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Multiples and Factors Class 5 Problem Set 32 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra Board Class 5 Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Multiples and Factors Problem Set 32 Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Std 5 Maths Chapter 8 Multiples and Factors

Write the factors of the following numbers.

(1) 8
Answer:
8 is exactly divisible by 1, 2, 4, 8.
So, 1, 2, 4, 8 are factors of 8.

(2) 5
Answer:
5 is exactly divisible by 1, 5.
So, 1, 5 are factors of 5.

(3) 14
Answer:
14 is exactly divisible by 1, 2, 7, 14.
So, 1, 2, 7, 14 are the factors 14.

(4) 10
Answer:
10 is exactly divisible by 1, 2, 5, 10.
So, 1, 2, 5, 10 are the factors of 10.

(5) 7
Answer:
7 is exactly divisible by 1, 7.
So, 1, 7 are factors of 7.

(6) 22
Answer:
22 is exactly divisible by 1, 2, 11, 22.
So, 1, 2, 11, 22 are the factors of 22.

(7) 25
Answer:
25 is exactly divisible by 1, 5, 25.
So, 1, 5, 25 are the factors of 25.

(8) 32
Answer:
32 is exactly divisible by 1, 2, 4, 8,16, 32.
So, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 are the factors of 32.

(9) 33
Answer:
33 is exactly divisible by 1, 3, 11, 33.
So, 1, 3, 11, 33 are the factors of 33.

Multiples

Dada : You know what a divisor and a dividend is. Do you know what a multiple is?

Anju : I don’t know what a multiple is, but I think it must be related to multiplication.

Dada : Right ! Let me give you an example. You can solve 20 ÷ 5, can’t you?

Anju : Yes. When we divide the dividend 20 by the divisor 5, the quotient is 4 and the remainder is 0.

Dada : When the division of a dividend leaves no remainder, the dividend is said to be a multiple of the divisor. In such a case, the dividend is the product of the divisor and the quotient. Here, 20 is a multiple of 5, but 21 is not.

Now tell me, can we divide 84 chalksticks into groups of six?

Suraj : Let me divide by 6. 84 can be divided exactly by 6 and the quotient is 14. Thus, we can make 14 groups of 6. So, 84 is the multiple of 6 and 6 is a factor of 84.

Dada : If the number of chalksticks is 6, 12, 18, 36 or 84, then we can make exact groups of 6 with none left over. It means that 6, 12, 18, 36 and 84 are multiples of 6, or that they are exactly divisible by 6. To see whether the number of chalksticks is a multiple of 6, divide that number by 6. If the remainder is 0, the number is a multiple of 6.

Each number in the 3 times table is exactly divisible by 3 or is a multiple of 3. Similarly, the numbers in the 7 times table are multiples of 7. Numbers in the 9 times table are multiples of 9.

We use this idea all the time. Let me ask you a few questions so as to make it clear. I have a 200 ml measure. Will I be able to measure out 1 litre of milk with it?

Suraj : I litre is 1000 ml. 1000 = 200 × 5, which means that 1000 is a multiple of 200. So we can measure out 1 litre of milk with the 200 millilitre measure. 5 measures of 200 ml make 1 litre.

Dada : Can we measure out one and a half litres of milk with the 200 ml measure?

Anju : One and a half litres is 1500 ml. 1500 is not divisible by 200. So, it is not a multiple of 200. So the 200 ml measure cannot be used to measure out one and a half litres of milk.

Dada : I have 400 grams of chana. I have to make pouches of 60 grams each. Is that possible, if I don’t want any left overs?

Anju : No. 400 is not a multiple of 60.

Dada : How much more chana will I need to make those pouches of 60 grams each?

Anju : We will have to find the multiple of 60 that comes directly after 400. 60 × 6 = 360, 60 × 7 = 420. So, we need 20 grams more of chana.

Tests for divisibility

Study the 2 times table and see which numbers appear in the units place. Similarly, divide 52, 74, 80, 96 and 98 by 2 to see if they are exactly divisible by 2. What rule do we get for determining whether a number is a multiple of 2?

Now study the 5 and 10 times tables.

See what rules you get for finding multiples of 5 and 10, that is, numbers divisible by 5 and 10.

Test for divisibility by 2 : If there is 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8 in the units place, the number is a multiple of 2, or is exactly divisible by 2.

Test for divisibility by 5 : Any number with 5 or 0 in the units place is a multiple of 5 or, is divisible by 5.

Test for divisibility by 10 : Any number that has 0 in the units place is a multiple of 10.

Multiples and Factors Problem Set 32 Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write the factors of the following numbers.

(1) 45
Answer:
45 is exactly divisible by 1, 3, 5, 9,15, 45.
So, 1, 3, 5, 9, 15, 45 are the factors of 45.

(2) 48
Answer:
48 is exactly divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8,12,16, 24, 48.
So, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8,12,16, 24, 48 are the factors of 48.

(3) 60
Answer:
60 is exactly divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,10,12, 15, 20, 30, 60
So, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60 are the factors of 60.

Question 2.
Is 8 a factor of 60?
Answer:
No, since 60 is not exactly divisible by 8.

Class 5 Maths Solution Maharashtra Board

• Multiples and Factors Problem Set 32 Class 5 Maths Solutions
• Multiples and Factors Problem Set 33 Class 5 Maths Solutions
• Multiples and Factors Problem Set 34 Class 5 Maths Solutions
• Multiples and Factors Problem Set 35 Class 5 Maths Solutions

Fractions Class 5 Problem Set 17 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra Board Class 5 Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Problem Set 17 Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Std 5 Maths Chapter 5 Fractions

Question 1.
Write the proper number in the box.

Answer:
Here 20 = 2 x 10

Answer:
Here 15 = 3 x 5

Answer:
Here 18 = 9 x 2
hehce,

Answer:
Here 40 + 5 = 8,
hence,

Answer:
Here 26 ÷ 2 = 13,
hence,

Answer:
Here 6 ÷ 2 = 3,
hence,

Answer:
Here 4 ÷ 4 = 1,
hence,

Answer:
Here 25 ÷ 5 = 5,
hence,

Question 2.
Find an equivalent fraction with denominator 18, for each of the following fractions.

Solution:

Question 3.
Find an equivalent fraction with denominator 5, for each of the following fractions.

Solution:

Question 4.
From the fractions given below, pair off the equivalent fractions.

Solution:

Question 5.
Find two equivalent fractions for each of the following fractions.

Solution:

Like fractions and unlike fractions

Fractions such as \(\frac{1}{7}, \frac{4}{7}, \frac{6}{7}\) whose denominators are equal, are called ‘like fractions’.
Fractions such as \(\frac{1}{3}, \frac{4}{8}, \frac{9}{11}\) which have different denominators are called unlike fractions’.

Converting unlike fractions into like fractions

Example (1) Convert 5/6 and 7/9 into like fractions.
Here, we must find a common multiple for the numbers 6 and 9.
Multiples of 6 : 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, ……..
Multiples of 9 : 9, 18, 27, 36, 45 ……..
Here, the number 18 is a multiple of both 6 and 9. So, let us make 18 the denominator of both fractions.

Thus, 15/18 and 1418 are like fractions, respectively equivalent to 5/6 and 7/9.
Here, 18 is a multiple of both 6 and 9. We could also choose numbers like 36 and 54 as the common denominators.

Example (2) Convert 4/8 and 5/16 into like fractions.
As 16 is twice 8, it is easy to make 16 the common denominator.
\(\frac{4}{8}=\frac{4 \times 2}{8 \times 2}=\frac{8}{16}\) Thus, 8/16 and 5/16 are the required like fractions.

Example (3) Find a common denominator for 4/7 and 3/4.
The number 28 is a multiple of both 7 and 4. So, make 28 the common denominator. . Therefore, 16/28 and 21/28 are the required like fractions.

Fractions Problem Set 17 Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Find two equivalent fractions for each of the following fraction:

Solution:

Class 5 Maths Solution Maharashtra Board

• Fractions Problem Set 17 Class 5 Maths Solutions
• Fractions Problem Set 18 Class 5 Maths Solutions
• Fractions Problem Set 19 Class 5 Maths Solutions
• Fractions Problem Set 20 Class 5 Maths Solutions
• Fractions Problem Set 21 Class 5 Maths Solutions
• Fractions Problem Set 22 Class 5 Maths Solutions
• Fractions Problem Set 23 Class 5 Maths Solutions

Fractions Class 5 Problem Set 21 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra Board Class 5 Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Problem Set 21 Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Std 5 Maths Chapter 5 Fractions

Question 1.
Subtract the following.

\(\text { (1) } \frac{5}{7}-\frac{1}{7}\)
Answer:

\(\text { (2) } \frac{5}{8}-\frac{3}{8}\)
Answer:

\(\text { (3) } \frac{7}{9}-\frac{2}{9}\)
Answer:

\(\text { (4) } \frac{8}{11}-\frac{5}{11}\)
Answer:

\(\text { (5) } \frac{9}{13}-\frac{4}{13}\)
Answer:

\(\text { (6) } \frac{7}{10}-\frac{3}{10}\)
Answer:

\(\text { (7) } \frac{9}{12}-\frac{2}{12}\)
Answer:

\(\text { (8) } \frac{10}{15}-\frac{3}{15}\)
Answer:

Question 2.
\(\frac{7}{10}\) of a wall is to be painted. Ramu has painted 410 of it. How much more needs to be painted?
Solution:
To be painted – painted

Answer:
\(\frac{3}{10}\) more needs to be painted.

Addition and subtraction of unlike fractions

Example (1) Add : \(\frac{2}{3}+\frac{1}{6}\)

First let us show the fraction \(\frac{2}{3}\) by coloring two of the three equal parts on a strip.

You have learnt to add and to subtract fractions with common denominators. Here, we have to add the fraction \(\frac{1}{6}\) to the fraction \(\frac{2}{3}\).

So let us divide each part on this strip into two equal parts. \(\frac{4}{6}\) is a fraction equivalent to \(\frac{2}{3}\). Now, as 16 is to be added to \(\frac{2}{3}\) i.e. to \(\frac{4}{6}\), we shall colour one more of the six parts on the strip. Now, the total coloured part is \(\frac{5}{6}\).

Therefore,
That is,

Example (2) Add : \(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{2}{5}\)
Here, the smallest common multiple of the two denominators is 10. So, we shall change the denominator of both fractions to 10.

Example (3) Add : \(\frac{3}{8}+\frac{1}{16}\)
Here, 16 is twice 8. So, we shall change the denominator of both fractions to 16.

Example (4) Subtract : \(\frac{3}{4}-\frac{5}{8}\)
Let us make 8 the common denominator of the given fractions.

Example (5) Subtract : \(\frac{4}{5}-\frac{2}{3}\)
The smallest common multiple of the denominators is 15. So, we shall change the denominator of both fractions to 15.

Addition and Subtraction Problem Set 13 Additional Important Questions and Answers

\(\text { (1) } \frac{9}{14}-\frac{3}{14}\)
Answer:

\(\text { (2) } \frac{5}{6}-\frac{3}{6}\)
Answer:

\(\text { (3) } \frac{9}{16}-\frac{5}{16}\)
Answer:

\(\text { (4) } \frac{7}{8}-\frac{3}{8}-\frac{1}{8}\)
Answer:

(5) \(\frac{7}{9}\) part of the work done by Neha and Supriya together. \(\frac{5}{9}\) part of this work was done by Neha. How much work done by Supriya?
Solution:
Total work done – work done by Neha = work done by Supriya

Answer:
\(\frac{2}{9}\) work done by Supriya

(6) Mr. Sharma is \(\frac{14}{9}\) m tall. Mrs. Sharma is \(\frac{4}{9}\) shorter than him. What is Mrs. Sharma’s height?
Solution:
Mrs. Sharma’s height

Answer:
Mrs. Sharma’s height = \(\frac{10}{9}\)

Class 5 Maths Solution Maharashtra Board

• Fractions Problem Set 17 Class 5 Maths Solutions
• Fractions Problem Set 18 Class 5 Maths Solutions
• Fractions Problem Set 19 Class 5 Maths Solutions
• Fractions Problem Set 20 Class 5 Maths Solutions
• Fractions Problem Set 21 Class 5 Maths Solutions
• Fractions Problem Set 22 Class 5 Maths Solutions
• Fractions Problem Set 23 Class 5 Maths Solutions

Angles Class 5 Problem Set 26 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra Board Class 5 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Angles Problem Set 26 Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Std 5 Maths Chapter 6 Angles

Question 1.
Draw and name the following angles with the help of a protractor.

(1) 60°
Answer:

(2) 120°
Answer:

(3) 90°
Answer:

(4) 150°
Answer:

(5) 30°
Answer:

(6) 165°
Answer:

(7) 45°
Answer:

Types of angles

∠ABC is a right angle.
Angles of measure 90° are called right angles.

∠RST measures less than 90°, that is, less than a right angle.
An angle which measures less than a right angle is called an acute angle.
∠RST is an acute angle.

∠LMN measures more than 90°, that is, more than a right angle.
An angle which measures more than a right angle is called an obtuse angle.
∠LMN is an obtuse angle.

Activity :

Making a right angle by folding
(1) Fold a sheet of paper roughly in half.
(2) Make another fold in the paper at any point on the first fold, as shown in the picture.
(3) Now unfold the paper. You will find two lines. The angle between those two lines will be a right angle.

With the help of a protractor, verify that the measure of this angle is 90°.

Parallel and perpendicular lines
Parallel lines

The bars on the window in the picture are parallel to each other.
The steps on the ladder in the picture are parallel to each other.
The vertical legs of the ladder are parallel to each other.

1. Take a rectangular piece of paper.

2. Fold it in such a way that one edge falls exactly on the opposite edge.

3. Make another fold in the same way.

4. Unfold the paper and trace the lines made by the folds, with a pencil.

___________ The lines traced with the pencil are parallel to each other.
______________________ The lines shown alongside are not of equal length, yet they are parallel to each other.

Parallel lines do not intersect, that is, they do not cut each other, no matter how far they are extended on either side.

Take a ruler as shown in the picture.

Using a pencil, draw lines along both sides of the ruler. Put the ruler aside. The two lines are parallel to each other.
In this way, we can use several rectangular objects to draw parallel lines.

Perpendicular lines

We have seen many objects standing straight on the ground. These objects form a right angle with their shadows.

For example, the angle formed by a pole and its shadow on the ground is 90° or a right angle. Similarly, adjacent sides of wooden planks or books also form angles of 90°.

When two lines form an angle of 90° with each other, they are said to be perpendicular to each other. To show that two lines are perpendicular, a symbol as shown the figure is drawn between them.

Measure the angle between any two adjacent sides of your notebook. Since it is a right angle, the two sides are perpendicular to each other.

Look at this picture of a page of a notebook.

The horizontal lines on the paper are parallel to each other. However, the vertical margin line on the side forms a right angle with the horizontal lines, therefore, it is perpendicular to the horizontal lines.

Angles Problem Set 26 Additional Important Questions and Answers

(1) 80°
Answer:

(2) 55°
Answer:

(3) 55°
Answer:

Class 5 Maths Solution Maharashtra Board

• Angles Problem Set 24 Class 5 Maths Solutions
• Angles Problem Set 25 Class 5 Maths Solutions
• Angles Problem Set 26 Class 5 Maths Solutions
• Angles Problem Set 27 Class 5 Maths Solutions

Business Environment 11th OCM Chapter 7 Solutions Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Organisation of Commerce and Management 11th Textbook Solutions Chapter 7 Business Environment Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 11 OCM Chapter 7 Exercise Solutions

1. (A) Select the correct option and rewrite the sentence

Question 1.
The business environment has a tremendous impact on ………………..
(a) business
(b) government
(c) society
Answer:
(a) business

Question 2.
The new Industrial policy was formulated in ………………..
(a) 1947
(b) 1951
(c) 1991
Answer:
(c) 1991

Question 3.
Changes in ruling government is an aspect of ……………….. environment.
(a) political
(b) technological
(c) economic
Answer:
(a) political

Question 4.
Literacy level is an aspect of ……………….. environment.
(a) social
(b) legal
(c) political
Answer:
(a) social

Question 5.
Privatization implies reduction in the role of ……………….. sector.
(a) public
(b) private
(c) foreign
Answer:
(a) public

Question 6.
Globalization is concerned with ……………….. market.
(a) global
(b) local
(c) rural
Answer:
(a) global

Question 7.
……………….. means linking national economy to the world economy.
(a) Globalization
(b) Privatization
(c) Liberalization
Answer:
(a) Globalization

Question 8.
Environment awareness provides ……………….. signal.
(a) warning
(b) alarming
(c) soft
Answer:
(a) warning

1. (B) Match the pairs

Question 1.

Part A	Part B
(a) Globalization	(1) Profit motive
(b) Privatization	(2) 2006
(c) Liberalization	(3) Borderless economy
(d) New economic policy	(4) Service Motive
(e) Social Environment	(5) Internal factor
	(6) Disinvestment
	(7) Social Values
	(8) 1991
	(9) Abolishing license policy
	(10) GATT

Answer:

Part A	Part B
(a) Globalization	(3) Borderless economy
(b) Privatization	(6) Disinvestment
(c) Liberalization	(9) Abolishing license policy
(d) New economic policy	(8) 1991
(e) Social Environment	(7) Social Values

Question 2.

Part A	Part B
(a) Internal environment	(1) Knowledge of law
(b) Political environment	(2) Taxation policy
(c) Legal environment	(3) Technology
(d) Economic environment	(4) Traditions
	(5) WTO
	(6) Controlled by business
	(7) High cost
	(8) Ideology of political party

Answer:

Part A	Part B
(a) Internal environment	(7) High cost
(b) Political environment	(8) Ideology of political party
(c) Legal environment	(2) Taxation policy
(d) Economic environment	(3) Technology

1. (C) Write a word or a term or a phrase which can substitute each of the following statements

Question 1.
Uncontrollable factors of the business environment.
Answer:
External business environment

Question 2.
The environmental of business that includes customs and traditions, values, social trends.
Answer:
Social environment

Question 3.
The process of transferring ownership of business enterprise, agency or public service from the public service to private sector.
Answer:
Privatization

Question 4.
A boundary less worlds where there would be flow of goods, services, information, capital and people across nation.
Answer:
Globalization.

1. (D) State whether the following statements are True or False

Question 1.
External factors of business environment are controllable factors.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Business is the product of different environmental factors.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Business and environment are inseparable parts.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
There is no benefit of globalization on Indian economy.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
New economic policy promoted the liberal economic policy.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
There is no benefit of privatization to Indian economy.
Answer:
False

Question 7.
There is no need of consideration of the business environment factors in business.
Answer:
False

1. (E) Complete the sentence

Question 1.
The term of business environment generally refers to …………………
Answer:
External Environment

Question 2.
……………….. helps the business enterprise for overcoming challenge successfully.
Answer:
Business Environment

Question 3.
Geographical and Ecological factors are included in ………………… Environment.
Answer:
Natural

Question 4.
Literacy is the important part of ………………… Environment.
Answer:
Social

Question 5.
Stability and peace in the country includes in ………………… Environment.
Answer:
Political

Question 6.
Indian political system comprises ………………… vital institutions.
Answer:
three

Question 7.
Limited involvement of government in public sector refer to …………………
Answer:
Privatization

Question 8.
Integration of economy and society through cross country is called as …………………
Answer:
Globalization

1. (F) Select the correct option

Question 1.
In how many type environmental factors can be classified?
(Two / Three / Four)
Answer:
Two

Question 2.
Which factors of Business Environment regard as controllable?
(Internal / External)
Answer:
Internal

Question 3.
Who frames the economic policy of the business?
(Government / Business / Citizen)
Answer:
Government

Question 4.
Which economic system in known as free market economy?
(Socialist / Mixed / Capitalist)
Answer:
Capitalist

1. (G) Correct the underline word and rewrite the following sentence

Question 1.
External factors of business environment are controllable.
Answer:
Internal factors of business environment are controllable.

Question 2.
Internal factors of business are beyond control.
Answer:
External factors of business are beyond control.

Question 3.
Natural resources are related to political environment.
Answer:
Natural resources are related to natural environment.

Question 4.
Privatization helps for global village.
Answer:
Globalization helps for global village.

1. (H) Answer in one sentences

Question 1.
Which factors are included in internal environment?
Answer:
Value system, vision, mission and objective management structure, Internal power relationship, Human resources, Physical facilities, Marketing resources, etc. are the factors included in internal environment.

Question 2.
What are the powers of legislature?
Answer:
Policy making, law making, budget approving, executing control, etc. are the powers of legislature.

Question 3.
Which factor influence the economic condition of the Nation?
Answer:
Economic condition of the nation is based on the gross domestic product, per capital income, availability of capital, growth of foreign trade and strength of capital market.

Question 4.
Who possess the factors of production in socialist economy?
Answer:
In socialist economy Government possess the factors of production.

Question 5.
In which environment are the methods and techniques of production included?
Answer:
Technological environment consist of the method and technical of production.

Question 6.
When did Indian government launch New Economic Policy?
Answer:
Indian government launched New Economic Policy on 24th July, 1991.

Question 7.
What is useful to reduced political interference in industry?
Answer:
Privatisation is useful to reduce political interference in Industry.

Question 8.
How is the boundary less world possible?
Answer:
Boundary less world is possible through Globalisation.

2. Explain the following terms /concept.

Question 1.
Business environment.
Answer:
Business environment refers to the external environment which includes factor outside the business leading to opportunities or threats of the business.

According to Bayard O. Wheeler
“The total of all things external to firm and industries which affect their organization and operations is called as “Business Environment”.

Question 2.
Liberalization.
Answer:

1. Liberalization refers to the process of eliminating unnecessary controls and restrictions for smooth functioning of business.
2. Liberalization helps in achieving a high growth rate, easy availability of goods at competitive rates, high foreign exchange reserve, strong rupee and good industrial relation, etc.

Question 3.
Privatization.
Answer:

1. Privatization refers to reduce the involvement of state or public sectors by involving of private sector in economic activities.
2. It implies government Sectors to be sold or given to private individuals to run them.

Question 4.
Globalisation.
Answer:

1. Globalisation means integration of national economy and societies through cross country flows of information, ideas, technologies, good services, capital, finance and people.
2. It also means “boundary less world”.

Question 5.
Social environment.
Answer:

1. Modern business is a social system in itself and forms a part of the larger social system represented by society in general.
2. The class structure of the society affects the business. Such as occupation of the people, their education, income level, social status, attitude towards living, work and social relationship.

Question 6.
Economic environment.
Answer:
Economic environment comprises of economic condition, economic policies and economic system, basic economic philosophy, infrastructure, national income, money supply, saving stages in economic development and trade cycles.

Question 7.
Political environment.
Answer:

1. Government and its policies affects business firms.
2. It includes stability and peace in the country, specific attitudes of elected representative. Ideology of the political parties influences the business organization and attitudes of government officials towards business has an impact on business.
3. It comprises three vital institutions like Legislature, Government and Judiciary.

Question 8.
Internal environment.
Answer:
Internal environment compromises of policies decided by by shareholders, managers, labour unions and employees which can be controlled which helps to make specific, proper understanding in strengthening the business.

3. Study the following case/situation and express your opinion.

(1) The court passes an order to ban polythene bags as the bags are creating many environmental problems which affects the life of people in general.
(2) Society in general is more concerned about quality of life. The government decided to give subsidy to jute industry to promote this business.

Question 1.
Identify the different dimensions of business environment.
Answer:
The different dimensions of business environment are:

1. Legal environment
2. Natural environment
3. Social environment
4. Political environment
5. Economic environment

Question 2.
Comment on it.
Answer:
The different dimensions of business environment are

1. Legal Environment : Court passes order to ban polythene bags.
2. Natural Environment : The Court order will solve environmental problems which affects the life of people in general.
3. Social Environment : Society is concerned about quality of life and better standard of living
4. Political Environment : Government framed a policy to give subsidy to jute industry.
5. Economic Environment : Subsidy to Jute industry will promote business of Jute industry and this will help in economic development.

2. Anchor company manufacturing light tubes increased expenditure on Scientific Research and Development and discovered a technology that made it possible to produce an energy efficient light tubes that lasts at least twenty times as long as standard tubes. It resulted in growth and profitability of the company.

Question 1.
Identify the dimension of business environment.
Answer:
Technological Environment:
Scientific research for innovation in product increased its production and it resulted in growth and profitability of the company. Internal environment of company led to growth and profitability.

Question 2.
State importance of business environment.
Answer:
Business environment helps in determining opportunities and threats, identify firms strengths and weaknesses, continuous learning, image building meeting competition and give direction for growth.

3. Make in India is an initiative launched by the government of India. It focuses on job creation and skill development and it is in twenty five sectors of the economy. Under the initiative, brochures on these sectors and web portal were released. The initiative aims at high quality standards and minimizing the impact on environment .It also seeks to attract foreign capital investment in India.

Question 1.
Identify the dimension of business environment.
Answer:
The various dimensions of business environment referred in the above case are:

1. Political environment
2. Technological environment
3. Economic-environment

Question 2.
Comment on it.
Answer:
Make in India is the policy of government as per its ideology. As it focusing on job creation and skill development in 25 sectors of economy, it convey two values through this initiative. High quality standards and concern for environment. It also aims to attract foreign capital investment in India.

4. Distinguish between the following

Question 1.
Social Environment and Economic Environment.
Answer:

	Social Environment	Economic Environment
(1) Meaning	Social environment includes customs, traditions, values, buying habits, tastes, etc.	Economic environment comprises of economic condition, economic policies and and economic system.
(2) Factors	It includes factors such as social aspects, social trends, social values and traditions.	It includes factors like economic condition, economic policies and economic system.
(3) Supplement to	It is supplemented by cultural environment like cultural factors, values, beliefs, etc.	It is supplemented by political environment as it is influenced by political decisions or events taken by Government.
(4) Impact on business	It helps to analyze the changing social trends, taste of different social groups which helps businessmen to know the opportunities and threats.	Changes in economic policies like agricultural policy, monetary policy, etc. lead to changes in economic system and planning which helps businessmen to make changes on timely basis.
(5) Purpose	It helps to know the-needs of customer and satisfy the demand. E.g. Today health and fitness trend has created demand for products like gym, organic foods etc.	It helps in forecasting market situations and thereby making suitable business plans E.g. Stock market fluctuations affects management practices in a business Enterprise.
(6) Nature	It is dynamic in nature. Changes in trends, values, growing awareness among different social groups affects the social environment.	It is multi dimensional in character. Agriculture, infrastructure, national, per capita income, price level etc. affects the economic environment of in a country.

Question 2.
Political Environment and Legal Environment.
Answer:

	Political Environment	Legal Environment
(1) Meaning	In a country, the political system, constitutional provision, party system, events taking place time to time determines the political environment.	In a country, business can be started, regulated, controlled, expanded within legal framework of a country determines legal environment.
(2) Factors	Political stability, peace in the country, specific attitudes of elected representative, etc are the factors which affects political environment.	Various laws are implemented from time to time with amendments in order to control and direct the business.
(3) Inter relation between environment	Political environment and economic environment are closely connected with each other.	Legal environment and regulatory environment goes together hand-in-hand in modern business environment.
(4) Impact on business	Ideology of the political parties influences the business organization.	Provides control, direction, expansion to the business organization.
(5) Purpose	Political stability creates strength, confidence to various interest groups and investors in long term projects.	Separate laws implemented time to time to safeguard and protect the interest of various groups such as busines’s organization, workers, consumers, etc.
(6) Effect of changes in environment	Political instability effects the business organisation adversely. Business policies are amended due to political issues, events etc. prevailing in country.	Excessive controls, implementation of laws, rules and regulations may create problem in overall development of business organizations.

Question 3.
Liberalization and Privatisation.
Answer:

	Liberalisation	Privatisation
(1) Meaning	It refers to the process of eliminating unnecessary controls and restrictions for smooth functioning of business.	It refers to reduce the involvement of state or public sectors by involving of private sector in economic activities.
(2) Aim	It aims to bring flexibility in business operations by creating environment for growth and expansion.	It aims at promoting efficiency, increase productivity, profitability.
(3) Need	To reduce taxation, controls on foreign exchange, attracting foreign investment, etc. thereby to compete with other companies at international level.	To achieve quick and logical business decisions aimed at commercial success of organisation.
(4) Measures adopted	Reduction in tariffs, reformation of financial system, abolishing industrial licensing system, etc.	Reduction in number of industries reserved for public sector, disinvestment of shares, improvement in performance through MOU.
(5) Benefits to Host Company	It results in, high growth rate, easy availability of goods at competitive rates, good industrial relation, etc.	It results in profitability, production of superior quality products and services, self motivation, etc.
(6) Benefits to Consumers / Traders	Optimum use of resources available at global level, easy availability of goods at competitive rates.	Entry of private sector results to competition thereby providing high quality goods and services at lower prices.
(7) Positive Effect	Removing restriction on taxations, abolishing industrial licensing system leads to expansion and growth of new business opportunities.	Improved performance, high quality goods and services in market. Timely prompt decision with more efficiency.
(8) Adverse Effect	It leads to social problems like urbanization and industrialisation, closure of domestic firms due to liberalised imported products, etc.	Growth of monopoly, inequality of income, lack of social responsibility, etc will hamper the social order of the economy.
(9) Inter Relationship	Liberalisation leads to privatisation and globalization.	Privatisation is a part of the process of globalization.

Question 4.
Globalization and Liberalization.
Answer:

	Globalization	Liberalization
(1) Meaning	It refers to integration of national economy and societies through cross country flows of information, ideas technologies, goods, services capital, finance and people.	It refers to the process of eliminating unnecessary controls and restrictions for smooth functioning of business.
(2) Aim	It aims at promoting world trade and economic growth by integrating technologies, goods, services, people, etc.	It aims to bring flexibility in business operations by creating environment for growth and expansion.
(3) Need	To overcome the problem of declining domestic demand and to ensure free trade.	To reduce taxation, controls on foreign exchange, attracting foreign investment, etc. thereby to compete with other companies at international level.
(4) Measures adopted	Allowing Foreign Direct investment, approving foreign technology, amendment of patent laws, etc.	Reduction in tariffs, reformation of financial system, abolishing industrial licensing system, etc.
(5) Benefits to Host Company	It results is expansion of investment. It promotes foreign trade and brings foreign exchange	It results in high growth rate, easy availability of goods at competitive rates, good industrial relation, etc.
(6) Benefits to Consumers / Traders	Consumers gets variety of goods as option to be purchased foreign technology is adopted by traders thereby increasing growth of production.	Optimum utilisation of resources at global level easy availability of goods at competitive rates.
(7) Positive Effect	It results in increase in foreign trade, inflow of foreign trade, inflow of foreign technology and capital, which increases employment opportunities, business growth, etc.	It results in removing restriction on taxations, abolishing industrial licensing system leading to expansion and growth of new business opportunities.
(8) Adverse Effect	It leads to exploitation of home market by foreign companies. Capital intensive techniques leads to reduction in job opportunities.	It leads to social problems like urbanization and industrialisation. Closure of domestic firms due to liberalised imported products.
(9) Inter Relationship	Globalisation includes liberalisation and privatisation.	Liberalisation leads to privatisation and globalisation.

Question 5.
Privatization and Globalization.
Answer:

	Privatization	Globalization
(1) Meaning	It refers to reduce the involvement of state or public sectors by involving of private sector in economic activities.	It refers to integration of national economy and societies through cross country flows of information, ideas technologies, goods, services capital, finance and people.
(2) Aim	It aims at promoting efficiency, increase productivity, profitability.	It aims at promoting world trade and economic growth by integrating technologies, goods, services, people, etc.
(3) Need	To achieve quick and logical business decisions aimed at commercial success of organisation.	To overcome the problem of declining domestic demand and to ensure free trade.
(4) Measures adopted	Reduction in number of industries reserved for public sector, disinvestment of shares, improvement in performance through MoU.	Allowing Foreign Direct investment, approving foreign technology, amendment of patent laws, etc.
(5) Benefits to Host Company	It results in profitability, production of superior quality products and services, self motivation etc.	It results is expansion of investment. It promotes foreign trade and brings foreign exchange
(6) Benefits to Consumers / Traders	Entry of private sector results to competition thereby providing high quality goods and services at lower prices.	Consumers gets variety of goods as option to be purchased foreign technology is adopted by traders thereby increasing growth of production.
(7) Positive Effect	Improved performance, high quality goods and services in market. Timely prompt decision with more efficiency.	It results in increase in foreign trade, inflow of foreign trade, inflow of foreign technology and capital, which increases employment opportunities, business growth, etc.
(8) Adverse Effect	Growth of monopoly, inequality of income, lack of social responsibility, etc will hamper the social order of the economy.	It leads to exploitation of home market by foreign companies. Capital intensive techniques leads to reduction in job opportunities.
(9) Inter Relationship	Privatisation is a part of the process of globalization.	Globalisation includes liberalisation and privatisation.

5. Answer in brief.

Question 1.
State any four features of Social environment.
Answer:
The four features of social environment are as follows:

1. Customs and Traditions : This decides the celebration of various festivals like Diwali, Id, Christmas and its effect on business.
2. Social Institutions and Groups or Social Aspects: Literacy level, educational system, cultural heritage standard of living of the various groups of people affect the social environment of business.
3. Social Values : Cultural and social justice, national integration affect the business. Beliefs also help the business to meet the customer needs.
4. Social Trends : Now a days people have become health conscious and therefore there is a sale of various types of goods like organic food, sugar free products etc.

Question 2.
Describe any two factors of economic environment.
Answer:
Economic environment has direct influence on business.

1. The Economic System : Economic activities depend upon the nature of economic system which are:
   (a) Capitalist economy : e.g. U.S.A. (b) Socialist economy : e.g. China (c) Mixed economy : e.g. India
2. Economic Policies : The various economic policies of the government has a direct influence on economic environment. For e.g. import and export policy, educational policy, agricultural policy, industrial policy, foreign investment policy, etc.
3. Economic Condition : The stage at which the growth stands, employment rate, rate of interest, etc. All those determine development of the country.

Question 3.
State any four features of globalization.
Answer:
Features of globalization are as follows:

1. Purchase and sale of goods and services from one country to another.
2. Opportunity to start and do business in any part of the world.
3. Reduction in gap between domestic and international market.
4. Possibility of quick and rapid economic development.
5. Enhances the opportunity to exchange new ideas and technology across the nations.

Question 4.
State any four reasons of the need for privatisation.
Answer:
There is need for privatisation because of the following reasons:

1. To bring more efficiency in the working of business firms.
2. To reduce political interference in the working of the firms and companies.
3. To improve the quality of products
4. To bring efficiency in management of the organization.
5. To create discipline in capital market.

6. Justify the following statements.

Question 1.
External factors of business environment are beyond control.
Answer:

1. Factors which influences the business policy of an organization can be divided into internal and external factors.
2. Business has no control over external forces.
3. These are those factors which provide opportunities or pose threats to the organization.
4. Factor such as social customs, values, economic policies, technological development, political ups and down, legislation together constitute political, social, economic, legal and technological diversions of business, hence, they are not in the hands of business organizations.
5. Internal factors are controllable and business unit can modify their plans, policies, etc.
   (Students can give example of social, political, legal environment to justify further)

Question 2.
Business firm should be aware of the changes in society.
Answer:

1. The success of every business depends on adopting itself to the environment in which it functions. Modern business is rightly termed as socio-economic activity.
2. There is reciprocal relationship between business and society.
3. Business is affected by class structure of the society which depends upon factors such as occupation its own culture, income, etc.
4. Every society depends its own culture, customs, tradition, values, ethics, etc. social trends are also changing fast. For e.g. large number of people are eating fast food and go to gyms. So many fast food outlets and gyms are coming up in towns and cities.
5. Social values and traditions such as celebration of Diwali, Eid, Christmas also affect business.

Question 3.
Political stability builds up confidence among business people.
Answer:

1. Business firms are affected by the government and its policies.
2. Political force decide the nature of business, device performance and projects for development.
3. Political environment includes stability and peace in the country. Political stability builds confidence among different interest groups and investors because long term policies and projects will be started by the government and if the government keep on changing every six months or in a year.
4. This will impact long term decisions of development for the country, because political parties identify forms their decision making, hence if a government gets its full tenure of 5 years, it can complete its projects and plans and win the confidence of the people.

Question 4.
Economic environment has direct influence on business.
Answer:

1. Economic environment consists of economic condition, economic policies and economic system along with basic economic philosophy, infrastructure, national income, money supply etc.
2. Economic condition is based on GDP, per capital income, availability of capital, growth of foreign trade and capital market.
3. Where as economic polices framed by the government from time to time changes with changes in the government.
4. Every business has to function within the policy framework and responds to changes accordingly.
5. This relates to Industrial Policy, monetary policy, foreign investment, EXIM policy education policy etc. Also the scope of private business and government regulation depends on the economic system such as capitalist economy, Socialist or mixed economy which impacts business decisions.

Question 5.
Social trends provide business opportunities.
Answer:

1. Society and business are inter-dependent.
2. Class structure such as occupation,education,income level social status, attributes etc impact business decisions.
3. Social trends are any type of activity that is practised in the society as a whole.
4. Trends can be for short period or long lasting. As technology progresses the changes in social trends do changes.
5. Companies use their ability to anticipate the social change as part of their business marketing policy, to grab the business opportunities.

Question 6.
An adequate knowledge of rules and regulations is essential for better business performance.
Answer:

1. Any business in a country can be started, regulated and controlled within the legal framework of a country.
2. Separate set of laws are framed by all countries to control and direct the business affairs.
3. Knowledge of law, rules and relegations helps the business managers to take prompt decision in making business policies.
4. Various laws are implemented for influencing the business, protect and safeguard the business, as well as the consumers.

7. Attempt the following

Question 1.
Importance of business environment.
Answer:
Importance of Business Environment:
(i) Flexible and Dynamic : Changing environmental factors should be appraised from time to time. So as to keep the business flexible and dynamic. The new opportunities and threats created by the environment can be appraised by the corporate planners to make the most of it. Turbulent market conditions, less brand loyalty, more demanding customers and intense global competition are some of the images of todays business environment. In order to cope with these significant changes, organization must understand and examine the environment and develop suitable course of activity.

(ii) Opportunities and Threats : Study of business environment enables a business enterprise to visualise future problems that can arises as also future business prospects in advance. Deriving benefit from honourable business opportunities is possible as also it can face the problems boldly. Awareness of environment help an organisation to take advantage of such opportunities instead of loosing them to competition. It helps organisation to identify various threats on time and serves as an early signal.

(iii) Competition : Understanding the business environment helps to obtain qualitative information which in turn is useful in formulating business plans, policies and strategies for the future course of action.

(iv) Utilization of Resources Optimally : Optimum use of available resources for the business enterprise is possible by studying the business environment. It enables the enterprise to take full advantage of the policies implemented by the government.

(v) Strength and Weakness Identification : With the change of technology and global development it helps to analyze individual strength and weakness of the business understanding the challenges, appropriate decisions are taken on timely basis.

(vi) Knowledge : Study of environment is necessary to discover and exploit new opportunities for business expansion broad strategies and long term planning enable the development of a formidable business wait.

(vii) Image Building: Environment study makes it possible for the business to expand and to make it acceptable and agreeable to different social groups. By fulfilling its social obligations towards different groups of society, business can create goodwill and reputation for itself.

(viii) Adaptability to Socio-Economic Changes : A business organization needs to show its keen intentions towards adapting to the socio-economic changes.

Question 2.
Social Environment.
Answer:
Business is a economic and social activity. It has to produce goods according to the requirement of the customers. Satisfying customer is the basic need of business. Therefore, while manufacturing or producing goods, business has to take into consideration social factors like traditions, customs, education, habits, values, life styles, thinking and earnings of the people of country. Changes in social environment are a must and management has to take into consideration these factors which determines the following aspects.
1. Social Aspect : Literacy level, educational system, tradition and customs, transition of labour, etc. are the important aspect of social environment. It helps to analyze the needs of the people and accordingly the business opportunities are identified.

2. Social Trends : Business practices and procedures must be in tune with the social beliefs. Growing number of working women and changing life style have increased the demand for household appliances in India.

3. Social Values : Cultural and social values, (social justice, national integration, etc.), family organization and caste structure, social institutions and groups, are taken to consideration while making practices and procedures of business.

4. Traditions : Customs and traditions. (Diwali, Id, Christmas, etc.) also has an effect on the business. The businessmen have to be more responsible towards the demand of the people accordingly.

Question 3.
Economic environment.
Answer:
1. Economic environment comprises of economic condition economic policies and economic system which are the important factors influencing development and trade cycles, national income, etc.

2. Economic Condition : If refers to present state of economy of a country or region based on gross domestic product, per capita income, availability of capital, etc.

3. Economic Policies: Government frames economic policies time to time influencing the business activities. In order to controls the business in the interest of the politics, e.g. – Industrial policy, monetary policy, foreign investment policy etc.

4. Economic System: It refers to the scope of private business and extent of government regulation on economic activities determines the nature of economic system i.e. – capitalist social or mixed economic.

Question 4.
Political Environment.
Answer:
Political dimensions or environment includes the country’s political system or its ideologies or condition i.e. dictatorship or democracy or communist government or socialistic government. It indicates the general stability and peace in the country and attitude of the elected government representatives towards business.

Political stability builds up confidence among business people to invest in long-term projects for the growth of the economy. In India we have adopted mixed economy and growth rate often remains moderate. Indian political system comprises three vital institutions like Legislature, Government and Judiciary.

1. Legislature : legislature is very powerful force that decides the nature of business, programmes, project, for the development of the country through policy making, law making, budget approving, etc.
2. Government : The framework of policies are implemented by government which effects the business organization to under take the responsibilities of the society.
3. Judiciary : It determines the work of executives to carry out the policies in a systematic manner, in order to settle relationship between citizens and the government.

Question 5.
Impact of new economic policy on business and industry.
Answer:
(A) Introduction : On July, 1991, the Government of India announced its New Industrial Policy. It brought about radical changes in the Economic Policy. The three main pillars of Economic reforms are L – P – G (Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation). The main purpose was to modernise India’s Industrial system, implement new techniques, remove unproductive control, encourage private investment and integrate our economy with the global economy.

(B) Impact of changes in Government Policy on Business and Industry:
1. Budgetary Support: The Central Government’s budgetary support for financing the public sector outlays has declined over the years. In order to survive and grow, PSUs have to be more efficient and self sufficient so as to compete with private sector.

2. Increase in Competition : Competition for Indian firms has increased due to the changes in the rules of industrial licensing and entry of foreign firms, for e.g. Service Industries like Insurance, Banking, Telecommunications, Hotel and Airlines, etc. which were earlier in the public sector are now facing competition from private players such as Bajaj Alliance, Max Life, Star Life, Insurance, low cost airlines like Indigo, etc.

3. New Trade Policy : The new trade policy has helped the Indian Firms to enter into foreign markets and earn the foreign exchange required for importing raw materials, spare parts and components they needed for keeping their production lines going.

4. Demanding Customers : Today’s market is customer oriented as customers are well informed and there is growing awareness among them about the malpractices adopted by traders, consumer rights, consumer education and so on. Moreover, competition in the market gives the customer wider choice in purchasing good quality product and makes customer more demanding.

5. Need for Human Resource Development : New technologies require expert knowledge and skill in various fields. Moreover, newer markets made it compulsory for companies to acquire trained personnel with high degree of competence and commitment. Hence, there is a need for well trained staff and thereby develop human resources.

6. Change in Technological Environment : Increased competition and advancements in the field of technology have forced the business units to develop new ways to survive and grow in the market and keep pace with latest technological developments.

7. Change in the Concept of Marketing : Earlier business organisations were production oriented but due to fast changing business world it has now become market oriented. This changed to societal concept where needs of society are kept in mind by the producers. The latest is relationship marketing whereby it is not only producing goods for consumers but maintaining long term relationship with them so as to sustain them.

8. Answer the following

Question 1.
What is business environment? Explain the important of business environment.
Answer:
(A) Business Environment:
A business is defined as buying and selling activity to generate income. Business consists of several interrelated and interacting elements. Business is an economic and social activity of the society. Society is an integral part of the business and its interest cannot be ignored.

Business environment consists of economic, social, legal, technological and political situation. Business obtains money, material, machinery and manpower and other resources from environment.
According to B. O. Wheeler – Business environment is “the total of all things external to firms and individuals which effect their organisation and operations”.
According to Oxford English Dictionary – “Business Environment refers to those aspects of the surroundings of a business enterprise which influence or effect its operations and determine its effectiveness.”
Basically business environment consists of all internal and external factors that influence the nature and scope of business activity.

(B) Importance of Business Environment:
(i) Flexible and Dynamic : Changing environmental factors should be appraised from time to time. So as to keep the business flexible and dynamic. The new opportunities and threats created by the environment can be appraised by the corporate planners to make the most of it. Turbulent market conditions, less brand loyalty, more demanding customers and intense global competition are some of the images of todays business environment. In order to cope with these significant changes, organization must understand and examine the environment and develop suitable course of activity.

(ii) Opportunities and Threats : Study of business environment enables a business enterprise to visualise future problems that can arises as also future business prospects in advance. Deriving benefit from honourable business opportunities is possible as also it can face the problems boldly. Awareness of environment help an organisation to take advantage of such opportunities instead of loosing them to competition. It helps organisation to identify various threats on time and serves as an early signal.

(iii) Competition : Understanding the business environment helps to obtain qualitative information which in turn is useful in formulating business plans, policies and strategies for the future course of action.

(iv) Utilization of Resources Optimally : Optimum use of available resources for the business enterprise is possible by studying the business environment. It enables the enterprise to take full advantage of the policies implemented by the government.

(v) Strength and Weakness Identification : With the change of technology and global development it helps to analyze individual strength and weakness of the business understanding the challenges, appropriate decisions are taken on timely basis.

(vi) Knowledge : Study of environment is necessary to discover and exploit new opportunities for business expansion broad strategies and long term planning enable the development of a formidable business wait.

(vii) Image Building: Environment study makes it possible for the business to expand and to make it acceptable and agreeable to different social groups. By fulfilling its social obligations towards different groups of society, business can create goodwill and reputation for itself.

(viii) Adaptability to Socio-Economic Changes : A business organization needs to show its keen intentions towards adapting to the socio-economic changes.

Question 2.
Explain the new economic policy in details.
Answer:
The new economic policy was introduced by the Government on 24th July, 1991, on the failure of the earlier Industrial policy prevailing in India.
The new policy was known as LPG i.e. Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation. This was the brain child of the Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao and the finance minister Dr. Manmohan Singh.

(i) Liberalisation:
It means to liberate the industry, trade and commerce from the unnecessary restrictions and regulations that curtailed the freedom of enterprise.
Liberalisation has helped the Indian economy to open up and allowed the entry of foreign business in India. The interaction with the world has happened after the 1991 policy.

Liberalisation policy has brought about the following measures:

1. Encouraging Direct Foreign Investment.
2. Wide Choice of products and services enjoyed by the customers.
3. Reduction in control of Foreign Exchange.
4. Cost of products, price and quality in tune to the global markets.
5. Changing the approach towards industrial sickness.
6. Production of quality products to meet the competitive markets.
7. Freedom to choose the Scale of business.
8. Reduction in tax rates, tax holidays, etc.
9. Encouraging new technology, technological upgradation and foreign collaboration.
10. I mport of machinery, goods and other services on easy terms.
11. Abolishing licensing system for most of the industries.
12. Opening telecommunication sector.

Liberalisation has thus made the country achieve high growth rate, made the rupee stronger and helped good industrial relations.

(ii) Privatisation:
Privatisation is a process of transferring ownership of business, enterprise agency or public service from the public sector (government) to the private sector.
Features of Privatisation are:

1. To provide variety of business units to consumers.
2. To ensure less political interference in running the business.
3. To bring about more accountability.
4. To reduce labour problem.
5. To bring about a market oriented approach.
6. To make competition more intense.
7. To bring about more efficiency.
8. To maintain capital market discipline.

The government of the country has followed a disinvestment policy.

Disinvestment means:

1. When there is a sale of a public undertaking in full or part of private sector without transferring the ownership to private sector.
2. The management and control is transfered to public undertaking e.g. Maruti Udyog Ltd., SAIL, ONGC, etc.
3. Improvement in the performance of the industries through Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). Privatisation helps the private sector to be efficient result oriented, productive and active. Capitalist countries like America and Japan have followed privatisation.

(iii) Globalisation:
When the operation and organization of business activities are on a global scale, it is called as Globalisation. It is integration of business activities by considering the entire world is one market.

In short globalisation means a boundary less world, where there would be a free flow of goods, services, information, capital and people across nations. Globalisation has effect on socio-economic and political sphere of life.

Features of Globalisation:

1. Buying and selling goods from/to any country is possible due to globalisation.
2. Establishing manufacturing, production and distribution facilities in any part of the world.
3. Freedom to set up’ and operate business in any part of the world.
4. Render faster economic development of any country.
5. Exchange of new ideas and technology across nations.
6. Narrowing differences between domestic and international market.
7. Direct Foreign private participation in the industrial development of any country.

Thus it could be seen that globalisation is an evolutionary concept. Through the policy of 1991 the government moved the country to this globalisation pattern.

OCM 11th Commerce Textbook Solutions Digest

• 11th OCM Chapter 1 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 2 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 3 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 4 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 5 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 6 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 7 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 8 Practical Problems

Institutes Supporting Business 11th OCM Chapter 6 Solutions Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Organisation of Commerce and Management 11th Textbook Solutions Chapter 6 Institutes Supporting Business Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 11 OCM Chapter 6 Exercise Solutions

1. (A) Select the correct option and rewrite the sentence

Question 1.
Small Industrial Development Bank of India (SIDBI) was established in …………………
(a) 1989
(b) 1990
(c) 1991
Answer:
(b) 1990

Question 2.
SIDBI was established under the Small Industrial Development Bank of India Act, …………………
(a) 1988
(b) 1992
(c) 1996
Answer:
(a) 1988

Question 3.
………………… is Principal Financial Institution for Promotion, the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) sector in India.
(a) NABARD
(b) KVIC
(c) SIDBI
Answer:
(c) SIDBI

Question 4.
………………… came into existence on July 12, 1982
(a) NABARD
(b) KVIC
(c) SIDBI
Answer:
(a) NABARD

Question 5.
A Committee to Review the Arrangements for Institutional Credit for Agriculture and Rural Development (CRAFICARD) was constituted under the Chairmanship of …………………
(a) Kothari
(b) Shivaraman
(c) Rangrajan
Answer:
(b) Shivaraman

Question 6.
All India Khadi and Village Industries Board was set up in the year …………………
(a) 1953
(b) 1949
(c) 1948
Answer:
(a) 1953

Question 7.
In April ………………… KVIC was established.
(a) 1955
(b) 1953
(c) 1957
Answer:
(c) 1957

1. (B) Match the pairs

Question 1.

Part A	Part B
(i) SIDBI	(a) 1944
(ii) NABARD	(b) 1990
(iii) World Bank	(c) 1988
(iv) Grameen Bank	(d) 1983
(v) KVIC	(e) 1982
	(f) 1957
	(g) 1932
	(h) 1956
	(i) 1912
	(j) 1960

Answer:

Part A	Part B
(i) SIDBI	(b) 1990
(ii) NABARD	(e) 1982
(iii) World Bank	(a) 1944
(iv) Grameen Bank	(d) 1983
(v) KVIC	(f) 1957

1. (C) Give one word/phrase/term

Question 1.
Life blood of business.
Answer:
Finance

Question 2.
Principal financial institution of promotion of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) sector in India.
Answer:
SIDBI

Question 3.
Advisor and mentor for MSMEs
Answer:
SIDBI

Question 4.
Wholly owned subsidiary of IDBI was set up in July 1999, is providing venture capital.
Answer:
SIDBI Venture Capital Ltd. (SVCL)

Question 5.
Digital initiative by SIDBI launched on March, 17th, 2016
Answer:
SIDBI Startup Mitra,

Question 6.
The apex institution for agricultural finance.
Answer:
NABARD

Question 7.
The Bangladeshi economist, known as the Father of Micro-finance.
Answer:
Dr. Muhammad Yunus

Question 8.
An international organization dedicated to providing finance, advice and research to developing nations.
Answer:
World Bank

1. (D) State True or False

Question 1.
Small Industrial Development Bank was established on 2nd April, 1990.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
SIDBI has its head office at Mumbai.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
SIDBI is not working towards sustainable development of MSME’s in India.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
SIDBI, Startup Mitra scheme is launched on March 17th, 2016.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
NABARD came into existence on July 12, 1982.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
The NABARD has been recognised as the apex institution for financing large scale industries.
Answer:
False

Question 7.
KVIC is actively working for planning, promotion and production of Khadi as well as in setting up of village and rural industries of India.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
Dr. Muhammad Yunus is known as the ‘Father of Rural Banking’.
Answer:
False

Question 9.
Self Help Group is a large group of homogeneous individuals.
Answer:
False

1. (E) Complete the sentences

Question 1.
The lifeblood of a business is …………………
Answer:
Finance

Question 2.
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME’s) are focused domains for …………………
Answer:
SIDBI

Question 3.
SIDBI takes structural initiatives to resolve the financial and non-financial hurdles of …………………
Answer:
MSMEs

Question 4.
SIDBI is established to provide short-term and long-term finance to
Answer:
MSME’s

Question 5.
‘SIDBI Startup Mitra’ launched on …………………
Answer:
March 17th, 2016

Question 6.
To improve accessibility of credit and handholing services to MSME’s, SIDBI has launched the …………………
Answer:
Udyami Mitra

Question 7.
NABARD came into existence on …………………
Answer:
July 12th, 1982

Question 8.
Khadi and Village Industries Commision was set up in …………………
Answer:
1953

Question 9.
A statutory body of Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) was created with a special Act of …………………
Answer:
Parliament

Question 10.
The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh was set up in …………………
Answer:
October 1983

Question 11.
The father of Micro finance is …………………
Answer:
Dr. Muhammad Yunus

Question 12.
The World Bank came into existence on …………………
Answer:
1944 Bretton Woods Conference

Question 13.
The headquarter of World Bank is in …………………
Answer:
Washington D.C.

Question 14.
Dr. Muhammad Yunus jointly won the Noble Prize in …………………
Answer:
2006.

1. (F) Select the correct option

Question 1.
(1953, 1944, 2nd April 1990, Oct. 1983, 12 July 1982)

Part A	Part B
(i) SIDBI	—————
(ii) ————-	NABARD
(iii) KVIC	—————
(iv) —————	World Bank
(v) Grameen Bank	—————

Answer:

Part A	Part B
(i) SIDBI	2nd April 1990
(ii) 12 July, 1982	NABARD
(iii) KVIC	1953
(iv) 1944	World Bank
(v) Grameen Bank	Oct. 1983 Grameen Bank

1. (G) Answer in one sentence

Question 1.
What is SIDBI?
Answer:
SIDBI is Small Industrial Development Bank of India, which takes initiative to resolve the financial and non-financial hurdles of MSMEs.

Question 2.
What do you mean by NABARD?
Answer:
NABARD is a National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, which was formed with an objective to provide and regulate credit and other facilities for the development of agriculture, small scale industries, cottage village industries, handicraft and other rural crafts and allied economic activities.

Question 3.
What is meant by Grameen Bank?
Answer:
Bank which gives small loans to landless poor women to promote self employment is called Grameen Bank.

Question 4.
What is SHG?
Answer:
SHG is a small group of homogeneous individuals who come together with the objective creating common fund through savings and meet members emergency needs by providing collateral free loan.

Question 5.
What do you mean by World Bank?
Answer:
The World Bank is an international organization dedicated to provide finance, advice and research to developing nations.

Question 6.
WhatisMSME’s
Answer:
MSME’s are Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, which play an important role in promoting entrepreneurship among women and economically weaker section in the country.

Question 7.
What is Udyami Mitra?
Answer:
‘Udyami Mitra’ is the digital portal launched by SIDBI, to improve accessibility of credit and handholding services to MSMEs.

1. (H) Correct the Underlined word and rewrite the following sentences

Question 1.
SIDBI is established to provide only long-term finance to the MSME’s.
Answer:
SIDBI is established to provide short-term and long term finance to the MSME’s.

Question 2.
The NABARD has been recognised as the apex institution for industrial finance.
Answer:
The NABARD has been recognised as the apex institution for Agricultural finance.

Question 3.
Khadi was symbol and the spirit of self reliance in post independence India.
Answer:
Khadi was symbol and the spirit of self reliance in pre independence India.

Question 4.
Self help group are based on the fundamental principle of to earn profit.
Answer:
Self help group are based on the fundamental principle of ‘helping each other’ and “unity is strength”.

Question 5.
World Bank provides high interest loan.
Answer:
World Bank provides low interest loan.

2. Explain the following terms/concepts

Question 1.
Udyami Mitra.
Answer:

1. This is the portal launched by SIDBI to improve accessibility of credit and handholding services to MSME’s.
2. Under this portal entrepreneurs can apply for loan without physically visiting any bank branches.
3. The entrepreneurs can select and apply for preferred banks.
4. They can select suitable branch, track their application status and avail multiple loan benefits.

Question 2.
KVIC.
Answer:

1. KVIC was established to take over the work from All India Khadi and Village Industries Board.
2. KVIC is working for planning, promotion and production of Khadi and setting up of village and rural industries in India.
3. It gives emphasis on utilizing the locally available raw materials and human skills to generate non-farm employment opportunities in the rural areas.

Question 3.
World Bank.
Answer:

1. The World Bank is an international organization formed to provide finance, advice and research to developing nations.
2. It was created at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference along with the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
3. The head quarter of World Bank is in Washington D.C.
4. It provides financial as well as technical assistance to the member countries of the world.
5. It comprises of two institutions namely – the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA).

Question 4.
Self Help-Groups
Answer:

1. Self Help Group (SHG) is a voluntary association.
2. It is a small homogeneous group of people who come together with the objective of creating common fund through small savings and meet members emergency needs by providing collateral free loan at reasonable rate.
3. Many SHG are linked to banking institutions for getting micro-credit.
4. All decisions are taken collectively by SHG members.

Question 5.
Collateral Free Loan
Answer:

1. Collateral free loan are SHGs small loans provided to the poor individuals for undertaking self-employment projects.
2. Loans are given on the principle of mutual trust and either minimum or no documentation.
3. The rate of interest generally charged are higher than the interest charged by banks.
4. It saves the poor individuals from the clutches of local money lenders.

3. Study the following case/situation and express your opinion

Anand completed his MBA and wants to start a Small Scale Industry. He is good at using technology. He has very good business idea in mind and looking for a lender or investor.

Question 1.
Who is promoter or businessman in this case?
Answer:
A person who gets the idea of starting the business enterprise is called as promoter or businessman. In the above case Anand is promoter or businessman.

Question 2.
What is full form SSI?
Answer:
The full form of SSI is Small Scale Industry.

Question 3.
Suggest digital ways to find lender or investor for this initiative
Answer:
SIDBI has started Digital initiatives / Digital ways to find lender or investor. For this initiative I can suggest the following ways:
(a) SIDBI Startup Mitra:
It brings together all stakeholders, start-up entrepreneurs, incubators, investors, industry bodies, mentors and advisors and banks on one platform. It helps in financing and development of new entrepreneurs.

(b) Udyami Mitra:
This is a portal launched by SIDBI to improve accessibility of credit and handholding services to MSME’s. Under this portal entrepreneurs can apply for loan without physically visiting any bank branches. The entrepreneurs can select and apply for preferred banks, they can select suitable branch, track their application status and avail multiple loan benefits.

4. Answer in brief

Question 1.
State any four features of NABARD.
Answer:
Features of NABARD:
(i) Apex Bank : NABARD acts as an apex bank for meeting the credit needs of all type of financial institutions working in the field of agricultural and rural development. It works to frame policies and guidelines for rural financial institutions in India. It provides credit facilities to institutes working in agricultural finance.

(ii) Refinancing Facilities : It provides refinancing facilities to State Co-operative Banks (SCBs), Land Development Banks (LDBs), Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and other approved financial institutions for financing rural economic activities. It also provides short-term, medium term and long term credit to these institutes.

(iii) Provides Credit for Rural Development : It takes initiatives in the development and promotion of different activities in rural area by providing funds to State governments. It also provides refinancing for upliftment of weaker section of the society. It also works on improvement of small and minor irrigation by way of promoting agricultural activities.

(iv) Financing Rural Industries : It provides refinancing facility to small scale industries and other village and cottage industries. It provides loans to commercial and co-operative banks to promote rural employment. It organizes skill and entrepreneurship development programs to promote an entrepreneurial culture among the rural youth and encourage them to start enterprises in the rural areas.

Question 2.
State four objectives of KVIC.
Answer:
Objectives of KVIC :
(i) Development of Khadi and Other Village Industries : KVIC is actively working for planning, promotion and production of khadi as well as in setting up of village and rural industries in India. It identifies the potential for the development of rural industries and undertakes the valuable task of promoting and developing locally operating village enterprises.

(ii) Special Objective : KVIC has a special objective of providing employment. It gives emphasis on utilizing the locally available raw materials and human skills to generate non-farm employment opportunities in the rural areas. It plays a role of co-ordinator with other agencies engaged in rural development.

(iii) Economic Objective : KVIC is actively working for planning, promotion and production of khadi as well as in setting up of village and rural industries in India. KVIC receives fund from the Ministry of MSMEs for effective implementation of various programs and schemes. It helps in producing saleable articles which helps the economic development of the country.

(iv) Wider Objective : It has a wider objective of creating self-reliance amongst the poor and building up of a strong rural community spirit.

Question 3.
Write any four features of World Bank.
Answer:
Features of World Bank:
(i) Organization and Structure : The organization of bank consists of the Board of Governors, the Board of Executive Directors and the Advisory Committee, the Loan Committee and the President and other staff members. All the powers of the bank are vested in the Board of Governors which is the supreme policy making body of the bank. The board consists of one Governor and an Alternative Governor appointed for five years by each member country. The Board of Executive Directors consists of 21 members, 6 of them are appointed by the six largest shareholders, namely USA, UK, Germany, France, Japan and India. The rest of the 15 members are elected by the remaining countries.

(ii) Goals : The World Bank Group has two goals to be achieved by 2030.

• To end extreme poverty by decreasing the percentage of people living on less than 1.90 dollars a day to no more than 3%.
• To promote shared prosperity by fostering the income growth of the bottom 40% for every country.

(iii) Innovative Knowledge Sharing : World Bank offers support to developing countries through policy, advice, research and analysis and technical assistance. Analytical works of World Bank often helps developing countries. It also helps in capacity development of the developing countries. World Bank also sponsors, host or participates in many conferences and forums on issues of development.

(iv) Social Development : Social Development focuses on the need to “put people first” in development process. The World Bank work with governments, communities, civil societies, the private sector and the marginalized for the cause of social development. Social Development promotes economic growth and leads to higher quality of life.

Question 4.
Describe any two features of Self Help Groups.
Answer:
Features of Self Help Groups:
(i) Democratic Set up : SHG is group of the members, for the members and by the members. Every member of the group actively participates in the functioning of SHGs. Members are responsible for their own future by organizing themselves into SHGs. They elect or select leader for proper functioning of the group. Leader is responsible for holding regular meetings and maintaining records and accounts of the group.

(ii) Collateral Free Loan : SHGs provide small loans to the poor individuals for undertaking self-employment projects. Loans are given on the principle of mutual trust and either minimum or no documentation. Generally the rate of interest are higher than the interest charged by banks. It saves the poor individuals from the clutches of local money lenders. The repayment of loans is ensured timely as all members of group are responsible for collecting repayment amount from the members who borrowed the loan.

Question 5.
Describe any two features of SIDBI.
Answer:
Features of SIDBI:
(i) Financial Institute for Promotion of MSMEs : SIDBI is established to provide short term and long term finance to the MSMEs. It is principal financial institution for micro, small and medium sector units. It also co-ordinate the functions of institutions engaged in financing MSME’s. It provides refinance to Banking and Non-Banking Financial Companies to increase supply of credit to MSMEs.

(ii) Advisory Function : SIDBI also works as advisor and mentor of MSMEs. It helps MSMEs in expanding marketing channels for the products both in domestic as well as international markets. It also initiates steps for modernization and technological upgradation of current units.

5. Justify the following statements

Question 1.
SIDBI acts as an institute for promotion of MSMEs
Answer:

1. There are many efforts taken by SIDBI to emerge as a brand which is customer friendly towards MSME’s.
2. It facilitates and strengthens credit flow to MSME’s.
3. It identifies financial and developmental gaps in the MSME’s and take efforts to resolve the same.
4. SIDBI has dedicated its resources towards evolution of a vibrant ecosystem.
5. SIDBI has taken steps for technological upgradation and modernization of existing MSME’s
6. Thus, we can say that SIDBI acts as an institute for promotion of MSME’s.

Question 2.
SIDBI provides different types of financial and non-financial services through its subsidiaries.
Answer:
The following are the subsidiaries of SIDBI that provides financial and non-financial services:
(i) SIDBI Venture Capital Ltd. provides venture capital to emerging sectors, such as life sciences, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, engineering and information technology.

(ii) Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises is a trust to implement the Credit Guarantee Scheme through which credit facilities are extended without third party guarantee on collateral security by eligible lending banks/financial institutions.

(iii) SME Rating Agency of India Ltd. was set up by SIDBI, Dum & Brandstreet Information Services India Pvt. Ltd. and several public, private and foreign sector banks as an MSME. It is dedicated third-party rating agency and provide comprehensive, transparent and reliable ratings and risk profiling.

(iv) India SME Technology Services Limited is a platform where MSME’s can tap global opportunities for acquiring new emerging technologies and establish business collaborations.

(v) India SME Asset Reconstruction Company Ltd. is an asset reconstruction company. It acquires non-performing assets and try to resolve them through its innovative mechanisms. It specially focus on the non-performing assets of MSME sector.

(vi) Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency is established for ‘funding the unfunded’ micro enterprises in the country.

(vii) Thus, SIDBI provides different types of financial and non-financial services through its subsidiaries.

Question 3.
The NABARD has been recognized as the apex institution for agricultural finance.
Answer:

1. India is an agricultural country.
2. Agriculture and its allied activities act as main source of livelihood for most of the rural population of India.
3. Government of India is aware about the need of boosting institutional credit in rural economy.
4. The RBI constituted a Committee to review the arrangements for Institutional Credit for Agricultural and Rural Development under the Chairmanship of Shri B. Sivaram, to take review of agricultural credit in India.
5. The recommendation of the Committee was accepted and National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development came into existence on July, 12 1982 under the special Act of the Parliament, with an objective of providing credit and other facilities for the development of agriculture.
6. Thus, we can say the NABARD has been recognized as an apex institution for agricultural finance.

Question 4.
KVIC plays an important role in development of entrepreneurship.
Answer:

1. Entrepreneurship Development is one of the major functions of KVIC.
2. KVIC helps to provide additional livelihood avenues to the village communities.
3. KVIC generate self-employment opportunities through establishment of micro enterprises by organizing traditional artisans and unemployed youth. It increases the earning capacity as well as prevents migration.
4. KVIC actively participates in many international trade exhibitions for popularising its products in international markets.
5. Thus, we can say that KVIC plays an important role in development of entrepreneurship.

Question 5.
Mutual Trust is the soul of SHG.
Answer:

1. Most of the Indian villagers are facing challenges such as poverty, illiteracy, lack of skills, health care, etc.
2. There is a need of group efforts to solve these problems.
3. The basic philosophy of forming SHGs is to overcome individual shortcomings and weaknesses with collective efforts.
4. Through mutual trust thousands of poor and the marginalized individuals are building their lives, their families and their society.
5. Thus, we can say mutual trust is the soul of SHG.

Question 6.
SHGs play an important role in empowerment of women.
Answer:

1. The empowerment of women through SHG’s would lead to benefits not only to the individual women but also for the family and community as a whole.
2. The SHGs empower women and trains them to take active part in socio-economic progress of the nation.
3. SHG develops saving habits among the women.
4. It enhances status of women as they participate, lead, take decisions and get benefited through collective efforts,
5. Thus, we can say that SHG’s play an important role in empowerment of women.

Question 7.
World Bank plays vital role in social development.
Answer:

1. The World Bank work with governments, communities, civil societies, private sectors and the marginalized for the cause of social development.
2. Social development promotes economic growth and leads to higher quality of life.
3. The World Bank work on social development, brings voices of the poor and vulnerable into development process.
4. World Bank is also undertaking timely social risk analysis, including poverty and social impact analysis,
5. Thus, World Bank plays a vital role in social development.

6. Attempt the following

Question 1.
State the different forms of finance provided by SIDBI.
Answer:
SIDBI offers the following finance facilities to its customers:

1. Direct Finance : SIDBI offers direct financing to the MSMEs through financing Working Capital, Term Loan, Foreign Currency Loan, Equity Support, Energy Saving Schemes etc.
2. Indirect Finance : SIDBI offers indirect assistance by providing refinance to banks, State Level Financial Institutions, etc. with an extensive branch network across the country.
3. Micro Finance : SIDBI offers micro-finance to small businessmen and entrepreneurs for establishing their business.

Question 2.
State the role of SIDBI in sustainable development.
Answer:
Role of SIDBI in sustainable development:

1. SIDBI helps MSMEs in creation of economic wealth while preventing ecological wealth of the country.
2. It promotes the culture of energy efficient and sustainable finance.
3. It takes initiative to enhance awareness of benefits of climate control amongst MSMEs.
4. It focuses on lending schemes, promoting investments in clean production and energy efficient technologies.
5. It helps to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases to contribute towards reduction in pollution.

Question 3.
Explain the role of NABARD in financing rural industries.
Answer:
Role of NABARD in financing rural industries:

1. It plays an important role in providing refinance to small scale industries and other village and cottage industries.
2. It provides loans to commercial and co-operative banks to promote rural employment.
3. It organizes skill and entrepreneurship development programmes to promote an entrepreneurial culture among the rural youth and encourage them to start enterprises in the rural areas.

Question 4.
Explain the objectives of KVIC.
Answer:
Objectives of KVIC are:

1. The objectives of KVIC are broadly classified into three, i.e. social objective, economic objectives and wider objective.
2. Through social objective, KVIC aims at providing employment to the rural unemployed.
3. Through economic objective, it tries to produce saleable articles which will give promotion to KVIC products.
4. Through wider objective, it attempts to create self refinance amongst the poor and building a strong rural community spirit.

Question 5.
Explain the role of KVIC in employment generation.
Answer:
Role of KVIC in employment generation:

1. Due to massive population growth agricultural sector is losing its ability to generate additional employment in rural areas.
2. It is necessary to create employment opportunities for the fast increasing workforce in rural areas.
3. Khadi and village industries are labour intensive in nature.
4. The KVIC is established with the broader objective to promote non-farm employment opportunities in rural areas.
5. It also concentrates on the betterment of rural artisans and socio-economic weaker section of the society.

Question 6.
Explain in detail democratic setup in SHGs.
Answer:
Democratic set up in SHGs:

1. SHG is group of the members, for the members and by the members.
2. It is the group which reflects the people’s real participation in the process of development.
3. Every member of the group actively participates in the functioning of SHGs.
4. Members are responsible for their own future by organizing themselves into SHGs.
5. They elect or select leader for proper functioning of the group.
6. Leader is responsible for holding regular meetings and maintaining records and accounts of the group.

Question 7.
Explain organizational structure of World Bank.
Answer:
Organizational Structure of World Bank:

1. The organization of the bank consists of the Board of Governors, the Board of Executive Directors and the Advisory Committee, the Loan Committee and the President and other staff members.
2. Board of Governors is the supreme policy making body of the bank.
3. The board consists of one Governor and one Alternative Governor appointed for 5 years by each member country.
4. The Board of Executive Directors consists of 21 member, 6 of them are appointed by the six largest shareholders, namely USA, UK, Germany, France, Japan and India. The rest 15 members are elected by the remaining countries.

7. Answer the following

Question 1.
Write important features of SIDBI.
Answer:
Important features of SIDBI are as follows:
(i) Sustainable Development : SIDBI is working towards sustainable development of MSMEs in India. It helps MSMEs in creation of economic wealth while preventing ecological wealth of the country. It promotes culture of energy efficient and sustainable finance. It helps to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases to contribute towards reduction in pollution.

(ii) Nodal/Implementing Agency : SIDBI has been assigned the role of nodal agency by the Government of India. It helps in implementing various subsidy schemes for MSMEs. These schemes help in upgradation, modernization and expansion of business.

(iii) Financial Institute for Promotion of MSMEs : SIDBI is established to provide short term and long term finance to the MSMEs. It provides refinance to Banking and Non-Banking Financial Companies to increase supply of credit to MSMEs. SIDBI cater to the specific needs of Indian MSMEs that are not fulfilled through traditional sources of finance.

(iv) Advisory Function: SIDBI also works as an advisor and mentor for MSMEs. It helps MSMEs in expanding marketing channels for the products both in the domestic as well as international markets. It also initiates steps for modernization and technological upgradation of current units.

(v) Forms of Finance : SIDBI offers the following facilities to its customers:

• Direct Finance
• Indirect Finance
• Micro Finance

(vi) Digital Initiatives:
(a) SIDBI Startup Mitra:
It brings together all stakeholders, start-up entrepreneurs, incubators, investors, industry bodies, mentors and advisors and banks at one platform. It helps in financing and development of new entrepreneurs. It also works as knowledge partner for State and Central Government.

(b) Udyami Mitra:
This is the portal launched by SIDBI to improve accessibility of credit and handholding services to MSME’s. Under this portal entrepreneurs can apply for loan without physically visiting any bank branches. The entrepreneurs can select and apply for preferred banks, they can select suitable branch, track their application status an avail multiple loan benefits.

(vii) Achievement of National Goals : SIDBI helps in poverty alleviation and employment generation by financing MSMEs. It promotes entrepreneurship and fosters competitiveness in MSME sector. It promotes entrepreneurship among women and economically weaker section of the society.

(viii) Services of MSMEs : SIDBI provides different types of financial and non financial services through its associates and subsidiaries. These associates and subsidiaries are as follows:

• SIDBI Ventures Capital Ltd.
• Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises
• SME Rating Agency of India Ltd.
• India SME Technology Services Limited
• India SME Asset Reconstruction Company Ltd.
• Micro Units Development & Refinance Agency

Question 2.
Write important features of NABARD.
Answer:
Important features of NABARD are as follows:
(i) Financing Rural Industries : It plays an important role in providing refinance for small scale industries and other village and cottage industries. It provides loans to commercial and co-operative banks to promote rural employment. It organizes skill and entrepreneurship development programs to promote an entrepreneurial culture among the rural youth and encourage them to start enterprises in the rural areas.

(ii) Assistance to Financial Institutes : It plays an important role in preparing and developing action plans for Co-operative Banks and Regional Rural Banks. It also monitors implementation of developmental action plans of these banks. It provides financial assistance to co-operative banks for building improved Management Information System, computerization of operations and development of human resources.

(iii) Refinancing Facilities : It provides refinancing facilities to State Co-operative Banks (SCBs), Land Development Banks (LDBs), Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and other approved financial institutions for financing rural economic activities. It also provides short-term, medium term and long term credit to these institutes.

(iv) Credit for Rural Development: It takes initiative in development and promotion of different activities in rural area by providing funds to State government. It also works on improvement of small and minor irrigation by way of promoting agricultural activities.

(v) Apex Bank : NABARD acts as an apex bank for meeting the credit needs of all type of financial institutions working in the field of agricultural and rural development. It works to frame policies and guidelines for rural financial institutions in India. It provides credit facilities to institutes working in agricultural finance.

(vi) Recommendations to Reserve Bank of India : It provides recommendations to Reserve Bank of India on issue of licenses to Co-operative Banks, opening of new branches by State Co-operative Banks and Regional Rural Banks.

(vii) Development of Nation: It plays an important role in the improvement of storage facilities for agricultural commodities by promoting development of warehousing facilities. It also promotes the export of agricultural commodities. It plays a key role in sustainable development of the country through Green, Blue and White revolution.

(viii) Supervision of Financial Institutes Engaged in Agricultural Finance :It undertakes inspection of Regional Rural Banks and Co-operative Banks as per the guidelines of Banking Regulation Act, 1949. It can also undertake inspection of State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks and apex non-credit co-operative societies on a voluntary basis.

Question 3.
Write important features of KVIC.
Answer:
Important features of KVIC are as follows:
(i) Research and Development: To face the challenge of globalisation, KVIC has introduced a number of new products range like khadi denim jeans to cater the need of the market. The KVIC undertake trainings of sales staff for effective marketing of the products. KVIC is taking several steps to set standards of quality to ensure genuineness of the khadi products. KVIC signed Memorandum of Understanding with National Institute of Design to provide design support, services in packaging, marketing, communication, publicity, disseminating materials and other design-related activities.

(ii) Other Functions : The KVIC is charged with the planning, promotion, organization and implementation of programs for the development of Khadi and other village industries in the rural area. It organizes training programme for artisans engaged in Khadi and Village Industries.

(iii) Marketing Promotion : In order to attract younger generation, the KVIC is holding exhibitions, seminars, lectures in universities and colleges to disseminate knowledge of KVIC products. KVIC has also launched a massive marketing development plan to generate interest, awareness and attraction amongst masses.

(iv) Financial Assistance : It finances the projects for rural industrialization and also provides for margin money by way of subsidy. There are provisions for higher rate of subsidies in case of beneficiaries of the weaker section, tribal areas and backward regions. KVIC also provides financial assistance to institutions and individuals for development and operation of Khadi and Village industries.

(v) Rural Development : The Khadi and Village Industries plays an important role in the development of Indian economy, particularly in the development of the rural areas. KVIC facilitates proper utilization of natural resources in rural India for generating income for the rural masses.

(vi) Employment Generation: Due to increasing workforce, it is necessary to create employment opportunities. KVIC are labour intensive in nature. The broader objective of KVIC is to promote non-farm employment opportunities in rural areas.

(vii) Entrepreneurship Development : KVIC helps to provide additional livelihood avenues to the village communities. KVIC generate self-employment opportunities through establishment of micro enterprises by organizing traditional artisans and unemployed youth.

Question 4.
Write important features of SHGs.
Answer:
Important features of SHGs are as follows:
(i) Formation : It is generally formed by NGO’s or team of the government. It is an informal group. It is recognized by the government and does not require any formal registration. SHGs have well-defined rules and by-laws, hold regular meetings and maintain records.

(ii) Membership : As per the National Urban Livelihood Mission at least 5 members are required. It is difficult to manage bigger group and members cannot actively participate. From one family only one person can become a member so that more families can participate. Mixed groups are generally not preferred.

(iii) Entrepreneurship Development : The poor individuals in rural area face scarcity of capital and managerial skills. SHGs provide them capital at low interest rate which give them opportunity to start micro enterprise. These micro enterprises use untapped manpower in the area which generates employment opportunities in rural area.

(iv) Collateral Free L oan: SHGs provide small loans to the poor individuals for undertaking self-employment projects. Loans are given on the principle of mutual trust and either minimum or no documentation is required to get loan. The rate of interest differs from group to group and it is little higher than the interest charged by banks. It ensures timely repayment of loans as all members of the group are responsible for collecting repayment amount from the members who borrowed the loan.

(v) Democratic Setup : SHG is group of members, for the members and by the members. It is the group which reflects the people’s real participation in the process of development. Members elect or select leader for proper functioning of the group. Leader is responsible for holding regular meetings and maintaining records and accounts of the group.

(vi) Empowerment of Women : SHG is an emerging tool for socio-economic development of women all over the world. SHGs are working effectively in promoting women entrepreneurship. SHGs empower women by providing her knowledge, finance and opportunities.

(vii) Saving Habits : The SHG encourages small saving habits at regular interval among its members. The Self Help Group inculcates the thrift and savings habit among the members of each group.

(viii) Mutual Trust : Most of the Indian villages are facing challenges such as poverty, illiteracy, lack of skills, health care, etc. The basic philosophy of forming SHGs is to overcome individual shortcomings and weaknesses with collective efforts. Through mutual trust thousands of the poor and marginalized individuals are building their lives, their families and their society.

Question 5.
Write important features of World Bank.
Answer:
Important features of World Bank are as follows:
(i) Organisation and Structure : The organization of the bank consists of the Board of Governors, the Board of Executive Directors and the Advisory Committee, the loan Committee and the President and other staff members. Board of Governors is the supreme policy making body of the bank. The board consists of one Governor and one Alternative Governor appointed for 5 years by each member country. The Board of Executive Directors consists of 21 member, 6 of them are appointed by the six largest shareholders, namely USA, UK, Germany, France, Japan and India. The rest 15 members are elected by the remaining countries.

(ii) Innovation and Entrepreneurship : Innovation and Entrepreneurship helps in higher productivity which leads to increased economic growth. It helps in creation of employment to eradicate poverty. Young and growth oriented companies contribute in employment growth. They help in enhancing competitiveness and productivity by introducing new products, developing novel business models and opening new markets. The World Bank brings global experience, knowledge, research and investments to help client countries develop effective innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystems, such as policies, strategies, regulations and institutions that foster investments and jobs.

(iii) Financial Products and Services : World Bank provides low-interest loans, zero to low interest credits, and grants to developing countries. It supports in areas such as education, health, public administration, infrastructure, financial and private sector development, agriculture and environmental and natural resource management.

(iv) Innovative Knowledge Sharing : World bank sponsors, host or participates in many conferences and forums on issues of development. It also collaborates with partners on many developing issues. It also takes effort to provide access to the best global expertise to the developing countries.

(v) Goals :
The world bank group has set 2 goals to be achieved by 2030.

• End extreme poverty by decreasing the percentage of people living on less than 1.90 dollars a day to no more than 3%.
• Promote shared prosperity by fostering the income growth of the bottom 40% of every country.

(vi) Social Development : Social Development focuses on the need to ‘put people first’ in development process. The World Bank’s work on social development, brings voices of the poor and vulnerable into development.

OCM 11th Commerce Textbook Solutions Digest

• 11th OCM Chapter 1 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 2 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 3 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 4 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 5 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 6 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 7 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 8 Practical Problems

Forms of Business Organisation – II 11th OCM Chapter 5 Solutions Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Organisation of Commerce and Management 11th Textbook Solutions Chapter 5 Forms of Business Organisation – II Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 11 OCM Chapter 5 Exercise Solutions

1. (A) Select the correct option and rewrite the sentence

Question 1.
Departmental Organisation is financed through …………………… appropriations made by the legislature.
(a) annual budget
(b) monthly budget
(c) quarterly budget
Answer:
(a) annual budget

Question 2.
A ………………. is an autonomous corporate body created by the special Act of the parliament or State legislature.
(a) Statutory corporation
(b) government company
(c) MNC
Answer:
(a) Statutory corporation

Question 3.
A statutory corporation is answerable to ……………… or state assembly whosoever creates it.
(a) Parliament
(b) public
(c) employees
Answer:
(a) Parliament

Question 4.
In government company minimum …………………. % paid up capital is held by government.
(a) 51
(b) 41
(c) 31
Answer:
(a) 51

Question 5.
The shares of government company are purchased in the name of ………………
(a) President of India
(b) Chief Minister
(c) Defence Minister
Answer:
(a) President of India

Question 6.
Government on the advice of ………………… appoints auditor of government company.
(a) Comptroller and Auditor General of India
(b) auditor
(c) chartered accountant
Answer:
(a) Comptroller and Auditor General of India

Question 7.
A government company is a ………………… entity separate from the government.
(a) natural
(b) legal
(c) human
Answer:
(b) legal

Question 8.
……………… company has public accountability.
(a) MNC
(b) Private
(c) Government
Answer:
(c) Government

Question 9.
MNCs are powerful ……………….. entities.
(a) economical
(b) political
(c) social
Answer:
(a) economical

1. (B) Match the pairs

Question 1.

Group A	Group B
(a) BHEL	(1) Special Legislature
(b) Statutory Corporation	(2) 49% paid up capital by Government
(c) Departmental Organisation	(3) Service Motive
(d) Private Sector	(4) Railway
(e) Public Sector	(5) Profit motive
	(6) 51% paid up capital by Government

Answer:

Group A	Group B
(a) BHEL	(6) 51% paid up capital by Government
(b) Statutory Corporation	(1) Special Legislature
(c) Departmental Organisation	(4) Railway
(d) Private Sector	(5) Profit motive
(e) Public Sector	(3) Service Motive

1. (C) Give one word / phrase / term

Question 1.
Organisations which are owned by individual or group of individuals.
Answer:
Private Sector Organisations

Question 2.
Organisations which are owned by government.
Answer:
Public Sector Organisations

Question 3.
The sector which aims at profit maximization.
Answer:
Private sector

Question 4.
The sector which aims at providing reliable services to customers.
Answer:
Public sector Organisation

Question 5.
Organisations which are owned, financed, managed and controlled by government or combination of governments.
Answer:
Public sector Organisation

Question 6.
The organisation which is owned, managed, controlled and financed by government.
Answer:
Departmental Organisation

Question 7.
The oldest form of business organisation under public sector.
Answer:
Departmental Organisation

Question 8.
The organisation which performs it’s all activities as an integral part for government only.
Answer:
Departmental Organisation

Question 9.
The organisation which is financed through annual budget appropriations made by the legislature.
Answer:
Departmental Organisation

Question 10.
The organisation in which there is direct and absolute control of government over the enterprise.
Answer:
Departmental Organisation

Question 11.
An autonomous corporate body created by the Special Act of the parliament or state legislature with defined powers, functions and duties.
Answer:
Statutory Corporation

Question 12.
An organisation which is answerable to parliament or state assembly whosoever creates it.
Answer:
Statutory Corporation

Question 13.
An organisation which is not subject to the budget, accounting and audit controls by the government.
Answer:
Statutory Corporation

1. (D) State True or False

Question 1.
Private sector organisations are owned by individual or group of individuals.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Public sector organisations are owned by government.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Private sector aims at providing reliable services to customers.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Public sector was undertaken as a part of industrial policy, 1956.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Departmental organisation is the oldest form of business organisation under public sector.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
Departmental organisation performs its all activities separately from government.
Answer:
False

Question 7.
The Minister-in-charge of ministry is the head of departmental organisation.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
There is always problem of red tapism and bureaucracy in departmental organisation.
Answer:
True

Question 9.
There is large scope for the initiative and skill in departmental organisation.
Answer:
False

Question 10.
In departmental organisation there is flexibility in operations.
Answer:
False

1. (E) Find the odd word out

Question 1.
Indian Post, Indian Railway, Bank of India, Air India.
Answer:
Bank of India

Question 2.
Life Insurance Corporation, Reserve Bank of India, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, ONGC.
Answer:
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

Question 3.
Pepsi, Coca Cola, Dabur, Proctor & Gamble.
Answer:
Dabur

Question 4.
Tata Motors, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Steel Authority of India Limited, Gas Authority of India Limited.
Answer:
Tata Motors

1. (F) Complete the sentences

Question 1.
A Government company is a ………………… entity separate from the government.
Answer:
Legal

Question 2.
………………… is owned, managed, controlled and financed by government.
Answer:
Departmental Organisation

Question 3.
A ………………… has defined powers, functions and duties.
Answer:
Statutory corporation

Question 4.
All government companies are registered under ………………… Act, 2013.
Answer:
Companies

Question 5.
MNCs are powerful ………………… entities.
Answer:
economical

1. (G) Answer in one sentence

Question 1.
What is Government Company?
Answer:
The Company which is registered under Companies Act, 2013 having minimum 51% of paid up share capital held by central government or any state government or partly by central government and partly by one or more state governments is known as Government company.

Question 2.
What is Departmental Organisation?
Answer:
It is the oldest form of business organisation. Departmental Organisation performs its all activities as an integral part for government only.

Question 3.
What is Statutory Corporation?
Answer:
Statutory Corporation is an autonomous corporate body created by the special act of the parliament or state legislature with defined powers, functions and duties.

Question 4.
What is Multinational Corporation?
Answer:
A multinational corporation is a business organisation that operates in many different countries at the same time.

Question 5.
What is Public Sector?
Answer:
Public sector organisations are those organisations which are setup by the government with the main object of providing essential services to the general public.

Question 6.
What is Private Sector?
Answer:
Private sector business which are owned by private individuals or group of individuals are termed as private sector organisation.

1. (H) Correct the underlined word and rewrite the following sentences

Question 1.
Statutory Corporation is a natural person created by Special Act.
Answer:
Statutory Corporation is an artificial person created by special act.

Question 2.
A Statutory Corporation is not answerable to parliament or state assembly.
Answer:
A statutory corporation is answerable to parliament or state assembly.

Question 3.
MNC have existence only in single country.
Answer:
MNC have existence in many countries.

Question 4.
Departmental Organisation has separate existence from government.
Answer:
Departmental Organisation has no separate existence from government.

Question 5.
Private sector aims at providing essential services to customers.
Answer:
Public sector aims at providing essential services to customers.

2. Explain the following terms/concepts

Question 1.
Public Sector Organisation.
Answer:

1. It is owned, managed, controlled and financed by government.
2. It includes – Departmental Organisation, Statutory Corporation and Government Companies.
3. Its main objective is to provide services to society.
4. It is managed by government officials or Board of Director.
5. It is large in size and operates on large scale.

Question 2.
Private Sector Organisation.
Answer:

1. It is owned, managed, controlled and financed by individuals or group of individuals.
2. It includes – Sole Trading Concern, Joint Hindu Family Firm, Partnership Firm, Joint Stock Company and Co-operative Society.
3. Its main objective is to maximise profit.
4. It is managed by the owner himself or by their elected representatives.
5. It generally operate in industrial and commercial areas only.

Question 3.
Departmental Organisation.
Answer:

1. It is owned, managed, controlled and financed by government.
2. It is managed by government officials of concerned ministry.
3. They do not have autonomy in decision making.
4. They do not have separate legal entity distinct from government.
5. It is funded through annual budget of the government.

Question 4.
Statutory Corporation.
Answer:

1. It is formed under a Special Act of Parliament or State Legislature.
2. It is managed by Board of Director who are appointed by the government.
3. They enjoy autonomy in decision making.
4. They have separate legal entity distinct from government.
5. It is funded by the government initially and also in need of additional capital.

Question 5.
Government Company.
Answer:

1. It is a company where 51% of the paid up capital is held by Central Government or State Government jointly or individually.
2. It is managed by Board of Directors appointed by Government and Shareholders.
3. It is formed and registered under Companies Act, 2013.
4. They can borrow funds by issuing shares to the public or through debentures, deposits, etc.

Question 6.
Multinational Corporation.
Answer:

1. It is a business organisation that operates in many different countries.
2. It conducts business activities in more then one country.
3. It is controlled through centrally located head office.
4. They are also called as transnational or international corporations.
5. Example : Bata India, Infosys, Tata Motors, etc.

3. Study the following case/situation and express your opinion

1. There is X company in which capital contribution by different entities are as follows : Madhya Pradesh Government 35%, Maharashtra Government 35% and Government of India 30% of company.

Question 1.
Find out type of this company.
Answer:
‘X’ company is a Government Company.

Question 2.
Tell any two features of this company.
Answer:
Separate legal entity and Registration under the Companies Act, 2013 are the features of “X Government Company.

Question 3.
Give an example of this type of company.
Answer:
Hindustan Machine Tools (HMT), State Trading Corporation (STC), are the examples of the Government Company.

2. There is a company which is having a registered office in Singapore and such company is having branch offices in Varanasi (India) and Hambantota (Sri Lanka). This company provides cellular services to host countries through their respective branch offices.

Question 1.
Find out type of organisation.
Answer:
This type of organisation is called as Multinational Corporation.

Question 2.
Comment on it.
Answer:
Multinational Corporation means the companies which undertake business activities in more than one country. So this company is registered in Singapore and having branches in India and Sri Lanka.

Question 3.
Name the business organisation, which is self-financed, delegates authority and run by government as an integral part of it.
Answer:
It is a Departmental Organisation.

Question 4.
State any two merits of this organisation.
Answer:
No separate legal entity and Government employees are the merits of Departmental Organisation.

3. A central government passes a statute in the parliament and forms a business organisation which is having autonomy in administration and this organisation is answerable to legislature.

Question 1.
Which type of organisation is this?
Answer:
It is a Statutory Corporation.

Question 2.
Give any three Features of this organisation.
Answer:
Corporate body, No political interference, Own staffing system are the features of Statutory Corporation.

Question 3.
Give any one example of this type of organisation.
Answer:
“Life Insurance Corporation of India” is the example of Statutory Corporation.

4. Distinguish between the following

Question 1.
Private Sector Organisation and Public Sector Organisation.
Answer:

	Private Sector Organisation	Public Sector Organisation
(1) Meaning	Private enterprises are owned managed, controlled and financed by individuals or groups of individuals. Thus, ownership and management is with private organisations.	Public enterprises are owned, managed and controlled by the state on behalf of the people.
(2) Management	It is managed by industrialists through board of directors and other specialized executives.	It is managed by government officials or board of directors.
(3) Size of Entity	They are usually of small or medium size depending on volume of operation.	They are usually large in sized and they operate on large scale.
(4) Capital provider	Capital is contributed by owner from their own resources and borrowings from financial institutions.	The capital of public sector organisation is contributed by government.
(5) Decision making	Decision making is quick as very few officials are involved in decision making process.	Decision making is delayed due to bureaucratic hurdles.
(6) Business area	It generally operates in industrial and commercial areas only.	It operates in utility services areas like – railways, post, etc. and also in industrial and commercial areas.
(7) Main motive	Main motive of private sector organisation is to earn a profit.	Main motive of public sector organisation is to provide services to society.
(8) Flexibility	They are more flexible in nature as their policies can be modified as and when the need arises.	There is no flexibility in their operations as any change or modification requires the approval of thp Government.
(9) Political Interference	In private enterprises, there is no political interference and therefore executive enjoys complete autonomy and freedom of operations.	Public enterprises working is always affected by political interference. There is constant danger of undue interference by political parties and their leaders.
(10) Competition	Private enterprises operate in cut throat competition.	Public enterprises are generally monopolies or oligopolies (only two sellers in market.)
(11) Economic Equalities	Private sector increases economic inequalities.	Public Enterprises reduce economic inequalities.
(12) Regional Balance	Private enterprise increase regional imbalance because it wants to enjoy the advantages of location of industries.	Public enterprises tries to reduce the regional imbalance as it intends to bring about balanced regional development.
(13) Efficiency	Private Enterprises are more efficient due to profit maximisation, division of labour and specialisation.	Public enterprises lack initiative, flexibility and efficiency because profit motive is absent.
(14) Constituents	Sole Trading Concern, Joint Hindu Family Firm, Partnership Firm, Joint Stock Companies, Co-operative Society are different forms private sector.	Departmental Organisation, Statutory Corporations and Government companies are types of public sector.

Question 2.
Departmental Organisation and Statutory Corporation.
Answer:

	Departmental Organisatio	Statutory Corporation
Meaning	The organisation which is owned, managed, controlled, financed and operated by government is known as Departmental Organisation.	The company which is formed under a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature is known as Statutory Corporation.
Management	It is managed by government officials of the concerned ministry.	It is managed by board of directors nominated by government.
Legal Status	There is no separate legal status distinct from the government.	Statutory company has a separate legal status distinct from the government.
Borrowing Power	Departmental undertaking cannot borrow from public. It has to depend on budget allocated by the government.	Statutory Company can borrow from public by issue of shares and debentures.
Control	It is controlled by the concerned ministry.	It is controlled by government by the Act of Parliament or State Legislature.
Capital	Capital of departmental organisation comes from annual budget appropriations of the government.	Capital for statutory company comes from Central or State Government.
Formation	It is formed through Executive decision taken by the concerned ministry.	It is formed by passing a Special Act in the Parliament or in the State Legislature.
Suitability	It is suitable for defence and public utility undertakings such as infrastructure projects, e.g. Railways, Post & Telegraph, Defence, etc.	It is suitable for public utilities, development projects, service industry like banking and finance and other industrial and commercial undertakings e.g. UTI, LIC, RBI, ONGC, Air India etc.
Staff	Employees appointed are Government servants. They are subject to the same discipline and enjoy the same privileges as meant for civil servants.	Employees can be recruited independently. They are not civil servants. The corporation can have its own rule of recruitment and scale of remuneration.
Flexibility	It has low flexibility in its operation.	It has moderate flexibility in its operation.
Autonomy	It does not have autonomy in decision making.	It has autonomy in decision making.

Question 3.
Government Company and Multinational Corporation.
Answer:

	Government Company	Multinational Corporation
Meaning	Government Company means company where minimum 51% of the paid up capital is held by the Central or State Government jointly or individually.	Multinational Corporation is a company which is incorporated in one country and has business units in several countries.
Capital	The capital is contributed by the Central Government or State Government or even by general public.	The capital is contributed by the shareholders or financial institutions in several countries.
Management and Control	Government Company is managed by Board of Directors appointed by government and shareholders.	Multinational corporation is managed by a parent company. It manages affairs of the subsidiary from the respective home country.
Establishment	Government companies are formed and registered under provisions of Companies Act, 2013.	Multinational corporations have to seek permission from the government and host countries.
Borrowing power	Government companies can borrow funds by the way of debt or issuing shares to the public.	Multinational corporation use resources of different countries.
Area of Operations	Government company operates within the local boundaries of a nation.	MNC operates in several countries, having headquarters in one country.
Motive	Government companies are service oriented and hence take interest in the social welfare activities of the country.	MNCs are profit motivated rather than service oriented.
Accountability	Government Company has to take its annual reports in the Parliament where its working is discussed and debated. Though it has autonomy in financial matters, it is indirectly accountable to the publics.	MNC is accountable to the taxation authorities in host countries and have to follow procedures such as Income Tax law procedure, FEMA, EXIM Policy etc. and as such will have to obey the laws of the host countries.
Currency	They have to deal with single currency.	They have to deal with multiple currencies and exchange rates.
Resource availability	Government company uses resources of government and its employees are government employees and are permanent.	MNCS use resources of different countries and their employees are on contract basis.
Trust and Public Confidence	Government company enjoy more public confidence as they have government backing and support.	MNCS do not have government backing and support in host countries.
Example	Steel Authority of India Ltd., State Trading Corporation, Indian Oil Corporation, BHEL, HMT, etc.	Hindustan Lever Ltd., Colgate Palmolive India Ltd; Coca Cola, IBM Computers, Sony, etc.

Question 4.
Departmental Organisation and Multinational Corporation.
Answer:

	Departmental Organisation	Multinational Corporation
Meaning	The organisation which is owned, managed, controlled, financed and operated by government is known as Departmental Organisation.	Multinational Corporation is a company which is incorporated in one country and has business units in several countries.
Management	Departmental Organisation is managed by government officials of the concerned ministry.	Multinational Corporation is managed by parent company. It manages affairs of the subsidiary from the respective home country.
Legal status	There is no separate legal status distinct from the government.	It has separate legal status.
Borrowing power	Departmental undertaking cannot borrow from public. It has to depend on budget allocated by the government.	Multinational corporation use resources of different countries.
Control	Departmental Organisations are controlled by the concerned ministry.	Multinational corporations are controlled by respective parent companies and mostly home strategic.
Capital	Capital of the Departmental Organisation comes from annual budget appropriations of the government.	The capital is contributed by the shareholders or financial institutions in several countries.
Ownership	Departmental undertaking is fully owned by the Government.	Ownership of MNC is in hands of shareholder’s of the company.
Privileges & Concessions	It receives highest government concessions and privileges.	MNC do not have any concessions. They have to pay duties and taxes.

Question 5.
Government Company and Statutory Corporation.
Answer:

	Government Company	Statutory Corporation
Meaning	Government Company means company where minimum 51% of the paid up capital is held by the Central or State Government jointly or individually.	The company which is formed under a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature is known as Statutory Corporation.
Capital	The capital is contributed by the Central Government or State Government or even by general public and financial institutions.	Capital for the statutory corporation comes from Central or State government.
Managemen	Government Company is managed by Board of Directors appointed by government and shareholders.	Statutory Corporation is managed by Board of Directors nominated by government.
Control	These companies are controlled by government or shareholders.	Statutory corporation is controlled by government by the Act of Parliament or State Legislature.
Establishment	Government companies are formed and registered under provisions of Companies Act, 2013.	The statutory corporation is established by special Act of the Parliament or State Legislature.
Borrowing power	Government companies can borrow funds by the way of debt or issuing shares to the public.	tatutory corporation can borrow from public by issue of bonds.
Privileges & Concessions	It has no privileges and concessions by government.	It enjoys moderate privileges and concessions.
Suitability	It is suitable for industrial and commercial undertakings, e.g. BHEL, SAIL, HMT, Indian Oil Corporation, Indian Refineries, Madras Refineries, Gujarat Refineries, etc.	It is suitable for public utilities, development projects, service industry like banking and finance and other industrial and commercial undertakings e.g. UTI, LIC, RBI, ONGC, Air India etc.
Political Interference	It has less political interference in management of company as it has its own Board of Director.	It has more political interference as it is controlled by State and Central Government.
Flexibility	Government companies are more flexible in operations of business. They can change line of business as per market trend.	Statutory company are rigid in operations they are formed for the particular purpose.
Accountability	It is accountable to public.	It is accountable to State and Central Government.
Autonomy	It has full autonomy as its incorporated under Companies Act, 2013.	It has theoretical autonomy as its established with certain purpose by Central or State Government.

Question 6.
Departmental Organisation and Government Company.
Answer:

	Departmental Organisation	Government Company
Meaning	The organisation which is owned, managed, controlled, financed and operated by Government is known as Departmental Organisation.	Government Company means company where minimum 51% of the paid up capital is held by the Central or State Government jointly or individually.
Management	Departmental Organisation is managed by government officials of the concerned ministry.	Government Company is managed by Board of Directors appointed by government and shareholders.
Legal Status	There is no separate legal status distinct from the government.	A Government company has legal status separate from the Government.
Borrowing power	Departmental undertaking cannot borrow from public. It has to depend on budget allocated by the government.	Government companies can borrow funds by the way of debt or issuing shares to the public.
Control	Departmental Organisations is controlled by the concerned ministry.	These companies are controlled by government or shareholders.
Capital	Capital of the departmental Organisation comes from annual budget appropriations of the government.	The capital is contributed by the Central Government or State Government or even by general public and financial institution.
Formation	It is formed through Executive decision taken by the concerned ministry.	It is formed through registration under Companies Act, 2013.
Privileges & Concessions	It receives highest government concessions and privileges.	It has no privileges and concessions by government.
Suitability	It is suitable for defence and public utility undertakings such as infrastructure projects, e.g. Railways, Post & Telegraph, Defence, etc.	It is suitable for industrial and commercial undertakings, e.g. BHEL, SAIL, HMT, Indian Oil Corporation, Indian Refineries, Madras Refineries, Gujarat Refineries, etc.
Staff	Employees appointed are Government servants. They are subject to the same discipline and enjoy the same privileges as meant for civil servants.	Employees can be recruited independently and it does not have to necessarily follow civil service rules.
Political Interference	It has high political interference with regards to the management.	As compared to departmental organisation it has less political interference.
Flexibility	It is rigid in operations as its managed through officers of the government.	It is more flexible in operations as managed by Board of Directors.
Motive	It is majorly concern with providing service to the people.	It is concern with giving with profit making and service to the people.
Accountability	Highly accountability to the respective the Minister in charge as they render their service.	Low accountability to the people as they render their service.
Autonomy	There is no autonomy as its owned, managed controlled, financed by government.	It has full autonomy as per provisions to Companies Act, 2013.

Question 7.
Statutory Corporation and Multinational Corporation.
Answer:

	Statutory Corporation	Multinational Corporation
Meaning	The company which is formed under a Special Act of Parliament or State Legislature is known as Statutory Corporation.	Multinational corporation is a company which is incorporated in one country and has business units in several countries.
Capital	Capital for the statutory corporation comes from Central or State government.	The capital is contributed by the shareholders or financial institutions in several countries.
Management	Statutory Corporation is managed by Board of Directors nominated by government.	Multinational Corporation is managed by parent company and it manages affairs of the subsidiary from the respective home country.
Control	Statutory Corporations are controlled by government by the Act of Parliament or State Legislature.	Multinational Corporations are controlled by respective parent companies.
Establishment	The Statutory Corporation is established by Special Act of the parliament or State Legislature.	Multinational Corporations have to seek permission from the Government and host countries.
Borrowing power	Statutory company can borrow from public by issue of shares and debentures.	Multinational Corporation use resources of different countries.
Area of Operations	Statutory corporation operates within the local boundaries of a nation. Hence, the area of operations is not large.	MNC operates in several countries, having headquarters in one country. Hence, the area of operations is large.
Motive	Statutory Corporation are service oriented and hence take interest in the social welfare activities of the country.	MNCs are profit motivated rather than service oriented. They render service in those areas where the opportunities for profit maximisation are more.
Accountability	Statutory corporation has to take its annual reports in the Parliament where its working is discussed and debated.	MNC is accountable to the taxation authorities in host countries and have to follow procedures such as Income Tax law procedure, FEMA, EXIM Policy etc. and as such will have to obey the laws of the host countries.
Currency	They have to deal with single currency.	They have to deal with multiple currencies and exchange rates.
Resource availability	Employees can be recruited independently. They are not civil servants. The corporation can have its own rule of recruitment and scale of remuneration.	MNC’s use resources of different countries and their employees are on contract basis.
Trust and Public Confidence	Statutory corporation enjoy more public confidence as they have government backing and support.	MNC’s do not have government backing and support in host countries.
Example	UTI, LIC, RBI, ONGC, Air India, etc.	Hindustan Lever Ltd., Colgate Palmolive India Ltd; Coca Cola, IBM Computers, Sony, etc.

5. Answer in brief

Question 1.
State any four features of Departmental Organisation.
Answer:
Features of Departmental Organizations:
(i) Delegation of Authority : All major policy decisions are taken by the ministry. The day-to-day working is looked after by the staff consisting of civil servants of IAS, IPS cadres.

(ii) Organizational Structure : The internal organizational structure is of line type. The department is headed by minister who is responsible for the working of the department. Then there is Board of Directors or Managing Committee who are assisted by Chief Executive, Executive Assistant, Supervisory and General Staff. This is termed as bureaucracy style or military style of organisation.

(iii) Government Employees : The employees of departmental organization are civil servants and they are selected through Union Public Service Commission. Staff selection Board, Railway Recruitment Board etc. and as such they are treated as Government employees.

(iv) Financed by the Government: The funds are arranged for their operation from Government treasury. This enterprise cannot borrow money from the public without Government consent.

Question 2.
State any four features of Statutory Corporation.
Answer:
Features of Statutory Corporation:
(i) No political Interference : It enjoys freedom from political, parliamentary and government interference in day-to-day management.

(ii) Own Staffing System: They recruit their own employees and they are not government servant. Employees terms and services are not governed by civil services rules.

(iii) No Political Interference : It enjoys freedom from political, parliamentary and government interference in day to day management of its affairs.

(iv) Financial Autonomy : Statutory Corporations are financially autonomous. After getting the prior permission from the Government, it can even borrow money within and outside the country.

(v) Independent Identity : They have an independent identity different from the government. Though, the overall business policies are formulated by the government, they have administrative autonomy and hence operational flexibility.

Question 3.
State any two demerits of Multinational Corporation.
Answer:
Demerits of Multinational Corporation:
(i) Danger for Domestic Industries : Multinational Corporations have vast economic power so they are danger to domestic industries which are still in process of development. Domestic industries not so powerful to face the challenges of Multinational Corporation.

(ii) C reate Problem for Environment: Profit is sole objective of multinational corporation. Such companies damage environment of developing countries. To lower the price of goods they dump lower standard quality product which harms local soil, water and air.

(iii) O utsourcing of Job: Normally MNCs outsource the job work due to lower cost, due to this their liabilities towards employees are reduced.

(iv) Misuse of Mighty Status : Multinational Corporations have powerful financial strength because of huge capital. They can afford to bear losses for a long while in the hope of earning huge profits. They have ended local competition and achieved monopoly. This may be unfair.

Question 4.
State any four merits of Government Company.
Answer:
Merits of Government Company:
(i) Profitability and Accountability : It works on business principles and follows commercial approach. Though not profit oriented like private sector, it does make reasonable profit which is used for public welfare, modernisation, renovation and development. Moreover, its performance can be evaluated by the Parliament as it has public accountability.

(ii) Internal Autonomy: Government Company enjoys financial and administrative autonomy. Its dependence on Government authority is minimum. It has its own capital structure, financial plan, borrowing powers and so on.

(iii) Government Ownership ; The ownership of the government company rests with Central or State Government who owns major capital of the company and as such looks after its management and control. Government always promotes public welfare.

(iv) Foreign Capital and Technical Know how : As the government provides 51% of the capital, the rest 49% can be raised through foreign investment. By seeking foreign capital, Government companies bring advanced technology and technical know how.

6. Justify the following statements

Question 1.
Departmental Organisations are run for providing public services.
Answer:

1. Departmental Organisations are the oldest forms of public enterprises.
2. Indian railways, post office, defence, All India Radio are the Departmental Organisations.
3. Indian Railways give services to public.
4. Main objective of Departmental Organisations is to provide services to public.
5. Private sector aims at profit maximization while public sector aims to providing reliable services to customers.
6. Thus, Departmental Organisations are run for providing public services.

Question 2.
There is direct control of Government on departmental organisation.
Answer:

1. Departmental organisations are run by the Government.
2. Departmental organisations are financed through annual budget of Government.
3. Revenues of departmental organisation is directly paid to Government treasury.
4. Departmental organisation has no separate existence from Government.
5. The staff of enterprises is treated equally with other civil servants.
6. Thus, there is direct control of Government on departmental organisation.

Question 3.
There is no political interference in statutory corporation.
Answer:

1. A Statutory corporation is an autonomous corporate body.
2. Statutory corporation is an artificial person created by law and it has an independent legal entity.
3. Employees are not government servants.
4. A statutory corporation enjoys financial autonomy or independence.
5. A statutory corporation comes into existence by following particular act, therefore, there is no political interference in formation.
6. Thus, all statutory corporations are free from political interference.

Question 4.
There is professional management in statutory corporation.
Answer:

1. A statutory corporation is able to manage its affairs with independence and flexibility.
2. Management of statutory corporation is done without any government interference.
3. The statutory corporation is relatively free from red tapism.
4. There is less file work and less formality to be completed before taking decisions.
5. Board of directors of statutory corporation consists of business experts and the representatives of various groups such as labour, consumers, etc. who are nominated by the government.
6. Thus, there is professional management in statutory corporation.

Question 5.
MNC helps to end local monopolies.
Answer:
Multinational corporation helps to end local monopolies.

1. Multinational corporations lead to competition in the host countries.
2. Local monopolies of host countries either start improving their products or reduces their prices.
3. Multinational corporation put an end to exploitative practices of local monopolists.
4. As a matter of fact, MNCs compel domestic companies to improve their efficiency and quality.
5. Thus, MNC helps to end local monopolies.

Question 6.
MNC has worldwide existence.
Answer:

1. As multinational corporation is operating on a global basis.
2. Multinational corporation have marketing operations in several countries operating through a network and branches.
3. They have production facilities in several countries.
4. Advanced Technology and international business operations are done by MNC.
5. It brings in much needed foreign capital for the rapid development.
6. Multinational corporation integrate economies of various nations with the world economy.
7. Thus, MNC has worldwide existence.

Question 7.
MNC has mighty economic powers.
Answer:

1. As MNC is operating on a global basis, they have huge physical and financial assets.
2. In terms of assets and turnover, many MNCs are bigger than national economies of several countries.
3. Multinational corporations are powerful economic entities.
4. Multinational corporation keep on adding to their economic power through constant mergers and acquisitions of companies in host countries.
5. Thus, MNC has mighty economic powers.

7. Attempt the following

Question 1.
Merits of Departmental Organisation.
Answer:
Merits of Departmental Organization:
1. Qualified Staff : Departmental organizations are properly managed and supervised by the qualified government staff.

2. Proper Use of Funds : The Departmental organizations provide public utilities or basic necessities. Government Department works under the control and supervision of the concern ministry. Charges for misuse of funds are less in departmental organization.

3. Social Welfare : Government undertakes socio-economic activities to promote social welfare. Providing essential comlhodities to people at reasonable price is top priority of the state. Thus, socio-economic objectives are achieved with Government control.

4. Public Accountability : The concerned minister incharge of the government organisation is answerable to the Parliament or Assembly. The elected representatives of people can raise the question about the working of this enterprises on behalf of public at large.

Question 2.
Demerits of Departmental Organisation.
Answer:
Demerits of Departmental Organisation:
(i) Delay in Action : In Departmental organisation there is always centralization of authorities. Such excessive centralization of authority leads to delay in action.

(ii) Inefficiency and Corruption : There is lot of inefficiency and corruption in departmental organisation.

(iii) Less Scope for Initiative : The working of this organization suffers from lack of continuity and stability because the policies of the department are decided by the ministers.

(iv) Instability : The working of this organisation suffers from lack of continuity and stability, because the policies of the department are decided by the Ministers.

(v) Delayed : The executives at the lower level have to depend on higher authority for all the decisions. They can’t take, their own decisions.

Question 3.
Merits of Statutory Corporation.
Answer:
Merits of Statutory Corporation:
(i) Professional Management: Statutory Corporations are managed professionally. The directors and other executives are highly trained and specialize in their respective fields. This leads to efficiency in working.

(ii) Rapid Decisions : Statutory Corporations enjoy autonomy. They can take quick decisions. There is less file work and less formalities to be completed before taking decisions.

(iii) Efficient Staff : In Statutory Corporation, employees are given fair wages, better working conditions and proper training and development programs are initiated for the employees. As a result, employer-employee relations are very cordial and staff is highly motivated to perform better.

(iv) Motivated Staff: In Statutory Corporations, employees are given fair wages, better working conditions and proper training and development programmes are initiated for the employees. As a result, employer- employee relations are very cordial and staff is highly motivated to perform better.

Question 4.
Demerits of Statutory Corporation.
Answer:
Demerits of Statutory Corporation:
Though statutory corporations are autonomous bodies and enjoy flexibility in their working, they have certain limitations which are as follows:
(i) Clashes Amongst Interests : All or majority directors of Statutory Corporations are appointed by the Government from different fields. As there are many members it is quite possible that their interests may clash. The smooth functioning of the corporation may be hampered.

(ii) Autonomy on Paper Only : Ministers, government officials and political parties often interfere with the working and decision making policies which affects the autonomy and flexibility of it.

(iii) Rigid Structure : Though statutory corporation have operational flexibility, they are subject to many rules and regulations. Any changes in the constitution, objects, powers, duties, etc., require amendments to be passed in the parliament which is difficult task. This reduces its flexibility.

(iv) Lack of Initiative : The statutory corporation have no profit motive. There is no competition among them. So employees do not take initiative to increase the profit.

Question 5.
Features of Government Company.
Answer:
Features of Government Company:
The Government Company may be registered as public or private limited companies. These companies are established for purely business purpose and to compete with the private sector.
Following are the features of Government Company:
(i) Free from Procedural Controls: The Government companies have a right to formulate their independent policies and even make necessary changes in them. It enjoys freedom from budgetary, accounting and audit controls which are applicable to Government undertakings.

(ii) Majority of Government Directors : All or majority of directors of such companies are appointed by the Government from different fields. They may be experts from banking sector, insurance sector, who manage the day to day business affairs.

(iii) Public Accountability : The annual accounts of the company are tabled before Parliament or State Legislature for review and discussion. Thus, Government Company is accountable and answerable to the Parliament or State Legislature through the concerned Minister.

(iv) Registration under the Companies Act: The Government Company is registered under the Companies Act, 2013 and its formation, working, management and winding up a business is governed by provisions of- the Act. Government has power to modify or change certain provisions laid down in the Act.

Question 6.
Demerits of Government Company.
Answer:
Demerits of Government Company:
Though Government Company enjoys various benefits due to Government ownership and autonomy, it has following limitations:
(i) Inefficiency and Corruption : The Directors have no financial stake in the company and as a result they are indifferent towards working of the company. Due to limited autonomy and petty politics, the efficiency of the enterprise is affected. It results in corruption.

(ii) Lack of Professional view : There is lack of devotion, dedication and systematic approach. In fact, there is no professional approach in various operations and working of the company.

Thus, from the above points it could be seen that there is lot of government and political interference in the Government company which brings about its inefficiency and ineffectiveness.

(iii) Domination of Ministers and Politicians : The ministers of the concerned departments are in charge of the Government Company. In view of Government ownership, political interference is quite common. The Directors try to serve and achieve their political motives rather than realisation of business goals as they are nominated for political gains and not on merits.

(iv) Red Tapism and Delay : The bureaucratic management delays in taking decision and implementing. There is no time frame and the employees are not devoted. There is often delay in preparing various documents and forwarding the same for taking action. Thus, delay, red tape, corruption, avoidance of work and shirking from the responsibility is common sight in Government Company.

Question 7.
Features of Multinational Corporation.
Answer:
Features of Multinational Corporation:
Following are the features of Multinational Corporation:
(i) Advanced and Sophisticated Technology : Multinational company has large capital and sophisticated technology and infrastructure. As a result it undertakes diversified and multifarious activities including manufacturing, marketing, financial, research and development.

(ii) Legal Existence : MNCs are registered in their home country as per their laws and as such they enjoy separate legal status. It can sue and be sued, enter into contracts and own property in their own name.

(iii) Government: MNCs have to bring about the necessary changes in their functioning based upon the laws prevailing in the countries of their operations. For e.g. advertisement about various products on TV is given in local languages in India and in national language Hindi, to cover maximum target audience. In some cases they have to change the menu to suit local demands for e.g. McDonalds had to change its menu for its business in India.

(iv) Origin: The MNCs have origin in one country and the country to which they belong is called home country. The country in which they operate their business activities is called host country. These companies are registered in their home country and have a place of business in different countries of the world. The head office controls the operations of different branches through a network of internet. They also appoint their representatives in host countries for smooth business operations.

Question 8.
Merits of Multinational Corporation.
Answer:
Merits of Multinational Corporation:
Following are the merits of Multinational Corporation.
(i) Proper use of Idle Resources : The national income of host country increases as MNCs use idle physical and human resources with latest technologies.

(ii) Inflow of Foreign Capital: Multinational corporations bring much needed foreign capital for the rapid development of developing countries. This capital is useful for growth of domestic country.

(iii) Promotion of International Brotherhood and Culture: MNCs integrate economies of various nations with the world economy and promote international brotherhood and culture with peace and prosperity in the world.

(iv) End of Local Monopolies : In global market, Multinational Corporations end local monopolies of host . countries improving their products and reduces prices.

(v) Technical Development: Multinational corporations gives lot of importance to research and development activities. They are also fully equipped and have necessary infrastructure. The research and development is undertaken for finding out new product, new system, and new technology of doing business in an economical way.

8. Answer the following in details

Question 1.
Explain Departmental Organization and its features.
Answer:
(A) Meaning:
Departmental organizations are oldest form of public enterprises. These are run by Government departments headed by a minister who guides and controls the activities of the undertaking e.g. Indian Railways, all India Radio, Indian Post, Defence etc. A Departmental organization is organized, financed and controlled by Government like any other Government department. Under this type of organization, no distinction is made between public sector and traditional Government functions.

(B) Features of Departmental Organizations:
(i) Delegation of Authority : All major policy decisions are taken by the ministry. The day-to-day working is looked after by the staff consisting of civil servants of IAS, IPS cadres.

(ii) Organizational Structure : The internal organizational structure is of line type. The department is headed by minister who is responsible for the working of the department. Then there is Board of Directors or Managing Committee who are assisted by Chief Executive, Executive Assistant, Supervisory and General Staff. This is termed as bureaucracy style or military style of organisation.

(iii) Government Employees : The employees of departmental organization are civil servants and they are selected through Union Public Service Commission. Staff selection Board, Railway Recruitment Board etc. and as such they are treated as Government employees.

(iv) Financed by the Government: The funds are arranged for their operation from Government treasury. This enterprise cannot borrow money from the public without Government consent.

(v) Useful for Secret: matters like defence, atomic energy, etc.

(vi) No Legal Status : A government department does not enjoy an independent legal status. It is dependent on the Government. It cannot be taken to court without the consent of the Government. Thus, the above are the features of Departmental Organization.

(vii) Government Sanction for Expansion : Public Enterprises need to take the sanction of the Government for expansion and diversification of business or for changing the policies, etc.

(viii) Examples of Departmental Organisation : Ordinance factories, Railways, Broadcasting, Post and Telegraph, BHEL, Indian Drug and Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. Army Clothing Factory, Gun Factory and so on.

(ix) Run by Government : Different procedures like accounting, auditing and budgeting are at par with Government department.

(x) Managed by Government : The Departmental organization is managed by Government officials of the concern ministry.

(xi) Accounting Control : The organisation is subject to accounting and audit procedures and controls as applicable to government departments or to the concerned ministry.

(xii) Accountability : The enterprise is funded by the government and hence the government controls its affairs. In other words, it is answerable to the Parliament.

(xiii) No Separate Legal Entity : A Government department does not enjoy an independent legal status. It is dependent on the Government. It cannot be taken to court without the consent of the Government.

Question 2.
Explain merits and demerits of Departmental Organization.
Answer:
(A) Meaning:
Departmental organizations are run by the Government departments headed by a minister who guides and controls the activities of the undertaking.

(B) Merits of Departmental Organization:
1. Qualified Staff : Departmental organizations are properly managed and supervised by the qualified government staff.

2. Proper Use of Funds : The Departmental organizations provide public utilities or basic necessities. Government Department works under the control and supervision of the concern ministry. Charges for misuse of funds are less in departmental organization.

3. Social Welfare : Government undertakes socio-economic activities to promote social welfare. Providing essential comlhodities to people at reasonable price is top priority of the state. Thus, socio-economic objectives are achieved with Government control.

4. Public Accountability : The concerned minister incharge of the government organisation is answerable to the Parliament or Assembly. The elected representatives of people can raise the question about the working of this enterprises on behalf of public at large.

5. Maintain Secrecy: In matters of strategic, national importance, secrecy is essential and confidentiality can be maintained in certain business activities such as defence deals, atomic plants, drugs and pharmaceuticals etc.

6. Easy Formation : These organisations are very easy to form. They do not require any special statute or registration.

7. Direct Control: These organizations are properly managed and supervised by the qualified Government Staff Minister at the top is responsible to the Parliament for its operations.

8. Direct Revenue to Government : The revenue of departmental organizations directly goes to the jr Government treasury.

9. Less Overheads : The administrative expenses are less as government only operate it.

10. Easy Finance : These organisation get the required finance by the government through direct allocation of funds from the concerned ministry.

11. Development of Public Utilities : The departmental organisation provides public utilities or basic r necessities. People require essential services and products such as Railways, Transport and Communications, Telephone services, etc. Thus, essential services are made available by the Government department at a very reasonable rate.

(C) Demerits of Departmental Organisation:
(i) Delay in Action : In Departmental organisation there is always centralization of authorities. Such excessive centralization of authority leads to delay in action.

(ii) Inefficiency and Corruption : There is lot of inefficiency and corruption in departmental organisation.

(iii) Less Scope for Initiative : The working of this organization suffers from lack of continuity and stability because the policies of the department are decided by the ministers.

(iv) Instability : The working of this organisation suffers from lack of continuity and stability, because the policies of the department are decided by the Ministers.

(v) Delayed : The executives at the lower level have to depend on higher authority for all the decisions. They can’t take, their own decisions.

(vi) Lack of Flexibility : The Departmental organization lacks flexibility in decision making. This is because there is centralization of authority.

(vii) Incurring Losses/Huge Losses : Most of the government undertakings incur heavy losses due to lack of business skills and approach as they are not professional.

(viii) Absence of Professionalism : There is lack of professionalism in the management of departmental organization. Often the decisions are taken unsystematically, moreover the data collected is often out dated and there is no proper analysis of such data. Hence, the decisions are taken hastily.

(ix) Political Interference : The Ministers, bureaucrats, Government officials interfere in the day to day working of the undertaking.

(x) Red Tapism and Bureaucracy : The Departmental organisations are controlled by government. Departmental organisations are facing delays, red tapism, corruption, lack of initiative, bureaucracy, etc.

(xi) Insensitive to Consumer Needs : The officials of this organisation are insensitive to the needs of consumers. The officials are not bothered about consumer needs and consumer satisfaction as they are more worried about their security of service in view of monopolistic position.

(xii) Lack of Autonomy : Departmental organisation lack autonomy and freedom in working and decision making.

Question 3.
Explain Statutory Corporation and its features.
Answer:
(A) Meaning:
Statutory Corporations are autonomous bodies established under special legislative Acts. A statutory corporation is formed under a Special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. The powers, duties, functions and scope of operations are laid down in the Act.
LIC, IFCI, SBI, UTI, Air India are the examples of public corporation.
Statutory Corporation is a body with a separate existence, which can sue and be sued and is responsible for its own finance. It is administered by a board appointed by public authority to which it is answerable.

(B) Features of Statutory Corporation:
(i) No political Interference : It enjoys freedom from political, parliamentary and government interference in day-to-day management.

(ii) Own Staffing System: They recruit their own employees and they are not government servant. Employees terms and services are not governed by civil services rules.

(iii) No Political Interference : It enjoys freedom from political, parliamentary and government interference in day to day management of its affairs.

(iv) Financial Autonomy : Statutory Corporations are financially autonomous. After getting the prior permission from the Government, it can even borrow money within and outside the country.

(v) Independent Identity : They have an independent identity different from the government. Though, the overall business policies are formulated by the government, they have administrative autonomy and hence operational flexibility.

(vi) Special Act : They are established under a special Act passed by the Parliament. Its objectives, powers 98and functions are regulated by the Act.

(vii) Corporate Body : Statutory Corporation is a corporate body. It has a separate legal entity distinct from its members and thereby can enter into contracts and acquire property on its own name.

(viii) Answerable to the Legislature : A statutory corporation is answerable to Parliament or State Assembly whomsoever creates it. Parliament has no right to interfere. Though the overall business policies are formulated by the government, they have administrative autonomy and hence operational flexibility.

(ix) Legal Status : As a body corporate, it has a separate legal entity, distinct from its members and thereby can enter into contracts and acquire property in its own name.

(x) Independent Accounting System : They are not subject to budget accounting and audit laws and procedures applicable to government departments. But financial reports are placed in the Parliament for discussion.

(xi) Public Accountability : It’s accounts are audited by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India. Its annual reports and results are placed in Parliament or Legislative Assembly for discussion and hence answerable for their working and results to the Parliament.

(xii) Objective : It is service oriented and not profit oriented. It works efficiently to earn profit which is used for its day to day functioning.

Question 4.
Explain merits and demerits of statutory corporation.
Answer:
(A) Introduction
Statutory Corporations are autonomous bodies established under special legislative Acts. A statutory corporation is formed under a Special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. The powers, duties, functions and scope of operations are laid down in the Act.
LIC, IFCI, SBI, UTI, Air India are the examples of public corporation.

Statutory Corporation is a body with a separate existence, which can sue and be sued and is responsible for its own finance. It is administered by a board appointed by public authority to which it is answerable.

(B) Merits of Statutory Corporation:
(i) Professional Management: Statutory Corporations are managed professionally. The directors and other executives are highly trained and specialize in their respective fields. This leads to efficiency in working.

(ii) Rapid Decisions : Statutory Corporations enjoy autonomy. They can take quick decisions. There is less file work and less formalities to be completed before taking decisions.

(iii) Efficient Staff : In Statutory Corporation, employees are given fair wages, better working conditions and proper training and development programs are initiated for the employees. As a result, employer-employee relations are very cordial and staff is highly motivated to perform better.

(iv) Motivated Staff: In Statutory Corporations, employees are given fair wages, better working conditions and proper training and development programmes are initiated for the employees. As a result, employer- employee relations are very cordial and staff is highly motivated to perform better.

(v) Service Motive : They are formed to provide public utility services and promote consumer satisfaction. It provides essential commodities to people at reasonable rates.

(vi) Easy to Raise Capital : Being owned by government, these corporations can raise required funds by floating bonds at low rate of interest.

(vii) Administrative Autonomy : Due to administrative and financial autonomy, statutory corporation take quick decisions and are flexible in its policy framing and working as per the changing business needs.

(viii) Public Accountability : These organisations enjoy public accountability, flexibility and autonomy in its working. The accounts are audited by Comptroller and Auditor General of India and final accounts are tabled before Parliament or Legislature.

(ix) Initiative and Flexibility : Statutory Corporation have an independent identity different from the government. Though, the overall business policies are formulated by the government, they have administrative autonomy and hence operational flexibility.

(x) Enjoys Economies of Scale : As these organisations are large scale undertakings which promote social welfare, it enjoys economies of large scale business operations.

(xi) Creates Employment Opportunities : Statutory organisations generate employment opportunities for the people at large. LIC, ONGC, Air India and others employ lakhs of people in the country. This reduces government burden of providing jobs to teeming millions and as such they help government.

(xii) Enjoy Monopoly : Most of statutory organisations are monopolistic or semi-monopolistic in their areas of functioning.

(C) Demerits of Statutory Corporation:
Though statutory corporations are autonomous bodies and enjoy flexibility in their working, they have certain limitations which are as follows:
(i) Clashes Amongst Interests : All or majority directors of Statutory Corporations are appointed by the Government from different fields. As there are many members it is quite possible that their interests may clash. The smooth functioning of the corporation may be hampered.

(ii) Autonomy on Paper Only : Ministers, government officials and political parties often interfere with the working and decision making policies which affects the autonomy and flexibility of it.

(iii) Rigid Structure : Though statutory corporation have operational flexibility, they are subject to many rules and regulations. Any changes in the constitution, objects, powers, duties, etc., require amendments to be passed in the parliament which is difficult task. This reduces its flexibility.

(iv) Lack of Initiative : The statutory corporation have no profit motive. There is no competition among them. So employees do not take initiative to increase the profit.

(v) Unfair Practices : Before 1991, these corporations enjoyed monopolistic and semi monopolistic position. They were charging high prices from the consumers to cover up their inefficiencies. After 1991, due to liberalization, most of them lost their monopolistic position but skill, in practice the lack competition as they are not aware of consumer needs.

Question 5.
Explain Government Company and its features.
Answer:
(A) Meaning:

1. A Government Company is one in which atleast 51% of its paid up capital is held by the Central Government and / or the State Government.
2. State Trading Corporation (STC), Steel Authority of India (SAIL), Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (BHEL) etc. are some of the examples of Government Companies.
3. These companies are registered under the Indian Companies Act, 2013 and its working is governed by the rules and regulations of the act.
4. Government Companies are established for purely business purpose and to complete with the private sector. The shares of the company are purchased in the name of the President of India.
5. Government Companies may be registered as public or private limited companies.

(B) Features of Government Company:
The Government Company may be registered as public or private limited companies. These companies are established for purely business purpose and to compete with the private sector.
Following are the features of Government Company:
(i) Free from Procedural Controls: The Government companies have a right to formulate their independent policies and even make necessary changes in them. It enjoys freedom from budgetary, accounting and audit controls which are applicable to Government undertakings.

(ii) Majority of Government Directors : All or majority of directors of such companies are appointed by the Government from different fields. They may be experts from banking sector, insurance sector, who manage the day to day business affairs.

(iii) Public Accountability : The annual accounts of the company are tabled before Parliament or State Legislature for review and discussion. Thus, Government Company is accountable and answerable to the Parliament or State Legislature through the concerned Minister.

(iv) Registration under the Companies Act: The Government Company is registered under the Companies Act, 2013 and its formation, working, management and winding up a business is governed by provisions of- the Act. Government has power to modify or change certain provisions laid down in the Act.

(v) Own Staff: The employees are appointed as per the rules and regulations set by the company. Its employees are not governed by respective Government.

(vi) Promotes Social Welfare : Government Companies aims to optimise national and natural resources such as land, water, electricity, etc. It produces arms, ammunition and other defence equipments. It also brings about balanced regional development and leads to equality of income.

(vii) Objective : It operates on commercial principles and as such its aim is to make profit.

(viii) Separate Legal Entity : A Government Company is a corporate body created under the Companies Act. It has all features of a company such as legal entity, common seal, limited liability, etc. It can enter into contracts and acquire property in its own name.

(ix) Exemptions : Government Company is exempted from budget, accounting and audit laws applicable to government departments. Its accounts are audited by the Government Auditor. The Government has a right to exempt the company from any provisions of Companies Act which may come in its way of providing welfare services to the public at large.

(ix) Suitability : Government Companies are suitable for conducting manufacturing and marketing activities.

Question 6.
Explain Merits and Demerits of Government Company.
Answer:
(A) Merits of Government Company:
(i) Profitability and Accountability : It works on business principles and follows commercial approach. Though not profit oriented like private sector, it does make reasonable profit which is used for public welfare, modernisation, renovation and development. Moreover, its performance can be evaluated by the Parliament as it has public accountability.

(ii) Internal Autonomy: Government Company enjoys financial and administrative autonomy. Its dependence on Government authority is minimum. It has its own capital structure, financial plan, borrowing powers and so on.

(iii) Government Ownership ; The ownership of the government company rests with Central or State Government who owns major capital of the company and as such looks after its management and control. Government always promotes public welfare.

(iv) Foreign Capital and Technical Know how : As the government provides 51% of the capital, the rest 49% can be raised through foreign investment. By seeking foreign capital, Government companies bring advanced technology and technical know how.

(v) Acquisition of Sick Units : A government company can acquire a sick unit in the private sector without rationalisation. It can be acquired by purchasing 51% of the share capital of a private company.

(vi) Concessions and Privileges : As government owns Government Company, it enjoys various concessions, privileges, subsidies, etc. It may also get orders for the products or services from various government departments and agencies. It also has access to use financial resources of the Government.

(vii) Efficiency : Government company has to compete with the private sector companies. Hence, it tries to promote efficiency at all levels and avoids wastages wherever possible. It tries to improve its services to consumers and promotes consumer satisfaction by providing quality goods at reasonable prices.
From the above points, it could be seen that the Government Company enjoys various benefits as it is owned by the Government and blends the objectives of privately owned companies with State owned control and maximise public welfare.

(viii) Professional Management: The management of Government Company is in the hands of the Board of Directors appointed by the Government. Government exercises control on various matters through Board of Directors. They are highly qualified.

(ix) Easy Formation : The formation of Government Company is easy as there is no procedural delay and legal constraints. It does not require special Act or Parliament approval. It comes into existence through executive decision of the Government.

(x) Flexibility : The objects, powers and organisational set up of a Government Company can be altered easily. The company can take prompt decisions regarding management, finance and other related matters due to flexibility in their operations.

(xi) Easy to Alter : The objects, powers and organisational set up of a Government Company can be altered easily. The company can take prompt decisions regarding management, finance and other related matters due to flexibility in their operations.

(xii) Enjoys Private and Public Objective : In a Government Company, attempt is made to combine the operating flexibility of privately owned companies with the advantage of state regulation and control in public interest.

(B) Demerits of Government Company:
Though Government Company enjoys various benefits due to Government ownership and autonomy, it has following limitations:
(i) Inefficiency and Corruption : The Directors have no financial stake in the company and as a result they are indifferent towards working of the company. Due to limited autonomy and petty politics, the efficiency of the enterprise is affected. It results in corruption.

(ii) Lack of Professional view : There is lack of devotion, dedication and systematic approach. In fact, there is no professional approach in various operations and working of the company.

Thus, from the above points it could be seen that there is lot of government and political interference in the Government company which brings about its inefficiency and ineffectiveness.

(iii) Domination of Ministers and Politicians : The ministers of the concerned departments are in charge of the Government Company. In view of Government ownership, political interference is quite common. The Directors try to serve and achieve their political motives rather than realisation of business goals as they are nominated for political gains and not on merits.

(iv) Red Tapism and Delay : The bureaucratic management delays in taking decision and implementing. There is no time frame and the employees are not devoted. There is often delay in preparing various documents and forwarding the same for taking action. Thus, delay, red tape, corruption, avoidance of work and shirking from the responsibility is common sight in Government Company.

(v) Autonomy only in Name : Though there is administrative autonomy, these companies face a lot of interference from the government in all the matters. Appointment of Directors, employees and its working, there is no autonomy. Autonomy is only on paper and not in practice.

(vi) Weak Public Accountability : Absence of Government audit is a major draw back in case of Government company which does not assure proper utilisation of funds. There is no control on misappropriation of funds which leads to weak public accountability.

(vii) Fear of Exposure : The working of Government Company like annual report is placed before the parliament or State Legislature. It is exposed to press and public criticism. Therefore, management of the government company often gets demoralized.

(viii) Lack of Expertise: The managerial key personnel of a Government Company are deputed from government departments. Such person, generally, lack expertise and commitment leading to lower operational efficiency of the Government Company.

(ix) Ineffective Control of Parliament : There is lack of control of the Parliament in the working of the Government company. Parliament is not having direct control, due to which the officers shirk from responsibility and postpone decision making. It affects efficiency of Government company.

(x) Poor Labour Management Relations : The employer-employee relations in the Government companies are poor. This is the result of corrupt and inefficient management of selfish trade unions. Proper work culture is found absent in Government companies.

Question 7.
Explain Multinational Corporation and its features.
Answer:
(A) Meaning:
(i) Global enterprises or Multinational Corporations are the Corporations which under take business activities in more than one country. Any company having its head office in one country and place of business in other countries is called a Multinational Corporation.

(ii) Multinational Corporation played an important role in the Indian Economy since 1991. They have become a common feature of developing economies in the world.
A Multinational Corporation is a corporation which operates, in addition to the country in which it is incorporated, in one or more other countries.

(B) Features of Multinational Corporation:
Following are the features of Multinational Corporation:
(i) Advanced and Sophisticated Technology : Multinational company has large capital and sophisticated technology and infrastructure. As a result it undertakes diversified and multifarious activities including manufacturing, marketing, financial, research and development.

(ii) Legal Existence : MNCs are registered in their home country as per their laws and as such they enjoy separate legal status. It can sue and be sued, enter into contracts and own property in their own name.

(iii) Government: MNCs have to bring about the necessary changes in their functioning based upon the laws prevailing in the countries of their operations. For e.g. advertisement about various products on TV is given in local languages in India and in national language Hindi, to cover maximum target audience. In some cases they have to change the menu to suit local demands for e.g. McDonalds had to change its menu for its business in India.

(iv) Origin: The MNCs have origin in one country and the country to which they belong is called home country. The country in which they operate their business activities is called host country. These companies are registered in their home country and have a place of business in different countries of the world. The head office controls the operations of different branches through a network of internet. They also appoint their representatives in host countries for smooth business operations.

(v) Research & Development: MNCs give lot of importance to research and development activities. They are also fully equipped and have necessary infrastructure. The R&D is undertaken for finding out new product, new system, new technology, new methods of doing business in an economical way.

(vi) International Operations : Multinational Corporation play a significant role in world trade. Nearly 40% of the world is contributed by the multinational companies.

(vii) Target Profit Oriented : Earning profit is the main motive of MNCs. For this purpose they introduce new and novel products, launch new marketing schemes, organize trade fairs and exhibitions, does lots of publicity and adopts professional approach in all its dealings.

(viii) Huge Assets and Turnover : Multinational Corporation have huge financial strength because of huge capital and assets. This enables it to develop its business potential in developing and under developing nations where they can earn handsome profits.

(ix) Mighty Economic Power: Multinational Corporation has a huge capital and assets so they have a mighty economic power. They keep on adding to their economic power through constant mergers and acquisitions of companies in host countries.

(x) Centralized Control: Multinational Corporation is managed by parent company. It manages affairs of the subsidiary company from the respective home country. Multinational corporations are controlled by parent companies and mostly home strategic.

(xi) Area of Operation : MNCs operate in different countries of the world and deal in multiple products on a large scale. They operate in those countries where chance of maximizing profit is more. MNCs of developed nations dominate the global market and they undertake production or marketing activities and so on. For . e.g. Coca Cola, Tata Tea and so on have global presence.

(xii) Professional Management: A MNC employs professionally qualified personnel to handle huge funds, advanced technology and international operations.

Question 8.
Explain Merits and Demerits of Multinational Corporation
Answer:
(A) Introduction:
(i) Global enterprises or Multinational Corporations are the Corporations which under take business activities in more than one country. Any company having its head office in one country and place of business in other countries is called a Multinational Corporation.

(ii) Multinational Corporation played an important role in the Indian Economy since 1991. They have become a common feature of developing economies in the world.
A Multinational Corporation is a corporation which operates, in addition to the country in which it is incorporated, in one or more other countries.

(B) Merits of Multinational Corporation:
Following are the merits of Multinational Corporation.
(i) Proper use of Idle Resources : The national income of host country increases as MNCs use idle physical and human resources with latest technologies.

(ii) Inflow of Foreign Capital: Multinational corporations bring much needed foreign capital for the rapid development of developing countries. This capital is useful for growth of domestic country.

(iii) Promotion of International Brotherhood and Culture: MNCs integrate economies of various nations with the world economy and promote international brotherhood and culture with peace and prosperity in the world.

(iv) End of Local Monopolies : In global market, Multinational Corporations end local monopolies of host . countries improving their products and reduces prices.

(v) Technical Development: Multinational corporations gives lot of importance to research and development activities. They are also fully equipped and have necessary infrastructure. The research and development is undertaken for finding out new product, new system, and new technology of doing business in an economical way.

(vi) Improvement of Standard of Living : Multinational Corporations supply their product at very reasonable prices in the global market. E.g. the price of wrist watches, cell phones, etc. This helps to improve the standard of living of people of host countries.

(vii) Managerial Development : Multinational corporations have highly specialized and expert team of management. These experts are hired from different countries of the world. Also their functioning is highly professional. They adopt new technology and use huge resources.

(viii) Employment Generation : MNCs create large scale employment opportunities in host countries and . helps in reducing unemployment.

(C) Demerits of Multinational Corporation:
(i) Danger for Domestic Industries : Multinational Corporations have vast economic power so they are danger to domestic industries which are still in process of development. Domestic industries not so powerful to face the challenges of Multinational Corporation.

(ii) Create Problem for Environment: Profit is sole objective of multinational corporation. Such companies damage environment of developing countries. To lower the price of goods they dump lower standard quality product which harms local soil, water and air.

(iii) Outsourcing of Job: Normally MNCs outsource the job work due to lower cost, due to this their liabilities towards employees are reduced.

(iv) Misuse of Mighty Status : Multinational Corporations have powerful financial strength because of huge capital. They can afford to bear losses for a long while in the hope of earning huge profits. They have ended local competition and achieved monopoly. This may be unfair.

(v) Multinational Corporations Import Skilled Labour : Most companies in this position imports the skilled labour they require from other economic to meet their needs. That means the best jobs, especially in the developing world, are given to people who don’t even live in the local economy. Those wages do not offer the same economic benefits because spending occurs internationally instead of at the local level.

(vi) Interference : Multinational Corporations are gigantic organizations with huge finance and efficient management. They try to bring about expansion of business through mergers, acquisitions and amalgamations. As they are huge corporations they exert influence on political parties and try to spread political ideology of their home country.

(vii) Take away Profits to Home Country : Profits made by multinational corporations are not used in the same country from where they are earned. They are not interested in development of other countries. They do not use their profits on infrastructural development of other countries.

(viii) E ncourage Political Corruption : To get favourable terms and conditions in host country multinational corporations bribe to political parties.

(ix) Repatriation of Profiles : Multinational Corporations get huge profit. Repatriation of profit by Multinational Corporation adversely affects the foreign exchange reserves of the host country. If means that a large amount of foreign exchange goes out of host country.

OCM 11th Commerce Textbook Solutions Digest

• 11th OCM Chapter 1 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 2 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 3 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 4 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 5 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 6 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 7 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 8 Practical Problems

Introduction to Management11th OCM Chapter 8 Solutions Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Organisation of Commerce and Management 11th Textbook Solutions Chapter 8 Introduction to Management Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 11 OCM Chapter 8 Exercise Solutions

1. (A) Select the correct option and rewrite the sentences

Question 1.
Management is ………………….
(a) dynamic
(b) static
(c) selective
Answer:
(a) dynamic

Question 2.
Management uses …………………. method of observation.
(a) unscientific
(b) artificial
(c) scientific
Answer:
(c) scientific

Question 3.
To help top level management in co-ordinating the activities is the function of …………………. level management.
(a) middle
(b) lower
(c) top
Answer:
(a) middle

Question 4.
To look after maintenance of machinery is the function of …………………. level of management.
(a) top
(b) middle
(c) lower
Answer:
(c) lower

Question 5.
Management is …………………. oriented action.
(a) policy
(b) profit
(c) goal
Answer:
(c) goal

1. (B) Match the pairs

Question 1.

Part A	Part B
(a) Management	(1) Need of creativity
(b) Management as a profession	(2) Can be seen.
(c) Top level management	(3) Administration
(d) Management as an art	(4) Intangible
(e) Lower level management	(5) Formal education
	(6) Policy framing.
	(7) Implementation of policies
	(8) Selective
	(9) Directing subordinates to complete the task
	(10) Cause effect relationship

Answer:

Part A	Part B
(a) Management	(4) Intangible
(b) Management as a profession	(5) Formal education
(c) Top level management	(6) Policy framing.
(d) Management as an art	(1) Need of creativity
(e) Lower level management	(9) Directing subordinates to complete the task

1. (C) Give one word / phrase / term

Question 1.
The art of getting things done through others.
Answer:
Management

Question 2.
The second level of management.
Answer:
Middle level

Question 3.
Systematic body of knowledge.
Answer:
Management as a Science

Question 4.
The level of management related to Managing Director.
Answer:
Top level management

Question 5.
Level of management that link top level and lower level management.
Answer:
Middle level management

1. (D) State True or False

Question 1.
Management is an ancient activity.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Management is not objective oriented.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
In small organization also management is required.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Middle level management forms policy of an organization.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Various principles and techniques are used in management.
Answer:
True

1. (E) Find the odd one

Question 1.
Management is an – art, a science, a commerce, a profession.
Answer:
a commerce

Question 2.
Management as an Art – Singer, Actor, Dancer, Doctor.
Answer:
Doctor

Question 3.
Management as Profession – Doctor, Chartered Accountant, Lawyer, Singer.
Answer:
Singer

Question 4.
Level of Management – Lower Level, Middle Level, Top Level, High Level.
Answer:
High level

Question 5.
Top Level Management – Board of Directors, Presidents, Purchase Manager, Chief Executive Officer (CEO).
Answer:
Purchase manager

Question 6.
Middle Level Management – Departmental Head, Finance Manager, Production Manager, Supervisor.
Answer:
Supervisor

Question 7.
Lower Level Management – Supervisor, Foreman, Finance Manager, Office Superintendent.
Answer:
Finance Manager

1. (F) Complete the sentences

Question 1.
The English verb ‘manage’ came from Italian word ……………….
Answer:
Maneggiare

Question 2.
To manage is to forecast, to plan, to organize, to command, to co-ordinate and to ……………….
Answer:
control

Question 3.
Organization is a group of person who work together to achieve a ……………….
Answer:
common goal

Question 4.
Link between the top level and lower level of management is called as ……………….
Answer:
middle level management

Question 5.
Lower level management works under ……………….
Answer:
middle level management

Question 6.
Art is the bringing about a desired result through the application of ……………….
Answer:
skills

Question 7.
Any knowledge which is scientifically developed and consists of universally accepted principles is known as a ……………….
Answer:
science

Question 8.
Science is based on systematic experiments, on certain rules and on ……………….
Answer:
principles

Question 9.
Teacher, Doctor, C.A., Lawyer comes under the term ……………….
Answer:
profession

1. (G) Select the correct option

(Finance Manager, Art, CEO, Profession, Supervisors)

Part A	Part B
(1) Top level	—————-
(2) —————–	Lower level
(3) Middle level	—————-
(4) ————-	Doctor
(5) Singer	—————-

Answer:

Part A	Part B
(1) Top level	CEO
(2) Supervisors	Lower level
(3) Middle level	Finance Manager
(4) Profession	Doctor
(5) Singer	Art

1. (H) Answer in one sentence

Question 1.
What is called as management?
Answer:
Getting work done through others is called as management.

Question 2.
Name, the levels of management?
Answer:
Top level, middle level and lower level are the three levels of management.

Question 3.
What is top level management?
Answer:
The level of management that decides the long term objectives of organization and frame the plans and policies and take decisions is called as top level-management.

Question 4.
What do you mean by middle level management?
Answer:
The level of management which is concerned with implementation of plans and policies in the organization with the help of lower level management is known as middle level management.

Question 5.
What is lower level management?
Answer:
The level of management which is considered to do actual execution of plan is called as lower level management.

Question 6.
What do you mean by an art?
Answer:
An art means skill of individual, creativity, regular practice, personal abilities and innovativeness.

Question 7.
What is science?
Answer:
Science is a systematic body of knowledge and scientific methods.

Question 8.
What is the meaning of a profession?
Answer:
Profession means an individual having adequate knowledge and abilities which is helpful to handle different situations. They are trained people having formal education in management school and have a code of conduct.

1. (I) Arrange in proper order.

Question 1.
Middle level management, Top level management, Lower level management.
Answer:
Top level management, Middle level management, Lower level management.

Question 2.
Departmental Head, CEO, Supervisors, Managing Director.
Answer:
CEO, Managing Director, Departmental Head, Supervisors.

Question 3.
Office clerk, Shareholders, Managing Director, Board of Director.
Answer:
Shareholders, Board of Directors, Managing Director, Office clerk.

1. (J) Correct the underlined word and rewrite the following sentences

Question 1.
Management is only an art.
Answer:
Management is an art, a science and a profession.

Question 2.
There are five levels of management.
Answer:
There are three levels of management.

Question 3.
Lower level management works under top level management.
Answer:
Middle level management works under top level management.

Question 4.
Middle level management works under lower level management.
Answer:
Middle level management works under top-level management.

Question 5.
Management is pure science.
Answer:
Management is a social science.

Question 6.
The entry in any profession is not restricted.
Answer:
The entry in any profession is restricted.

Question 7.
Professionals need informal education.
Answer:
Professional need formal education.

2. Explain the following terms/concepts

Question 1.
Top level management.
Answer:

1. The top level management decides the long term objectives of organization, frames plans and policies and take decisions.
2. It consists of Board of Directors, Managing Director,CEO, President, etc.

Question 2.
Middle level management.
Answer:

1. The middle level management is a link between top level and lower level management.
2. It works under top level management.
3. This level is considered with implementation of plans and policies in the organization with the help of lower level management.
4. It consists of Head of Departments / Branch managers / Incharge, etc.

Question 3.
Lower level management.
Answer:

1. This is the last level of management.
2. It is a supervisory level of management.
3. It consists of superintendents, supervisors, foremen and junior executives.
4. Lower level management receives instructions from the authorities i.e. middle level management and direct subordinates wherever necessary.

3. Study the following case/situation and express your opinion

1. While working in a company, Pranav used to give order to his subordinates about what is to be done and which work is to be done? In this organization, various employees like Pratap are doing their work assigned by Pravin. In this company, Pravin submits his report of work completion to Pranav after completing the work done by the employees like Pratap.

Question 1.
Identify different levels of management in above mentioned company.
Answer:
There are two levels of management i.e. middle and lower level of management in above mentioned company.

Question 2.
Find the level of Pranav in management of company.
Answer:
Pranav works in the middle level management of company.

Question 3.
Explain the functions and role of Pratap in his company.
Answer:
Pratap is an employee in a company. He works at the lower level. He executes the work assigned by Pravin.

4. Distinguish between the following

Question 1.
Top level Management and Middle level Management.
Answer:

	Top Level Management	Middle level Management
(1) Meaning	Top level management refers to top position in the organization such as Board of Directors, CEO, President, Managing Director, etc.	Middle level management refers to middle positions in the organization such as Departmental head, Managers like Finance manager, Production manager, Sales manager, Marketing manager, etc.
(2) Nature of Work	It is concerned with framing plans and policies of the entire organization.	It is concerned with implementation of policies framed by top level management with the help of lower level management.
(3) Skills	It requires conceptual or decision making skills than technical skills.	It requires combination of conceptual and decision making skills than technical skills.
(4) Promotion Policy	Policy    At this level promotion is given on merit.	At this level promotion is based on merit as well as seniority basis.
(5) Time Frame	It considers longer period of time i.e. 5 to 20 years.	It considers medium period of time i.e. 1 to 5 years.
(6) Responsibility	Top level is responsible to shareholders, government and society.	Middle level is responsible to top level management.
(7) Flow of Order	Orders and instructions are passed to middle level.	Orders and instructions are passed to lower level and report of the work is submitted to top level.

Question 2.
Middle Level Management and Lower Level Management.
Answer:

	Middle Level Management	Lower Level Management
(1) Meaning	Middle level management refers to middle positions in the organization. E.g. departmental head, finance manager, etc.	Lower level management refers to lower / last positions in the organization. E.g. superintendents, supervisors, etc.
(2) Nature of Work	It is concerned with implementation of policies framed by top level with the help of lower level.	It is considered with actual execution of planning.
(3) Skills	It requires both conceptual and technical skills.	It requires more technical skills than other skills.
(4) Promotion Policy	Promotion is based on merit as well as seniority basis.	Promotion is based on seniority basis.
(5) Time Frame	It considers medium term i.e. 1 year to 5 years.	It considers very short period of time i.e. upto one year.
(6) Responsibility	It is responsible to top level management.	It is responsible to both top and middle level management.
(7) Flow of Order	Instructions and orders are passed to Lower level and report of the work is submitted to top level	Implementation is done as per the orders of middle level and reports are submitted to middle level.

Question 3.
Top Level Management and Lower Level Management.
Answer:

	Top Level Management	Lower Level Management
(1) Meaning	Top level refers to top positions in the organization. e.g. Board of directors, Managing Directors, CEO, President, etc.	Lower level management refers to lower positions in the organization. e.g. Junior Executives, Foremen, etc.
(2) Nature of Work	It is concerned with framing plans and policies of the entire organization.	It is concerned with execution of plans and policies.
(3) Skills	It requires conceptual or decision making skills than technical skills.	It requires more technical skills than conceptual skills.
(4) Promotion Policy	Promotion is based on merit basis.	Seniority is preferred for promotion.
(5) Time Frame	It considers for longer period of time i.e. 5 to 20 years.	Basically it is very short period of time i.e. upto 1 year.
(6) Responsibility	It is responsible to Shareholders, Government and Society.	It is responsible to middle as well as top level management.
(7) Flow of Order	Orders and instructions are passed to middle level.	It implements orders of middle level and also reports to the middle level.

5. Answer in brief

Question 1.
State any four features of Management.
Answer:
Following are the features of management:
(i) Management is Goal Oriented : Management activity is done to achieve pre-decided goals. The success of organization is calculated on the basis of achievement of desired goals. The success depends on proper management of all available resources. Management decides the goals before conducting the activity. The manager takes efforts to achieve these goals. So management is goal oriented.

(ii) Management is a Group Activity : “Management is an art of getting things done through others.” The above definition explains that management is done through / with the people. It is done by co-ordinating all resources effectively and efficiently. The activities are done under the guidance of manager by its team members. Also in organisation decisions are taken by the group of people such as Board of Directors, Shareholders, etc.

(iii) Management is Intangible : Management is the collective efforts of manager. It is a process of planning, organizing, decision making, directing and controlling. These cannot be seen physically. However, the results of best management can be experienced in the form of increased profits, attainments of pre-decided so management is tangible in nature.

(iv) Management is a Continuous Process : Management is essential throughout the life of organisation. It is necessary to start the activity, to run the activity in smooth manner and also to control the activity. It is endless process. It is required for survival of the organization continuously.

Question 2.
Write any four functions of Top Level Management.
Answer:
Following are the functions of Top Level Management:

1. To decide long term objectives of the organisation.
2. To frame plans and policies to achieve the set objectives.
3. To observe that policies are properly implemented.
4. To create various department and positions.

Question 3.
Write any four functions of Middle Level Management.
Answer:
Following are the functions of Middle Level Management:

1. To link the top level management and lower level management.
2. To understand plans and policies framed by top level management and prepare plan of action according to the nature of department.
3. To assign duties and responsibilities to the staff of the concerned department to achieve pre-defined goals.
4. To appoint lower level staff.

Question 4.
State any four functions of Lower Level Management.
Answer:
Following are the functions of Lower Level Management:

1. Do work under Middle Level Management.
2. To assign work to subordinates.
3. To give instruction to subordinates.
4. To direct the subordinates wherever necessary.

Question 5.
State any two points of relationship about management as an art.
Answer:
The relationship between art and management are:
(i) Personal Skills : In organization, every manager has to handle different situations, has to solve various problems, has to handle human resource, etc. with his own style. This style varies from manager to manager and so the result. This is because of the different skills and abilities of each person.

(ii) Creativity : Creativity refers to the ability to find something new and innovative. Manager finds out new ways to conduct organizational activities and to achieve desired goals. Manager develops new ideas according to the changes in business situation and in the business environment.

Question 6.
Explain any two points of relationship about management as a science.
Answer:
The following points shows there is a relationship in management as a science:
(i) Systematic Body of Knowledge : Pure science is based on systematic experiments, certain rules and principles. Management principles and functions are also based on the experiments which can be studied through various different management theories, techniques and approaches given by different management thinkers.

(ii) Universal Applicability of Principles : Scientific principles can be applied in all over the world in similar situation. Therefore, the same result can be drawn. Management principles are universal in nature. They can be applied everywhere, anytime and in any condition.

Question 7.
State hny two points of relationship about management as a profession.
Answer:
The relationship between profession and management can be seen with the help of following points:
(i) Expertise : A professional is an expert in his field. He has acquired specific knowledge through formal education. Also he has particular skill in practicing as a professional. Manager also becomes an expert by practicing regularly in the specific field and can acquire certain knowledge and skill.

(ii) Registration : Professionals need to register themselves with their associations. For example, a Chartered Accountant should register himself with Institute of Chartered Accountant of India i.e. ICAI. Without registration certificate he cannot practice. In case of managers, there is no such body to register themselves. However, managers can take the membership of ‘Chambers of Commerce’ which gives them benefits.

6. Justify the following statements

Question 1.
Management is essential in professional and non-professional activities.
Answer:
(i) As management is universal in nature it is applicable everywhere, either it is a professional activity or non-professional activity.

(ii) Every person performs certain activity to achieve pre-decided goals. E.g. earning of profit, winning games, competitions, to increase goodwill, etc.

(iii) Organisations either large, medium or small, profit making or non-profit making, government or non-government organisation, etc. to get success, to attain goals every time management plays a vital role. It’s application ensures smooth functioning of business.

(iv) A professional acquires certain specific formal education. He has specific skill to achieve his goals. He performs management functions like planning, organizing, controlling, etc. Similarly, while performing non- professional activities like plantation of tree, blood donation campaign, a person also requires to perform certain management functions.

(v) Thus, management is essential in performing professional as well as non-professional activities.

Question 2.
Level of management depends upon the size of organization.
Answer:
(i) Making different parts for the smooth functioning of business and to achieve decided goals is called levels of management.

(ii) The size of business is small, medium or large. Every business needs to manage the activities efficiently and’ effectively.

(iii) The levels of management depends on size of organization. If the size of organization is small the classification of levels becomes easy and simple. Whereas in large organization, it becomes difficult and complicated. The levels of management in such organisation may be classified into three parts i.e. Top level, Middle level and Lower level.

(iv) These levels of management are important in organization. These levels have their own functions. As per that they have to perform their duties and responsibilities to attain their set goals and objectives.

(v) Thus, levels of management depends on size of organisation.

Question 3.
Management is a group oriented action.
Answer:
(i) In the words of Mary Parker Follet, “management is an art of getting things done through others”. Management focuses on completing the work through human resource.

(ii) It is co-ordinating of all available resources effectively and efficiently. In organisation, the activities are done by the subordinates, employees under the guidance of a manager.

(iii) A manager, though he is competent, able, has capacity, skills to perform the organizational task, it is not possible for a single manager to perform all the activities related to the said task alone.

(iv) To fulfill or accomplish the objectives and goals, he needs the help of other people, as it should be divided among all the employees, as per their skill, qualification, interest, knowledge and experience.

(v) Thus, management is a group oriented activity.

Question 4.
Management is an art.
Answer:
(i) An art is the bringing about a desired result through the application of skills. It is an innovativeness and creativeness of a person. This is a natural and inborn quality of a person. But with the help of proper education and practice one can developed the quality or qualities. E.g. acting, dancing, cycling, magician, singing, drawing, skating, musician, sports etc. comes under art.

(ii) Art does not require any specific educational qualification or it not any compulsion. It is inborn quality or a skill.

(iii) As a manager, in organisation he has to handle various kinds of situations, employees, other resources effectively and efficiently with his own style. So he uses his skills which are either inborn or developed by practice and formal education.

(iv) A manger must be innovative. He should handle the conditions. He should not use same methods all the time. Like an artist, he has to develop his skills by regular practice. He should use different techniques and skills to get perfect result. This is possible due to regular practice.

(v) Every managers has different abilities and skills. They have to use their own abilities and skills to guide the people to achieve their goals.

(vi) Thus, manager need to be creative and skilled like an artist. Hence, management is an art.

Question 5.
Answer:
There is no need of registration for managers.

1. Every professional is registered with the concerned body or organisation. A professional is formally, educated and also a skilled person.
2. A manager, now-a-days, possess a diploma or degree in management studies like Indian Institute of Management (IIM), PUMBA (Savitribai Phule Pune University, MBA) etc. A person who wants to be a manager acquires the required knowledge of the profession and trains himself / herself for the managerial job.
3. As management is a profession, a manager is not practicing independently. He is an employee of the organisation.
4. Thus, there is no need of registration for managers.

Question 6.
Management is a continuous process.
Answer:

1. Management is a continuous process. It is an important feature of management.
2. A manager of an organisation has to perform managerial work to achieve pre-defined goals of the organisation. To achieve these goals, he as a manager applies various functions of management, principles of management and also techniques of management.
3. From the beginning till the achievement of success, continuous efforts of every individual is required.
   Continuity is an integral part of management. It is necessary through out the life of an organisation.
4. Therefore, management has become necessary to start the activity and to run the activity at the business smoothly.
5. Thus, management is a continuous activity. It is not a one time process, but it is never ending process.

Question 7.
Planning is a task of top level management.
Answer:

1. Planning means thinking before doing. It is thinking in advance. Before the action, there is a thinking process.
2. In the large organisation, management levels are divided into three parts i.e. top, middle and lower.
3. At the top level management, very few personnels are involves. They are Board of Directors, Managing Directors, President, Chief Executive Officer, etc.
4. The main function of top level management is to frame the plans and policies of the whole organisation to achieve its goals.
5. It decides the long term objectives of the organisation and also frames particular plans and policies to get them. Further, it also sees that the policies are properly implemented.
6. Framing of organizational objectives and accordingly plans and policies to achieve them becomes a tough task of top level management.
7. Thus, Planning is a task of top level management.

7. Attempt the following

Question 1.
State the definition of management.
Answer:
Following are some definitions given by management thinkers :

1. “Management is an art of getting things done through others.” – Mary Parker Follet
2. “To manage is to forecast, to plan, to organize, to command, to co-ordinate and to control”. – Henry Fayol
3. “Management is knowing exactly what is to be done and seeing that it is done in the best possible manner.”
4. “Management is the process consisting of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling, performed to determine and accomplish the objectives by the use of people and resources”. George Terry.

Question 2.
State the features of management.
Answer:
(i) Managements is Dynamic : Management is dynamic and not static in character. It deals with human efforts, different situations and different activities. It adopts changes in the form of technological, socio economical, political, environmental, etc.

(ii) Management is Intangible : Management is intangible in nature. It can’t be seen and touched. It is abstract. The principles, theories, techniques, concept are practically invisible. The result of best management can be experienced in the form of increased profit, smooth functioning of the organization and achievement.

(iii) Management is a Social Process : Management is a process because it sets objectives and takes steps to achieve them. It is said to be a social process because management is concerned with people. For example employees, shareholders, investors, customers, community, etc.

(iv) Management is a Continuous Process : Management is essential through the life of an organization. It is necessary to begin the activity, to run the activity smoothly and to control the activity. This is never ending process.

(v) Management is Different from Ownership : In an organization, management is different from ownership. Owners contribute capital which is taken care of by efficient and paid managers.

(vi) Management is an Inborn Quality : Management in the older days, was considered to be an inborn quality. But with the inception of various business schools, management is a quality which can be developed if a person has the interest and perseverance.

Question 3.
State management is as a science.
Answer:
1. Systematic Body of Knowledge : Management is not a science like physics, chemistry or biology. It is a science which deals with human beings. Management has a theories and concepts. Various principle of management like unity of command, division of labour, unity of direction are all universally accepted principle. Management follows procedures like collecting data, analyzing and drawing inferences from it. This makes management a science.

2. Use of Scientific Methods of Observation : In science the conclusions are drawn only on the basis of scientific methods of observation. Management also uses systematic methods of data collection, verification and analysis of that collected data and interpretation of data, then a manager takes decisions in the organisation.

3. Cause and Effect Relationship : Science is based on cause and effect relationship. After using specific formulae or their combination, we get particular result in science. Management theories are also based on relationships. Fair and regular salary along with good working conditions motivates people to work hard and to give best results. Whereas, old machineries, techniques, untrained employees may not give good / excepted output to the organization.

4. Universal Applicability of Principles : The management principles are universally accepted just like scientific principles are accepted all over the world. For e.g. Newton’s law, Archimedes principle, etc. are all accepted principles, similarly in management also the principle of authority and responsibility, unity of command, direction, etc. are all universally accepted and are used in all organization whether big or small. Management follows these principles in all kind of organizations, at all levels in the same organization. State the relationship between the management and art.

Question 4.
Following points clearly states the relation between management and art.
Answer:
1. Creativity: Managers must posses the quality of being creative. Every manager should be able to bring innovations in the business. This quality is developed with experience. The more experienced manager can bring about changes according to the situation.

2. Regular Practice: Practice makes a man perfect. This is the rule applied by a manager. The more the experience, the manager will be able to meet any challenge or difficult situation with ease. He is in a position to make the required changes according to the circumstances.

3. Personal Skill: Every manager being an individual is different. A good manager must posses good skills in dealing with human beings. He should use his skill in knowing the problem, allotment of work to employees, give judgment and understanding to deal with various situations in business.

4. Personal Abilities : Every person has different abilities and skills. Manager uses his own abilities to co-ordinate the activities, to guide the people and to achieve their goals.

Question 5.
State the importance of management
Answer:
1. Utilisation of Resources Optimally : Effective management is all about optimum use of available resources in the organization. Proper distribution of resources and work to right person results in higher output. It also reduces wastage and cost. Maximisation of output by reducing cost is the ultimate objective of every organization.

2. Better Relation : Different groups work at different levels in organization. The employer and the employees have different sets of demands from each other. Effective management ensures that employees fulfill their social responsibilities towards their employers. This helps in establishing good relationship among different groups in an organization.

3. Achievement of Goals : In an organization group of people performs various activities to achieve common goals of the organization. Effective management brings about harmony (cordial relationship) and good co-ordination in efforts of all group. A manager creates a feeling of team spirit among the members of the group.

4. Division of Work : Division of work means the entire work is divided into smaller lots. Each job is given to a particular employee as per his ability and skill to carry out the required activity. Division of work leads to specialization of work and completion of the work in the stipulated period of time.

Question 6.
State the similarities between management and profession.
Answer:
1. Formal Education : Professionals need formal education. Today’s managers are qualified with management diploma or degrees from various institutes like IIMS, PUMBA etc. They also take formal training from management schools which helps them to work professionally.

2. Code of Conduct : Code of conduct means set of rules and regulations to be followed by practicing in their field. Every profession has their own code of conduct to control the activities. It emphasis on ethical practice in that profession. E.g. Chartered Accountants have to work according to ICAI, Lawyers have to follow the code of conduct framed by Bar Council of India, etc. However for managers there is no such association of managers. Generally managers follow the code of conduct based on customs and traditions.

3. Expertise : A professional is an expert in his field. He has acquired specific knowledge through formal education. He has particular skill of practicing as professional. He becomes an expert due to regular practice in specific field.

4. Registration : Professionals need to register themselves with their associations. For example, Lawyers must get registered themselves with India Bar Council, Chartered Accountants with Institute of Chartered Accountant of India, where as for managers there is no need of such registration with any body. They can take membership of ‘Chambers of Commerce’ which give them membership benefits.

5. Restricted Entry : The entry in any profession is restricted. It needs formal education e.g. Lawyers, Architect, Interior designer, Doctors, Chartered Accountant, etc. However, such compulsion is not there for working as a manager.

8. Answer the Following

Question 1.
What is management? State the characteristics or features of management.
Answer:
Management and its features:
(A) Meaning:
The word management is derived from the Latin word ‘manus’ which means ‘hands.
It means management is handling some activity.
Many thinkers said that management means a fine consideration of co-ordinating and controlling the work either from direct individual or from a group.

(B) Definitions:
Some definitions of management given by different management thinkers as follows:

1. “Management traditionally can be defined as “an art of getting things done through others. ” – Mary Parker Follet
2. “To manage is to forecast, to plan, to organize, to command, to co-ordinate and to control”. – Henry Fayol
3. “Management is co-ordination of resources through the process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling in order to attain stated objectives.” – F.W. Taylor

Following are the characteristics features of management:
(i) Managements is Dynamic : Management is dynamic and not static in character. It deals with human efforts, different situations and different activities. It adopts changes in the form of technological, socio economical, political, environmental, etc.

(ii) Management is Intangible : Management is intangible in nature. It can’t be seen and touched. It is abstract. The principles, theories, techniques, concept are practically invisible. The result of best management can be experienced in the form of increased profit, smooth functioning of the organization and achievement.

(iii) Management is a Social Process : Management is a process because it sets objectives and takes steps to achieve them. It is said to be a social process because management is concerned with people. For example employees, shareholders, investors, customers, community, etc.

(iv) Management is a Continuous Process : Management is essential through the life of an organization. It is necessary to begin the activity, to run the activity smoothly and to control the activity. This is never ending process.

(v) Management is Different from Ownership : In an organization, management is different from ownership. Owners contribute capital which is taken care of by efficient and paid managers.

(vi) Management is an Inborn Quality : Management in the older days, was considered to be an inborn quality. But with the inception of various business schools, management is a quality which can be developed if a person has the interest and perseverance.

(vii) Management is Situational: Management helps to take decisions and also to handle specific situation. The decisions are based on the principles, theories and techniques. They are applicable in certain situation only.

(viii) Management is Goal Orientated : Every business organization either small, medium or large, profit making or non-profit making, Governmental or NGOs have their own goals. When the organization achieves its desired goals, it is called success of that organisation. This success depends on proper management of all available resources. A manager takes lots of efforts to achieve these goals. So management is goal oriented.

(ix) Management is Universal : Management principles and theories are equally applicable every where and in every field like business, profession, hospital, education, politics, government administration social activities. These principles are the guidelines to the manager. They are flexible and capable of adaptation to every type of organization.

(x) Management is Group Activity : Management is defined as “getting work done through others” or “with the people in formally organized groups”. The tasks set by the organization is complied by employees, all levels of managers and even with the help of outside parties.

Question 2.
Discuss whether management is an art science or profession.
Answer:
Art:
1. Creativity: Managers must posses the quality of being creative. Every manager should be able to bring innovations in the business. This quality is developed with experience. The more experienced manager can bring about changes according to the situation.

2. Regular Practice: Practice makes a man perfect. This is the rule applied by a manager. The more the experience, the manager will be able to meet any challenge or difficult situation with ease. He is in a position to make the required changes according to the circumstances.

3. Personal Skill: Every manager being an individual is different. A good manager must posses good skills in dealing with human beings. He should use his skill in knowing the problem, allotment of work to employees, give judgment and understanding to deal with various situations in business.

4. Personal Abilities : Every person has different abilities and skills. Manager uses his own abilities to co-ordinate the activities, to guide the people and to achieve their goals.

Science:
1. Systematic Body of Knowledge : Management is not a science like physics, chemistry or biology. It is a science which deals with human beings. Management has a theories and concepts. Various principle of management like unity of command, division of labour, unity of direction are all universally accepted principle. Management follows procedures like collecting data, analyzing and drawing inferences from it. This makes management a science.

2. Use of Scientific Methods of Observation : In science the conclusions are drawn only on the basis of scientific methods of observation. Management also uses systematic methods of data collection, verification and analysis of that collected data and interpretation of data, then a manager takes decisions in the organisation.

3. Cause and Effect Relationship : Science is based on cause and effect relationship. After using specific formulae or their combination, we get particular result in science. Management theories are also based on relationships. Fair and regular salary along with good working conditions motivates people to work hard and to give best results. Whereas, old machineries, techniques, untrained employees may not give good / excepted output to the organization.

Profession:
1. Formal Education : Professionals need formal education. Today’s managers are qualified with management diploma or degrees from various institutes like IIMS, PUMBA etc. They also take formal training from management schools which helps them to work professionally.

2. Code of Conduct : Code of conduct means set of rules and regulations to be followed by practicing in their field. Every profession has their own code of conduct to control the activities. It emphasis on ethical practice in that profession. E.g. Chartered Accountants have to work according to ICAI, Lawyers have to follow the code of conduct framed by Bar Council of India, etc. However for managers there is no such association of managers. Generally managers follow the code of conduct based on customs and traditions.

3. Expertise : A professional is an expert in his field. He has acquired specific knowledge through formal education. He has particular skill of practicing as professional. He becomes an expert due to regular practice in specific field.

4. Registration : Professionals need to register themselves with their associations. For example, Lawyers must get registered themselves with India Bar Council, Chartered Accountants with Institute of Chartered Accountant of India, where as for managers there is no need of such registration with any body. They can take membership of ‘Chambers of Commerce’ which give them membership benefits.

OCM 11th Commerce Textbook Solutions Digest

• 11th OCM Chapter 1 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 2 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 3 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 4 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 5 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 6 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 7 Practical Problems
• 11th OCM Chapter 8 Practical Problems

Std 10 Hindi Chapter 2 Lakshmi Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Hindi Solutions Lokbharti Chapter 2 लक्ष्मी Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Hindi Lokbharti 10th Digest Chapter 2 लक्ष्मी Questions And Answers

Hindi Lokbharti 10th Std Digest Chapter 2 लक्ष्मी Textbook Questions and Answers

सूचना के अनयुार कृहत्‍ँ कीहजए:

प्रश्न 1.
संजाल पूण् कीहजए:

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 2.
उचित घटनाक्रम लगाकर वाक्य फिर से लिखिए:
१. उसके गले में रस्सी थी।
२. रहमान बड़ा मूर्ख है।
३. वह लक्ष्मी को सड़क पर ले आया।
४. उसने तुम्हें बड़ी बेदर्दी से पीटा है।
उत्तर:
(i) उसने तुम्हें बेदर्दी से पीटा है।
(ii) रहमान बड़ा मूर्ख है।
(iii) उसके गले में रस्सी थी।
(iv) वह लक्ष्मी को सड़क पर ले आया।

प्रश्न 3.
उततर हलखखए:

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 4.
गलत वाक्य, सही करके लिखिए:
१. करामत अली पिछले चार सालों से गाय की सेवा करता चला आ रहा था।
२. करामत अली को लक्ष्मी की पीठ पर रोगन लगाने के बाद इत्मीनान हुआ।
उत्तर:
(i) करामत अली पिछले एक साल से गाय की सेवा करता चला आ रहा था।
(ii) करामत अली को लक्ष्मी की पीठ पर रोगन लगाने के बाद भी इत्मीनान नहीं हुआ।

प्रश्न 5.
हनम्हलखखत मयु्दो के आधार पर वर्णन कीहजए:

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 6.
कारण हलखखए:
a. करामत अली लक्ष्मी के हलए सानी तैयार करने लगा।
b. रमजानी ने करामत अली को रोगन हदया।
c. रिमान ने लक् को इलाके से भहर तोडा हदया।
d. करामत अली ने लक् को गऊशाला मे भरती हकया।
उत्तर:
a. सुबह से रमजानी या रहमान किसी ने भी लक्ष्मी को चारा, दर्रा कुछ भी नहीं दिया था। लक्ष्मी बहुत भूखी थी।
b. रहमान के मारने के कारण लक्ष्मी की पीठ पर चोट आई थी।
c. रहमान ने सोचा कि लक्ष्मी नाले के पास उगी दूब खाकर पेट भर लेगी।
d. पैसे की तंगी के कारण करामत अली लक्ष्मी के दाने-चारे का प्रबंध नहीं कर पा रहा था। वह लक्ष्मी को भूखों मरता नहीं देख सकता था।

प्रश्न 7.
हिंदी-मराठी मे समोच्ररत शब् के हभन नर् हलखखए:

उत्तर:

	हिंदी	मराठी
(1) खत	पत्र	खाद
(2) पीठ	पीठ (शरीर का अंग)	आटा
(3) खाना	भोजन	दराज
(4) चारा	उपाय	जानवरों को खिलाने की सामग्री
(5) कल	बीता हुआ अथवा आने वाला समय (कल)	रुझान, प्रवृत्ति

प्रश्न.
यदि आप करामत अली की जगि पर होते तो’ इस संदभ् मे अपने हिचार लिखिए।
उत्तर:
करामत अली दोस्त को दिए गए वचन को निभाने वाला और पशु की पीड़ा समझने वाला इन्सान है। यदि करामत अली की जगह मैं होती/होता तो मैं भी वही करती/करता, जो करामत अली ने किया। जब हम किसी पशु को पालते हैं, तो उसकी सुख-सुविधा और खाने-पीने की उचित व्यवस्था करना हमारी जिम्मेदारी होती है। यदि मेरे समक्ष करामत अली जैसी स्थिति (आर्थिक संकट) उत्पन्न होती, तो मैं भी अपने पालतू पशु को भूखा मरते देखने या उसे कसाई के हाथों बेचने के स्थान पर किसी अच्छे पशुघर (गऊशाला) में ही दाखिल कराती/कराता। पशुघर में अपने जैसे अन्य पशुओं के साथ मेरा प्रिय पशु भी सुखपूर्वक अपना शेष जीवन बिता सकता। इससे मुझे बहुत संतोष होता।

भाषा बिंदु
प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में उचित विरामचिह्नों का प्रयोग कर वाक्य पुनः लिखिए:

१. ओह कंबख्त ने कितनी बेदर्दी से पीटा है
२. मैंने कराहते हुए पूछा मैं कहाँ हूँ
३. मँझली भाभी मुट्ठी भर बँदियाँ सूप में फेंककर चली गई
४. बड़ी बेटी ने ससुराल से संवाद भेजा है उसकी ननद रूठी हुई है मोथी की शीतलपाटी के लिए
५. केवल टीका नथुनी और बिछिया रख लिए थे
६. ठहरो मैं माँ से जाकर कहती हूँ इतनी बड़ी बात
७. टाँग का टूटना यानी सार्वजनिक अस्पताल में कुछ दिन रहना
८. जल्दी-जल्दी पैर बढ़ा
९. लक्ष्मी चल अरे गऊशाला यहाँ से दो किलोमीटर दर है
१०. मानो उनकी एक आँख पूछ रही हो कहो कविता कैसी रही

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित विरामचिह्नों का उपयोग करते हुए बारह-पंद्रह वाक्यों का परिच्छेद लिखिए:

विरामचिह्न	वाक्य
।
–
?
;
,
!
‘ ’
‘‘ ’’
x x x
— 0 —
……………
( )
[ ]
^
:
-/

उत्तर:

विरामचिह्न	वाक्य
।	लक्ष्मी बड़ी भयभीत और घबराई हुई थी।
–	मालिक आज दर्रा-खली कुछ नहीं।
?	कौन खरीदेगा इस बूढ़ी गाय को?
;	हिंदी साहित्य के विकास; उन्नति में डायरी का भी योगदान है।
,	देखो, मुझे गाय बेचनी ही नहीं है।
!	ये देखो चाचाजी!
‘ ’	गोआ में ‘सी-फूड’ की अधिकता है।
‘‘ ’’	“ऐसी कोई विशेष बात नहीं है।”
x x x	हे ग्रामदेवता नमस्कार xxx
– ० –	इस तरह राजा – ० – रानी सुख से रहने लगे।
……………	तुम इस गाय को लेकर क्या करोगे…..?
( )	रवींद्रनाथ ठाकुर का [(बंगला भाषा) अनुवादित (अनूदित)] साहित्य सभी पढ़ते हैं।
[ ]	रवींद्रनाथ ठाकुर का [(बंगला भाषा) अनुवादित (अनूदित)] साहित्य सभी पढ़ते हैं।
^	मामा जी आगरा से आएँगे।
:	मनु (हँसते हुए): मैंने तो लड्डू का डिब्बा देखा भी नहीं।
-/	परीक्षार्थी उत्तीर्ण/अनुत्तीर्ण में से एक तो अवश्य होगा।

प्रश्न.
हकसी पालतूप्री की आतमकरा हलखखए।
उत्तर:
ऐसे अनेक जानवर हैं, जो या तो संख्या में कम हैं या बदलते पर्यावरण और परभक्षण मानकों के कारण लुप्तप्राय हो रहे हैं। साथ ही वनों की कटाई के कारण भोजन और पानी की कमी हो जाना भी इनकी आबादी कम होने का कारण है। भारतीय वन्थ जीवों में अनूप मृग, चौसिंगा, कस्तूरी मृग, नीलगाय, चीतल, कृष्णमृग, एक सींग वाला गैंडा, सांभर, गोर, जंगली सूअर आदि दुर्लभ प्रजातियाँ हैं।

पर्यावरण संतुलन में इन जीवों की भूमिका अत्यंत महत्त्वपूर्ण है। इन प्रजातियों में बड़ी तेजी से गिरावट आ रही है। भारत में स्तनपायी वन्य जीवों की 81 प्रजातियाँ संकटग्रस्त हैं। इनमें से कुछ हैं-शेर, चीता, बाघ, सफेद तेंदुआ, गैंडा, जंगली भैंसा, जंगली सूअर, लाल पांडा, चिम्पैंजी, नीलगिरि लंगूर, बारहसिंगा, कस्तूरी मृग, नीलगिरि हिरन, चौसिंगा हिरन, कश्मीरी हिरन आदि।

कुत्ते की आत्मकथा
मैं गलियों में मारा-मारा फिरने वाला एक कुत्ता हूँ। मैंने अपने जीवन में बहुत सुख-दुख सहे हैं। मैं आपको अपनी व्यथा-कथा सुनाता हूँ।

मेरी माँ एक किसान-परिवार की पालतू कुतिया थी। उसी के घर में मेरा जन्म हुआ था। मेरा रंग दूध की तरह सफेद था। बच्चे-बूढ़े सभी मुझे प्यार से उठा लेते थे। वे मुझे गोद में लेकर सहलाते। लोग मुझे तरह-तरह की चीजें खाने के लिए देते थे। मैं बहुत खुश था।

एक दिन उस किसान ने मुझे एक अमीर आदमी के हाथों सौंप दिया। मेरा मालिक मुझे पाकर बहुत खुश हुआ। वह मेरा बहुत ख्याल रखता था। वह मुझे ‘टॉमी’ कहकर बुलाता था। जहाँ भी जाता, वह अपने साथ मुझे ले जाता था।

मैं भी अपने मालिक की बहुत सेवा करता था। रात के समय में उसके बँगले की रखवाली करता था। मालिक के बच्चे मुझे बहुत प्यार करते थे। लेकिन सब दिन एक समान नहीं होते। धीरे-धीरे मेरा स्वास्थ्य गिरने लगा। मैं कमजोर होता चला गया। न मैं अब पहले जैसा ताकतवर रहा और न ही सुंदर। इसलिए मेरे प्रति मालिक और उसके परिवार का रुख बदल गया।

मेरे बुढ़ापे ने मुझे कहीं का नहीं रखा। मुझे अब अपना जीवन बोझ-सा लगने लगा है। मैं पेट भरने के लिए मारा-मारा फिरता हूँ। जिसके दरवाजे पर पहुँचता हूँ, वही दो डंडे जमा देता है। (यहाँ पर ‘कुत्ते की आत्मकथा’ नमूने के रूप में दी गई है। विद्यार्थी अपनी पसंद के पालतू प्राणी की आत्मकथा लिखें।)

Hindi Lokbharti 10th Textbook Solutions Chapter 2 लक्ष्मी Additional Important Questions and Answers

गद्यांश क्र. 1
प्रश्न.
निम्नलिखित पठित गद्यांश पढ़कर दी गई सूचनाओं के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए:

कृति 1: (आकलन)
(1) कारण लिखिए:
(i) रहमान ने लक्ष्मी की पीठ पर डंडे बरसा दिए।
उत्तर:
(i) लक्ष्मी ने दूध नहीं दिया था।

(2) संजाल पूर्ण कीजिए:

उत्तर:

कृति 2: (आकलन)
• संजाल पूर्ण कीजिए:

उत्तर:

कृति 3: (शब्द संपदा)
(1) गद्यांश में प्रयुक्त शब्द-युग्म ढूँढकर लिखिए।
(i) …………………
(ii) …………………
(iii) …………………
(iv) …………………
उत्तर:
(i) उछलती-कूदती
(ii) दो – चार
(iii) धीरे-धीरे
(iv) इधर-उधर।

(2) निम्नलिखित शब्दों के लिंग बदलकर लिखिए:
(i) गाय
(ii) बेटी
(iii) रस्सी
(iv) खूटा।
उत्तर:
(i) गाय – बैल
(ii) बेटी – बेटा
(iii) रस्सी – रस्सा
(iv) खूटा – खूटी।

कृति 4: (स्वमत अभिव्यक्ति)

प्रश्न.
पालतू जानवरों के साथ किए जाने वाले सौहार्दपूर्ण व्यवहारों के बारे में अपने विचार 25 से 30 शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
जानवरों का मनुष्य के जीवन में बहुत महत्त्व है। इसलिए प्राचीन काल से पशु मनुष्य के साथी रहे हैं। गाय, बैल, भैंस, कुत्ता, घोड़ा आदि जानवर हमारे लिए बहुत उपयोगी हैं। पालतू पशु मनुष्य के परिवार के सदस्य जैसे होते हैं। हमें उन्हें प्रेम से पालना चाहिए। हमें उनके प्रति सौहार्दपूर्ण व्यवहार रखना चाहिए। उन्हें उचित समय पर अच्छी खुराक देनी चाहिए।

उनकी साफ-सफाई का ध्यान रखना चाहिए। पशु मूक प्राणी होते हैं। वे अपना दुख-दर्द बता नहीं सकते। इसलिए मनुष्य को उनके भोजन के साथ-साथ उनकी भावनाओं को भी समझना जरूरी है। ये जानवर हमारे प्रति भी सद्व्यवहार और स्नेह रखते हैं। उनकी अच्छी देखभाल करना हमारा कर्तव्य है।

गद्यांश क्र. 2
प्रश्न.
निम्नलिखित पठित गद्यांश पढ़कर दी गई सूचनाओं के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए:

कृति 1: (आकलन)
(1) संजाल पूर्ण कीजिए:
(i)

उत्तर:

(ii)

उत्तर:

(iii)

उत्तर:

(2) आकृति पूर्ण कीजिए:
(i) लक्ष्मी शांत खड़ी जख्मों पर यह लगवाती – [ ]
(ii) लक्ष्मी की पीठ पर रोगन लगाने के बाद भी करामत अली को यह नहीं हुआ – [ ]
उत्तर:
(i) लक्ष्मी शांत खड़ी जख्मों पर यह लगवाती रही – [तेल]
(ii) लक्ष्मी की पीठ पर रोगन लगाने के बाद भी करामत अली को यह नहीं हुआ – [इत्मीनान]

कृति 2: (आकलन)
(1) उत्तर लिखिए:
(i)

उत्तर:

(ii)

उत्तर:

कृति 3: (शब्द संपदा)
(1) निम्नलिखित शब्दों के समानार्थी शब्द लिखिए:
(i) बरस
(ii) गाय
(iii) दूध
(iv) जरूरत।
उत्तर:
(i) बरस – साल
(ii) गाय – धेनु
(iii) दूध – दुग्ध
(iv) जरूरत – आवश्यकता।

(2) निम्नलिखित शब्दों का वचन बदलकर लिखिए:
(i) निशानी
(ii) समस्या
(iii) बेटी
(iv) जरूरत।
उत्तर:
(i) निशानी – निशानियाँ
(ii) समस्या – समस्याएँ
(iii) बेटी – बेटियाँ
(iv) जरूरत – जरूरतें।

(3) गद्यांश में प्रयुक्त उर्दू शब्द ढूँढकर लिखिए।
(i) ……………….
(ii) ……………….
(iii) ……………….
(iv) ……………….
उत्तर:
(i) मवेशी
(ii) शौक
(iii) जरूरत
(iv) खुशनसीबी।

(4)

उत्तर:

कृति 4: (स्वमत अभिव्यक्ति)

प्रश्न.
पशुपालन के विषय पर 25 से 30 शब्दों में अपने विचार लिखिए।
उत्तर:
आदि मानव जब से एक स्थान पर समूह बनाकर रहने और खेती करने लगा, तभी से मनुष्यों और पशुओं का साथ रहा है। कृषि कार्य में उसे कई पशुओं को पालतू बनाना पड़ा था। भारतीय समाज में पशुपालन की परंपरा तभी से चली आ रही है। देश के प्रत्येक कृषक की यह इच्छा रहती है कि उसके पास बैलों की एक जोड़ी और एक गाय अवश्य हो।

ये जानवर उसके लिए मात्र खेती में काम आने वाले, दूध देने वाले, सवारी तथा रखवाली के काम आने वाले ही नहीं होते, वरन ये कृषक परिवार का अभिन्न अंग होते हैं। घर के सभी सदस्यों को इनसे अत्यंत प्रेम होता है। ये अपने बच्चों के समान इन पशुओं के खान-पान और इनकी सुख-सुविधा का ध्यान रखते हैं।

गद्यांश क्र. 3

प्रश्न.
निम्नलिखित पठित गद्यांश पढ़कर दी गई सूचनाओं के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए:

कृति 1: (आकलन)
कारण लिखिए:
(a) करामत अली लक्ष्मी को बेचना नहीं चाहता था।
उत्तर:
(a) करामत अली जानता था कि बूढ़ी लक्ष्मी को अगर कोई खरीदेगा तो वह उसे काट-काटकर बेचने के लिए ही खरीदेगा।

कृति 2: (आकलन)
(1) आकृति पूर्ण कीजिए:

उत्तर:

(2) उत्तर लिखिए:

उत्तर:

(ii) रमजानी ने संदूकची से यह निकाला – [ ]
उत्तर:
(ii) रमजानी ने संदूकची से यह निकाला – [बीस का एक नोट]

कृति 3: (शब्द संपदा)
(1) निम्नलिखित शब्दों के विरुद्धार्थी शब्द लिखिए:
(i) विशेष
(ii) बूढ़ी
(iii) आसान
(iv) बेचना।
उत्तर:
(i) विशेष x सामान्य
(ii) बूढ़ी x युवा
(iii) आसान x कठिन
(iv) बेचना x खरीदना।

(2) निम्नलिखित शब्दों के लिंग पहचानकर लिखिए:
(i) दूध
(ii) परेशानी
(iii) जमाना
(iv) सानी।
उत्तर:
(i) दूध – पुल्लिंग
(ii) परेशानी – स्त्रीलिंग
(iii) जमाना – पुल्लिग
(iv) सानी – स्त्रीलिंग।

कृति 4: (स्वमत अभिव्यक्ति)

प्रश्न.
मानव और पशु के संबंध के विषय में 25 से 30 शब्दों में अपने विचार लिखिए।
उत्तर:
आदि-मानव पशुओं का शिकार पेट भरने के लिए करता था। कालांतर में उसने पशुओं का शिकार छोड़कर कृषि करना सीखा, साथ ही पशुओं को पालकर उनसे काम लेना प्रारंभ किया। गाय, बैल, घोड़ा और कुत्ता आदि हमारे बहुत अच्छे मित्र हैं। उनसे हमारे अनेक कार्य सिद्ध होते हैं। पशु अपनी मित्रता में सदा खरे उतरे हैं। उन्होंने मानव की हर तरह से सेवा की है। कुत्ता एक स्वामिभक्त जानवर है। अपने मालिक के लिए यह अपने प्राण भी न्योछावर कर देता है। सुरक्षा करने, मार्ग दिखाने आदि में कुत्ता अतुलनीय भूमिका निभाता है। संकट में फंसे लोगों को बचाने में भी कुत्ते बहुत कुशल होते हैं। कुत्तों में सूंघने की अद्भुत शक्ति होती है। कुत्ते पुलिस के काम में बहुत सहायता करते हैं।

गद्यांश क्र.4
प्रश्न.
निम्नलिखित पठित गद्यांश पढ़कर दी गई सूचनाओं के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए:

कृति 1: (आकलन)
(1) (i) आकृति पूर्ण कीजिए:

उत्तर:

(ii)

उत्तर:

(2) संजाल पूर्ण कीजिए:

उत्तर:

कृति 2: (आकलन)
(1) कारण लिखिए:
(i) लक्ष्मी को कांजी हाउस में पहुँचाने की धमकी देना
(ii) माँ-बेटे को आश्चर्य होना
(iii) रहमान ने लक्ष्मी को इलाके से बाहर छोड़ दिया।
उत्तर:
(i) क्योंकि लक्ष्मी दूसरे व्यक्ति की गाय का सब चारा खा गई है।
(ii) क्योंकि लक्ष्मी एक-डेढ घंटे बाद ही घर के सामने खड़ी थी।

(2) केवल एक/दो शब्दों में उत्तर लिखिए:
(i) करामत अली इस समय ड्यूटी से लौटा – ……………………….
(ii) दूसरों की गाय का चारा खाने वाली – ……………………….
(ii) रमजानी इसकी बातें सुनती रही – ……………………….
(iv) लक्ष्मी को देखकर आश्चर्यचकित होने वाले – ……………………….
उत्तर:
(i) दोपहर बाद।
(ii) लक्ष्मी
(iii) आगंतुक की।
(iv) माँ – बेटे।

(3) आकृति पूर्ण कीजिए:

उत्तर:

कृति 3: (शब्द संपदा)
(1) निम्नलिखित शब्दों के समानार्थी शब्द लिखिए: –
(i) दिन
(ii) घर
(iii) माँ
(iv) आश्चर्य।
उत्तर:
(i) दिन = दिवस
(ii) घर = सदन
(iii) माँ = जननी
(iv) आश्चर्य = अचरज।

(2) निम्नलिखित शब्दों का वचन बदलकर लिखिए:
(i) इलाका
(ii) आँखें
(iii) गली
(iv) नाला।
उत्तर:
(i) इलाका – इलाके
(ii) आँखें – आँख
(iii) गली – गलियाँ
(iv) नाला – नाले।

(3) लिंग पहचानकर लिखिए:
(i) रस्सी – ……………………….
(ii) झाड़-झंखाड़ – ……………………….
उत्तर:
(i) रस्सी-स्त्रीलिंग
(ii) झाड़-झंखाड़-पुल्लिग।

(4) गद्यांश में प्रयुक्त निम्नलिखित शब्द के भिन्न-भिन्न अर्थ लिखिए:

उत्तर:

कृति 4: (स्वमत अभिव्यक्ति)

प्रश्न.
‘कांजी हाउस में पशुओं के रखरखाव’ विषय पर 25 से 30 शब्दों में अपने विचार लिखिए।
उत्तर:
कांजी हाउस सरकार द्वारा संचालित एक केंद्र (पशुधर) होता है। यहाँ उन पशुओं को रखा जाता है, जो लावारिस इधर-उधर घूमते रहते हैं और खेतों में घुसकर लोगों की फसल को नुकसान पहुँचाते हैं। शिकायतकर्ता इन पशुओं को कांजी हाउस में भेज देते हैं। इन पशुओं का नियमपूर्वक रिकॉर्ड रखा जाता है। इनके मालिक जब इन्हें लेने आते हैं तो उनसे जुर्माना वसूल कर पशु उनके हवाले कर दिए जाते हैं। यदि लंबे समय तक किसी पशु की खोज-खबर लेने कोई नहीं आता, तो उसे नीलाम कर दिया जाता है। कांजी हाउस में इन पशुओं के खान-पान का कोई ध्यान नहीं रखा जाता।

गद्यांश क्र. 5
कृति 1: (आकलन)
(1) दो ऐसे प्रश्न बनाकर लिखिए जिनके उत्तर निम्नलिखित शब्द हों:
(i) लक्ष्मी
(ii) गऊशाला में।
उत्तर:
(i) टुकड़े-टुकड़े होकर कौन बिक जाएगी?
(ii) करामत अली लक्ष्मी को कहाँ भरती करा देगा?

(2) संजाल पूर्ण कीजिए:

उत्तर:

कृति 2: (आकलन)
(1) संजाल पूर्ण कीजिए:

उत्तर:

(2) कारण लिखिए:
(a) लक्ष्मी बिना किसी रुकावट के करामत अली के पीछे-पीछे चली आ रही थी।
उत्तर:
(a) लक्ष्मी करामत अली के प्रेम को पहचानती थी। वह जानती थी कि करामत अली उसे किसी भी प्रकार का नुकसान नहीं पहुंचाएगा।

(3) एक-दो शब्दों में उत्तर लिखिए:
(i) रमजानी ने किसके चेहरे के भाव भाँप लिए?
(ii) रमजानी कहाँ खड़ी लक्ष्मी को बाहर ले जाते देखती रही?
उत्तर:
(i) करामत अली
(ii) दरवाजे पर।

कृति 3: (शब्द संपदा)
(1) निम्नलिखित शब्दों के विरुद्धार्थी शब्द लिखिए:
(i) दोस्त
(ii) रात
(iii) सवेरा
(iv) बाहर।
उत्तर:
(i) दोस्त x दुश्मन
(ii) रात x दिन
(iii) सवेरा x साँझ
(iv) बाहर x भीतर।

(2) गद्यांश में प्रयुक्त उर्दू के शब्द ढूँढकर लिखिए।
(i) ………………..
(ii) ………………..
(ii) ………………..
(iv) ………………..
उत्तर:
(i) किस्मत
(ii) खुद
(iii) हुज्जत
(iv) इत्मीनान।

(3) गद्यांश में प्रयुक्त शब्द-युग्म ढूँढकर लिखिए।
(i) ………………..
(ii) ………………..
(ii) ………………..
(iv) ………………..
उत्तर:
(i) मुँह-हाथ
(ii) पीछे-पीछे
(iii) थके-माँदे
(iv) खाए-पिए।

भाषा अध्ययन (व्याकरण)
प्रश्न, सूचनाओं के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए:
1. शब्द भेद:
• अधोरेखांकित शब्दों का शब्दभेद पहचानकर लिखिए:
(i) वह लक्ष्मी को किसी भी हालत में बेचना नहीं चाहता था।
(ii) रामू ने देखा कि दूध नदारद!
(iii) राशन के लिए कुछ रुपए रखे थे।
उत्तर:
(i) वह – पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम ।
(ii) दूध – द्रव्यवाचक संज्ञा।
(iii) कुछ – संख्यावाचक विशेषण।

2. अव्यय:
निम्नलिखित अव्ययों का अपने वाक्यों में प्रयोग कीजिए:
(i) और
(ii) जहाँ
(iii) अरे!
(iv) अरे रे!
उत्तर:
(i) लक्ष्मी ने चारे को सूंघा और फिर उसकी ओर निराशा से देखने लगी।
(ii) जहाँ इसकी किस्मत में होगा, वहीं छोड़ आऊँगा।
(iii) अरे। लक्ष्मी जल्दी चल।
(iv) अरे रे! साँप ने उसे काट लिया।

3. संधि:
कृति पूर्ण कीजिए:

संधि शब्द	संधि विच्छेद	संधि भेद
निराशा	……………………	……………………
अथवा
…………………..	अति + अंत	……………………

उत्तर:

संधि शब्द	संधि विच्छेद	संधि भेद
निराशा	निः + आशा	विसर्ग संधि
अथवा
अत्यंत	अति + अंत	स्वर संधि

4. सहायक क्रिया:
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में से सहायक क्रियाएँ पहचानकर उनका मूल रूप लिखिए:
(i) रमजानी काम में जुट गई।
(ii) रहमान ने लक्ष्मी को घर से निकालने के लिए कमर कस ली।
(iii) लक्ष्मी ने घास छोड़ दिया।

सहायक क्रिया	मूल रूप
(i) गई	जाना
(ii) ली	लेना
(iii) दिया	देना

5. प्रेरणार्थक क्रिया:
निम्नलिखित क्रियाओं के प्रथम प्रेरणार्थक और द्वितीय प्रेरणार्थक रूप लिखिए:
(i) मिलना
(ii) पीना
(iii) बनना।
उत्तर:

क्रिया	प्रथम प्रेरणार्थक रूप	द्वितीय प्रेरणार्थक रूप
(i) मिलना	मिलाना	मिलवाना
(ii) पीना	पिलाना	पिलवाना
(i) बनना	बनाना	बनवाना

6. मुहावरे:
(1) मुहावरों का अर्थ लिखकर वाक्य में प्रयोग कीजिए:
(i) चंपत होना
(ii) कमर कसना
(iii) ताँता लगना
उत्तर:
(i) चंपत होना।
अर्थ: गायब होना।
वाक्य: पुलिस को देखकर चोर चंपत हो गया।

(ii) कमर कसना।
अर्थ: तैयार होना।
वाक्य: अकाल का मुकाबला करने के लिए लोगों ने कमर कस ली।

(iii) ताँता लगना।
अर्थ: कतार लग जाना, भीड़ लगना।
वाक्य: गांधी जी के दर्शनों के लिए आश्रम में हमेशा लोगों का तांता लगा रहता।

(2) अधोरेखांकित वाक्यांश के लिए कोष्ठक में दिए गए उचित मुहावरे का चयन करके वाक्य फिर से लिखिए: (पैर पकड़ना, जान में जान आना, ताँता बंध जाना)
(i) वर्षा होने पर किसानों को धीरज प्राप्त हुआ।
(ii) रमण ने पिता जी से क्षमा याचना की।
उत्तर:
(i) वर्षा होने पर किसानों की जान में जान आई।
(ii) रमण ने पिता जी के पैर पकड़े।

7. कारक:
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में प्रयुक्त कारक पहचानकर उनका भेद लिखिए:
(i) कंबख्त ने कितनी बेरहमी से पीटा है।
(ii) लक्ष्मी ने आज भी दूध नहीं दिया।
(iii) उसने लक्ष्मी के माथे पर हाथ फेरा।
उत्तर:
(i) बेरहमी से-करण कारक
(ii) लक्ष्मी ने-कर्ता कारक
(iii) माथे पर-अधिकरण कारक।

8. काल परिवर्तन:
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों का सूचना के अनुसार काल परिवर्तन कीजिए:
(i) लक्ष्मी उसकी ओर देखती है। (अपूर्ण भूतकाल)
(ii) रहमान लक्ष्मी को मारता है। (पूर्ण वर्तमानकाल)
(iii) लक्ष्मी बड़ी घबराई हुई है। (पूर्ण भूतकाल)
उत्तर:
(i) लक्ष्मी उसकी ओर देख रही थी।
(ii) रहमान ने लक्ष्मी को मारा है।
(iii) लक्ष्मी बड़ी घबराई हुई थी।

9. वाक्य भेद:
(1) निम्नलिखित वाक्यों का रचना के आधार पर भेद पहचानकर लिखिए:
(i) रमजानी खड़ी थी और आगंतुक की बातें सुन रही थी।
(ii) जो भी गाय के पास जाता, वह उसे सिर मारने की कोशिश करती।
उत्तर:
(i) संयुक्त वाक्य
(ii) मिश्र वाक्य।

(2) निम्नलिखित वाक्यों का अर्थ के आधार पर दी गई सूचना के अनुसार वाक्य परिवर्तन कीजिए:
(i) करामत अली ने लक्ष्मी की पीठ सहलाई। (निषेधवाचक वाक्य)
(ii) यह तुम्हारा पुराना धंधा है। (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य)
उत्तर:
(i) करामत अली ने लक्ष्मी की पीठ नहीं सहलाई।
(i) क्या यह तुम्हारा पुराना धंधा है?

10. वाक्य शुद्धिकरण:
निम्नलिखित वाक्य शुद्ध करके लिखिए:
(i) लक्ष्मी की आँख में आँसू आई।
(ii) नईम का आवाज करामत के कान में पहुंचा।
(iii) मामला लक्ष्मी को गऊशाला ले जाने पर ठिक हो गई।
उत्तर:
(i) लक्ष्मी की आँखों में आँसू आए।
(ii) नईम की आवाज करामत के कान में पहुंची।
(iii) मामला लक्ष्मी को गऊशाला ले जाने पर ठीक हो गया।

लक्ष्मी Summary in Hindi

लक्ष्मी विषय – प्रवेश :

लक्ष्मी मवेशियों के शौकीन ज्ञान सिंह की अधेड़ उम्र की प्रिय गाय थी। नौकरी से अवकाश के बाद ज्ञान सिंह को मकान खाली करने की नौबत आई तो लक्ष्मी को रखने की समस्या आई। उसका हल उन्होंने निकाला अपने पड़ोसी और दोस्त करामत अली को लक्ष्मी को सौंप देने से। करामत अली जी – जान से लक्ष्मी की सेवा करते थे, पर जब लक्ष्मी ने दूध देना बंद कर दिया, तो वह उनके परिवार के लिए समस्या बन गई।

प्रस्तुत कहानी में कहानीकार गुरुबचन सिंह ने एक ओर मित्र को दिए गए वचन के पालन पर बल दिया है, तो दूसरी ओर प्राणिमात्र के प्रति दया – भावना को प्रतिपादित किया है। कहानी में दर्शाया गया है कि अनुपयोगी हो जाने के बाद भी पालतू प्राणियों की उचित देखभाल करना आवश्यक है।

लक्ष्मी मुहावरे – अर्थ

• मुँह मारना – जल्दी – जल्दी खाना।
• गला भर आना – भाव विह्वल होना, आवाज भर आना।
• हाथ थामना – सहारा देना।
• कोरा जवाब देना – साफ मना करना।
• तैश में आना – आवेश (जोश) में आना।

Hindi Lokbharti 10th Std Digest पहली इकाई

• भारत महिमा Question Answer
• लक्ष्मी Question Answer
• Chapter 3 वाह रे! हमदर्द Question Answer
• मन Question Answer (पूरक पठन)
• गोवा : जैसा मैंने देखा Question Answer
• गिरिधर नागर Question Answer
• खुला आकाश Question Answer (पूरक पठन)
• गजल Question Answer
• रीढ़ की हड्डी Question Answer
• ठेस Question Answer (पूरक पठन)
• कृषक गान Question Answer

Std 10 Hindi Chapter 5 Imandari Ki Pratimurti Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Hindi Solutions Lokbharti Chapter 5 ईमानदारी की प्रतिमूर्ति Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Hindi Lokbharti 10th Digest Chapter 5 ईमानदारी की प्रतिमूर्ति Questions And Answers

Hindi Lokbharti 10th Std Digest Chapter 5 ईमानदारी की प्रतिमूर्ति Textbook Questions and Answers

कृति

कृतिपत्रिका के प्रश्न 1 (अ) तथा 1 (आ) के लिए

सूचना के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए:

प्रश्न 1.
संजाल पूर्ण कीजिए:

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 2.
परिणाम लिखिए:
a. सुबह साढ़े पाँच-पौने छह बजे दरवाजा खटखटाने का –
२. साठ पैसे प्रति किलोमीटर के हिसाब से पैसे जमा करवाने का-
उत्तर:
a. सुबह साढ़े पाँच-पौने छह बजे दरवाजा खटखटाने का – नींद टूटना और बड़ी तेज आवाज में बोलना।
b. साठ पैसे प्रति किलोमीटर के हिसाब से पैसे जमा करवाने का – पिता की यह बात सुनकर दोनों भाई वहाँ रुक नहीं सके। कमरे में जाकर देर तक फूट-फूटकर रोते रहे।

प्रश्न 3.
पाठ में प्रयुक्त गहनों के नाम:

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 4.
वर्ण पहेली से विलोम शब्दों की जोड़ियाँ ढूँढकर लिखिए:

उत्तर:
(i) दुख x सुख
(ii) बुरा x भला
(iii) प्रसन्न x अप्रसन्न
(iv) सदुपयोग x दुरुपयोग।

प्रश्न 5.
पर जो असल गहना है वह तो है’ इस वाक्य से अभिप्रेत भाव लिखिए।
उत्तर:
स्त्री के सोने-चाँदी, हीरे-मोती के गहने उसके शरीर के बाह्य शृंगारिक गहने होते हैं। ये गहने स्थायी नहीं होते। स्त्री का असली गहना तो उसका पति होता है, जो जीवन भर उसका साथ निभाता है।

प्रश्न 6.
कुरते के प्रसंग से शास्त्री जी के इन गुणों (स्वभाव) का पता चलता है: १. _____________ १. _____________

प्रश्न 7.
पाठ में प्रयुक्त परिमाणों की सूची तैयार कीजिए:
a. _____________ b. _____________
उत्तर:
a. ग्राम, किलोमीटर, पैसे। साढ़े (पाँच), पौने (छह)।
b. पल, मिनट, बजे, सप्ताह, महीना।

प्रश्न 8.
‘पर’ शब्द के दो अर्थ लिखकर उनका स्वतंत्र वाक्य में प्रयोग कीजिए। १. _____________ १. _____________
उत्तर:
a. पर-अर्थ: पक्षी का पंख, डैना।
वाक्य: गिद्ध के पर बहुत बड़े और भारी होते हैं।

b. पर-अर्थ: लेकिन, परंतु।
वाक्य: सरकार ने किसानों के कर्ज माफ करने की घोषणा कर दी, पर उस पर कोई कार्रवाई नहीं हुई।

(अभिव्यक्ति)

प्रश्न.
‘सादा जीवन, उच्च विचार’ विषय पर अपने विचार लिखिए।
उत्तर:
संसार में दो प्रकार के मनुष्य होते हैं। एक वे, जो भौतिक सुखों को ही अपने जीवन का उद्देश्य मानते हैं। इनके लिए किसी भी तरह धन-दौलत तथा सुख-सुविधा की वस्तुएँ प्राप्त करना अनुचित नहीं होता। दूसरे प्रकार के मनुष्य हर स्थिति में अपने आप को संतुष्ट रखते हैं। ये अपने सीमित साधनों से अपना और अपने परिवार का निर्वाह करते हैं और प्रसन्न रहते हैं।

इनका रहन-सहन साधारण ढंग का होता है। विलासितापूर्ण वस्तुएँ इन्हें प्रभावित नहीं कर पातीं। वे केवल जीवनावश्यक वस्तुओं से अपना गुजारा कर लेते हैं, पर ईमानदारी, सच्चरित्रता, सच्चाई, सरलता तथा दूसरों के प्रति सहानुभूति रखना वे अपने जीवन का आदर्श मानते हैं। हमारे देश के संतों, महात्माओं तथा महापुरुषों का जीवन इसी तरह का रहा है। इन महापुरुषों को जनता आज भी याद करती है और उनका गुणगान करती है। सादा जीवन उच्च विचार को हर युग में हमारे यहाँ मान्यता मिली है और इन्हें अपने जीवन का मूलमंत्र मानकर ही मनुष्य सुखी रह सकता है।

भाषा बिंदु

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को व्याकरण नियमों के अनुसार शुद्ध करके फिर से लिखिए: [प्रत्येक वाक्य में कम-से-कम दो अशुद्धियाँ हैं]
1. करामत अली गाय अपनी घर लाई।
2. उसने गाय की पीठ पर डंडे बरसाने नहीं चाहिए थी।
3. करामत अली ने रमजानी पर गाय के देखभाल का जिम्मेदारी सौंपी।
4. आचार्य अपनी शिष्यों को मिलना चाहते थे।
5. घर में तख्ते के रखे जाने का आवाज आता है।
6. लड़के के तरफ मुखातिब होकर रामस्वरूप ने कोई कहना चाहा।
7. सिरचन को कोई लड़का-बाला नहीं थे।
8. लक्ष्मी की एक झूब्बेदार पूँछ था।
9. कन्हैयालाल मिश्र जी बिड़ला के पुस्तक को पढ़ने लगे।
10. डॉ. महादेव साहा ने बाजार से नए पुस्तक को खरीदा।
11. लेखक गोवा को गए उनकी साथ साढू साहब भी थे।
12. टिळक जी ने एक सज्जन के साथ की हुई व्यवहार बराबर थी।
13. रंगीन फूल की माला बहोत सुंदर लग रही थी।
14. बूढ़े लोग लड़के और कुछ स्त्रियाँ कुएँ पर पानी भर रहे थे।
15. लड़का, पिता जी और माँ बाजार को गई।
16. बरसों बाद पंडित जी को मित्र का दर्शन हुआ।
17. गोवा के बीच पर घूमने में बड़ी मजा आई।
18. सामने शेर देखकर यात्री का प्राण मानो मुरझा गया।
19. करामत अली के आँखों में आँसू उतर आई।
20. मैं मेरे देश को प्रेम करता हूँ।
उत्तर:
1. करामत अली गाय अपने घर ले आए।
2. उसे गाय की पीठ पर डंडे नहीं बरसाने चाहिए थे।
3. करामत अली ने रमजानी पर गाय की देखभाल की जिम्मेदारी सौंपी।
4. आचार्य अपने शिष्यों से मिलना चाहते थे।
5. घर में तख्ता रखे जाने की आवाज आती है।
6. लड़के की तरफ मुखातिब होकर रामस्वरूप ने कुछ कहना चाहा।
7. सिरचन को कोई बाल-बच्चा नहीं था।
8. लक्ष्मी की एक झब्बेदार पूँछ थी।
9. कन्हैयालाल मिश्र जी बिड़ला की पुस्तक पढ़ने लगे।
10. डॉ. महादेव साहा ने बाजार से नई पुस्तक खरीदी।
11. लेखक गोवा गए और उनके साथ उनके साढू साहब भी थे।
12. टिळक जी द्वारा एक सज्जन के साथ किया हुआ व्यवहार सही था।
13. रंगीन फूलों की माला बहुत सुंदर लग रही थी।
14. बूढ़े, लड़के और कुछ स्त्रियाँ कुएँ से पानी भर रहे थे।
15. लड़का, पिताजी और माँ बाजार गए।
16. बरसों बाद पंडित जी को मित्र के दर्शन हुए।
17. गोवा के बीच पर घूमने में बड़ा मजा आया।
18. सामने शेर देखकर यात्री के प्राण मानो मुरझा गए।
19. करामत अली की आँखों में आँसू उतर आए।
20. मैं अपने देश को प्यार करता हूँ।

उपयोजित लेखन

निम्नलिखित मुद्दों के आधार पर कहानी लिखिए। उसे उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।

गाँव में लड़कियाँ-सभी पढ़ने में होशियार-गाँव में पानी का अभाव-लड़कियों का घर के कामों में सहायता करना-बहुत दूर से पानी लाना-पढ़ाई के लिए कम समय मिलनालड़कियों का समस्या पर चर्चा करना-समस्या सुलझाने का उपाय खोजना-गाँववालों की सहायता से प्रयोग करना-सफलता पाना-शीर्षक।
उत्तर:
राघोपुर आदिवासियों की आबादीवाला काफी बड़ा गाँव था। यह गाँव कस्बे और शहर से बहुत दूर था। इसलिए इस गाँव में विकास के नाम पर एक सेकेंडरी स्कूल चालू करने के अलावा कुछ भी नहीं किया गया था। गाँव के लड़के-लड़कियाँ इसी स्कूल में पढ़ते थे।

राघोपुर में पीने के पानी का भारी संकट था। इसलिए लोगों को एक किलोमीटर दूर किसनपुर से पानी लाना पड़ता था। किसनपुर के सरपंच ने गाँव वालों के सहयोग से एक बड़े कुएँ का निर्माण करवाया था। उस कुएँ में बहुत पानी था। उस कुएँ से दूर-दूर के गाँवों के लोग पीने का पानी ले जाते थे।

राघोपुर की लड़कियाँ घर के काम-काज में तो मदद करती ही थीं, किसनपुर से पीने का पानी लाने का काम भी उन्हींके जिम्मे होता था। इसलिए लड़कियों की पढ़ाई में इससे बाधा पहुँचती श्री।

एक दिन किसनपुर का सरपंच अपने गाँव के कुएँ की सफाई करवा रहा था। इसलिए राघोपुर की लड़कियों को कुएँ से पानी लेने में काफी देर हो गई। इसलिए लड़कियाँ उस दिन स्कूल नहीं जा सकी। सरपंच को इससे बहुत दुख हुआ।

सरपंच ने लड़कियों को प्रोत्साहित करते हुए कहा, “तुम सब अपने गाँव में कुआँ खोदना शुरू करो। मैं तुम्हारी मदद करूँगा।” यह सुनकर लड़कियों को बहुत खुशी हुई। उन्होंने गाँव में आकर यह बात गाँव के लोगों को बताई। लड़कियों ने उसी दिन से कुआँ खोदने की शुरुआत कर दी। वे पढ़ाई और काम-धाम से बचा समय कुआँ खोदने में लगाने लगीं। उनकी देखादेखी गाँव वाले भी इस काम जुटने लगे।

एक दिन कुआँ खुदकर तैयार हो गया और उसके छोटे से गाँव के लोगों के प्रतिदिन के उपयोग करने भर का पर्याप्त पानी निकल आया। अब गाँव की लड़कियों का समय दूसरे गाँव से पानी लाने में बर्बाद नहीं होता था। वे पूरे समय स्कूल में पढ़ाई करने लगी।। गाँव के लोग भी बहुत प्रसन्न थे।

शीर्षक: सूझबूझ का फल

Hindi Lokbharti 10th Textbook Solutions Chapter 5 ईमानदारी की प्रतिमूर्ति Additional Important Questions and Answers

गद्यांश क्र.1
प्रश्न. निम्नलिखित पठित गद्यांश पढ़कर दी गई सूचनाओं के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए:

कृति 1: (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
आकृति पूर्ण कीजिए:
(i) पिता के न रहने पर लेखक पर यह बीता –
(ii) लेखक के जन्म के समय उनके पिता यह थे –
(iii) लेखक सदा यह कल्पना किया करते थे –
(iv) लेखक के पिता प्रधानमंत्री हुए तो वहाँ। यह गाड़ी थी –
उत्तर:
(i) पिता के न रहने पर लेखक पर यह बीता – [उन्हें बैंक में नौकरी करनी पड़ी]
(ii) लेखक के जन्म के समय उनके पिता यह थे – [उत्तर प्रदेश के पुलिस मंत्री]
(iii) लेखक सदा यह कल्पना किया। करते थे – [उनके पास बड़ी आलीशान गाड़ी होनी चाहिए]
(iv) लेखक के पिता प्रधानमंत्री हुए तो। वहाँ यह गाड़ी थी – [इंपाला शेवरलेट]

प्रश्न 2.
ऐसे दो प्रश्न बनाइए, जिनके उत्तर निम्नलिखित शब्द हों:
(i) सहाय साहब
(ii) अभाव।
उत्तर:
(i) लेखक के पिता के निजी सचिव का नाम क्या था?
(ii) लेखक ने अपने पिता के रहते जीवन में क्या नहीं देखा?

प्रश्न 3.
किसने, किससे कहा?
(i) मैं तो इसे चलाऊँगा नहीं। तुम्हीं चलाओ।’
(ii) ‘तुम बैठो, आराम करो, हम लोग वापस आते हैं अभी।’
उत्तर:
(i) मैं तो इसे चलाऊँगा नहीं। तुम्हीं चलाओ’
– लेखक के बड़े भाई अनिल भैया ने लेखक से कहा।

(ii) ‘तुम बैठो, आराम करो, हम लोग वापस आते हैं अभी’
– लेखक ने ड्राइवर से कहा।

प्रश्न 4.
उत्तर लिखिए:
(i) शान की सवारी याद आने का परिणाम – …………………..
(ii) बातचीत में समय बिताने का परिणाम – …………………..
उत्तर:
(i) (लेखक कल्पना किया करते थे कि, उनके पास बड़ी आलीशान गाड़ी होनी चाहिए। इस समय वे आलीशान गाड़ी इंपाला शेवरलेट में शान से सवारी कर रहे थे।) वह पुरानी बात याद आने पर उनके शरीर में झुरझुरी आने लगी।
(ii) (लेखक अपने परिचित व्यक्ति के यहाँ इंपाला शेवरलेट में सवार होकर भोजन करने गए थे। वहाँ बातचीत में उन्हें समय का ध्यान नहीं आया) उन्हें देर हो गई।

कृति 2: (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
संजाल पूर्ण कीजिए:

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 2.
उत्तर लिखिए:
(i) लेखक हमेशा कल्पना किया करते थे –
(ii) लेखक को इस बात का गर्व था –
(iii) लेखक ने संतरी को सैलूट मारने से रोका –
(iv) लेखक घर में यहाँ से घुसे –
उत्तर:
(i) बड़ी आलीशान गाड़ी की।
(ii) प्रधानमंत्री का लड़का होने का।
(iii) ताकि आवाज न हो और लेखक के पिता को उनके लौटने का। अंदाज न हो।
(iv) पीछे किचन के दरवाजे से।

प्रश्न 3.
आकृति पूर्ण कीजिए:
(i) लेखक के पिता पहले इस राज्य के गृहमंत्री थे – [ ]
(ii) पहले गृहमंत्री को यह कहा जाता था – [ ]
उत्तर:
(i) लेखक के पिता पहले इस राज्य के गृहमंत्री थे – [उत्तर प्रदेश]
(ii) पहले गृहमंत्री को यह कहा जाता था – [पुलिस मंत्री]

कृति 3: (शब्द संपदा)

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित शब्दों के लिंग पहचानकर लिखिए:
(i) पुलिस
(ii) बदन
(iii) संतरी
(iv) पानी।
उत्तर:
(i) पुलिस – स्त्रीलिंग
(iii) संतरी – पुल्लिग
(ii) बदन – पुल्लिग
(iv) पानी – पुल्लिंग।

प्रश्न 2.
गद्यांश में आए अंग्रेजी शब्द खोजकर लिखिए।
(i) ……………………..
(ii) ……………………..
(iii) ……………………..
(iv) ……………………..
उत्तर:
(i) आर्डर
(ii) रेजिडेंस
(iii) गेट
(iv) सैलूट।

प्रश्न 3.
गद्यांश से ऐसे दो शब्द ढूँढ़कर लिखिए, जिनका वचन परिवर्तन से रूप नहीं बदलता।
(i) ……………………..
(ii) ……………………..
उत्तर:
(i) घर
(ii) समय

कृति 4: (स्वमत अभिव्यक्ति)

प्रश्न.
‘बच्चों की कल्पनाएँ और माता-पिता का डर’ विषय पर अपने विचार 25 से 30 शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
बचपन में बच्चों को हर चीज के बारे में उत्सुकता होती है। उनके मन में तरह-तरह की कल्पनाएँ आती हैं। इन कल्पनाओं को साकार रूप देने की वे कोशिश भी करते हैं। पर वे दुनियादारी से अनभिज्ञ होते हैं। इसलिए कभी-कभी उनसे गलतियाँ हो जाया करती हैं। कुछ बच्चे डर के कारण इन गलतियों को अपने माता-पिता से छुपाने का प्रयास करते हैं। मगर ये गलतियाँ जब खुल जाती हैं, तब ये बच्चे लज्जित होते हैं। इस तरह की गलतियों को अपने माता-पिता को न बताकर बच्चे बड़ी भूल करते हैं। अपनी गलतियों को अपने मातापिता से बता देने वाले बच्चे फायदे में रहते हैं।

समझदार माता-पिता बच्चों की गलतियों पर डाँटने-फटकारने के बजाय उन्हें प्यार से समझाते हैं। वे उन्हें स्थिति से निपटने का मार्ग बताकर उनकी सहायता करते हैं। ऐसे बच्चे भविष्य में इस तरह की गलतियों करने से बचे रहते हैं। माता-पिता सदा बच्चों के हित के बारे में सोचते हैं। इसलिए बच्चों को अपने मन में उत्पन्न किसी तरह की कल्पना के बारे में अपने मातापिता को बताना चाहिए और उसके बारे में उनकी सलाह के अनुसार कार्य करना चाहिए। उन्हें उनसे डरना नहीं चाहिए।

गद्यांश क्र.2
प्रश्न. निम्नलिखित पठित गद्यांश पढ़कर दी गई सूचनाओं के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए:

कृति 1: (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
आकृति पूर्ण कीजिए:

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 2.
एक शब्द में उत्तर लिखिए:
(i) लेखक ने दरवाजा खटखटाने वाले को यह समझा ………………….
(ii) लेखक के पिता ने लेखक को इसके लिए बुलाया ………………….
उत्तर:
(i) लेखक ने दरवाजा खटखटाने वाले को यह समझा – नौकर।
(ii) लेखक के पिता ने लेखक को इसके लिए बुलाया – चाय के लिए।

कृति 2: (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
आकृति पूर्ण कीजिए:

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 2.
परिणाम लिखिए:
(i) दरवाजे पर दुबारा दस्तक देने का –
उत्तर:
(i) दरवाजे पर दुबारा दस्तक देने का – झुंझलाना और जोर से बिगड़ने के मूड में बड़बड़ाना।

प्रश्न 3.
ऐसे दो प्रश्न बनाइए, जिनके उत्तर निम्नलिखित शब्द हों:
(i) खाने पर
(ii) इंपाला का।
उत्तर:
(i) लेखक और उनके भाई कहाँ गए थे?
(ii) लेखक के पिताजी किसका बहुत कम उपयोग करते थे?

कृति 3: (शब्द संपदा)

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित शब्दों के वचन बदलकर लिखिए:
(i) गाड़ी
(ii) कमरे
(iii) दरवाजा
(iv) हम।
उत्तर:
(i) गाड़ी – गाड़ियाँ
(ii) कमरे – कमरा
(iii) दरवाजा – दरवाजे
(iv) हम – मैं।

गद्यांश क्र. 3

प्रश्न. निम्नलिखित पठित गद्यांश पढ़कर दी गई सूचनाओं के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए:
कृति 1: (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
परिणाम लिखिए:
(i) अलमारी और कमरा ठीक करने का –
उत्तर:
(i) अलमारी और कमरा ठीक करने का – फटे कुरतों के बारे में पूछताछ की गई।

प्रश्न 2.
सही विकल्प चुनकर वाक्य फिर से लिखिए:
(i) आपसे यह बात ……………………….. के तहत नहीं कर रहा। (सम्मान/अभिमान/शान)
(ii) मेरे बच्चे कहते हैं कि पापा आप हमें ……………………….. से भेजते हैं। (बाइक/रिक्शा/साइकिल)
(iii) दूसरे दिन मैं ……………………….. जाने के लिए तैयार हो रहा था कि बाबू जी ने मुझे बुलाया। (कार्यालय/बाजार/स्कूल)
(iv) वे छोटे हैं, उन्हें ……………………….. चीरकर नहीं बता सकता। (सीना/कलेजा/हृदय)
उत्तर:
(i) आपसे यह बात शान के तहत नहीं कर रहा।
(ii) मेरे बच्चे कहते हैं कि पापा आप हमें साइकिल से भेजते हैं।
(iii) दूसरे दिन मैं स्कूल जाने के लिए तैयार हो रहा था कि बाबू जी ने मुझे बुलाया।
(iv) वे छोटे हैं, उन्हें कलेजा चीरकर नहीं बता सकता।

कृति 2: (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
आकृति पूर्ण कीजिए:


उत्तर:

प्रश्न 2.
वाक्य पूर्ण कीजिए:
(i) इतना जो उनका कहना था कि हम ……………………
(ii) याद आते हैं बचपन के वे हसीन दिन, ……………………
उत्तर:
(i) इतना जो उनका कहना था कि हम – और अनिल भैया वहाँ एक नहीं सके।
(ii) याद आते हैं बचपन के वे हसीन दिन, – वे पल, जो मैंने बाबू जी के साथ बिताए।

कृति 3: (शब्द संपदा)

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित शब्दों के लिंग पहचानकर लिखिए:
(i) रुलाई
(ii) शान
(iii) रिक्शा
(iv) नींव।
उत्तर:
(i) रुलाई – स्त्रीलिंग
(ii) शान – स्त्रीलिंग
(iii) रिक्शा – पुल्लिंग
(iv) नींव – स्त्रीलिंग

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित शब्दों के बहुवचन रूप लिखिए:
(i) बात
(ii) कोशिश
(iii) साइकिल
(iv) महीना।
उत्तर:
(i) बात – बातें
(ii) कोशिश – कोशिशें
(iii) साइकिल – साइकिलें
(iv) महीना – महीने।

कृति 4: (स्वमत अभिव्यक्ति)

प्रश्न.
‘जीवन में अनुशासन की आवश्यकता’ विषय पर अपने विचार 25 से 30 शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
मनुष्य के जीवन में अनुशासन का बहुत महत्त्व है। अनुशासन का पालन करने वाले व्यक्ति के कार्य सुचारु रूप से संपन्न होते हैं और अन्य लोग ऐसे व्यक्ति की प्रशंसा करते हैं और उससे प्रेरणा लेते हैं। अनुशासित व्यक्ति ही समाज को नई दिशा दे सकते हैं। रात और दिन का होना, सूर्य और चंद्रमा का अपने नियत समय पर उदय और अस्त होना, फसलों का उगना, बढ़ना और समय पर पकना आदि अनुशासन का ही नतीजा है।

अनुशासित व्यक्ति अपने सभी काम समय पर और ईमानदारी से करने में विश्वास रखता है। उसे इस मामले में लापरवाही बर्दाश्त नहीं होती। दूसरों से भी वह ऐसी ही अपेक्षा रखता है। प्रत्येक व्यक्ति का कर्तव्य है, कि वह अपने आप को अनुशासित रखे। इसके लिए अपने ऊपर अंकुश लगाना और अपने। आप को नियंत्रण में रखना अनुशासन में रहने का आरंभिक पाठ है। यह प्रक्रिया अपने आप को अनुशासित करने का उत्तम मार्ग है।

गयांश क्र.4
प्रश्न. निम्नलिखित पठित गद्यांश पढ़कर दी गई सूचनाओं के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए:

कृति 1: (आकलन)

आकृति पूर्ण कीजिए:

उत्तर:

कृति 2: (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
संजाल पूर्ण कीजिए:

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 2.
आकृति पूर्ण कीजिए:

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 3.
उत्तर लिखिए:
(i) इन्हें घाटा लगा था – [ ]
(ii) गद्यांश में आया महापुरुष का नाम – [ ]
(iii) गद्यांश में प्रयुक्त एक शहर का नाम – [ ]
(iv) लेखक की माँ विदा होकर यहाँ आई थी – [ ]
उत्तर:
(i) इन्हें घाटा लगा था – [लेखक के पिता जी के चाचा जी को]
(ii) गद्यांश में आया महापुरुष का नाम – [गाँधी जी]
(iii) गद्यांश में प्रयुक्त एक शहर का नाम – [मिरजापुर]
(iv) लेखक की माँ विदा होकर यहाँ आई थी – [रामनगर]

प्रश्न 4.
दो ऐसे प्रश्न बनाकर लिखिए, जिनके उत्तर निम्नलिखित हों:
(i) सुहाग वाले
(ii) सुख-दुख।
उत्तर:
(i) लेखक की माँ ने किस तरह के गहने रख लिए थे?
(ii) जीवन में क्या सदा ही लगा रहता है?

कृति 3: (शब्द संपदा)

प्रश्न 1.
गद्यांश में आए प्रत्यययुक्त शब्द छाँटकर लिखिए और प्रत्यय तथा शब्द अलग-अलग कीजिए।
(i) ……………………
(ii) ……………………
(iii) ……………………
(iv) ……………………
उत्तर:
(i) व्यक्तित्व = व्यक्ति + त्व।
(ii) रिश्तेवालों = रिश्ते + वालों।
(iii) जिम्मेदारी = जिम्मेदार + ई।:
(iv) हिचकिचाहट = हिचकिच + आहट।:

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित शब्दों के समानार्थी शब्द लिखिए:
(i) शादी = ……………………
(ii) जरूरत = ……………………
(iii) गहना = ……………………
(iv) पीड़ा = ……………………
उत्तर:
(i) शादी = विवाह
(ii) जरूरत = आवश्यकता:
(iii) गहना = आभूषण
(iv) पीड़ा = कष्ट।:

प्रश्न 3.
(a) निम्नलिखित शब्दों के बिलोम शब्द लिखिए:
(i) प्यार x ……………………
(ii) घाटा x ……………………
उत्तर:
(i) प्यार x नफरत
(ii) घाटा x मुनाफा।

(b) निम्नलिखित शब्दों के वचन पहचानकर लिखिए:,
(i) गहने
(ii) घर।
उत्तर:
(i) गहने-बहुवचन
(ii) घर-एकवचन/बहुवचन।

कृति 4: (स्वमत अभिव्यक्ति)

प्रश्न.
महिलाओं को गहनों का शौक’ विषय पर अपने विचार 25 से 30: शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
शृंगार और स्त्रियों का पुराना नाता रहा है। केश-विन्यास, परिधान और मेकअप के साथ-साथ स्त्रियों के श्रृंगार में आभूषणों का महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान होता है। आभूषण के प्रति स्त्रियों के आकर्षण को ध्यान में रखते हुए आभूषण निर्माता तरह-तरह के सुंदर आभूषणों का निर्माण करते हैं। हमारे देश के अधिकांश हिस्सों में विवाह के समय कन्या को वर पक्ष एवं माता-पिता की ओर से आभूषण देने की प्रथा चली आ रही है। इसके पीछे कन्या को श्रृंगार के साधन के साथ-साथ जीवन में वक्त-जरूरत के समय काम आने वाली छोटी-मोटी पूँजी देने का उद्देश्य होता है। हमारे पुरखों ने इसी उद्देश्य से आभूषणों को चढ़ावे की रस्म से जोड़ दिया था, जो आज भी हमारे समाज में प्रचलित है। आभूषण शृंगार और पूँजी दोनों के काम आते हैं।

भाषा अध्ययन (व्याकरण)

प्रश्न. सूचनाओं के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए:

1. शब्द भेद:

अधोरेखांकित शब्दों का शब्दभेद पहचानकर लिखिए:
(i) गाड़ी लेकर हम चल पड़े
(ii) सोना मूल्यवान धातु है।
उत्तर:
(i) पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम
(ii) द्रव्यवाचक संज्ञा।

2. अव्यय:

निम्नलिखित अव्ययों का अपने वाक्यों में प्रयोग कीजिए:
(i) अंदर
(ii) कभी-कभी।
उत्तर:
(i) हम दबे पैर पीछे किचन के दरवाजे से अंदर घुसे।
(ii) लेखक बच्चों को कभी-कभी अपनी गाड़ी से स्कूल छोड़ देते थे।

3. संधि:

कृति पूर्ण कीजिए:

संधि शब्द	संधि विच्छेद	संधि भेद
सूर्यास्त	……………………	……………………
अथवा
……………………	दिक् + अंबर	……………………

उत्तर:

संधि शब्द	संधि विच्छेद	संधि भेद
सूर्यास्त	सूर्य + अस्त	स्वर संधि
अथवा
दिगंबर	दिक् + अंबर	व्यंजन संधि

4. सहायक क्रिया:

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में से सहायक क्रिया पहचानकर उनका मूल रूप लिखिए:
(i) मैंने तुम्हारे बदन के सारे गहने उतरवा लिए।
(ii) वह सब मैंने अम्मा को दे दिए हैं।
उत्तर:
सहायक क्रिया – मूल रूप
(i) लिए – लेना
(ii) हैं – होना

5. प्रेरणार्थक क्रिया:

निम्नलिखित क्रियाओं के प्रथम प्रेरणार्थक और द्वितीय प्रेरणार्थक रूप लिखिए:
(i) देखना
(ii) दौड़ना।
उत्तर:
क्रिया – प्रथम प्रेरणार्थक रूप – दवितीय प्रेरणार्थक रूप
(i) देखना – दिखाना – दिखवाना
(ii) दौड़ना। – दौड़ाना – दौड़वाना

6. मुहावरे:

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित मुहावरों का अर्थ लिखकर वाक्य में प्रयोग कीजिए:
(i) फूट-फूट कर रोना
(ii) देखते रह जाना।
उत्तर:
(i) फूट-फूट कर रोना।
अर्थ: जोर-जोर से रोना।
वाक्य: माँ की नाजुक हालत देखकर बेटा फूट-फूट कर रोने लगा।

(ii) देखते रह जाना।
अर्थ: आश्चर्यचकित होना।
वाक्य: प्लेटफार्म पर पहुँचते-पहुँचते यात्री की गाड़ी छूट गई और वह देखता रह गया।

प्रश्न 2.
अधोरेखांकित वाक्यांशों के लिए उचित मुहावरे का चयन करके वाक्य फिर से लिखिए: (बाएँ हाथ का खेल, डौंग मारना, तौलकर बोलना)
(i) रमेश के लिए तैरकर नदी पार कर लेगा बहुत सरल है।
(ii) राघव बहुत समझ-बूझकर बोलता है।
उत्तर:
(i) रमेश के लिए तैरकर नदी पार कर लेना बाएँ हाथ का खेल है।
(ii) राघव बहुत तौलकर बोलता है।

7. कारक:

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में प्रयुक्त कारक पहचानकर उसका भेद लिखिए:
(i) एक दिन बाबू जी ने कहा, “सुनील मेरी अलमारी बहुत बेतरतीब हो गई है।”
(ii) मैंने बाबू जी के कपड़ों की तरफ ध्यान देना शुरू किया।
उत्तर:
(i) बाबू जी ने – कर्ता कारक।
(ii) बाबू जी के – संबंध कारक।

8. विरामचिह्न:

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में यथास्थान उचित विरामचिहनों का प्रयोग करके वाक्य फिर से लिखिए:
(i) अजी आप इतनी देर से क्यों घर लौटे
(ii) वाह आपने तो गजब कर दिया
उत्तर:
(i) अजी, आप इतनी देर से क्यों घर लौटे?
(ii) वाह! आपने तो गजब कर दिया।

9. काल परिवर्तन:

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों का सूचना के अनुसार काल परिवर्तन कीजिए:
(i) अब हम उसका प्रयोग कर सकेंगे। (अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाल)
(ii) हम एक जगह खाने पर चले गए थे। (सामान्य भविष्यकाल)
उत्तर:
(i) अब हम उसका प्रयोग कर रहे हैं।
(ii) हम एक जगह खाने पर चले जाएंगे।

10. वाक्य भेद:

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों का रचमा के आधार पर भेद पहचानकर लिखिए:
(i) बाबूजी खुद इंपाला का प्रयोग न के बराबर करते थे और वह किसी स्टेट गेस्ट के आने पर ही निकाली जाती थी।
(ii) संतरी को जैसा कहा गया था, उसने वैसा ही किया।
उत्तर:
(i) संयुक्त वाक्य
(ii) मिश्र वाक्य।

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों का अर्थ के आधार पर दी गई सूचना के अनुसार परिवर्तन कीजिए:
(i) हमने बहाना सोच लिया है। (विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य)
(ii) यह बात शान के तहत नहीं कर रहा हूँ। (विधानवाचक वाक्य)
(iii) तुम लॉग बुक रखते हो? (आज्ञावाचक वाक्य)
उत्तर:
(i) अहा ! हमने बहाना सोच लिया।
(ii) यह बात शान के तहत कर रहा हूँ।
(ii) तुम लॉग बुक रखो।

11. वाक्य शुद्धिकरण:

निम्नलिखित वाक्य शुद्ध करके फिर से लिखिए:
(i) वह मुसकराया और बोले, “आप चिंता न करें।”
(ii) बचपन के वह दीन याद आता है।
उत्तर:
(i) वे मुसकराए और बोले, “आप चिंता न करें।”
(ii) बचपन का वह दिन याद आता है।

उपक्रम/कृति/परियोजना

लेखनीय
आज के उपभोक्तावादी युग में पनप रही दिखावे की संस्कृति पर अपने विचार लिखिए।

पठनीय
पुलिस द्वारा नागरी सुरक्षा के लिए किए जाने वाले कार्यों की जानकारी पढ़िए एवं उनकी सूची बनाइए।

संभाषणीय
अनुशासन जीवन का एक अंग है, इसके विभिन्न रूप आपको कहाँ-कहाँ देखने को मिलते हैं, बताइए।

ईमानदारी की प्रतिमूर्ति Summary in Hindi

विषय-प्रवेश:
लाल बहादुर शास्त्री भारत के प्रधानमंत्री थे। वे एक सामान्य परिवार में जन्मे ‘सादा जीवन उच्च विचार’ के सिद्धांत | को मानने वाले व्यक्ति थे। वे अपनी ईमानदारी, सादगी, सरलता आदि के लिए प्रसिद्ध थे। प्रस्तुत संस्मरण में उनके पुत्र सुनील शास्त्री ने शास्त्री जी और अपने बीच घटी कई प्रेरक एवं यादगार घटनाओं का बेबाक वर्णन किया है।

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