌ ‌प्रमाणात‌ ‌उचलावे‌ ‌अशी‌ ‌सूर्याची‌ ‌आंतरिक‌ ‌इच्छा‌ ‌आहे.‌‌

कुणी‌ ‌न‌ ‌उठती‌
‌ये‌ ‌ना‌ ‌पुढती‌
‌कुणास‌ ‌ना‌ ‌शाश्वती‌ ‌
इकडे‌ ‌तिकडे‌ ‌बघत‌ ‌हळूचि‌
‌पणती‌ ‌ये‌ ‌पुढती‌‌

सूर्याच्या‌ ‌प्रचंड‌ ‌तेजाला‌ ‌दुसरा‌ ‌पर्यायच‌ ‌नाही.‌ ‌त्याच्यासारखा‌ ‌तोच!‌ ‌त्याची‌ ‌जागा‌ ‌कोण‌ ‌चालवील?‌ ‌त्याच्यासारखे‌ ‌प्रचंड‌ ‌कार्य‌ ‌कोणालाही‌ ‌जमणार‌ ‌नाही.‌ ‌या‌ ‌पृथ्वीतलावरील‌ ‌कोणीही‌ ‌सूर्याची‌ ‌जागा‌ ‌घेऊ‌ ‌शकत‌ ‌नाही.‌ ‌त्यामुळे‌ ‌कोणीही‌ ‌पुढे‌ ‌यायला‌ ‌तयार‌ ‌नाही‌ ‌कारण‌ ‌पृथ्वीवरील‌ ‌अंधार‌ ‌दूर‌ ‌करण्याची‌ ‌कोणाकडेच‌ ‌ताकद‌ ‌नाही.‌‌

तेवढ्यात‌ ‌हळू‌ ‌हळू‌ ‌मनाचे‌ ‌धाडस‌ ‌करत,‌ ‌इकडे‌ ‌तिकडे‌ ‌बघत‌ ‌एक‌ ‌पणती‌ ‌पुढे‌ ‌येते.‌ ‌खरे‌ ‌तर‌ ‌पणतीचा‌ ‌केवढा‌ ‌तो‌ ‌प्रकाश,‌ ‌पण‌ ‌ती‌ ‌पुढाकर‌ ‌घेते.‌ ‌अंधारल्या‌ ‌रात्री‌ ‌पृथ्वीवर‌ ‌थोडाफार‌ ‌प्रकाश‌ ‌देण्याची‌ ‌जबाबदारी‌ ‌ती‌ ‌स्विकारते.‌ ‌ती‌ ‌तेवढे‌ ‌धाडस‌ ‌दाखवते.‌

‌विनम्र‌ ‌भावे‌ ‌लवून‌ ‌म्हणे‌ ‌ती‌ ‌
तेजोमय‌ ‌भास्करा‌ ‌
मम‌ ‌तेजाने‌ ‌जमेल‌ ‌तैसी‌
‌उजळून‌ ‌टाकीन‌ ‌धरा‌

‌सूर्यापुढे‌ ‌आकाराने‌ ‌अगदीच‌ ‌लहान‌ ‌असणारी‌ ‌पणती‌ ‌सूर्याचे‌ ‌प्रचंड‌ ‌तेज‌ ‌जाणते‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌त्याचा‌ ‌तेजोमय‌ ‌प्रकाश‌ ‌तिला‌ ‌माहीत‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌त्याच्यापुढे‌ ‌आपण‌ ‌क्षुल्लक‌ ‌आहोत‌ ‌हेही‌ ‌तिला‌ ‌माहीत‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌तरीही‌ ‌ती‌ ‌धाडस‌ ‌करते‌ ‌आणि‌ ‌अतिशय‌ ‌विनम्रपणे‌ ‌सूर्यदेवाला‌ ‌नमस्कार‌ ‌करून‌ ‌म्हणते,‌ ‌”हे‌ ‌तेजोमय‌ ‌भास्करा,‌ ‌तुझ्याकडे‌ ‌प्रचंड‌ ‌तेज‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌मी‌ ‌बापडी‌ ‌लहानशी.‌ ‌माझ्याकडेही‌ ‌प्रकाश‌ ‌आहे‌ ‌पण‌ ‌त्याची‌ ‌तुझ्याशी‌ ‌तुलना‌ ‌होऊच‌ ‌शकत‌ ‌नाही.‌ ‌मी‌ ‌माझ्याकडे‌ ‌असणाऱ्या‌ ‌थोड्याशा‌ ‌प्रकाशाने‌ ‌जेवढी‌ ‌जमेल‌ ‌तेवढी‌ ‌पृथ्वी‌ ‌उजळून‌ ‌टाकू‌ ‌शकते.‌ ‌माझा‌ ‌तेवढाच‌ ‌’खारीचा‌ ‌वाटा’.‌ ‌माझ्यामुळे‌ ‌खूप‌ ‌मोठी‌ ‌प्रखरता‌ ‌निर्माण‌ ‌होणार‌ ‌नाही,‌ ‌परंतु‌ ‌अंधाराला‌‌ छिद्र‌ ‌पाडण्याची‌ ‌ताकत‌ ‌माझ्यात‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌तुझ्या‌ ‌जाण्याने‌ ‌तयार‌ ‌झालेला‌ ‌अंधार‌ ‌मी‌ ‌थोडाफार‌ ‌तरी‌ ‌भेदू‌ ‌शकते.‌ ‌पृथ्वी‌ ‌प्रकाशमय‌ ‌करण्याचे‌ ‌कार्य‌ ‌थोड्याफार‌ ‌प्रमाणात‌ ‌का‌ ‌होईना‌ ‌मी‌ ‌करू‌ ‌शकते”,‌ ‌तसे‌ ‌आश्वासन‌ ‌ती‌ ‌सूर्याला‌ ‌देते.‌ ‌

वच‌ ‌हे‌ ‌ऐकुनि‌ ‌त्या‌ ‌तेजाचे‌ ‌
डोळे‌ ‌ओलावले‌
‌तृप्त‌ ‌मनाने‌ ‌आणि‌ ‌रवि‌ ‌तो‌
‌झुकला‌ ‌अस्ताकडे‌‌

दैदिप्यमान‌ ‌असणाऱ्या‌ ‌सूर्यापुढे‌ ‌एवढीशी‌ ‌पणती‌ ‌बोलत‌ ‌होती. तिच्या‌ ‌बोलण्यात‌ ‌तेज‌ ‌होते.‌ ‌धाडस‌ ‌होते.‌ ‌आपण‌ ‌अस्ताला‌ ‌गेल्यानंतर‌ ‌आपले‌ ‌कार्य‌ ‌थोड्याफार‌ ‌प्रमाणात‌ ‌का‌ ‌होईना‌ ‌चालू‌ ‌राहील‌ ‌याची‌ ‌शाश्वती‌ ‌सूर्याला‌ ‌मिळाली.‌ ‌छोट्याशा‌ ‌पणतीचे‌ ‌हे‌ ‌धाडस‌ ‌पाहून‌ ‌सूर्याचे‌ ‌डोळे‌ ‌ओलावले,‌ ‌त्याच्या‌ ‌डोळ्यांत‌ ‌आनंदाश्रू‌ ‌आले.‌ ‌आपल्यानंतर‌ ‌या‌ ‌पृथ्वीची‌ ‌काळजी‌ ‌घेणारे‌ ‌कोणीतरी‌ ‌आहे,‌ ‌या‌ ‌विचाराने‌ ‌तो‌ ‌तृप्त‌ ‌झाला.‌ ‌पृथ्वीमातेची‌ ‌काळजी‌ ‌घेण्याची‌ ‌जबाबदारी‌ ‌पणतीने‌ ‌उचलली‌ ‌आहे,‌ ‌या‌ ‌मनाला‌ ‌आनंद‌ ‌देणाऱ्या‌ ‌विचारातच‌ ‌सूर्य‌ ‌अस्ताकडे‌ ‌झुकला.‌ ‌सूर्य‌ ‌मावळला‌ ‌पण‌ ‌त्याचे‌ ‌कार्य‌ ‌सुरू‌ ‌राहिले.‌ ‌त्याचे‌ ‌प्रकाश‌ ‌देण्याचे‌ ‌कार्य‌ ‌थोड्याफार‌ ‌प्रमाणात‌ ‌का‌ ‌होईना‌ ‌पण‌ ‌पणती‌ ‌करत‌ ‌राहिली.‌‌

जाता अस्ताला शब्दार्थ‌ ‌

• जाईन‌ –‌ ‌जाणे‌
• ‌कैसे‌ – ‌कसे‌‌
• भले‌ –‌ ‌चांगले‌ ‌
• धरा‌ –‌ ‌पृथ्वी‌‌ –‌ ‌(earth)‌ ‌
• त्वरा‌ –‌ ‌घाई,‌ ‌लवकर‌ –‌ ‌(to‌ ‌be‌ ‌hurry)‌ ‌
• शाश्वती‌ ‌–‌ ‌विश्वास,‌ ‌खात्री,‌ ‌भरवसा‌ –‌ ‌(surety)‌ ‌
• पुढती‌ –‌ ‌समोर‌‌ –‌ ‌(in‌ ‌front‌ ‌of)‌ ‌
• विनम्र‌ –‌ ‌नम,‌ ‌विनयशील‌ –‌ ‌(humble)‌ ‌
• लवून‌ –‌ ‌वाकून,‌ ‌नम्र‌ ‌होऊन‌ –‌ ‌(to‌ ‌bend)‌‌
• भाव‌ –‌ ‌भावना‌‌ –‌ ‌(emotions)‌ ‌
• ‌भास्कर‌‌ –‌ ‌सूर्य‌ –‌ ‌(sun)‌ ‌
• मम‌‌ –‌ ‌माझ्या,‌ ‌माझे –‌ ‌(mine)‌ ‌
• तेजाने‌ –‌ ‌प्रकाशाने –‌ ‌(lustre)‌ ‌
• ‌वच‌‌‌‌ –‌ ‌बोलणे‌‌ –‌ ‌(saying)‌ ‌
• तृप्त‌‌ –‌ ‌समाधानी,‌ ‌संतोष‌ –‌ ‌(satisfied)‌ ‌
• ‌झुकणे –‌ ‌कलणे‌‌ –‌ ‌(to‌ ‌incline)‌‌