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Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Solutions Aksharbharati Chapter 8 ऊर्जाशक्तीचा जागर Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Aksharbharati Solutions Chapter 8 ऊर्जाशक्तीचा जागर

Marathi Aksharbharati Std 10 Digest Chapter 8 ऊर्जाशक्तीचा जागर Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
खालील तक्त्यात माहिती भरून तो पूर्ण करा.

उत्तरः

प्रश्न 2.
आकृती पूर्ण करा.

उत्तरः

प्रश्न 3.
कारणे लिहा.
(अ) लेखकाला शिक्षणाबद्दल आंतरिक ओढ निर्माण झाली, कारण ………………………….
उत्तरः
लेखकाला चाचणी परीक्षेची उत्तरपत्रिका घरूनच न्यावी लागे कारण लेखकाची शाळा गरीब होती. फक्त तीन पैसे किंमत असलेली उत्तरपत्रिका शाळा विदयार्थ्यांना देऊ शकत नव्हती.

(आ) लेखकाच्या आईला काँग्रेस हाऊसमध्ये काम मिळाले नाही, कारण ………………………….
उत्तरः
लेखकाच्या आईला काँग्रेस हाऊसमध्ये काम मिळाले नाही कारण तिथे फक्त तिसरी किंवा त्यापेक्षा अधिक शिकलेल्यांनाच काम दिलं जाई.

(इ) लेखकाला गिरगावातील नामांकित शाळांमध्ये प्रवेश मिळाला नाही, कारण ………………………….
उत्तर:
लेखकाला गिरगांवातील नामांकित शाळांमध्ये प्रवेश मिळाला नाही कारण प्रवेश फी ची व्यवस्था होईपर्यंत त्या शाळांमधले प्रवेश बंद झाले होते.

प्रश्न 4.
कंसातील शब्दाला योग्य विभक्ती प्रत्यय लावून रिकाम्या जागेत भरा.
(अ) आपण सगळ्यांनी …………………………. मदत केली पाहिजे. (आई)
उत्तर:
आपण सगळ्यांनी आईला मदत केली पाहिजे.

(आ) आमच्या बाईंनी प्रमुख …………………………. आभार मानले. (पाहुणे)
उत्तर:
आमच्या बाईंनी प्रमुख पाहुण्यांचे आभार मानले.

(इ) शिक्षण पूर्ण झाल्यावर मोहन सरकारी …………………………. रुजू झाला. (नोकरी)
उत्तर:
शिक्षण पूर्ण झाल्यावर मोहन सरकारी नोकरीत रुजू झाला.

प्रश्न 5.
‘पुसटशा आठवणी माझ्या मनात अधूनमधून वाऱ्याच्या लहरीसारख्या येत असतात.’
प्रस्तुत वाक्यातील अलंकार
(१)
(१) उपमेय
(२) उपमान

प्रश्न 6.
स्वमत.
(अ) ‘भावे सरांचे शब्द हीच खरी माशेलकरांची ऊर्जा’, या विधानाचा तुम्हांला समजलेला अर्थ लिहा.
उत्तरः
भिंगाच्या साहाय्याने सूर्यकिरणांची शक्ती कागदावर एकत्र केल्यास कागद जळतो, हा प्रयोग दाखवून भावे सर लेखकाला म्हणाले ‘माशेलकर तुमची उर्जा एकत्र करा. काहीही जाळता येतं.’ – याचाच अर्थ असा की ज्या विषयाचा ध्यास घेतला आहे, त्यात पूर्णपणे स्वत:ला झोकून दया, कोणतीही गोष्ट तुम्ही मिळवू शकता. साध्य करू शकता. खरोखरच आयुष्याचं फार मोठं तत्त्वज्ञान लेखकाला भावे सरांच्या शिकवणुकीतून मिळालं. त्यांना एकाग्रतेचा मंत्र मिळाला आणि विज्ञान समजलं. भावे सरांच्या शब्दांतून त्यांना पुढे जाण्याची, प्रगती करण्याची जबरदस्त ऊर्जा मिळाली.

(आ) शालेय विद्यार्थ्याच्या भूमिकेतील डॉ. माशेलकर यांचे तुम्हांला जाणवलेले गुणविशेष सोदाहरण लिहा
उत्तरः
वयाच्या सहाव्या वर्षीच लेखकांचे वडील वारल्यामुळे त्यांना व त्यांच्या आईला गिरगावातल्या खेतवाडीतील देशमुख गल्लीमध्ये ‘मालती निवासा’ तील पहिल्या माळ्यावर छोट्याशा खोलीमध्ये रहावे लागले. तेव्हा त्यांची आर्थिक परिस्थिती पूर्णपणे खालावलेली असताना. दारिद्र्याशी संघर्ष करणारी अल्पशिक्षित आईबरोबर शिक्षणाची आस असलेल्या लेखकांना रहावे लागले. यावरून परिस्थितीशी मिळते जुळते घेत आलेल्या संकटांशी सामना करणे हा गुण त्यांच्यातून दिसून येतो. महापालिकेच्या खेतवाडीतील शाळेत वयाच्या बारा वर्षांपर्यंत शिक्षण घेत असताना त्यांना पायात चप्पलही घालायला मिळाली नाही. अशा परिस्थितीत ते शाळा शिकले. यावरून शिक्षणाविषयीची त्यांची चिकाटी, आस्था या गुणांचे दर्शन घडते.

शालेय शिक्षण पूर्ण केल्यावर हायस्कूलची प्रवेश फी एकवीस रुपये होती तेवढेही रुपये त्यावेळी त्यांच्याकडे नव्हते. प्रवेश फी नसल्याने आईच्या ओळखीच्या बाई (माऊली) मदतीला धावून आली पण तोपर्यंत प्रवेश प्रक्रिया बंद झाली होती. शेवटी कसाबसा युनियन हायस्कूल मध्ये प्रवेश मिळताच लेखकांचा पुढील प्रवास सुरु झाला. छोटाशा खोलीत पूरक वातावरण नसताना लेखकांनी आपले शिक्षण थांबवले नाही, तर अशाही वातावरणात त्यांच्या जिद्दीची दाद दयावीशी वाटते. ते पुढे मिळते जुळते घेत शिकतच राहिले.

त्याचवेळी लेखकांच्या हळव्या मनावर त्यांच्या शिक्षकांच्या शिकवण्याचा जो परिणाम झाला त्यामुळे त्याच्या अभ्यासाचा पाया पक्का झाला. शिक्षणाबददल त्यांना अजून ओढ वाटू लागली.

शिक्षणाशिवाय या जगात तरणोपाय नाही हे कळल्यामुळे त्यांच्या आईने त्यांना वाटेल त्या परिस्थितीत शिकवण्याचे ठरवले. कोरे, पाठकोरे, लिहून उरलेले कागद ती एकत्र जमवायची आणि त्यांच्या वह्या करायची. अखंड पेन्सिल न मिळाल्यामुळे जेमतेम हातात धरता येईल अशा पेन्सिलनेच लिहित गेले. एके दिवशी त्यांच्या शिक्षकांनी भिंगाच्या सहाय्यानं सूर्यकिरणांची शक्ती कागदावर एकत्र केल्यास कागद जळतो हे प्रयोगाने सिदध करून दाखवले व माशेलकरांना त्यांच्यातील उर्जाशक्तीचे रुप ओळखण्यास प्रवृत्त केले. त्यावरून त्यांना एकाग्रतेचा मंत्र मिळाला आणि दुसरीकडे विज्ञान समजलं.

या सर्व प्रसंगांतून लेखकाचा आत्मविश्वास वाढवून दिला. जगण्याचे भान मिळाले. आणि पुढे लेखक फार मोठे वैज्ञानिक संशोधक झाले.

(इ) डॉ. माशेलकर यांची मातृभक्ती ज्या प्रसंगातून ठळकपणे जाणवते, ते प्रसंग पाठाधारे लिहा.

उत्तरः
स्वतःचे वडील वारल्यावर आई त्यांना घेऊन मुंबईस खेतवाडीतील देशमुख गल्लीत एका छोट्यासा पहिल्या माळ्यांवर राहिली तरीही लेखकांनी आईस कधी नाही म्हटले नाही. त्याही स्थितीत ते आईबरोबर राहिले.

हायस्कूलला शिकण्यास गेल्यावर एकवीस रूपये फी पुढील कॉलेजसाठी प्रवेश मिळवण्यासाठी नव्हती तरीही धीर न सोडता आजूबाजूच्या बिहाडांतील काही कामे करून तिने प्रवेश फीची व्यवस्था केली व प्रवेश घेतला. मात्र अशा वातावरणात लेखकांनी जिद्दीने अभ्यास केला.

उत्तरपत्रिकेची फी भरण्यासाठीचे फक्त तीन पैसे एवढेही पैसे त्यांच्याकडे नसल्याने मग आईने गिरगावातील अनेक कामे केली. प्रचंड कष्ट केले. पडेल ते काम केले. हे पाहून लेखकांच्या मनातील जिद्द अजून वाढली व ते अति जोमाने शिक्षण घेऊ लागले. इत्यादी उदाहरणांतून माशेलकरांची मातृभक्ती ठळकपणे दिसून येते.

(ई) ‘माझ्या जीवनातील शिक्षकाचे स्थान’, या विषयावर तुमचे विचार लिहा.
उत्तर:
प्रत्येकाच्या जीवनात आपल्या शिक्षकांचे स्थान फार महत्त्वपूर्ण असते. माझ्याही जीवनात शिक्षकांचे स्थान फार मोठे आहे. त्यांनी केलेल्या संस्कारांमुळे जीवनाला योग्य दिशा मिळाली, आत्मविश्वासाने पुढे जाण्याची शक्ती मिळाली. मी आज ज्या मोठ्या पदावर पोहोचलो आहे ते केवळ माझ्या शिक्षकांच्या मार्गदर्शनामुळेच, म्हणून माझ्या जीवनात माझ्या शिक्षकांचे स्थान फार मोठे आहे.

Marathi Akshar Bharati Class 10 Textbook Solutions Chapter 8 ऊर्जाशक्तीचा जागर Additional Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न १. पुढील उताऱ्याच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सूचनेनुसार कृती करा.

कृती १: आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा,

प्रश्न 2.
ओघ तक्ता पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 3.
योग्य पर्याय शोधून रिकाम्या जागा भरा.

(i) ……………………….. हीच प्रत्येक मुलाची पहिली शिक्षक असते. (ताई, माई, आई, बाई)
उत्तर:
(i) आई

(ii) आमचे मूळ गाव ……………………….. गोव्यातील माशेल. (उत्तर, पूर्व, पश्चिम, दक्षिण)
उत्तर:
(ii) दक्षिण

(iii) मी आणि माझी आई ……………………….. येऊन पोहोचलो. (गोव्यात, अमरावतीत, मुंबईत, पुण्यात)
उत्तर:
(iii) मुंबईत

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
उत्तरे लिहा.

प्रश्न 2.
कोण ते लिहा.
(i) दारिद्र्याशी संषर्घ करणारी – लेखकाची आई
(ii) शाळेत कसा जाऊ? असे प्रश्नचिन्ह घेऊन वावरणारे – लेखक माशेलकर

प्रश्न 3.
घटना आणि परिणाम लिहा.

प्रश्न 4.
एका वाक्यात उत्तरे लिहा.

(i) लेखकाच्या गिरगावातल्या शाळेचे नाव काय होते?
उत्तरः
लेखकाच्या गिरगावातल्या शाळेचे नाव ‘युनियन हायस्कूल’ असे होते.

(ii) लेखक आपल्या आईचे व मामाचे ऋण का मानतात?
उत्तरः
युनियन हायस्कुल व त्यांच्यावर संस्कार करणाऱ्या शिक्षकांशी संपर्क यांच्यामुळे आला म्हणून लेखक आईचे व मामाचे ऋण मानतात.

(iii) लेखकाच्या बाबतीत त्यांचे सर्वस्व कोण होते?
उत्तर:
लेखकाच्या बाबतीत त्यांचे सर्वस्व आई होती.

(iv) उदहनिर्वाहासाठी लेखक आणि त्यांच्या आईला कुठे जावे लागले?
उत्तरः
उदरनिर्वाहासाठी लेखक आणि त्यांच्या आईला मुंबईला जावे लागले.

प्रश्न 5.
जोड्या जुळवा.

उत्तर:
(i – आ),
(ii – ई),
(iii – अ),
(iv – इ)

प्रश्न 6.
उताऱ्यानुसार वाक्यांचा क्रम लावा.
(i) मी आणि माझी आई मुंबईत येऊन पोहोचलो.
(ii) माझे बालपण तिथेच गेले.
(iii) माझ्या वयाच्या सहाव्या वर्षी माझे वडील वारले.
(iv) आम्हांला उदरनिर्वाहासाठी आमचे माशेल हे गाव सोडावे लागले.
उत्तर:
(i) माझे बालपण तिथेच गेले.
(ii) माझ्या वयाच्या सहाव्या वर्षी माझे वडील वारले.
(iii) आम्हांला उदरनिर्वाहासाठी आमचे माशेल हे गाव सोडावे लागले.
(iv) मी आणि माझी आई मुंबईत येऊन पोहोचलो.

प्रश्न 7.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

कृती ३ : स्वमत

प्रश्न 1.
लेखकाच्या बालपणीच्या काळाचं वर्णन तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तरः
लेखकाचे बालपण गोव्यातील माशेल या गावी गेले. आई, वडील आणि त्यांचे मामाही याच गावात राहात होते. माशेलच्या मैदानावर खेळल्याच्या, तिथल्या पिंपळकट्ट्यावर बसून निवांतपणा अनुभवल्याच्या आठवणी त्यांना आठवतात. वयाच्या सहाव्या वर्षी त्यांचे वडील वारले. त्यामुळे पोट भरण्यासाठी त्यांना व त्यांच्या आईला माशेल सोडून मुंबईला यावे लागले.

प्रश्न 2.
आपल्या शालेय शिक्षणातील अडचणींचे वर्णन लेखकाने कसे केले आहे?
उत्तरः
वयाच्या ६व्या वर्षी लेखकाचे वडील वारले म्हणून त्यांच्या आईला व त्यांना माशेल सोडून मुंबईला यावे लागले. त्यांची आर्थिक परिस्थिती पूर्ण खालावलेली होती. शिक्षण घेण्यासाठी लेखक खूप उत्सुक होते. पण फी भरणे शक्य नसल्यामुळे आपण शाळेत जाऊ शकू की, नाही असे त्यांना वाटत असे.

प्रश्न 3.
माशेलहून मुंबईला आल्यावर लेखकाची व त्याच्या आईची स्थिती कशी होती ते थोडक्यात लिहा.
उत्तरः
वडिलांच्या निधनामुळे लेखक व त्यांची आई उदरनिर्वाहासाठी मुंबईला आले. त्यांची आर्थिक परिस्थिती पूर्णपणे खालावलेली होती. गिरगावातल्या खेतवाडीतील देशमुख गल्लीमध्ये मालती निवासातील पहिल्या माळ्यावर छोट्याशा खोलीत ते राहत होते. लेखकाच्या आईकडे उदरनिर्वाहाचे कोणतेच साधन नसल्यामुळे तिला व लेखकाला खूप गरिबीत दिवस काढावे लागले. शाळेची फी भरणेही त्यांच्या आईला शक्य नव्हते.

प्रश्न 4.
लेखकाची शाळा व शिक्षक यांच्याबद्दल माहिती तुमच्या शब्दात लिहा.
उत्तरः
लेखक सहा वर्षाचे असतानाच त्यांचे वडील वारले म्हणून त्यांच्या आईला व त्यांना मुंबईला यावे लागले. त्यांच्या मामांच्या प्रयत्नांनी व आईच्या कष्टाळूवृत्तीमुळे त्यांचे शिक्षण सुरू झाले. गिरगावातल्या युनियन हायस्कूलमध्ये त्यांना प्रवेश मिळाला. या शाळेतील सर्वच शिक्षक अत्यंत प्रेमळ व आपुलकीनं संस्कार करणारे होते आणि त्यांच्या मार्गदर्शनामुळे लेखकाच्या जीवनाला योग्य ती दिशा मिळाली.

प्रश्न २. पुढील उताऱ्याच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सूचनेनुसार कृती करा.

कृती १ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
कारणे लिहा.

(i) माशेलहून लेखकाचे मामा मुंबईला आले कारण . . .
उत्तर:
माशेलहून लेखकाचे मामा मुंबईला आले कारण त्यांना लेखकाच्या शिक्षणाची सोय करायची होती.

(ii) वयाच्या बाराव्या वर्षापर्यंत लेखकाला अनवाणीच राहावे लागले कारण . . .
उत्तरः
वयाच्या बाराव्या वर्षापर्यंत लेखकाला अनवाणीच राहावे लागले कारण लेखकाच्या आईची आर्थिक परिस्थिती अत्यंत खालावलेली होती त्यामुळे ती लेखकासाठी चप्पल खरेदी करू शकत नव्हती.

प्रश्न 2.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 3.
एका वाक्यात उत्तरे लिहा.

(i) कोणामुळे लेखकाला खेतवाडीतील प्राथमिक शाळेत प्रवेश मिळू शकला?
उत्तर:
लेखकाच्या मामांमुळे त्यांना खेतवाडीतील प्राथमिक शाळेत प्रवेश मिळू शकला.

(ii) लेखकाच्या हायस्कूलची प्रवेश फी किती रुपये होती?
उत्तरः
लेखकाच्या हायस्कूलची प्रवेश फी एकवीस रुपये होती.

(iii) लेखकाच्या आईने कशाप्रकारे पैसे जमवण्यास सुरुवात केली?
उत्तरः
लेखकाच्या आईने आजूबाजूच्या बिहाडांतील काही कामे करून पैसे जमवण्यास सुरुवात केली.

प्रश्न 4.
योग्य पर्याय निवडून रिकाम्या जागा भरा,
(i) माझ्याप्रमाणेच शाळेचीही परिस्थिती …………………………… होती. (चांगली, गुणवत्तापूर्वक, बेताचीच, हालाखीची)
(ii) पण तोपर्यंत …………………………… त्यावेळच्या नामांकित शाळांमधले प्रवेश बंद झाले होते. (गोरेगावातील, मुंबईतील, गिरगावातील, गोव्यातील)
(iii) अखेर …………………………… हायस्कूलमध्ये मला प्रवेश मिळाला. (युनिटी, युनियन, न्यू इंग्लिश)
उत्तर:
(i) बेताचीच
(ii) गिरगावातील
(iii) युनियन

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
कोण ते लिहा.
(i) माशेलहून मुंबईला आलेले. – [लेखकाचे मामा]
(ii) यांना युनियन हायस्कूलमध्ये प्रवेश मिळाला – [लेखकाला]
(iii) मनानं श्रीमंत असलेले – [लेखकाचे शिक्षक]

प्रश्न 3.
उताऱ्यानुसार वाक्यांचा क्रम लावा.
(i) तिच्या परिचयातील एक माऊली मदतीला धावली.
(ii) माध्यमिक शिक्षणाचा पुढील टप्पा सुरू झाला.
(iii) माशेलहून मुंबईत आलेले माझे मामाही मदतीला आले.
(iv) वयाच्या बाराव्या वर्षापर्यंत मला अनवाणीच राहावं लागलं.
उत्तर:
(i) माशेलहून मुंबईत आलेले माझे मामाही मदतीला आले.
(ii) वयाच्या बाराव्या वर्षापर्यंत मला अनवाणीच राहावं लागलं.
(iii) तिच्या परिचयातील एक माऊली मदतीला धावली.
(iv) माध्यमिक शिक्षणाचा पुढील टप्पा सुरू झाला.

प्रश्न 4.
जोड्या जुळवा.

उत्तर:
(i – इ),
(ii – ई),
(iii – आ),
(iv – अ)

प्रश्न 5.
सहसंबंध लिहा.
(i) प्राथमिक : शाळा :: माध्यमिक : ……………………..
(ii) अपूरी : जागा :: पूरक : ……………………..
उत्तर:
(i) शिक्षण
(ii) वातावरण

प्रश्न 6.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

कृती ३ : स्वमत

प्रश्न 1.
‘पण त्याही परिस्थितीत मी जिद्दीने अभ्यास करत राहिलो’ हे विधान तुमच्या शब्दांत स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तरः
शालेय शिक्षण पूर्ण झाल्यानंतर हायस्कूल शिक्षणाच्या वेळी लेखकांसमोर अनेक अडचणी निर्माण झाल्या. अनवाणी शाळेत गेले. छोट्याशा खोलीतली जागा अपुरी पडत होती. अभ्यासाला पूरक वातावरण नव्हते. अनेक अडीअडचणी आणि अभाव सहन करून लेखक जिद्दीने अभ्यास करत राहिले आणि परीक्षेत चांगले यश मिळवले.

प्रश्न 2.
लेखकाच्या आईचे वर्णन उताऱ्याच्या आधारे तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तरः
पतीच्या निधनामुळे आर्थिक परिस्थिती पूर्णपणे खालावलेल्या स्थितीत ती आपल्या मुलाला घेऊन मुंबईला आली. विपरीत परिस्थितीतही तिने धीर सोडला नाही. मिळेल ते, पडेल ते काम तिने केले. पण आपल्या मुलाच्या शिक्षणासाठी ती खंबीरपणे त्याच्या पाठी उभी राहिली. परिस्थितीला शरण न जाता धीराने वागणारी अत्यंत कष्टाळू अशी लेखकाची आई होती.

प्रश्न 3.
लेखकाला युनियन हायस्कूलमध्ये कशाप्रकारे प्रवेश मिळाला?
उत्तरः
लेखकाच्या हायस्कूल प्रवेशाच्या वेळी लेखकाच्या आईची आर्थिक परिस्थिती अत्यंत बिकट होती. पण लेखकाच्या आईने पडेल ते काम केले आणि एका सहृदय मातेने मदत केली. अशा प्रकारे २१ रुपये फी जमवली. तो पर्यंत सर्व चांगल्या शाळांमधले प्रवेश बंद झाले होते. म्हणून मग त्यांनी युनियन हायस्कूलमध्ये प्रवेश घेतला. याच युनियन हायस्कूलमधील शिक्षक, त्यांचे संस्कार, तेथील शिक्षण यामुळे जीवनातल्या अनेक प्रगतीच्या वाटा लेखकासमोर निर्माण झाल्या.

प्रश्न ३. पुढील उताऱ्याच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सूचनेनुसार कृती करा.

कृती १ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतिबंध पुर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
रिकाम्या जागा भरा.
(i) ……………………….. एक आंतरिक ओढ वाटू लागली. (शिक्षणाबद्दल, खेळाबद्दल, कलेबद्दल, शाळेबद्दल)
(ii) त्यावेळी उत्तरपत्रिकेची किंमत फक्त ……………………….. पैसे असायची. (एक, दोन, तीन, चार)
(iii) अखंड ……………………….. मला मिळणं अवघड होतं. (पेन्सिल, पेन, वही, फळा)
उत्तर:
(i) शिक्षणाबद्दल
(ii) तीन
(iii) पेन्सिल

प्रश्न 3.
जोड्या जुळवा.

उत्तर:
(i – ई),
(ii – इ),
(iii – आ),
(iv – अ)

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
कारणे लिहा.

(i) जेमतेम हातात धरता येईल अशा पेन्सिलीन लेखकाला लिहावं लागे कारण . . . . .
उत्तर:
जेमतेम हातात धरता येईल अशा पेन्सिलीनं लेखकाला लिहावं लागे कारण अखंड पेन्सिल विकत घेण्याएवढे पैसे लेखकाच्या आईकडे नव्हते.

प्रश्न 3.
एका वाक्यात उत्तरे लिहा.

(i) लेखकाची आई काँग्रेस हाऊसजवळ का गेली?
उत्तर:
तिथे काही काम मिळणार आहे, अशी बातमी कळाल्याने लेखकाची आई काँग्रेस हाऊसजवळ गेली.

(ii) लेखकाच्या आईने लेखकासाठी कशाप्रकारे वह्या बनवल्या?
उत्तर:
कोरे, पाठकोरे, लिहून उरलेले कागद एकत्र जमा करून लेखकाच्या आईने लेखकासाठी वह्या बनवल्या.

(iii) लेखकाच्या हायस्कूलमध्ये नेहमी कोणत्या दिवशी चाचणी परीक्षा घेण्यात येत असे?
उत्तरः
लेखकाच्या हायस्कूलमध्ये दर शनिवारी चाचणी परीक्षा घेण्यात येत असे.

(iv) काँग्रेस हाऊसजवळ काम न मिळाल्याने लेखकाच्या आईने काय ठरविले?
उत्तर:
काँग्रेस हाऊसजवळ काम न मिळाल्याने आपल्या मुलाला म्हणजेच लेखकाला खूप शिकवेन, असे त्यांच्या आईने ठरवले.

प्रश्न 4.
उताऱ्यानुसार घटनांचा क्रम लावा.

(i) तिनं ठरवलं, की मी माझ्या मुलाला खूप शिकवीन.
(ii) रांगेत उभी राहिली, तशीच ताटकळत.
(iii) ती नाराज झाली, घराकडं मागं फिरली.
(iv) काँग्रेस हाऊसजवळ काही काम मिळणार आहे, असं समजल्यानं एकदा ती तिकडं गेली.
उत्तर:
(i) काँग्रेस हाऊसजवळ काही काम मिळणार आहे, असं समजल्यानं एकदा ती तिकडं गेली.
(ii) रांगेत उभी राहिली, तशीच ताटकळत.
(iii) ती नाराज झाली, घराकडं मागं फिरली.
(iv) तिनं ठरवलं, की ‘मी माझ्या मुलाला खूप शिकवीन,

प्रश्न 5.
सहसंबंध लिहा.
(i) सेवाभावी : वृत्ती :: प्रचंड : …………………………….
(ii) अंगावर : काटा :: डोळ्यांत : …………………………….
उत्तर:
(i) कष्ट
(ii) पाणी

कृती ३: स्वमत

प्रश्न 1.
युनियन हायस्कूलमधील शिक्षकांबद्दल लेखकाने सांगितलेल्या आठवणी तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तरः
युनियन हायस्कूलमधले सगळे शिक्षक खूप प्रेमळ होते. त्यांची वृत्ती सेवाभावी होती. विदयार्थ्यांना शिकवताना ते स्वत:ला झोकून देत असत. लेखकाच्या शालेय जीवनात त्यांनी अगदी निरपेक्ष भावनेने मार्गदर्शन केले. यामुळे लेखकाच्या शालेय अभ्यासाचा पाया पक्का झाला असे नाही तर आयुष्याचा पाया देखील पक्का झाला. त्यामुळेच लेखकाच्या मनात शिक्षणाबद्दल आंतरिक ओढ निर्माण झाली.

प्रश्न 2.
लेखकाच्या आईला काँग्रेस हाऊसजवळ काम मिळाले नाही याचे वर्णन तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तर:
लेखकाच्या शाळेत दर शनिवारी चाचणी परीक्षा असायची उत्तरपत्रिका घरून आणावी लागे. तिची किंमत तीन पैसे असायची पैशाची व्यवस्था करण्यासाठी ती काँग्रेस हाऊसजवळ काम मिळेल या आशेने खूप वेळ रांगेत ताटकळत उभी राहिली. त्यानंतर तिला कळले की, तिसरी किंवा त्यापेक्षा जास्त शिकलेल्यांनाच या ठिकाणी काम मिळतं. त्यामुळे तिची खूप निराशा झाली. तेव्हाच आपल्या मुलाला खूप शिकवायचं असा निश्चय तिने केला.

प्रश्न 3.
लेखकाच्या शिक्षणासाठी लेखकाच्या आईने कोणते कष्ट सोसले ते लिहा.
उत्तरः
लेखकासोबत ती अत्यंत छोट्याशा घरात राहिली. प्रचंड कष्ट केले. पडेल ते काम केले. व लेखकाच्या शिक्षणासाठी पैसे जमवले. कोरे,पाठकोरे कागद जमवून ती लेखकासाठी वह्या तयार करायची. छोट्या-छोट्या का होईना त्या पेन्सिली ती लेखकाला लिहायला यायची. कोणत्याही परिस्थितीत लेखकाच्या शिक्षणात खंड पडू नये यासाठी ती सतत प्रयत्नशील असायची.

प्रश्न 4.
आपल्या आईबद्दलच्या लेखकाच्या भावना तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तरः
लेखक म्हणतात माझ्या आईच्या श्रमाला, कष्टाला तोड नाही. तिच्या श्रमाचं वर्णन करताना ते भावूक होऊन म्हणतात की, माझ्या आईचे श्रम आठवले की, माझ्या डोळ्यात अश्रू उभे राहतात. अशा या प्रचंड कष्ट करणाऱ्या आईचे लेखक सदैव ऋण मानतात. तिला ते आपली पहिली शिक्षक व सर्वस्व मानतात. प्रश्न ४. पुढील उताऱ्याच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सूचनेनुसार कृती करा,

कृती १ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
पुढील कृती करा.

(i) ‘भौतिक शास्त्र’ असे उत्तर येईल असा प्रश्न तयार करा?
उत्तरः
भावे सर कोणता विषय शिकवत असतं?

(ii) विषयाची गोडी लावली, असे उत्तर येईल असा प्रश्न तयार करा.
उत्तर:
विज्ञान शिकवताना भावे सरांनी आणखी कोणती गोष्ट साधली?

प्रश्न 2.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 3.
रिकाम्या जागा भरा.

(i) ……………………………. हा विषय शिकवताना त्यांनी केवळ शास्त्र शिकवलं नाही, तर त्या विषयाची गोडी लावली. (भूगोलातील, मराठीतील, इंग्रजीतील, विज्ञानातील)
(ii) भिंगाच्या साहाय्यानं ……………………………. शक्ती कागदावर एकत्र केल्यास कागद जळतो. (चंद्रकिरणांची, ऊर्जेची, सूर्यकिरणांची, विजेची)
(iii) माझी शाळा हे ‘माझे ……………………………. केंद्र’ डोळ्यांसमोर उभे राहते. (संस्कार, स्मरणीय, आवडते, संस्कारक्षम)
उत्तर:
(i) विज्ञानातील
(ii) सूर्यकिरणांची
(iii) संस्कार

प्रश्न 4.
जोड्या जुळवा.

उत्तर:
(i – इ),
(ii – ई),
(iii – आ),
(iv – अ)

कृती २ : आकलनकृती

प्रश्न 1.
कोण ते लिहा.
(i) लेखकाला जीवनाचे तत्त्वज्ञान देणारे – [भावे सर]
(ii) पुन्हा मनोमनी शाळेत जाणारे – [लेखक]

प्रश्न 2.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा,

प्रश्न 3.
एका वाक्यात उत्तरे लिहा.

(i) लेखकाला भावे सर कोणत्या हायस्कूलमध्ये भेटले?
उत्तर:
लेखकाला युनियन हायस्कूलमध्ये भावे सर भेटले.

(ii) लेखकाला कोणते क्षण आठवतात?
उत्तरः
प्रचंड दारिद्र्याशी सामना करतानाचे क्षण लेखकाला आठवतात.

(iii) भावे सरांनी कोणता प्रयोग करून दाखवला?
उत्तर:
भावे सरांनी भिंगाच्या साहाय्याने कागद जाळण्याचा प्रयोग करून दाखवला.

(iv) लेखकाला भावे सरांच्या शिकवणुकीतून काय गवसलं?
उत्तरः
लेखकाला भावे सरांच्या शिकवणुकीतून आयुष्याचं फार मोठं तत्त्वज्ञान गवसलं.

प्रश्न 4.
सहसंबंध लिहा.
(i) विषयाची : गोडी :: जगण्याचे : ……………………………..
(ii) एकाग्रतेचा : मंत्र :: संघर्षासाठी : ……………………………..
उत्तर:
(i) भान
(ii) आत्मविश्वास

कृती ३ : स्वमत

प्रश्न 1.
लेखकाने आपल्या शाळेतील शिक्षकांबद्दलच्या भावना कशाप्रकारे व्यक्त केल्या आहेत ते तुमच्या शब्दांत व्यक्त करा.
उत्तरः
लेखक म्हणतात की, माझ्या जीवनाच्या जडणघडणीत माझ्या शिक्षकांचा फार मोठा सहभाग आहे. भावे सरांकडून एकाग्रतेचा मंत्र आणि जीवनाचे तत्वज्ञान मिळाले. जोशी सर शिर्के सर, मालेगाववाला सर यांच्याकडून उत्तम मार्गदर्शन मिळाले. आयुष्याच्या उभारणीसाठी संस्कार आणि संघर्षासाठी सामना करण्याचं बळ मिळालं. जीवनात खंबीरपणे उभे राहण्याचा आत्मविश्वास त्यांच्या सगळ्या शिक्षकांकडून त्यांना मिळाला.

प्रश्न 2.
लेखकाने संस्कार केंद्र कोणाला म्हटले आहे ? का?
उत्तरः
लेखकाने ‘संस्कार केंद्र’ त्यांची आई, शाळा आणि शिक्षक यांना म्हटले आहे. अत्यंत गरिबीच्या परिस्थितीतही मुलाच्या शिक्षणासाठी कष्ट करणारी आई. परिस्थितीपुढे शरण न जाता जिद्दीने पुढे जाण्याचा मार्ग तिने लेखकाला दाखवला आणि शिक्षकांनी दिलेल्या संस्कारातून, शिकवणुकीतून लेखकाला जीवन जगण्यासाठी आत्मविश्वास मिळाला. या सगळ्यामुळे लेखकाच्या जीवनाला योग्य दिशा मिळाली.

प्रश्न 3.
विदयार्थ्यांच्या व्यक्तिमत्त्वाच्या जडणघडणीत शाळा किती महत्त्वाची भूमिका बजावते यावर तुमचे विचार लिहा.
उत्तरः
विदयार्थी हा बालपणापासून शाळेत असतो त्याचा अधिकाधिक वेळ शाळेत जातो आणि त्या वयात तो जे शिकतो अनुभवतो ते त्याच्या मनावर कायमस्वरूपी परिणाम करते. शाळेतले शिक्षक, उपक्रम, शाळेतले वातावरण, या सगळ्यांचा परिणाम त्याच्यावर होत असतो. बालपणापासून ते किशोरवयापर्यंत अनेक गोष्टीतून तो शिकतो. म्हणून विदयार्थ्यांच्या व्यक्तिमत्वाच्या जडणघडणीत शाळेची फार महत्त्वाची भूमिका असते असे मला वाटते. स्वाध्याय कृती

प्रश्न 4.
कारणे लिहा.

(i) लेखकाला शिक्षणाबद्दल आंतरिक ओढ निर्माण झाली, कारण . . .
उत्तरः
लेखकाला शिक्षणाबद्दल आंतरिक ओढ निर्माण झाली, कारण युनियन हायस्कूलमधील शिक्षकांनी केलेले मार्गदर्शन व दिलेले शिक्षण

ऊर्जाशक्तीचा जागर Summary in Marathi

ऊर्जाशक्तीचा जागर पाठपरिचय‌‌

‘उर्जाशक्तीचा‌ ‌जागर’‌ ‌हा‌ ‌पाठ‌ ‌’डॉ.‌ ‌रघुनाथ‌ ‌माशेलकर’‌ ‌यांनी‌ ‌लिहिला‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌या‌ ‌पाठात‌ ‌त्यांनी‌ ‌आपल्या‌ ‌लहानपणीच्या‌ ‌आठवणी‌ ‌दिलेल्या‌ ‌आहेत.‌ ‌लहानपणीच‌ ‌पित्याचे‌ ‌छत्र‌ ‌हरपलेल्या‌ ‌माशेलकरांना‌ ‌त्यांच्या‌ ‌आईने‌ ‌अत्यंत‌ ‌प्रतिकूल‌ ‌परिस्थितीतून‌ ‌जिद्दीने‌ ‌शिक्षण‌ ‌घेण्यास‌ ‌प्रवृत्त‌ ‌कसे‌ ‌केले,‌ ‌त्याचे‌ ‌चित्रदर्शी‌ ‌वर्णन‌ ‌केले‌ ‌आहे.‌‌

ऊर्जाशक्तीचा जागर Summary in English

‘Urjashakticha‌ ‌Jagar’‌ ‌is‌ ‌written‌ ‌by‌ ‌Dr.‌ ‌Raghunath‌ ‌Mashelkar.‌ ‌He‌ ‌has‌ ‌written‌ ‌about‌ ‌his‌ ‌childhood‌ ‌memories.‌ ‌He‌ ‌lost‌ ‌his‌ ‌father‌ ‌at‌ ‌an‌ ‌early‌ ‌age.‌ ‌Thereafter,‌ ‌the‌ ‌manner‌ ‌in‌ ‌which‌ ‌his‌ ‌mother‌ ‌helped‌ ‌and‌ ‌inspired‌ ‌him‌ ‌to‌ ‌get‌ ‌an‌ ‌education,‌ ‌irrespective‌ ‌of‌ ‌all‌ ‌odds,‌ ‌has‌ ‌been‌ ‌beautifully‌ ‌explained.‌‌

ऊर्जाशक्तीचा जागर शब्दार्थ‌‌

• मुलभूत‌ ‌– ‌पायाभूत‌ ‌– ‌(basic)‌ ‌
• ‌बौद्धिक‌ ‌– ‌बुद्धिशी‌ ‌संबंधित‌ ‌– ‌(intellectual)‌‌
• क्षमता‌ ‌– ‌सामर्थ्य‌ ‌– ‌(ability)‌ ‌
• नियोजन‌ ‌– ‌योजना‌ ‌– ‌(planning)‌ ‌
• शास्त्रज्ञ‌ ‌– ‌वैज्ञानिक‌ ‌– ‌(a‌ ‌scientist)‌ ‌
• तंत्रज्ञान‌ ‌– ‌(technology)‌ ‌
• धोरण‌ ‌उद्दिष्ट‌ ‌– ‌(aim)‌ ‌
• महत्कार्य‌ ‌– ‌महान‌ ‌कार्य‌ ‌– ‌(great‌ ‌work)‌ ‌
• कष्ट‌ ‌– ‌मेहनत‌ ‌– ‌(hard‌ ‌work)‌ ‌
• शिस्त‌ ‌– ‌वळण‌ ‌– ‌(discipline)‌ ‌
• नेतृत्वगुण‌ ‌–‌ (leadership‌ ‌quality)‌
• संरक्षण‌ ‌– ‌(protection)‌
• ‌हरपणे‌ ‌– ‌गमावणे‌ ‌– ‌(to‌ ‌lose)‌
• ‌प्रतिकूल‌ ‌– ‌उलट,‌ ‌विरोधी‌ ‌– ‌(adverse)‌
• ‌जिद्द‌ ‌– ‌आग्रह‌ ‌– ‌(ambition)‌ ‌
• आपुलकी‌ ‌– ‌आपलेपणा‌ ‌– ‌(affection)‌‌
• संस्कार‌ ‌– ‌चांगले‌ ‌गुण‌ ‌– ‌(values)‌
• ‌ऋण‌ ‌– ‌उपकार‌ ‌– ‌(obligation)‌‌
• संपर्क‌ ‌– ‌संबंध‌ ‌– ‌(contact)‌
• ‌सर्वस्व‌ ‌– ‌सर्व‌ ‌काही‌ ‌– ‌(one’s‌ ‌all)‌ ‌
• पिंपळकट्टा‌ ‌– ‌(raised‌ ‌platform‌ ‌of‌‌ stones‌ ‌around‌ ‌fig‌ ‌tree)‌ ‌
• निवांतपणा‌ ‌– ‌शांतपणा‌ ‌– ‌(silence)‌
• ‌पुसट‌ ‌– ‌अस्पष्ट‌ ‌– ‌(faint)‌
• ‌लहर‌ ‌– ‌वाऱ्याची‌ ‌झुळूक‌ ‌– ‌(a‌ ‌breeze)‌‌
• वारले‌‌‌ ‌– ‌मृत्यु‌ ‌पावले‌ ‌– ‌(die)‌ ‌
• उदरनिर्वाह‌ ‌– ‌उपजीविका‌ ‌– ‌(livelihood)‌‌
• ‌माडी‌ ‌– ‌(a‌ ‌lott)‌ ‌
• आर्थिक‌ ‌परिस्थिती‌ ‌– ‌(financial‌ ‌condition)‌ ‌
• खालावणे‌ ‌– ‌बिघडणे‌ ‌दारिद्रय‌ ‌– ‌गरिबी‌ ‌– ‌(poverty)‌
• ‌संघर्ष‌ ‌– ‌झुंज‌ ‌– ‌(struggle)‌
• ‌आसुसणे‌ ‌– ‌तीव्र‌ ‌इच्छा‌ ‌होणे‌ ‌– ‌(to‌ ‌lust)‌ ‌
• अनवाणी‌ ‌– ‌पायात‌ ‌वहाणा‌ ‌व‌ ‌काहीही‌ ‌न‌ ‌घालता‌‌ – (‌footed)‌ ‌
• नामांकित‌ ‌– ‌प्रख्यात‌ ‌– ‌(famous)‌ ‌
• टप्पा‌ ‌– ‌मजल‌ ‌– ‌(a‌ ‌stage)‌ ‌
• अपुरी‌ ‌– ‌पुरेशी‌ ‌नसलेली‌ ‌– ‌(insufficient)‌ ‌
• पुरक‌ ‌– ‌योग्य‌ ‌– ‌(suitable)‌ ‌
• सेवाभाव‌ ‌– ‌मदतीची‌ ‌वृत्ती‌ ‌– ‌(servitude)‌‌

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 3.4 The Will to Win Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Kumarbharati Textbook Solutions Unit 3.4 The Will to Win

Maharashtra Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 3.4 Warming Up Questions and Answers

The Will To Win Poem Appreciation Question 1.
Get into pairs, discuss and tick the most appropriate answer :
(a) You may have lost the match; but
(i) It is important that you start fighting with your opponent.
(ii) It is important to have the will to win.
(iii) It is important that you blame the organizers for the rough ground.
Answer:
(ii) It is important to have the will to win.

(b) Success is always measured by :
(i) Ability to pounce upon at the opponent and fight with full force.
(ii) Match-fixing before the match begins.
(iii) Ability to bounce back after a fall.
Answer:
(c) The ability to bounce back after a fall.

(c) For attaining success; we need to :
(i) Sleep day in and day out and dream about success.
(ii) Scheme out things to make the opponent fall.
(iii) Work hard day and night for it.
Answer:
(c) Work hard day and night for it.

Appreciation Of Poem The Will To Win Question 2.
How can we achieve success in life? Complete the boxes by filling the essential qualities required for achieving success.

Answer:

Appreciation Of The Poem The Will To Win Question 3.
Discuss and write 5 proverbs/quotations related to the importance of having a strong will-power.
(a) ………………………………..
(b) ………………………………..
(c) ………………………………..
(d) ………………………………..
(e) ………………………………..
Answer:
(a) Where there’s a will, there’s a way.
(b) If at first you don’t succeed, try, try again.
(c) The truest wisdom is a resolute determination. -Napoleon Bonaparte
(d) Nothing is impossible. -Napoleon Bonaparte
(e) Determination is the key to success.

The Will To Win Question 4.
Complete the following table.
Make a list of great personalities of present and past who have achieved success in different walks of life. You can take help of your school library or search on the internet.

Politics	Social work	Sports	Music

Answer:

Politics	Sports	Social Work	Music
Abraham Lincoln Franklin Roosevelt George Washington Winston Churchill Woodrow Wilson Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel	Michael Jordan Allyson Felix Shekhar Naik Pele H. Boniface Prabhu Mahendra Singh Dhoni	Medha Patkar Helen Keller Emmeline Pankhurst Florence Nightingale	Ravindra Jain Cher (singer) Beethoven Mozart Tansen

The Will to Win Class 10 English Workshop Questions and Answers Maharashtra Board

The Will To Win Appreciation Question 1.
(A) In order to achieve success the poet wants us to
(a) ………………………………..
(b) ………………………………..
(c) ………………………………..
Answer:
(a) go out and fight for it
(b) work day and night for it
(c) give up time, peace and sleep for ft.

(B) Write as many phrases as you can using ‘enough’ and use them in your sentences.
Example : good enough
Answer:
(1) hard enough : If you work hard enough, you will be rewarded.
(2) bold enough : He was not bold enough to realise his ambitions.
(3) fast enough : He was not fast enough to understand the joke at his expense.
(4) strong enough : The little bird was still not strong enough to fly away on its own.
(5) reasonable enough : The price seemed reasonable enough; yet I hesitated to buy It.

(C) What does the word ‘Scheme’ mean here ? Choose the correct alternative from the following.
(a) Housing colony
(b) Goal in life
(c) Rhyme pattern
(d) Plan of action
Answer:
(d) plan of action

(D) Do you think the line ‘Give up your time and your peace and your sleep for it’ means that one should be ‘desperate’ or restless’ to achieve one’s goal. Explain your opinion, in your notebook.
Answer:
No. If you are ‘desperate’, you might take unnecessary risks to achieve your goal. If you are ‘restless’, you will have no peace of mind. What the poet means by losing ‘time’. ‘peace’ and sleep’ means spending many hours working hard to gain one’s objectives and to continually keep on thinking about it until it is achicvcd.

(E) Following lines are given to you. Find their appropriate meanings after discussing with your partner.
(a) To go out and fight for it.
(b) If you gladly sweat for, fret for and plan for it.
(c) Lose all your terror of opposition for it.
(d) With all your capacity, strength and sagacity.
Answer:
(a) to try one’s best and struggle hard in order to achieve something.
(d) making full use of all your capabilities, power and wisdom.
(c) sweat for it, fret for and plan for it and lose all your terror of the opposition for it
(d) to try one’s best and struggle hard in order to achieve something.

(F) Read the poem again and complete the web showing all those things that can turn one away from ones efforts towards a goal.

Answer:

(G) Find the lines from the poem which mean-
(a) become crazy for the goal
(b) toil hard happily
(c) get rid of all fears
(d) make efforts continuously
(e) extremely poor condition
Answer:
(a) if you are mad enough for it
(b) gladly sweat
(c) work day and night
(d) If neither cold poverty, famish or gaunt,

Question 2.
The poet has mentioned some hurdles in the poem that keep us away from achieving our goal in our life. Discuss with your partner and make a list of all the hurdles mentioned in the poem.

• sickness

Answer:

• or sickness or pain

Appreciation Of The Will To Win Question 3.
The poem explicitly describes some strengths and weaknesses with the help of some words and phrases. The poet wants us to possess all the strengths and keep away from all the weaknesses. Make a list of all the words and phrases showing Strengths in table A and Weaknesses in table B. One is done for you.

A Strengths	B Weaknesses
Work day and night	Sickness

Answer:

A (Strengths)	B (Weaknesses)
capacity, strength, sagacity faith, hope, confidence doggedness, grimness the help given by God	cold poverty famish gaunt sickness or pain of body and brain

A Will To Win Question 4.
Listen to the poem carefully and state whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
(a) If you want a thing you should not give up your sleep.
(b) You should be afraid of your opposition.
(c) Cold or poverty cannot keep you away from achieving your goal.
(d) You can achieve your goal with the help of God.
(e) Life will not seem useless and worthless without achieving your goal.
Answer:
(a) False
(b) False
(c) True
(d) True
(e) False

The Will To Win Poem Question 5.
Form pairs and complete the web with suitable responses. Tell the class what all things the poet wants us to do to win.

Answer:

The Will To Win Speech Question 6.
Match the phrases in table A with lines of the poem given in table B.

Phrases	Lines
(1)    Toil hard (2)    Get rid of all (3)    Extremely poor condition (4)    Need desperately	(a)     If you want a thing bad enough… (b)    If neither cold or poverty, famished (c)    To work day and night for it. (d)    Lose all your terror of the opposition for it.

Answer:

‘A’ (Phrases)	‘B,’ (Lines)
(1) Toil hard	(b)    If neither cold or poverty, famished
(2) Get rid of all	(c)    To work day and night for it.
(3) Extremely poor condition….	(d)    Lose all your terror of the opposition for it.
(4) Need desperately	(a)     If you want a thing bad enough

Will To Win Question 7.
Every stanza begins with word ‘if’. How does it add to the effectiveness of the poem?
Answer:
Without the word ‘if’, the poem would remain as a simple statement of rules for success. By beginning each stanza with the word ‘if’, first of all, the poet implies that every human being has the choice of wanting to be successful in life. This is a more effective way of expression. Also by using the word ‘if’, he puts forward the conditions that will determine success in any sphere.

Will To Win Poem Appreciation Question 8.
(A) In poetry, when words/ideas are arranged in an ascending order of importance, the figure of speech used is called ‘Climax’.
For example, Man should work for his family, his country, but most of all for God.
Pick out two examples of ‘Climax’ from the poem.
Answer:
(a) to go out and fight for it, work day and night for it, give up your time and your peace and your sleep for it
(b) … sweat for it, fret for and plan for it and lose all your terror of the opposition for it …

(B) When some words, in the line of the poem, express the same idea in different ways, the figure of speech used is ‘Tautology’.
For example, . . . happy and joyful.
. . . motionless and still.
Pick out two examples of ‘Tautology’ from the poem.
Answer:
… neither cold poverty, famish
The words ‘poverty’ and ‘famish’ imply almost the same human physical condition.

(C) Pick out one example of the following Figures of Speech.
(1) Antithesis : ………………………
(2) Alliteration : ………………………
(3) Repetition : ………………………
Answer:
(1) Work day and night for it.
(2) … of body and brain
(3) … or sickness or pain

Will To Win Poem Question 9.
Work in group and prepare and present a speech on ‘How to Achieve Success.’
Answer:
How to Achieve Success
Friends,
I, Ajai Chitnis, do not hold with those who say, ‘Success is only for the privileged few!’ In my opinion, any and everyone can achieve success. All that is required is belief in one’s potential and a few rules of thumb in order to be a winner.

First of all you must have a goal. In order to reach that goal, you must have the necessary education and skills. For this you have to study or train. Then you have to look for opportunities. Life presents choices. You have to make the right choice. Having made the right choice, you must work hard to edge towards your goal. Only after much labour, sacrifice, determination and effort will you finally achieve success. This is my opinion on ‘How to achieve success’.

Thank you.

Question 10.
Read the poem again and write an appreciation of the poem ‘The Will to Win’ in a paragraph format.
Answer:
Point Format (for understanding)
The title of the poem : ‘The Will To Win’
The poet : Berton Braley
Rhyme scheme : No specific rhyme scheme, rhymes are used randomly
Figures of speech : Repetition, Climax, Tautology, Antithesis, etc.
The central ideatheme : What we should do and what we should avoid in order to achieve success.

Paragraph Format
Berton Braley has written this inspirational poem, ‘The Will To Win’.

The poem has no specific rhyme scheme, but rhymes are used randomly all throughout. The most common type is lines ending with the word ‘it’; e.g., ‘for it’, ‘of it’, ‘of it’; ‘without it’, ‘about it’; ‘beget it’, ‘get it’; ‘sweat for if, ‘fret for if and so on. Other examples are ‘capacity’, ‘sagacity’, ‘tenacity’: ‘pain’, ‘brain’.

The main figure of speech used is Repetition, as seen in the abundance of ‘for if phrases used throughout the poem. The other figures of speech are Climax, Tautology, Antithesis, etc.

The poet gives us a formula for sure success. He tells us what we should do and what we should avoid doing in order to achieve success.

It is an inspirational poem. It motivates one to set targets and achieve goals.

Question 11.
Project :
Make a list of Berton Braley’s collection of selected poems. You can take help of your teacher, library or search on internet. Recite Braley’s any one poem in front of the class.

Question 11.
State whether the following statements are True of False. Correct the false statements : 
(a) If you want a thing, you should not give up your sleep.
Corrected statement : If you want a thing, you should willingly give up your sleep.

(b) You should be afraid of your opposition.
Corrected statement : You should not fear the opposition.

(c) Life will not seem useless and worthless without achieving your goal.
Corrected statement : Life will seem utterly useless and worthless without achieving the goal.
Answer:
(a) False
(b) False
(c) False

Question 12.
Find the appropriate meanings of the following lines :
(b) makes you quite mad enough
(c) lose all the terror of God or man for it
Answer:
(b) impels you to do crazy things like taking risks
(c) get rid of all your fears of God or man or opposition.

Question 13.
Match the phrases in table A with lines from the extract given in table :

‘A’ (Phrases)	‘B,’ (Lines)
(1) Worry a lot about it	(a) serious and determined….
(2) Keep you away from….	(b) follow something in a determined way….
(3) Dogged and grim….	(c) Prevent you from….
(4) Simply go after…	(d) Fret for It …

Answer:

‘A’ (Phrases)	‘B,’ (Lines)
(1) Worry a lot about it	(d) Fret for It …
(2) Keep you away from….	(c) Prevent you from….
(3) Dogged and grim….	(a) serious and determined….
(4) Simply go after…	(b) follow something in a determined way….

Question 14.
Give an example of each of the following from the extract :
(a) Tautology.
Answer:
Life seems useless and worthless without it. The words ‘useless’ and ‘worthless’ have almost the same meaning.

(b) get rid of all fears
Answer:
lose all your terror

Question 15.
State whether the following statements are True or False. Correct the false statements :
(a) Cold or poverty cannot keep you away from achieving your goal.
(b) You can achieve your goal with the help of God.
Answer:
(a) True
(b) True

Question 16.
Find the lines from the extract which mean :
(a) make winning possible by using forceful action
Answer:
(a) besiege and beget it

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 2.4 The Pulley Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Kumarbharati Textbook Solutions Unit 2.4 The Pulley

Maharashtra Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 2.4 Warming Up Questions and Answers

The Pulley Poem Questions And Answers Question 1.
Go through the following images and try to link them with our lives. For example, Storm – Hardships that we face in our life.

Answer:
For example : storms – hardships that we face in our lives
Owl – Wisdom
Rose – Life
Tree – Determination
Clouds – Sorrowful moments
Bouquet of flowers – Beauty
Waterfall – Strength
Mountains – Honour
Sunrise – Hope

Pulley Or The Gift Of God Questions And Answers Question 2.
You may have often indulged in talking to yourself audibly.
For example,

• “Oh, dear! Why didn’t I get up sooner?”
• “Let me finish this quickly and then I’ll be free”.
• “How silly of me! Why didn’t I think of it before?”

Such expressions are called Dramatic Monologues.
Imagine and write Monologues suitable in the following situations.

→ It’s your birthday next week.
…………………………………………………………….
Answer:
I wonder what presents I’ll get. I hope dad gets me the bicycle he promised

→ You have been waiting long at the city of bus-stop.
…………………………………………………………….
Answer:
Oh, bother Now I shall be late for school again.

→ Your final exam results are to be declared tomorrow.
…………………………………………………………….
Answer:
I wish it were tomorrow

→ Your mother has been chatting for very long on the telephone.
…………………………………………………………….
Answer:
This conversation could go on for ages When will I get a chance to call?

Question 3.
‘The Pulley’ is a mechanical device.
Try and write down places where it can be used, and for what purpose.
…………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………….
Answer:

– To draw water out of a well
– In elevators
– In exercise machines
– In theatres to open curtains
– To lift up heavy objects at construction sites

The Pulley Class 10 English Workshop Questions and Answers Maharashtra Board

Pulley Poem Questions And Answers Question 1.
With the help of the clues, pick out words containing the letter ‘a’ from the poem and build a word-pyramid.

(a) an article
(b) a preposition
(c) past tense of ‘lie’
(d) maximum length of your open palm
(e) make much of
(f) loveliness
(g) in place of
(h) a collection of priceless valuables
(i) restlessness and discontent
Answer:

(a) an article
(b) a preposition
(c) the past tense of ‘lie’
(d) the maximum length of your open palm
(e) make much of
(f) loveliness
(g) in place of
(h) a collection of priceless articles
(i) restlessness and discontent

The Pulley Poem Question 2.
Choose the correct alternative from the following.
(a) Herbert’s poem ‘The Pulley’ displays . . . . . . . . as the two main themes.
(i) Origin of Morality/Spirituality
(ii) Origin of species
(iii) Origin of the universe/galaxy
(iv) Origin of the earth/space
Answer:
(i) Origin of Morality/Spirituality

(b) The theme of the poem ‘The Pulley’ is (Find two correct statements from the given alternatives.)
(i) to focus on the mechanical operation of a pulley.
(ii) to teach a lesson to a creation (man) by the Creator (God)
(iii) to know the different gifts bestowed on man by God.
(iv) to remind man about his creator in his exhaustion.
(v) God pulled man towards Him by making him restless and weary.
Answer:
(iv) to remind man about his Creator in his exhaustion.

(c) In the poem, ‘The Pulley’ is considered ………………….
(i) a mechanical device.
(ii) a gift to mankind
(iii) an image to lift objects.
(iv) an image by which God compels people to become devout.
Answer:
(ii) a gift to mankind.

(d) . . . . . . . . is an example of Pun from the poem.
(i) Rest in the bottom lay.
(ii) So strength first made a way.
(iii) Having a glass of blessings . . . . . .
(iv) So both should losers be
Answer:
(i) Rest in the bottom lay.

(e) . . . . . . . . is an example of Paradox from the poem.
(i) And rest in Nature, not the God of Nature.
(ii) He would adore my gifts instead of me.
(iii) Let him be rich and weary.
(iv) When God at first made man.
Answer:
(iii) Let him be rich and weary.

(f) . . . . . . is an example of Synecdoche from the poem.
(i) So both should losers be.
(ii) Then beauty flowed.
(iii) “Let us” said he “pour on him.”
(iv) May toss him to my breast.
Answer:
(iv) May toss him to my breast.

(g) . . . . . . is an example of Alliteration from the poem.
(i) made a way
(ii) bottom lay.
(iii) repining restlessness
(iv) keep the rest.
Answer:
(iii) repining restlessness

(h) . . . . . . is an example of Inversion from the poem.
(i) Contract into a span.
(ii) So both should losers be.
(iii) Bestow this jewel.
(iv) And rest in nature.
Answer:
(ii) So both should losers be.

(i) The rhyme scheme of the poem is . . . . . .
(i) a a b b c
(ii) a b c b c
(iii) a b c c b
(iv) a b a b a
Answer:
(iv) a b a b a

Pulley Poem Question 3.
Discuss and answer in your own words, and write in your notebook.
(a) The poet has used the word REST thrice in the poem. Write what the word implies in each of the three lines it occurs.
Answer:
. . . rest in nature – give importance to, enjoy the benefits of
. . . let him keep the rest – the remaining gifts (except the gift of ‘rest’)
. . . rest – contentment, satisfaction

(b) What does God want in return from man, for the gifts He has bestowed upon him?
Answer:
In return for the gifts He has bestowed on man, God wants him to lead a life of goodness and to keep on adoring the God who has been so generousto him.

(c) Why did God withhold the gift of ‘Rest’ from man?
Answer:
‘Rest’ makes us feel satisfied and contented,When we have ‘rest’, we do not desire anything more. We might even stop remembering God, our Creator, or seeking His blessings. Hence, God withheld the gift of ‘Rest’ from man.

(d) Besides those given in the poem, what other gifts has God blessed mankind with above his other creations? Enlist them.
Answer:
Besides those given in the extract, God has bestowed on mankind the ability to use language as well as other cognitive abilities like reasoning, abstract thinking, etc. Above all, He has given human beings a marvellous brain, with which man has invented millions of things, right from the wheel to the computer.

(e) When does man generally turn to God? Give one example to support your response.
Answer:
Man , generally turns to God when he is troubled or is facing some difficulty. I remember a neighbour of mine who professed to be an atheist, but when there was a stock market crash, we were all surprised to see him at our temple with hands joined and eyes closed, praying to God.

Question 4.
(A) Discuss with your group and justify the title of the poem ‘The Pulley’ in your own words.
…………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………….
Answer:
The pulley works when pressure is exerted on either side of the rope passing through it. If one side comes down, the other goes up. Here, the poet expresses the idea that when weariness weighs down man on one end his spiritual aspects on the other end gets an uplift. According to the poet, God deliberately withheld bestowing ‘rest’ to man so that the very ‘restlessness’ wojild bring him nearer to Him. Thus, the title ‘The Pulley’ is appropriate.

(B) Pick out 3 lines that contain Monologues of God.
…………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………….
Answer:
(1) For if I should bestow this jewel also on my creature.
(2) He would adore my gifts instead of me.
(3) If goodness lead him not, yet weariness may toss him to my breast.

Question 5.
(A) Pick out two lines that contain the following figures of speech.
(a) Antithesis
1. …………………………..
2. …………………………..
Answer:
1. Antithesis: Let the world’s riches which dispersed lie.
2. Contract into a span.

(b) Alliteration
1. …………………………..
2. …………………………..
Answer:
1. And rest in the Nature, not the God of the Nature.
2. Repetition of ‘n’ sound.

(c) Inversion
1. …………………………..
2. …………………………..
Answer:
1. Let us {said He)
2. Rest in the bottom lay.

(B) Explain the Figures of Speech in the following lines.
(a) Rest in the bottom lay-PUN because
……………………………………………………….
Answer:
It is a Pun because the word ‘rest’ has two meanings – ‘the last one remaining’ and ‘a quality that helps us stop doing something and relax’.

(b) Bestow this jewel also on my creature-METAPHOR because
……………………………………………………….
Answer:
Extended Metaphor: The simple meaning of the ‘pulley’ is extended to show an implicit comparison between the ‘gift’ of ‘rest’ that is not bestowed on man S by God, and by which he will be pulled towards God finally.

(c) And rest in nature, not the God of Nature-REPETITION because
……………………………………………………….
Answer:
Repetition: The word ‘Nature’ is repeated for emphasis.

Question 6.
Write Critical Appreciation of the poem in a paragraph format. (Refer to page no. 5)
Answer:
Point Format
(for understanding)

• Title of the poem: ‘The Pulley’
• The poet: George HerbertRhyme scheme: a-b-a-b-a
• Figures of speech: Metaphor, Pun, Inversion, Paradox, etc.
• The central idea theme the reason why man is continually restless

Paragraph Format
The title of the poem is ‘The Pulley’. The poet is George Herbert.

Each stanza of the poem has five lines. The rhyme scheme of the poem is a-b-a-b-a.

The chief figure of speech used in the poem is Metaphor. The ‘glass of blessings’ signifies the sum of all human qualities bestowed on man. The quality of ‘rest’ or ‘contentment’ is implicitly compared to a ‘jewel’. The other figures of speech are Pun, Inversion, Paradox, etc.

The central idea of the poem is the reason for man’s continual restlessness all his life. According to the poet, this is because God withheld the quality of ‘rest’ from man, so that man’s thoughts would ultimately turn towards God, his creator.

Question 7.
‘Pun’ can be defined as play on words based on their different meanings. Example ‘Writing with a broken pencil is pointless.’ In this poem there is an example of Pun. Find and make a sentence of your own. Share a joke with the class where the use of ‘Pun’ creates humour.
Answer:
(i) Rest in the bottom lay
(ii) So strength first made away.
(iii) Having a glass of blessings
(iv) So both should losers be.

Question 8.
Write a paragraph on the points in each block given below to get a summary on each of the four stanzas of the poem.

Answer:
(1) The poel says dial at the lime when God fir.si 1 created man. He had a glass of blessings standing by. He thought dial He would be generous and shower on man all the gifts possible. God intended lhal all the treasures of die earth which lay scallcred should be eollecled and concentrated in die small space He had created – which was man.

(2) The first gift God gave man was strength. This was followed by beauty, then wisdom, honour and pleasure. When nearly all the gifts had been bestowed on man. God slopped awhile. He noticed that of all the treasures, only one gill remained at Ihe bottom of the glass, and that was rest.

(3) God said to Himself that if He bestowed this precious and valuable gift on His creation, man would love anil worship only the gifts of Nature, and would not love the God who-had created all the things in Nature. Thus both God and man would end up as losers.

(4) So God let man retain all the other gifts, but at the same lime, He left man restless and continually anxious and dissatisfied, lie thought that in should be rich with the abundance of gifts, but he should always remain tired and restless. God reasoned that only then, at the end. if the quality of goodness did not lead man back to God. sheer fatigue (tiredness) would draw man back to God’s heart.

Question 9.
Choose the correct alternatives from the following:
(a) Herbert’s poem ‘The Pulley’ displays Origins and Morality/Spirituality as the two main themes.
(i) Origins and Morality/Spirituality
(ii) Origin of species
(iii) Origin of the universe galaxy
(iv) Origin of the earth space
Answer:
(i) Origins and Morality/Spirituality

(b) The first gift was strength.
(i) strength
(ii) beauty
(iii) wisdom
(iv) rest
Answer:
(i) strength

(c) The last gift left was rest.
(i) strength
(ii) beauty
(iii) wisdom
(iv) rest
Answer:
(iv) rest

(d) The gifts blessings lay in a glass.
(i) the world
(ii) a span
(iii) a glass
(iv) a pathway
Answer:
(iii) a glass

Question 10.
What did God’s glass of blessings contain?
Answer:
God’s glass of blessings contained gifts such as strength, beauty, wisdom, honour, pleasure, other treasures and the gift of rest.

Question 11.
Write the rhyming words from the extract:
Answer:
man – can – spanby – lieway – stay – laypleasure – treasure.

Question 12.
Explain the figures of speech in the following lines:
a glass of blessings
Answer:
It is a Metaphor because the sum of attributes or qualities given to man are implicitly compared to a ‘glass of blessings’.

Question 13.
Explanation: The words are not in the correct prose order. The correct prose orders are:
Answer:
1. Let us (He said) …
2. Rest lay in the bottom.]

Question 14.
What would human beings do if God gifted them with ‘Rest’?
Answer:
If God had gifted human beings with ‘Rest’,’ they would never have cared to remember God since they would have nothing to long for or to feel restless about. This is because self-satisfaction and contentment wduld have made human beings feel: complete and pleased with themselves. They mightthus lose their spiritual and moral values.

Question 15.
Pick out two lines from the extract that contain the figure of speech ‘Inversion’.
Answer:
(a) For if I should (said He)
(b) So both should losers be.
(c) If goodness lead him not, yet weariness May toss him to my breast.

Question 16.
Choose the correct alternative from the following: (The answers are given directly and underlined.)
(a) Let him be rich and weary’ is an example of I Paradox from the poem.
(i) And rest in Nature, not the God of Nature.
(ii) He would adore my gifts instead of me.
(iii) Let him be rich and weary.
(iv) When God first made man.
Answer:
(iii) Let him be rich and weary.

(b) ‘repining restlessness’ is an example of Alliteration from the poem.
(i) made a way
(ii) bottom lay
(iii) repining restlessness
(iv) keep the rest
Answer:
(iii) repining restlessness

Question 17.
Write the rhyming words from the lines.
Answer:
he – me – becreature – Nature; rest – breastrestlessness – weariness.

Question 18.
Bestow this jewel also on my creature.
Answer:
Metaphor: The gift of rest is implicitly compared to a ‘jewel’.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 1.6 The Alchemy of Nature Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Kumarbharati Textbook Solutions Unit 1.6 The Alchemy of Nature

Maharashtra Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 1.6 Warming Up Questions and Answers

Alchemy Of Nature Class 10 Question 1.
Rearrange the good qualities in each set, so that the first letter of each of the words should make a meaningful word. Join the sets and get a message.

Set 1: U nderstanding/A daptable/Tolerant/N eat/Encouraging Resourceful.
– The word is ……………………………………………………
Set 2: Selfless/Inspiring
– The word is ……………………………………………………
Set 3: Youthful/Modest
– The word is ……………………………………………………
Set 4: Affectionate/Compassionate/Empathetic/Earnest/Honest/Reliable/Trustworthy
– The word is ……………………………………………………
– The message is …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………
Answer:
NATURE
IS
MY
TEACHER
The message Is: NATURE IS MY TEACHER.

Alchemy Of Nature Class 10 Questions And Answers Question 2.
Various aspects of Nature have special features that make them differ from one another.
For example, Birds :- appearance, shape, colour, size, food habits, habitat, sound etc.
Write such special features of each of the following.
Land …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………
Water …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………
Trees …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………
Animals …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………
Insects …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………
Answer:
Land: geographical features, soil colour, terrain, fertility, chemical composition, crops grown.

Water: width and length of various water bodies, chemical composition (sweet water, salt water), colours (according to sand beds), rocks, coral reefs, variety of sea creatures.

Trees: height and shape of leaves, changing (or unchanging) colour during seasons, fruits, flowers, medicinal products, types of soil, climate and habitat required for their existence.

AnImals: shapes, sizes, colours, different habitats, kinds: wild or domestic, place in the food chain.

Insects: shapes, sizes, colours, number of legs, different habitats, soundš, carriers of dIseases.

The Alchemy Of Nature Question Answer Question 3.
Make a list of living creatures in the alphabetical order. You can write more than one beginning with the same letter.
A …………………………………………………… B ……………………………………………………
C …………………………………………………… D ……………………………………………………
E …………………………………………………… F ……………………………………………………
G …………………………………………………… H ……………………………………………………
I …………………………………………………… J ……………………………………………………
K …………………………………………………… L ……………………………………………………
M …………………………………………………… N ……………………………………………………
O …………………………………………………… P ……………………………………………………
Q …………………………………………………… R ……………………………………………………
S …………………………………………………… T ……………………………………………………
U …………………………………………………… V ……………………………………………………
W …………………………………………………… Y ……………………………………………………
Z ……………………………………………………
Answer:
A -alligator, antelope, ant, etc., B ……………. Z.

The Alchemy of Nature Class 10 English Workshop Questions and Answers Maharashtra Board

The Alchemy Of Nature Questions And Answers Question 1.
What things in nature teach us the following :
(a) Nothing is impossible to achieve ……………………………………………………
(b) Problems are not permanent ……………………………………………………
(c) Be humble and adjust ……………………………………………………
(d) Make the best use of time and opportunity ……………………………………………………
(e) Be persistent ……………………………………………………
(f) Many hands make work light ……………………………………………………
(g) Delicate structures are not a sign of weakness ……………………………………………………
Answer:
(a) Nothing is impossible to achieve: ants small bits of grass peeping from cracks In the concrete
(b) Problems are not permanent: trees that are bare in winter
(c) Be humble and adjust: water
(d) Make the best use of time and opportunity: flowers
(e) Be persistent: ants waler
(f) Many bands make light work: ants
(g) Delicate structures are not a sign of weakness: picr_webs

The Alchemy Of Nature English Workshop Question 2.
Read the questions from the lesson. What do they imply?
(a) Are you listening? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) What if we too lived our lives, however short, to its fullest? ……………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) What if we too are consistent, organised, focused . . . ? ……………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Answer:
(a) It implies that one must listen.
(b) It Implies that we too should live our lives to… the fullest, however short they may be.
(c) It Implies that we too could do wonders If we were consistent, organised focussed

Question 3.
Go through the lesson again and complete the flow-chart that highlights the life of a ‘hibiscus’ flower.

Answer:

Alchemy Of Nature Class 10 English Workshop Question 4.
Fill in the web.

Answer:

English Workshop 10th The Alchemy Of Nature Question 5.
The writer explains the contrasting features of ‘water’ and ‘rock’ in the lesson. Write all the features of both water and rock in the given table.

Water	Rock
1.	1.
2.	2.
3.	3.
4.	4.

Answer:

Water	Rock
1. gentle	1. hard
2. persistent	2. humble
3. persevering	3. yielding
4. determined	4. adaptable

Alchemy Of Nature Class 10 Solutions Question 6.
The writer has very positively described the different things in nature. Discuss with your partner the special features of each one of them. Add on the list.

Part of Nature	Special feature	Value learned
1. Rainbow	……………………	……………………
2. Caterpillar	……………………	……………………
3. ……………………	……………………	……………………
4. ……………………	……………………	……………………
5. ……………………	……………………	……………………
6. ……………………	……………………	……………………
7. ……………………	……………………	……………………

Answer:

Part of nature	Special feature	Value learnt
1. rainbow	cheerfulness; acceptance.	Even when there are problems in the surroundings, we must be cheerful and spread colour and happiness.
2. caterpillar	patience; acceptance.	There is a bright and beautiful future ahead.
3. hibiscus flower	optimism; cheerfulness	However short life may be, we must live it to the fullest.
4. rocks	obedience to nature; adjustment; humility	Obey the commands of nature; adjust to the situation; be humble
5. bits of grass	optimism; perseverance.	However impossible things may look, there is an opening.
6. bare tree	optimism, faith; conviction	However difficult things are in the present, it will not remain so forever. With conviction we should remind ourselves that this too will pass.
7. water	perseverance; determination; humility.	(i) Even colossal problems can be surmounted if we persist. (ii) Learn to adapt to others without any hint of ego.

Alchemy Of Nature Questions And Answers Question 7.
Think and answer in your own words.
(a) How should you deal with difficulties and problems?
Answer:
When coming across problems In lilt. I turn towards nature for inspiration. I try to understand how the different elements in nature deal with their difficulties and try to solve my own problems in the same way.

(b) ‘An oyster turns a grain of sand into a pearl.’ What can we learn from this example?
Answer:
We learn that there Is a mysterious power or magic In nature that can change things dramatically.

(c) How does nature succeed in its ‘Alchemy’? What can it turn a small person into?
Answer:
Nature succeeds in Its ‘Alchemy’ by changing things in a mysterious way. It can turn a small person Into anything he/she wishes one touches nature and becomes gold oneself.

(d) Which two aspects of nature teach us to accept change and adjust according to the situation?
Answer:
With gentle humility, water changes its form according to the dictates of the sun and the wind. The bare trees wait patiently during the winter months for the arrival of spring, when they get Wesh green leaves. These two aspccts of nature teach us to accept change and adjust according to the situation.

(e) Why does the writer begin by quoting the lines from William Blake’s poem (Auguries of Innocence)?
Answer:
These lines show that it we pause to relleci, there Is much beauty In nature and plenty that we cari learn from it. The write-up expands on the sanie idea, thus reflecting the philosophy of the quoted lines from William Blake.

Question 8.
(A) Pick out from the lesson 10 examples of each.
Concrete Nouns (that you can touch or see)
For example, sand
(1) …………………………………………
(2) …………………………………………
(3) …………………………………………
(4) …………………………………………
(5) …………………………………………
(6) …………………………………………
(7) …………………………………………
(8) …………………………………………
(9) …………………………………………
(10) …………………………………………
Answer:
(1) bird,
(2) ant,
(3) oyster.
(4) pearl.
(5) caterpillar,
(6) butterfly
(7) flower,
(8) ocean,
(9) rock,
(10) water.

Abstract Nouns (that which you cannot touch or see)
For example, infinity
(1) …………………………………………
(2) …………………………………………
(3) …………………………………………
(4) …………………………………………
(5) …………………………………………
(6) …………………………………………
(7) …………………………………………
(8) …………………………………………
(9) …………………………………………
(10) …………………………………………
Answer:
(1) majesty.
(2) conviction.
(3) perseverance,
(4) passion
(5) infinity.
(6) Imagination,
(7) joy,
(8) significance,
(9) experience,
(10) difference.

(B) Underline the verbs in the sentences below and say whether they are Transitive (needing an Object) or Intransitive (need not have an Object).
(1) One can witness and experience the beauty of Heaven.
(2) It leaves me in complete awe.
(3) Nature soothes and nurtures.
(4) It withers completely.
(5) The flower comes to life only for a day.
(6) A rainbow colours the entire sky.
(7) It smiles and dances.
Answer:
(1) One can witness and experience the beauty of Heaven. (T)
(2) It leaves mc In complete awe. (T)
(3) Nature soothes and nurtures. (I)
(4) It withers completely. (I)
(5) The flower comes to life one for a day. (I)
(6) A rainbow colours the entire sky. (T)
(7) It smiles and dances. (I)

Question 9.
(A) Compose about 8 to 10 sets of imaginary dialogues between a bird, a tree and its fruit regarding the effects of environmental changes. Write it in your notebook.
Answer:
Conversation between a bird, a tree and its fruit:
Conversation 1:
Bird: Hi there, tree! How are you doing?
Tree: Not too well. I can’t breathe. There’s too much of dust and smoke here.
Bird: What, here too? I’ve come here to escape just that!
Fruit: Wrong place, birdie. Look at me do I look healthy? I’m not growing. Too many insecticides have been sprayed on me.
Bird: Oh, oh. Maybe I should leave this place too.

Conversation 2:
Tree: Oh, no! Something is happening! My roots are getting loose!
Bird: That’s called erosion. Soil erosion.
Tree: What happens next?
Bird: The next time it rains heavily-boom! Down you will go! And away I will fly.
Tree: Can’t someone help me?
Fruit: What about me?

(B) Prepare a Fact file of any of the following plants/trees, using the points given.
[coconut / neem / basil / cactus / apple]

• Name of Plant/Tree …………………………………………
• Scientific name …………………………………………
• Region and climate …………………………………………
• Features …………………………………………
• Growth …………………………………………
• Size, shape and colour …………………………………………
• Uses …………………………………………
• Any special feature …………………………………………

Answer:
Profile of the Coconut Tree and Fruit
(1) Names: English name – Coconut Sanskrit name – Narikela Hindi name – Nariyal.
(2) Scientific name: cocos nucifera belongs to the family ‘Palmae’ or the palm family (also known as Arecaceae).
(3) Region and Climate: Tropical and sub-tropical coastal regions, especially near sea beaches.
(4) Features:

• Fruit: has a thick fibrous coir over the hard shell inside the kernel colourless liquid;
• leaves: feather-shaped and split into lots of leaflets.

(5) Growth – Size and shape: Coconut trees can: grow from 15 to 30 metres in height in plantations. Coconut fruits are oval in shape. The trunk of the coconut tree is ringed with scars where old leaves have fallen. The top of the trunk is crowned with a rosette of leaves. The leaves can grow up to 7 feet long and can have 250 leaflets.
(6) Uses:

• Coir and leaves: matting, thatching and weaving.
• Hard outer shell about 10 to 15 inches in length used to make articles such as spoons, eating utensils, charcoal, etc.
• Inside of the shell: lined with a white edible layer called the meat used for cooking, or extraction of oil which is used in making soaps or cosmetics also to make chemical, industrial and medicinal products contains coconut water which is very nutritious.
• Husk and leaves: used as material to make a variety of products for furnishing and decorating,

(7) Any special feature: Known in India as ‘kalpavriksha’ or the ‘tree of heaven’ because of its many uses the term coconut is derived from the 16th century Portuguese and Spanish, meaning ‘grinning face’, from the three small holes on the coconut shell that resemble human facial features.

Question 10.
‘Impossible’ itself says ‘I M possible’. Do you agree? Justify your answer by citing something that you have experienced or heard from someone.
Answer:
Yes, I agree. It is possible to do the most , difficult of things providing we have the will and conviction to do so. The example that comes to my mind as justification is that of Sudha Chandran, the j dancer. Though her leg was amputated below the knee, with great grit and determination she restarted dancing, and went on to become a famous dancer ! and actress. This shows that one can do things which seem to be impossible.

Question 11.
You have an environment protection week celebration in your school. You have invited an environmentalist. Your friend interviews him/her about how to save the environment. Frame suitable Interview Questions.
Answer:
Jai interviews Mr. Ali, an environmentalist:
Jai: Good morning, Sir. Welcome to our school. I would like to ask you a few questions for a write-up in our school magazine. My first question: What is your opinion about the concept of having am ‘environment protection week’ celebration?

Mr. Ali: I think it’s a wonderful idea, though I would not call it a ‘celebration’.

Jai: Why is that, sir?

Mr. Ali: Well, you have a celebration when you are happy about something. In our town, the protection of the environment is so poor that I, as an environmentalist, am not at all happy about it.

Jai: Can you give us some tips to protect the environment?

Mr. Ali: Certainly, my boy. First of all, we should grow more trees wherever possible. It should be made mandatory for every factory, office, residential building, etc. to plant trees before starting construction.

Jai: What about the menace of plastic, sir?

Mr. Ali: We cannot eliminate plastic completely however, the thickness of plastic bags and the methods of disposal should be made clear to all. Air, water and noise pollution must be dealt with too.

Jai: Please expand on that, sir.

Mr. Ali: Well, industrial and vehicular pollution must be controlled water bodies must be kept clean. Those who break rules must be penalized. Loudspeakers must be banned during the night hours. Oh, there are lots of things to be done, lots of things.

Jai: Thank you sir, for giving some of your precious time for this interview.

Question 12.
Write a News Report on the ‘Environment Day’ celebrated in your school.
Answer:
Environment Day Celebrations
Nagpur, June 7: ‘World Environment Day’ was celebrated in New Era School with great fanfare on June 5. The main purpose of the celebration was j to spread awareness about the need to protect the: environment and the ways to do it.

The day was flagged off by a tree plantation drive in the locality. Three hundred quick-growing trees, which do not need much water on a daily basis, were planted near the school wall and in the surrounding area. An eminent environmentalist, Mr. A.T. Ali, spoke on the ways to protect the environment. He also judged the ‘Posters and Photographs’ exhibition “and gave away prizes for the best entries. Environmentally- friendly articles, like disposable plates and cups made from bamboo and banana stem, bags made from leaf waste, etc. were on sale. Students gave power-point ) presentations on the threats to the environment. Last i but not least, was the spirited debate on the topic ‘Man: The worst enemy of the Environment’.

All in all, the day was a great success, and has certainly made a difference to the way we view our environment.

– Josh Matthew
New Era School.

Question 13.
Just For Laughs! Enjoy!
Divide the class into two groups. On 12 to 15 slips of paper, Group A writes 12 to 15 conditional clauses beginning with ‘If’.
(For example, If I work very hard, ………………………………………………)
Group B writes 12 to 15 main clauses.)
(For example, I would/shall have a pizza.)
Now, one student from Group ‘A’ reads the first conditional clause (possibility) and one student from Group ‘B’ reads the first main clause. It forms crazy sentences, just for laughter and fun. ENJOY!

Question 14.
Pick out the statements that are false and write them correctly:
(1) On the beach. the author found rocks carved and sculpted by the wInd.
(2) The hibiscus flower smiles with the sun and dances with the wind.
(3) Rocks take the shape that (he water commands.
(4) Our problems are big and so are we.
Answer:
Statements (1) and (4) are false. The corrected statements are:
(1) On the beach, the author found rocks carved and sculpted by the water.
(4) Our problems are very big, and we are very small.

Question 15.
ExplaIn how the hibiscus flower makes the most of Its short life span.
Answer:
The hibiscus flower smiles with the sun and dances with the wind. The flower comes to life only for a day yet It makes the most of the day by living its short life in full splendour, with big, bright and tender blooms.

Question 16.
Complete the flowchart that highlights the life of a hibiscus flower:
Answer:
The life of a hibiscus flower

Question 17.
Guess the meaning of the ‘splendour’.
Answer:
Splendour – great beauty which attracts admiration and attention.

Question 18.
Choose the correct ‘not only … but also …….’ form of the sentence:
Natures soothes and nurtures.
(a) Not only nature soothes but nurtures also.
(b) Nature soothes not only but also nurtures.
(c) Nature soothes but also nurtures not only.
(d) Nature not only soothes but also nurtures.
Answer:
(d) Nature not only soothes but also nurtures.

Question 19.
By evening It falls and becomes one with the earth again. (Rewrite using the ‘-tng form of the underlined word.)
Answer:
By evening it falls, becoming one with the earth agaIn.

Question 20.
Who Is stronger – water or rocks? Justify your answer.
Answer:
I think water is stronger. It wears down tue hard rock by its gentle patience, persistence and perseverance

Question 21.
State whether the ¿ilowlng statements are True or False: (The answers are given directly and underlined.)
Answer:
(i) The spider’s webs are delicate as well as weak. ‘ False
(Ii) The teamwork and perseverance of ants were Impressive. True

Question 22.
What teaches us that hard times do not last forever? How?
Answer:
The following things teach us that hard times do not last forever:
(i) bits of grass peeping through small cracks in a concrete pavement and
(ii) the green leaves on a tree In spring The grass had been nearly destroyed by the concrete but had come to life again. The tree had been bare all through the cold winter months, before regaining Its former green majesty.

Question 23.
Choose the sentence In the Past Perfect Tense from the sentences given below:
(a) The ants had organised themselves around the fly.
(b) The ants organized themselves around the fly.
(c) The ants hat’e organized themselves around the Jly.
Answer:
(a) The ants had organised themselves around the fly.

Question 24.
A rainbow colours the entire sky. (Begin the sentence with The entire sky …‘)
Answer:
The entire sky is coloured by a rainbow.

Question 25.
However Impossible things may look, there Is always an opening. (Rewrite beginning with ‘Even if..’.)
Answer:
Even if things, look Impossible. there is always an openIng.

Question 26.
Spider webs are delicate, yet very strong. (Rewrite beginning with ‘Although ….)
Answer:
Although spider webs arc delicate, they are very strong.

Question 27.
(1) PIck out an Infinitive from the lesson and use It In your own sentence.
(2) Punctuate what If we too had lived our lives however short to its fullest
(3) Find out two hidden words from the given word: approaches
(4) Make a meaningful sentence by using the given phrase: set In
(5) Spot the error and rewrite the correct sentence: When I do. It leave me In complete awe.
(6) IdentIfy the type of sentence: However dimcult things are right now, it will not remain so forever.
(7) WrIte the following words In alphabetical order: perseverance, withers, majesty, ‘oysters.
(8) Pick ont the verb from the following that can form both the present and past participle by doubling the last letter, and write the forms: hit. admtt. turn, feed
Answer:
(1) I went to the beach because I wanted to see the ship.
(2) What if we too had lived our lives, however short, to Its fullest?
(3) approaches — approach, perch (cheap, peach, preach)
(4) Many people try to avoid being In Mumbal when the summer sets in.
(5) When I do, It leaves me In complete awe,
(6) Assertive sentence (negative)
(7) majesty, oysters, perseverance, withers
(8) admit — admitting, admitted

Question 28.
Write 4 words related to things in nature.
Answer:
(1) (i) We must plant more trees to attract rain.
(ii) The new plant started production last year.
(2) We had gone to a rocky beach.
(3) We are soothed and nurtured by nature.
(4) Nature: sand, flower, tree, sun, ocean, rock. water, grass

Question 29.
(1) Use the following word as a verb and a noun in two separate sentences: touch
(2) Analyse the sentence: We saw small bits of grass peeping through the small cracks in a concrete pavement.
Answer:
(1) (i) “Can you touch the sky. Papa7 asked the little girl. (verb)
(ii) The old lady would wake UI) at the slightest touch. (noun)
(2) Simple Sentence.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 4.4 The Height of the Ridiculous Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Kumarbharati Textbook Solutions Unit 4.4 The Height of the Ridiculous

Maharashtra Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 4.4 Warming Up Questions and Answers

The Height Of The Ridiculous Appreciation Question 1.
The teacher writes incomplete sentences on the board. He/She asks the students to complete them in their notebooks.
(a) Today, I am happy because ……………………………… .
(b) Today after the class, I wish ……………………………… .
(c) Tomorrow, I feel that ……………………………… .
(d) I want to laugh because ……………………………… .
(e) Today, the class seems to be cheerful about ……………………………… .
Answer:
(a) my grandparents are coming for a holiday.
(b) to eat an ice cream.
(c) I will go for a movie.
(d) I am very happy.
(e) the forthcoming football match.

The Height Of The Ridiculous Question 2.
The teacher writes an incomplete sentence and asks the students to complete it in a funny way.
Answer:
(1) Mother gave me cheese but the cat ate it.
(2) I went to the market and bought an elephant.

Appreciation Of Poem The Height Of Ridiculous Question 3.
Give the words related to:

Syllable
A syllable is a unit of spoken language made up of a single uninterrupted sound formed by a vowel and consonants. For example, single syllable : ant, two syllables – water, three syllables : Inferno.
Answer:

The Height Of The Ridiculous Theme Question 4.
Pick out the word from the given box and write it in the correct columns below.

jump, narrow, cable, live, queen, butter, tree, kitten, van, yellow, dale, happy, night, printer, star, sober, paper, cloud, pearl, within, bike, began, slender.

Here the focus is not on the spellings but the pronunciation of the words.

Words with one syllable	Words with two syllables

Answer:

Words with one syllable	Words with two syllables
jump, live, queen, tree, van, dale, night, star, cloud, pearl, bike	narrow, cable, butter, kitten, yellow, happy, printer, sober, paper, within, began, slender

The Height Of The Ridiculous Notes Question 5.
Count the syllables and circle the appropriate number in the box.

Answer:

The Height Of The Ridiculous Question 6.
Write the names of any five of your friends and mention the number of syllables in each name.

Name	Number of syllables

Answer:

Name	Number of syllables
Rohan	2
Namrata	3
Poonam	2
Jai	1
Nilima	3

The Height of the Ridiculous Class 10 English Workshop Questions and Answers Maharashtra Board

The Height Of The Ridiculous Question 1.
Find out expressions from the poem that indicate funny moments.
For example, I laughed as I would die.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Answer:
(1) was all upon the grin
(2) the grin grew broad
(3) and shot from ear to ear
(4) He read the third; a chuckling noise
(5) The fourth; he broke into a roar
(6) The fifth; his waistband split;
(7) The sixth; he burst five buttons off;
(8) And tumbled in a fit.

Appreciation Of The Poem The Height Of Ridiculous Question 2.
Order of sequence : Arrange the following reactions in their proper order, as per the poem.
(a) His waistband split
(b) The grin grew broad.
(c) Sleepless eye.
(d) Was all upon the grin.
(e) He broke into a roar.
(f) He burst five buttons off.
Answer:
(d) Was all upon the grin
(b) The grin grew bro^d
(e) He broke into a roar
(a) His waistband split
(f) He burst five buttons
(c) Sleepless eye

Height Of Ridiculous Appreciation Question 3.
Form pairs and find out the various rhyming words in the poem and two of your own. Complete the following table.

Words	Rhyming words from the poem	Rhyming words more of your own
ear
within
man
split
way
him
die
mood

Answer:

Words	Rhyming words from the poem	Rhyming words more of your own
Way	Pay	Say, ray
Him	Limb	Dim, rim
Die	I	Fly, shy
Mood	Good	Food, wood
Ear	Hear	fear, dear
Within	Grin	sin, bin
Man	Can	fan, ran
Split	Fit	knit, lit

The Height Of Ridiculous Appreciation Question 4.
Match the lines with the Figures of Speech.

Lines	Figures of Speech
1.   In wondrous merry mood 2.  They were so queer, so very queer. 3.  And saw him peep within 4.  The grin grew broad. 5.  And shot from ear to ear. 6.  He broke into a roar. 7.  Ten days and nights with sleepless eye	Tautology Alliteration Onomatopoeia Repetition Hyperbole Repetition Transferred Epithet

Answer:

Lines	Figures of Speech
1. In wondrous, merry mood	Tautology
2. They were so queer, so very queer	Repetition
3.  And saw him peep within	Repetition
4. The grin grew broad	Alliteration
5. And shot from ear to ear	Hyperbole
6. He broke into a roar –	Onomatopoeia
7. Ten days and nights with sleepless eye	Transferred Epithet

Appreciation Of The Poem The Height Of The Ridiculous Question 5.
Copy any two stanzas of the poem in the lines below. Using a coloured pen underline the stressed syllables in each line and put a stress-mark ( ) over each.
Answer:
I wrote some lines once on a time
In wondrous merry mood,
And thought, as usual, men would say
They were exceeding good.

The Height Of The Ridiculous Question 6.
Complete the lines of the poem by choosing proper pairs of rhyming words and make it meaningful.
– We returned home late, one ………………………. ,
In the window, there glowed a ………………………. .
Burglars !! was our very first ………………………. ;
For defence, sticks ‘n stones we ………………………. .
”Let’s grab the loot and ………………………. ,”
was uttered soft, by ………………………..
The door we softly ……………………….,
And then we were truly ………………………..
Oops! Before, outside, we’d ……………………….,
The television had been left ………………………..
(run, shocked, gone, night, sought, on, someone, thought, light, unlocked)
Answer:
We returned home late, one night,
In the window there glowed a light.
Burglars! Was our very first thought,
For defence, sticks ‘n stones we sought.
“Let’s grab the loot and run.”
Was uttered soft, by someone.
The door we softly unlocked.
And then we were truly shocked.
Oops! Before outside we’d gone,
The television had been left on!

The Height Of Ridiculous Poem Appreciation Question 7.
Form goups in your class and together compose a short humorous poem. Use jokes, experiences, etc. and convert it to a poetic form. Write and decorate it on chart-paper and put it up in your class, in turns.

Appreciation Of The Height Of The Ridiculous Question 8.
Go through the poem and write an appreciation of the poem in a paragraph format.
Answer:
Point Format
(for understanding)
The title of the poem: ‘The Height of the Ridiculous’
The poet: Oliver Wendell Holmes
Rhyme scheme: abcb.
Figures of speech: Transferred Epithet, Hyperbole, Onomatopoeia, Tautology, Alliteration, etc.
Theme/Central idea: A funny poem to simply entertain the audience; written for Enjoyment.

Paragraph Format
The poem ‘The Height of the Ridiculous’ is written by Oliver Wendell Holmes.

The rhyme scheme of the poem is abcb. There are many figures of speech, like Hyperbole, Tautology, Onomatopoeia, Alliteration, etc. but the one that stands out is Transferred Epithet. In the line ‘Ten days and nights, with sleepless eye’, the adjective ‘sleepless’ should be for the man and not for the eye.

The poem is a humorous one written for enjoyment, with plenty of funny expressions. The main purpose of the poet is to simply entertain the reader.

Appreciation Of Poem The Height Of The Ridiculous Question 9.
Project :
Reading a poem.
Arrange the poetry reading competition. Select the poem of your choice.

• Read the poem silently.
• Repeat the reading of the poem.
• Focus on the pauses, stresses, intonation etc.
• Pay attention to the proper pronunciations.

Poem Appreciation Of The Height Of Ridiculous Question 10.
Choose the correct alternatives: (The answers are given directly and underlined.)
(1) The poet was in a very …………….. mood when he wrote the lines.
(a) tired
(b) happy
(c) bored
(d) wondering
Answer:
(b) happy

(2) The poet was generally a ……………… man.
(a) humorous
(b) wonderful
(c) serious
(d) good
Answer:
(c) serious

Question 11.
Explain:
(a) the contrast between the poet and his servant.
Answer:
The poet was a thin and slender man while his servant was strong and muscular.

(b) the poet’s reaction when he read the lines.
Answer:
The poet laughed heartily when he read the lines. He laughed so hard he thought he would die.

Question 12.
Find out the expression from the extract that indicates funny moments:
Answer:
‘I laughed as I would die’.

Question 13.
Match the lines with the figures of speech:
Lines – Figures of Speech
(a) A sober man am I – (c) Tautology
(b) To mind a slender man like me – (d) Inversion
Answer:
(a) A sober man am I – Inversion
(b) To mind a slender man like me – Alliteration

Question 14.
Complete the following:
(1) There was a grin on the servant’s face when …………………………
(2) The chuckling noise was heard when ……………………..
(3) When he read the fifth line ………………….
(4) The grin grew from ear to ear when the servant ………………….
Answer:
(1) he read the first line.
(2) the servant read the third line.
(3) his waistband split.
(4) read the second line.

Question 15.
Describe the outcome of this experience on the poet.
Answer:
After this experience, the poet has never dared to write any more funny poems.

Question 16.
Which line suggests that the servant was totally out of control?
Answer:
The line ‘And tumbled into a fit’ suggests that the servant was totally out of control.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 12 Study of Sound Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 12 Study of Sound

Class 9 Science Chapter 12 Study of Sound Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the blanks and explain.

a. Sound does not travel through ……………………….……….. .
b The velocity of sound in steel is ……………………….………… than the velocity of sand in water.
c. The incidence of ……………………….………… in daily life shows that the velocity of sound is less than the velocity of light.
d. To discover a sunken ship or objects deep inside the sea, ……………………….………… technology is used.

2. Explain giving scientific reasons.

a. The roof of a movie theatre and a conference hall is curved.
Answer:

• Sound waves get reflected from the walls and roof of a room multiple times. This causes a single sound to be heard not once but continuously. This is called reverberation.
• Due to reverberation, some auditoriums or some particular seats in an auditorium have inferior sound reception. This can be compensated with curtains.
• Ceilings of these halls are made curved so that sound after reflecting from the ceiling, reaches all parts of the hall and the quality of sound improves.

b. The intensity of reverberation is higher in a closed and empty house.
Answer:

• Reverberation occurs due to multiple reflections of sound.
• The furniture in the house acts as a sound-absorbing material.
• So if the house is closed and empty, a reflection of sound will be maximum and hence, intensity of reverberation is higher.

c. We cannot hear the echo produced in a classroom.
Answer:

• For distinct echoes, the minimum distance of the reflecting surface from the source of sound must be 17.2 m.
• Benches in the classroom are sound absorbing materials which prevent echo of sound.
• Because of these two reasons echo is not heard in a classroom.

3. Answer the following questions in your own words.

a. What is an echo? What factors are important to get a distinct echo?
Answer:

• An echo is the repetition of the original sound because of reflection by some surface.
• At 22°C, the velocity of sound in air is 344 m/s.
• Our brain retains a sound for 0.1 seconds Thus, for us to be able to hear a distinct echo, the sound should take more than 0.1 seconds after starting from the source to get reflected and. come back to us.
• We know that,
  Distance = speed x time
  = 344 m/s x 0.1 s
  = 34.4 m
• Thus, to be able to hear a distinct echo, the reflecting surface should be at a minimum distance of half of the above, i.e. 17.2 m.
• As the velocity of sound depends on the temperature of air, this distance depends on the temperature.

b. Study the construction of the Golghumat at Vijapur and discuss the reasons for the multiple echoes produced there.
Answer:

• Goighumat with a height of 51 metres and diameter of 37 metres with 3 metres thick walls is spread over approximately 1700 square metres.
• This meets the conditions for echo i.e. : 17.2 metres minimum.
• The dome of the golghumat is curved and hence, sound reflects multiple times before reaching the observer.
• This is the reason for multiple echoes being produced.

c. What should be the dimensions and the shape of classrooms so that no echo can be produced there?
Answer:

1. Dimensions: The distance between opposite walls in a classroom must be less than 17.2 m so that the reflected sound returns to the observer within 0.1 s.
2. Shape: The classrooms should have curved ceilings and walls so that the reflected sound is directed towards the observer instantly within 0.1 s

4. Where and why are sound-absorbing materials used?
Answer:
The sound absorbing materials are used in :

• School, cinema hall, concert hall, houses or places where quality of sound is important.
• In the absence of sound absorbing material the sound will undergo multiple reflection causing reverberation of sound.

5. Solve the following examples.

a. The speed of sound in air at O °C is 332 m/s. If it increases at the rate of 0.6 m/s per degree, what will be the temperature when the velocity has increased to 344 m/s?
Answer:
Given:
Initial speed of sound at 0°C 332 m/s.
Final speed of sound -344 m/s.
Rate of increase per degree rise in temp. = 0.6m/s
To find:
Temperature when speed is 344m/s
Formulae:
Increase in temperature

Temperature when the speed of sound is 344 m/sis 20°C

b. Nita heard the sound of lightning after 4 seconds of seeing it. What was the distance of the lightning from her? (The velocity of sound in air is 340 m/s?)
Answer:
Given : Speed of sound (v) = 340 m/s
Time taken (f) = 4 sec
To find : Distance (s) = ?

The lightning has struck at a distance of 1360 m from the observer.

c. Sunil is standing between two walls. The wall closest to him is at a distance of 360 m. If he shouts, he hears the first echo after 4 s and another after another 2 seconds.
1. What is the velocity of sound in air?
2. What is the distance between the two walls? (Ans: 330 m/s; 1650 m)
Answer:
Given:
Distance of the closer wall (S₁) = 660 m
Time of echo from closer wall = 4 sec
∴ Time taken (t₁) = 4/2 sec = 2 sec
Time of echo from distant wall = 6 sec
∴ Time taken (t₂) = 6/2 sec = 3 sec
To find :
Velocity of sound in air (y) =?
Distance between two walls (S₁ + S₂) = ?

The velocity of sound in air is 330 mIs and the distance between two walls is 1650 m.

d. Hydrogen gas is filled in two identical bottles, A and B, at the same temperature. The mass of hydrogen in the two bottles is 12 gm and 48 gm respectively. In which bottle will sound travel faster? How may times as fast as the other? (Ans: In A; Twice)
Answer:
In A; Thrice

e. Helium gas is filled in two identical bottles A and B. The mass of the gas in the two bottles is 10 gm and 40 gm respectively. If the speed of sound is the same in both bottles, what conclusions will you draw? (Ans: Temperature of B is 4 times the temperature of A.)
Given:
Mass of Helium in bottle A = (mA) = 10gm
Mass of Helium in bottle B = (mB) = 40gm


The temperature of B is 4 times the temperature of A

Class 9 Science Chapter 12 Study of Sound Intext Questions and Answers

Study Of Sound Class 9 Notes Maharashtra Board Question 1.
How does the velocity of sound depend on its frequency?
Answer:
The velocity of sound is directly proportional to its frequency
ν = υ λ
when ν = velocity
υ = frequency
λ = wavelength

9th Class Science Chapter 12 Study Of Sound Exercise Question 2.
The molecular weight of oxygen gas (O₂) is 32 while that of hydrogen gas (H₂) is 2. Prove that under the same physical conditions, the velocity of sound in hydrogen is four times that in oxygen.
Answer:
Given:
Molecular wt of Oxygen (M_o) =32
Molecular wt of hydrogen (M_H) = 2
To Find:
V_H = 4 v_o


Hence, proved that velocity of sound in hydrogen is four times that in oxygen.

Answer the following:

Study Of Sound Class 9 Maharashtra Board  Question 1.
How will you reduce reverberation in public halls or buildings?
Answer:
(i) Reverberation in public halls or buildings will be reduced by using sound absorbing materials like curtains on wall, carpets on the floor.
(ii) By keeping the windows open, as sound will not get reflected.

12 Study Of Sound 9th Class Exercise  Question 2.
How is ultrasound used in medical science?
Answer:

• Sonography: Sonography technology uses ultrasonic sound waves to generate images of internal organs of the human body.
• Echocardiography: Echocardiography is a test that uses ultrasonic sound waves to produce live images of your heart.

9th Science Chapter 12 Study Of Sound Exercise Question 3.
To hear the echo distinctly, will the distance from the source of sound to the reflecting surface be same at all temperatures? Explain your answer.
Answer:

• No,the distance from the source of sound to the reflecting surface will not be the same at all temperatures.
• Velocity of sound is directly proportional to the square root of temperature.
• One of the conditions of echo is that the time interval between the original and reflected sound should be more than 0.1 sec.
• So if the temperature increases, the velocity of sound increases and the reflected sound reaches in less than 0.1 sec.
• So for echo to be heard the distance between the observer and the reflecting surface has to increase.

9th Science Chapter 12 Study Of Sound Question 4.
When is the reflection of sound harmful?
Answer:

• Reflected sound of high intensity called as noise is disturbing and harmful to the ears.
• When sound reverberates i.e it undergoes multiple reflections, poor quality of sound is produced.

9th Class Science Chapter 12 Study Of Sound Question Answer Question 5.
What kind of waves are created when a stone is dropped in water ?
Answer:

• When a stone is dropped in water, the particles of water oscillate up and down.
• These oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave, such waves are called transverse waves.

Answer the following question:

12 Study Of Sound 9th Class Question 1.
Observe the graph/ diagram and discuss your observation.
Answer:

1. Fig. A shows changes in density. The region where particles are crowded is called compression and where they are far apart are rarefaction.
2. Fig. B show change in pressure. The lines represent layers of air. The regions when lines are crowded are high pressure regions while when they are far apart are of low pressure.
3. Fig. C shows changes in density or pressure. The crest represents high pressure region while trough represents low pressure region.

Answer the following question:

Study Of Sound Class 9 Question Answer Question 1.
How are the frequencies of notes sa, re, ga, ma, pa, dha, ni related to each other?
Answer:
The frequencies of notes sa, re, ga, ma, pa, dha, ni are related in the ratio.

i.e if first Sa is 240Hz then the next Sa will be 240 x 2 = 480Hz

Class 9 Science Chapter 12 Study Of Sound Exercise Question 2.
What is the main difference between the frequencies of the voice of a man and that of a woman?
Answer:

• Voice of a woman is high pitch i.e shorter wavelength and higher frequency
• Voice of man is low pitch i.e larger wavelength and smaller frequency.

Question 3.
Try this;

(a) In the above activity, what will happen if you lift one of the tubes to some height?
Answer:
If one of the tubes is lifted, angle of incidence will not be equal to angle of reflection, hence, the sound will not be clearly audible.

(b) Measure the angle of incidence 01 and the angle of reflection 02. Try to see if they are related in any way.
Answer:
Angle of incidence is same as the angle of reflection.

Class 9 Science Chapter 12 Study of Sound Additional Important Questions and Answers

Can you recall?

12.Study Of Sound Question 1.
How is the direction of the oscillation of the particles of the medium related to the direction of propagation if the sound wave?
Answer:

• Sound travels as a longitudinal wave.
• In a longitudinal wave, the particle of the medium oscillate parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave.

Choose and write the correct option:

Class 9 Science Chapter 12 Study Of Sound Question 1.
The unit of frequency is ……………………………… .
(a) Hertz
(b) m/s²
(c) Decibels
(d) m/s
Answer:
(a) Hertz

Study Of Sound Class 9 Exercise Question 2.
The normal hearing range for humans is ……………………………… .
(a) 0 Hz to 20 Hz
(b) greater than 20,000 Hz
(c) 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz

Class 9th Science Chapter 12 Study Of Sound Question Answer  Question 3.
Sound will not travel through ……………………………… .
(a) Vacuum
(b) Liquid
(c) Solid
(d) Gases
Answer:
(a) vacuum

Class 9 Science Chapter 12 Study Of Sound Question Answer Question 4.
SI unit of ………………………………. is Hertz (Hz).
(a) Wavelength
(b) Frequency
(c) Speed of wave
(d) Velocity
Answer:
(b) frequency

Reflection Of Sound Class 9 Question 5.
The velocity of sound is inversely proportional to the ……………………………… .
(a) Pressure
(b) Square root of temperature
(c) Square root of density
(d) Humidity
Answer:
(c) square root of density

Question 6.
Sound waves with frequency greater than 20 kHz are called ……………………………… .
(a) Infrasound
(b) Ultrasound
(c) Sonic
(d) Damped sound
Answer:
(b) ultrasound

Question 7.
The loudness of a sound depends upon ……………………………… .
(a) Amplitude
(b) Speed
(c) Density
(d) Wavelength
Answer:
(a) Amplitude

Question 8.
……………………………… are used in sonography.
(a) High frequency ultrasound
(b) Stationary waves
(c) High frequency infrasound
(d) High frequency micro waves
Answer:
(a) High frequency ultrasound

Question 9.
The ……………………………… receives the vibrations coming from the membrane and converts them into electrical signals which are sent to the brain through the nerve.
(a) Cochlea
(b) Tympanic cavity
(c) Stapes
(d) Pinna
Answer:
(a) Cochlea

Find the odd one out:

Question 1.
Bats, rats, cats, dolphins
Answer:
Cats: cannot produce ultrasonic sound.

Question 2.
Clothes, paper, curtains, mirror
Answer:
Mirror: is a good reflector of sound, while others are poor reflectors.

Question 3.
Submarines, icebergs, internal organ, sunken ships.
Answer:
Internal organ: sonography is used , while for others sonar system is used.

Question 4.
Temperature, density, molecular weight, pressure
Answer:
Pressure: for a fixed temperature, the speed of sound does not depend on the pressure of the gas, all other factors affect speed of sound.

Answer in one sentence:

Question 1.
How can one produce sound?
Answer:
Vibration set up in an object produces sound (or) sound is produced when an object is disturbed and starts vibrating.

Question 2.
What is velocity of sound wave ?
Answer:
The distance covered by a point on the wave in unit time is the velocity of the sound wave.

Question 3.
What is the minimum distance of the reflecting surface to hear an echo ?
Answer:
To be able to hear a distinct echo, the reflecting surface should be at a minimum distance of 17.2 m.

Match the columns:

Question 1.

Column ‘A’	Column B’	Column C
(1) Transverse wave	(a) Particles oscillate parallel to direction of propagation	(i) Wave produced in a slinky
(2) Longitudinal wave	(b) Particles oscillate perpendicular to direction of propagation	(ii) Frequency less than 20 Hz
(3) Ultrasound	(c) Echo formation is heard under particular conditions	(iii) Wave produced in string
(4) Infrasound	(d) High frequency waves	(iv) Frequency between 20 Hz to 20000 Hz
(5) Audible frequency	(e) Low frequency waves	(v) Frequency greater than 20000 Hz

Answer:
(1-b- iii),
(2– a- i),
(3 – d – v),
(4 – e – ii),
(5 -c- iv)

Question 2.

Column A’	Column ‘B’	Column C
(1) Amplitude	(a) T	(i) Pitch of sound
(2) Frequency	(b) A	(ii) Loudness of sound
(3) Wavelength	(c) υ	(iii) Reciprocal of frequency
(4) Time period	(d) λ	(iv) v/υ

Answer:
(1 -b – ii),
(2 -c – i),
(3-d – iv),
(4 – a – iii)

Name the following:

Question 1.
A form of energy which produces sensation of hearing in our ears.
Answer:
Sound energy

Question 2.
Repetitions of sound due to reflection .
Answer:
Echo

Question 3.
The audible range of sound for human being.
Answer:
20 Hz to 20,000 Hz

Question 4.
A method to obtain images of internal organs of the human body.
Answer:
Sonography

Question 5.
The matter or substance through which sound gets transmitted.
Answer:
Solid, liquid, gases

Question 6.
Three major parts of the ear.
Answer:
External ear, the middle ear and the inner ear.

Question 7.
Any two examples in which infrasound is produced.
Answer:
Pendulum, earthquake.

Question 8.
Name the living beings that can produce ultrasound.
Answer:
Bats, dolphins, mice.

Give scientific reasons:

Question 1.
Bats can navigate in dark.
Answer:

• The ultrasonic sound produced by bats, gets reflected on hitting an obstacle.
• This reflected sound is received by their ears and they can locate the obstacle and estimate its distance even in the dark.
• Hence, bats can navigate in dark.

Question 2.
A SONAR system is installed in a ship.
Answer:

• A SONAR system determines the depth of the sea.
• It locates underwater hills, valleys, icebergs, submarines and sunken ships. It also locates the positions of other ships or submarines.
• Hence a SONAR system is installed in a ship.

Question 3.
Sound travels faster in iron than in air.
Answer:

• Sound requires a material medium for its propagation and travels in the form of a longitudinal wave.
• The denser the medium, faster is the propagation of sound.
• Hence, sound travels faster in iron than in air.

Solve the following:

Type – A

Formula:
\(\text { (i) Velocity }=\frac{\text { distance }}{\text { time }}\)

Question 1.
Ultrasonic waves are transmitted downwards into the sea with the help of a SONAR. The reflected sound is received after 4 s. What is the depth of the sea at that place? (Velocity of sound in seawater = 1550 m/s)
Answer:
Given:
Time to hear echo = 4 sec
Time taken by sound waves to reach the bottom 4 of sea (t) = 4/2 sec = 2 sec
Velocity of sound in sea water (v) = 1550 m/s
To find:
Depth of sea(s) = ?

The depth of the sea at that place is 3100 m.

Question 2.
A person standing near a hill fires a gun and hears the echo after 1 second. If speed of sound in air is 340 m/s. Find the distance between the hill and the person.
Answer:
Given:
Time to hear echo = 1 sec 1
Time taken (t) = 1/2 sec
Velocity of sound (v) = 340 m/s
To find:
Distance (s) = ?

Distance between the person and hill is 170 m.

Numerical For Practice

Question 3.
If you hear the thunder 20 seconds after you see the flash of lightning, how far from you has the lightning occurred? (Speed of sound in air = 340 m/s)
Answer:
6800m

Question 4.
Aboy observes smoke from a cannon 3 seconds before he hears the bang. If the cannon is 1020 m from the observer, find the velocity of sound.
Answer:
340 rn/s

Question 5.
A soldier standing between the two buildings fires a gun. He heard the echo of the sounds from the first building after 2 seconds and echo from the second building after 3 seconds. Find the distance between two buildings. (Speed of sound in air = 340 m/s)
Answer:
850m

Type – B

\(Formula:
(i) Velocity = Frequency \times Wavelength
(ii) Velocity =\frac{\text { distance }}{\text { time }}\)

Question 1.
Sound waves of wavelength 1 cm have a velocity of 340 mIs in air. What is their frequency? Can this sound be heard by the human ear?
Answer:
Given:
wave length (λ) = 1cm = 1/100
Velocity of sound (v) = 340 m/s
To fInd :
frequency (u) = ?
Formulae:
ν = υ λ
Solution:

The frequency of the sound waves is 34000 Hz. The frequency is higher than 20000 Hz and therefore, this sound cannot be heard by the human ear.

Question 2.
How long will it take for a sound wave of 25 cm wavelength and 1.5 kHz frequency, to travel a distance of 1.5 km?
Answer:
Given:
frequency (u) = 1.5 kHz = 1500 Hz

\(\begin{array}{l}
=\frac{1500}{375} \\
=4 \mathrm{sec}
\end{array}\)
The sound wave takes 4 sec to travel the distance of 1.5 km.

Question 3.
Calculate distance travelled by a sound wave having frequency 1000 Hz and wavelength 0.25 m, if it travels for 5 seconds in a certain medium.
Answer:
Given:
frequency (u) = 1000 Hz
wavelength (λ) = 0.25 m
time (t) = 5 seconds
To find :
Distance (d) =?
Formulae:
ν = υ λ
Solution:

The distance travelled by the sound wave is 1250 m.

Question 4.
The audible range of sound is 20 Hz to 20000 Hz. At 22°C in air speed of sound is 344 mIs. Express the range of sound in terms of wavelength by calculating the respective values.
Answer:
Given:
frequency (u₁) 20 Hz
frequency ( u₂) = 20,000 Hz
velocity (v) = 344 rn/s
To find :
Wavelengths λ₁ and λ₂ = ?
Formulae:
ν = υ λ
Solution:


Audible range of wavelength of sound is from 17.2 x 10^-3 m to 17.2 m.

Numerical For Practice

Question 5.
A sound wave has frequency 320 Hz and wavelength 0.25 m. How much distance will it travel in 10 second?
Answer:
The distance travelled is 800 m.

Type – C

Question 1.
Hydrogen gas is filled in two identical bottles, A and B, at the same temperature. The mass of hydrogen in the two bottles is 12 gm and 48 gin respectively. In which bottle will sound travel faster? How many timés as fast as the other?
Answer:
Given:
Mass of hydrogen in bottle A (m_A) = 12gm
Mass of hydrogen in bottle B(m_B) = 48gm
To find:
In which bottle sound travels faster.
Formulae:


Since both bottles are identical hence, the volume is the same, i.e. v
Dividing (j) and (ii),

(i) Vivacity of sound will be more in bottle A.
(ii) Velocity of sound in bottle A (V_A) is twice of that in bottle B (v_B)

Numerical For Practice

Question 2.
Argon gas is filled in two identical bottles X and Y. The mass of the gas in the two bottles is 5 gm and 25gm respectively. If the speed of sound is the same in both bottles, what conclusions will you draw?
Answer:
(Temperature of Y is 5 times the temperature of X.)

Type – D

Numerical For Practice

Question 1.
Velocity of sound in air at 0°C is 332nVs. It increases by 0.6ni/s for each °Celsius rise in temperature. At what temperature of ait the velocity will be 359m1s?
Answer:
45°C

Question 2.
Velocity of sound In air at 0°C is 332m/s It increases by 0.6mIs for each degree Celsius rise In temperature. What will be the velocity of sound at 60°C?
Answer:
368 rn/s

Define the following:

Question 1.
Wave length (λ)
Answer:
The distance between two consecutive compressions (or crests) or two consecutive rarefactions (or troughs) is called the wavelength.

Question 2.
Amplitude (A)
Answer:
The maximum value of pressure or density is called amplitude.

Question 3.
Frequency (υ)
Answer:
The frequency of a sound wave is defined as the number of complete oscillations of density (or pressure of the medium) per second.

Question 4.
Time Period (T)
Answer:
The time taken for one complete oscillation of pressure or density at a point in the medium is called the time period.

Question 5.
Echo
Answer:
An echo is the repetition of the original sound because of reflection by some surface.

Question 6.
Transverse waves
Answer:
Oscillations of the particles of the medium vibrate at right angles to the direction of propagation of the wave are called transverse waves.

Question 7.
longitudinal waves
Answer:
The particles of the medium oscillate about their central or mean position in a direction parallel to the propagation of wave is called as longitudinal waves.

Question 8.
Velocity of wave
Answer:
The distance covered by a point on the wave (for example the point of highest density or lowest density) in unit time is the velocity of the sound wave.’

Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Infrasound and Ultrasound
Answer:

	Infrasound		Ultrasound
(i)	Longitudinal waves whose are below 20 Hz are called Infrasound waves. frequencies Infrasonic or	(i)	Longitudinal waves whose frequencies lie- above 20,000 Hz are called Ultrasonic or ultrasound waves.
(ii)	Whales, elephants produce sound in the infrasound range.	(ii)	Bats produce (30 kHz to 50 kHz) frequency and dolphins produce ultrasound (100 kHz).

Question 2.
Transverse waves and Longitudinal waves
Answer:

Transverse waves	Longitudinal waves
(i) Particles of the medium vibrate at right angles to the direction of propagation of the wave. (ii) They produce crests and troughs. (iii) For transverse waves, a wavelength is made up of one crest and one trough.	(i) Particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave. (ii) They produce compression and rarefaction. (iii) For longitudinal waves, a wavelength is made up of one compression and one rarefaction.

Question 3.
Consider two cases
(A) whistle of train (B) roar of a lion

(I) In which case the sound is high pitch?
Answer:
Whistle of a train is high pitch as compared to roar of a lion, as the frequency is higher.

(II) What is the real cause of sound production? Explain with examples.
Answer:

• Vibrations in the object are responsible to produce a sound.
• Vibration is a rapid to and fro motion of an object.
• Sometimes the vibrations may be strong enough to be seen by eyes, e.g. string vibrations in string instruments, vibration on mobile phone, blowing air in the cap of your pen by holding it near the lips.

(III) Three sounds 5 Hz, 500 Hz and 50,000 Hz are produced by different sources.
(a) Which sound will be heard by humans?
(b) Which sounds may be produced by bats?
(c) Which sounds may be produced by elephants?
Answer:
(a) 500 Hz – Humans can hear sounds in the range of 20 Hz-20,000 Hz
(b) 50,000 Hz – Bats produce ultrasonic sounds above 20,000 Hz
(c) 5 Hz – Elephants can produce infrasonic sounds below 20 Hz

Question 6.
Suppose you and your friend are on the moon. Will you be able to hear any sound
Answer:
Sound waves need a material medium for their propagation. Since there is no atmosphere on the moon, we cannot hear any sound on the moon.

Answer in detail:

Question 1.
What are the factors on which velocity of sound in gaseous medium depend?
Answer:
The velocity of sound in a gaseous medium depends on the physical conditions i.e. the temperature, density of the gas and its molecular weight.

1. Temperature (T): The velocity of sound is directly proportional to the square root of the temperature of the medium. This means that increasing the temperature four times doubles the velocity.
   \(\text { v } \alpha \sqrt{\mathrm{T}}\)
2. Density(p): The velocity of sound is inversely proportional to the square root of density. Thus, increasing the density four times, reduces the velocity to half its value.
   \(\mathrm{v} \alpha \frac{1}{\sqrt{\rho}}\)
3. Molecular weight (M): The velocity sound is inversely proportional to the square root of molecular weight of the gas. Thus, increasing the molecular weight four times, reduces the velocity to haff its value.
   \(\mathrm{v} \alpha \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathrm{M}}}\)

Question 2.
What are the uses of ultrasonic sound?
Answer:
Uses of ultrasonic sound are as follows:

• For communication between ships at sea.
• To join plastic surfaces together.
• To sterilize liquids like milk by killing the bacteria in it so that the milk keeps for a longer duration.
• Echocardiography which studies heartbeats, is based on ultrasonic waves (Sonography technology).
• To obtain images of internal organs in a human body.
•  In industry to clean intricate parts of machines where hands cannot reach.
• To locate the cracks and faults in metal blocks.

Question 3.
Explain with the help of a neat labelled diagram the working of human ear.
Answer:

• The ear is an important organ of the human body.
• When sound waves fall on the eardrum, it vibrates and these vibrations are converted into electrical signals which travel to the brain through nerves.
• The ear can be divided into three parts:
  (a) Outer ear
  (b) Middle ear
  (c) Inner ear.

(a) Outer ear or Pinna
The outer ear collects the sound waves and passes them through a tube to a cavity in the middle ear. Its peculiar funnel like shape helps to collect and pass sounds into the middle ear.

(b) Middle ear
There’ is a thin membrane in the cavity of the middle ear called the eardrum. When a compression in a sound wave reaches the eardrum, the pressure outside it increases and it gets pushed inwards. The opposite happens when a rarefaction reaches there. The pressure outside decreases and the membrane gets pulled outwards. Thus, sound waves cause vibrations of the membrane.

(c) Inner ear
The auditory nerve connects the inner ear to the brain. The inner ear has a structure resembling the shell of a snail. It is called the cochlea. The cochlea receives the vibrations coming from the membrane and converts them into electrical signals which are sent to the brain through the nerve. The brain analyses these signals.

Question 4.
Write a short note on SONAR
Answer:

(i) SONAR is the short form for Sound Navigation and Ranging. It is used to determine the direction, distance and speed of an underwater object with the help of ultrasonic sound waves. SONAR has a transmitter and a receiver, which are fitted on ships or boats.

(ii) The transmitter produces and transmits ultrasonic sound waves. These waves travel through water, strike underwater objects and get reflected by them. The reflected waves are received by the receiver on the ship.

(iii) The receiver converts the ultrasonic sound into electrical signals and these signals are properly interpreted. The time difference between transmission and reception is noted. This time and the velocity of sound in water give the distance from the ship, of the object which reflects the waves.

(iv) SONAR is used to determine the depth of the sea. SONAR is also used to search underwater hills, valleys, submarines, icebergs, sunken ships etc.

Question 5.
Write a short note on Sonography. How is it misused?
Answer:

• Sonography technology uses ultrasonic sound waves to generate images of internal organs of the human body.
• This is useful in finding out the cause of swelling, infection, pain, condition of the heart, the state of the heart after a heart attack as well as the growth of foetus inside the womb of a pregnant woman.
• This technique makes use of a probe and a gel.
• The gel is used to make proper contact between the skin and the probe so that the full capacity of the ultrasound can be utilized.
• High-frequency ultrasound is transmitted inside the body with the help of the probe.
• The sound reflected from the internal organ is again collected by the probe and fed to a computer which generates the images of the internal organ.
• As this method is painless, it is increasingly used in medical practice for correct diagnosis.
• This technique is used by many people to find out gender of an unborn baby and this often leads to the incidence of female foeticide.

 

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Solutions Aksharbharati Chapter 7 फूटप्रिन्टस Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Aksharbharati Solutions Chapter 7 फूटप्रिन्टस

Marathi Aksharbharati Std 10 Digest Chapter 7 फूटप्रिन्टस Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
आकृती पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
कारणे लिहा.
(अ) स्नेहल त्रासली, कारण ………………………….
(आ) पावडेकाकांचा चेहरा पडला, कारण ………………………….
(इ) रेखामावशीची पावलं अधिक सुंदर आहेत, कारण. ………………………….
(ई) अभिषेकचे बाबा म्हणतात, पब्लिक ट्रान्सपोर्ट इज अ मस्ट, कारण ………………………….
उत्तरः
(अ) स्नेहल रेखामावशींना सॉरी म्हणाली कारण स्नेहल रेखामावशींना त्यांच्या मळकट पायांबद्दल बोलली होती.
(आ) पावडेकाकांचा चेहरा एकदम पडला कारण पावडे काकांची काळीकुट्ट पावले मोबाईल स्क्रिनवर उमटली होती.
(इ) रेखामावशीची पावलं अधिक सुंदर आहेत कारण रेखामावशीच्या रोजच्या जीवनात कार्बन उत्सर्जनाला वावच नाही.
(ई) सुमित म्हणतो, पब्लिक ट्रान्सपोर्ट इज मस्ट, कारण आपल्या पायांना चिकटलेला कार्बन प्रमाणात ठेवणे गरजेचे आहे.

प्रश्न 3.
उत्तर लिहा.
(अ) स्नेहलने केलेला निश्चय
(आ) अभिषेकने केलेला निश्चय
उत्तरः
(अ) स्नेहलने निश्चय केला की ती आजपासून बसनंच ये-जा करणार.
(आ) अभिषेकने निश्चय केला की तो कॉलेजला जाण्यासाठी सायकलचा उपयोग करणार.

प्रश्न 4.
पाठातील पात्रांची स्वभाव वैशिष्ट्ये लिहून तक्ता पूर्ण करा.
उत्तरः

प्रश्न 5.
खालील वाक्यांतील अलंकार ओळखा.
(अ) रेखामावशीचे पाय झऱ्याच्या स्फटिक स्वच्छ पाण्यासारखे.
(आ) पायपुसणीच्या आकाराचा एक निळा चौकोन उमटला, अगदी आभाळाच्या निरभ्र तुकड्यासारखा.

प्रश्न 5.
खालील शब्दांचे प्रचलित मराठीत अर्थ लिहा.
(अ) व्हर्चुअल रिअलिटी
(आ) टेक्नोसॅव्ही
उत्तरः
(अ) वास्तव सत्य
(आ) तंत्रस्नेही

प्रश्न 6.
खालील वाक्यातील विरामचिन्हे शोधून त्यांची नावे लिहा.
“मावशी, तुम्ही राहता कुठं?” विरामचिन्हे
उत्तरः

प्रश्न 7.
खालील शब्दांच्या जाती ओळखून लिहा.
(१) स्नेहल
(२) तिचे
(९) खालील तक्ता पूर्ण करा.
(३) चंदेरी
(४) करणे

प्रश्न 8.
स्वमत.
(अ) ‘आपल्या पायांचे वातावरणावर उमटलेले ठसे, आपल्याला सहजतेने पुसता येत नाहीत’, या विधानाचा तुम्हांला कळलेला अर्थ स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तरः
वातावरणात ग्लोबल वॉर्मिंगचे प्रमाण वाढताना दिसत आहे. मानवाने विज्ञानाच्या जोरावर अनेक नवनवीन तंत्रज्ञान विकसित केले आहे. मानवनिर्मित घटकांचा वापर करत असताना निसर्गाची हानी होत आहे. प्रत्येकजण दळणवळणासाठी वैयक्तिक वाहनांचा वापर करताना दिसतो. या वाहनांमुळे वातावरणात खूप मोठ्या प्रमाणात कार्बन मिसळत असतो. वृक्षतोड करून मोठमोठ्या इमारती उभारल्या जातात. झाडे नष्ट झाल्याने वातावरणातील ऑक्सिजनचे प्रमाण कमी होत आहे. त्यामुळे वातावरण प्रदूषित होत आहे. म्हणून लेखक रेखामावशीचे उदाहरण देतात, रेखामावशीच्या पायाला लागलेली धूळ त्यामुळे फरशीवर उमटणारे ठसे सहज पुसता येतील; पण आपण वातावरण दररोज कळत नकळत प्रदूषण करत असतो. त्याचे उमटलेले ठसे म्हणजेच ‘आपल्या पायांचे वातावरणात उमटलेले ठसे, मात्र आपल्याला सहजतेने पुसता येणार नाहीत’, असे लेखकाला या ठिकाणी सूचित करायचे आहे.

(आ) ‘तापानं फणफणलीय आपली धरती’ ही स्थिती बदलण्यासाठी उपाय सुचवा.
उत्तर:
पर्यावरण प्रदूषणात वाढ होईल अशीच आपली जीवनशैली असते. सार्वजनिक वाहनांचा वापर न करणे, एकाच माणसासाठी खाजगी वाहनाचा वापर थोड्या-थोड्या अंतरासाठी बाईकमोटारगाड्यांचा वापर यातून सदैव कार्बनचे उत्सर्जन आपण करत असतो. त्यामुळे जागतिक तापमान वाढीस मदत होते. शक्यतो आपण सार्वजनिक वाहनांचा उपयोग केला पाहिजे. थोड्या-थोड्या अंतरासाठी सायकलीचा किंवा पायी चालण्याचा पर्याय निवडला पाहिजे. म्हणजे कमीत-कमी पेट्रोलचा वापर केला पाहिजे. झाडे लावली पाहिजेत, हिरवळी वाढवल्या पाहिजेत, जेणे करून वातावरणातलां कार्बन डायोंक्साईड कमी होऊन हवा शुद्ध राहण्यास मदत होईल.

उपक्रम:

(अ) आठवड्यातून एक दिवस सायकलचा किंवा सार्वजनिक वाहनाचा वापर करा.
(आ) ‘ग्लोबल वॉर्मिंगचे दुष्परिणाम’, या विषयावर शिक्षकांच्या मदतीने चर्चा करा.

भाषाभ्यास
वाक्य म्हणजे काय, हे आपण अभ्यासले आहे. वाक्यांचे विविध प्रकार आहेत. त्यांतील काही वाक्यप्रकारांची माहिती आपण करून घेणार आहोत.
(१) विधानार्थी वाक्य
(३) उद्गारार्थी वाक्य ही वाक्ये वाचा. ही वाक्ये वाचा.
(अ) माझे घर दवाखान्याजवळ आहे.
(अ) अरेरे ! फार वाईट झाले.
(आ) तो रोज व्यायाम करत नाही.
(आ) शाबास ! चांगले काम केलेस. या प्रकारच्या वाक्यांत केवळ विधान केलेले असते. या प्रकारच्या वाक्यांत भावनेचा उद्गार काढलेला असतो.

(२) प्रश्नार्थी वाक्य ही वाक्ये वाचा.
(४) आज्ञार्थी वाक्य
(अ) तुला लाडू आवडतो का? ही वाक्ये वाचा.
(आ) तुम्ही सकाळी केव्हा उठता?
(अ) मुलांनो, रांगेत चला. या प्रकारच्या वाक्यांत प्रश्न विचारलेला असतो.
(आ) उत्तम आरोग्यासाठी व्यायाम करा. या प्रकारच्या वाक्यांत आज्ञा किंवा आदेश असतो.

वर दिलेल्या चारही प्रकारांतील वाक्यांचे नमुने तयार करा.

Marathi Akshar Bharati Class 10 Textbook Solutions Chapter 7 फूटप्रिन्टस Additional Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न १. खालील उताऱ्याच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सूचनेनुसार कृती करा.

कृती १ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
कृती पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
आकृतीबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 3.
सहसंबंध जोडा.

प्रश्न 4.
तुलना करा.

प्रश्न 5.
कंसातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा.
(i) ……………………………………. दार उघडलं आणि कामवाल्या रेखामावशी आत आल्या. (सुमितनं, अभिषेकनं, स्नेहलनं, पावडेकाकांनी)
(ii) सुमित ……………………………………. कानपूरला शिकत होता. (आय.टी.आय, आय.पी.एस., आय.आय.टी, एम.पी.एस. सी.)
(iii) ……………………………………. खणखणीत आवाजानं सुमितही जागा झाला आणि हॉलमध्ये आला. (रेखामावशीच्या, पावडेकाकांच्या, अभिषेकच्या, स्नेहलच्या)
उत्तर:
(i) अभिषेकनं
(ii) आय. आय. टी.
(iii) रेखामावशीच्या

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
कारणे लिहा.

(i) सुमित हॉलमध्ये आला कारण …………………………….
उत्तरः
सुमित हॉलमध्ये आला कारण रेखा मावशीच्या खणखणीत आवाजाने त्याला जाग आली होती.

प्रश्न 2.
कृती पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 3.
जोड्या जुळवा.

उत्तर:
(i-आ),
(ii – इ),
(iii – ई),
(iv – अ)

प्रश्न 4.
खालील प्रश्नांची उत्तरे एका वाक्यात लिहा.

(i) किचनमधील सिंकमध्ये वाट पाहणाऱ्या भांड्यांकडे आपला मोर्चा कोणी वळवला?
उत्तर:
किचनमधील सिंकमध्ये वाट पाहणाऱ्या भांड्याकडे आपला मोर्चा रेखामावशीने वळवला.

(ii) अभिषेक सुमितच्या लॅपटॉपवर काय पाहत होता?
उत्तर:
अभिषेक सुमितच्या लॅपटॉपवर सुमितने केलेले नवे प्रोजेक्ट पाहत होता.

(iii) अभिषेक हॉलमध्ये आला तेव्हा रेखामावशी कोणते काम करत होत्या?
उत्तर:
अभिषेक हॉलमध्ये आला तेव्हा रेखामावशी फरशी पुसत होत्या.

प्रश्न 5.
कोण कोणास म्हणाले ते लिहा.

प्रश्न 6.
चूक की बरोबर लिहा.
(i) सुमितचे बाबा तयार होऊन हॉलमध्ये आले.
(ii) रेखामावशी बिचाऱ्या वरमल्या होत्या.
उत्तर:
(i) चूक
(ii) बरोबर

कृती ३ : स्वमत

प्रश्न 1.
रेखामावशींच्या पावलांचे वर्णन तुमचा शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तरः
रेखामावशींची पावलं धुळीनी माखलेली होती. कारण तिला शेणात-मातीत काम करावं लागात असे. उखणलेल्या रस्त्याने तिला चालत जावे लागे. तिच्या पायातील चप्पल अगदी पातळ झाली होती म्हणून तिच्या पायाला खुप चिरण्या पडल्या होत्या. पाय धुवायला वेळ आणि पाणीही नव्हतं व तिचे पाय धूळ बसून काळे पडले होते.

प्रश्न 2.
पावडेकाकांच्या पायाच्या वर्णनावरून त्यांची जीवनशैली कशी असावी असे तुम्हांस वाटते?
उत्तरः
पावडेकाकांची पावले सुंदर गुलाबी व लोण्यासारखी होती.

यावरून असे दिसते की, ते कधीही पायी चालत नसतील. नेहमी वाहनांचा उपयोग करत असतील. धूळ मातीशी त्यांचा फारसा संबंध येत नसावा, ते अत्यंत चांगल्या प्रतीचे बूट, चप्पल वापरत असतील. पायांच्या स्वच्छतेची काळजी घेत असतील,

प्रश्न 3.
स्वच्छतेबद्दलची तुमची संकल्पना लिहा / किंवा तुमचे विचार लिहा.
उत्तरः
वरवर दिसणारी स्वच्छता ही खरी स्वच्छता नव्हे. पांढरपेशी स्वच्छता ही वातावरण प्रदुषित करण्यास हातभारच लावते. पब्लिक ट्रान्सपोर्टने जाण्याऐवजी आपण कारचा वापर करतो. आणि कार्बन डायऑक्साईड वातावरणात सोडला जातो. त्यामुळे धरणी प्रचंड प्रमाणात प्रदूषित होते. जे आपल्याला उघड्या डोळ्यांनी दिसत नाही. सायकल वापरणं आपण विसरून गेलो आहोत. अगदी कोपऱ्यावरून भाजी आणायची असली तरी आपण बाईकला किक मारतो. आपली पावले स्वच्छ, आपले कपडे स्वच्छ, महागडी कार ही खरी स्वच्छता नाही. धरणी प्रदूषणमुक्त करणे ही खरी स्वच्छता. यासाठी प्रत्येकाने हातभार लावला पाहिजे. झाडे लावली पाहिजेत. धरतीच्या स्वच्छतेची काळजी घेणे यातच खरी स्वच्छता आहे.

प्रश्न २. पुढील उताऱ्याच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सूचनेनुसार कृती करा.

कृती १ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
कृती पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 3.
कोण ते लिहा.
(i) टेक्नॉलॉजीबद्दल मळमळ व्यक्त करणारे – सुमितचे मामा
(ii) रेखामावशीला सायकल देणारा – रेखा मावशीचा मुलगा

प्रश्न 4.
एका वाक्यात उत्तरे लिहा.

(i) सुमितच्या अॅपचे नाव काय ?
उत्तरः
सुमितने तयार केलेल्या अॅपचे नाव “फूटप्रिन्टस’ आहे.

(ii) रेखामावशी कोठे राहत होती?
उत्तरः
रेखामावशी “टेकडीपल्याड’ राहत होती.

(iii) सुमितच्या मामाच्या मते सगळ्यात भारी ॲप कोठे आहे?
उत्तरः
सुमितच्या मामाच्या मते सगळ्यात भारी ॲप डोक्याच्या कवटीत आहे.

प्रश्न 5.
उताऱ्यानुसार वाक्यांचा क्रम लावा.
(i) “गेल्या मयन्यापतूर चालतच येत हुते; पन आता माज्या लेकानं एक सायकल दिलीया मला”.
(ii) “त्या टेकडी पल्याड”, मावशी म्हणाल्या.
(iii) स्नेहलचा चेहरा पडला.
(iv) मामा, मी एक अॅप तयार केलं आहे.
उत्तर:
(i) मामा, मी एक अॅप तयार केलं आहे.
(ii) स्नेहलचा चेहरा पडला.
(iii) “त्या टेकडी पल्याड’, मावशी म्हणाल्या.
(iv) “गेल्या मयन्यापतूर चालतच येत हुते; पन आता माज्या लेकानं एक सायकल दिलीया मला’.

प्रश्न 6.
कंसातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा
(i) मामा, गंमत तर बघ तू माझ्या अॅपची ……………………………. त्याचं नाव आहे (फूटप्रिन्टस, ॲपप्रिन्टस, लेगप्रिन्टस, फिंगरप्रिन्टस)
(i) सुमितनं आपल्या ……………………………. मोबाईलमधलं अॅप उघडलं आणि रेखा मावशींना काही प्रश्न विचारायला सुरुवात केली. (सॅमसंग, नोकिया, एंड्रॉईड, एल.जी.)
उत्तर:
(i) फूटप्रिन्टस
(ii) एंड्रॉईड

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
योग्य पर्याय निवडून लिहा.
(i) सुमितनं आपला स्मार्टफोन काढला …………………………….
(अ) त्याला फोन करायचा होता,
(आ) मामांना फोन दाखवायचा होता.
(इ) सुमितला मामांना “फूटप्रिन्टस” अप दाखवायचे होते.
(ई) मामांना फोटो दाखवायचा होता.
उत्तरः
सुमितनं आपला स्मार्टफोन काढला सुमितला मामांना “फूटप्रिन्टस” अप दाखवायचे होते.

(ii) सुमितने रेखामावशींना प्रश्न विचारायला सुरुवात केली.
(अ) अपमध्ये माहिती भरायची होती.
(आ) त्याला मावशींबद्दल जाणून घ्यायचे होते.
(इ) स्नेहलने माहिती भरायला सांगितली होती.
(ई) सुमितला अर्ज भरायचा होता.
उत्तरः
सुमितने रेखामावशींना प्रश्न विचारायला सुरुवात केली अप मध्ये माहिती भरायची होती.

प्रश्न 2.
सहसंबंध लावा,
(i) टेक्नोसॅव्ही – अस्वच्छ पाय
(ii) नॉन टेक्नोसॅव्ही – सुमित
(iii) रेखामावशी – सायकल
(iv) मुलगा – सुमितचे मामा
उत्तरः

प्रश्न 3.
कृती पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 4.
आकृतीबंध पूर्ण करा,

प्रश्न 5.
चूक की बरोबर लिहा.
(i) मामा, गंमत तर बघ तू माझ्या अॅपची….त्याचं नाव आहे फूटप्रिन्टस.
(ii) “सुरुवात करूया अभिषेक पासून”
उत्तर:
(i) बरोबर
(ii) चूक

प्रश्न 6.
कोण कोणास म्हणाले?

कृती ३ : स्वमत

प्रश्न 1.
बाबांनी अनाठायी टेक्नॉलॉजीबद्दल आपली मळमळ व्यक्त केली. या वाक्याबद्दल आपले मत स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तरः
स्वच्छता अॅपबद्दल सुमितने त्याच्या मामांना म्हणजे अभिषेकच्या बाबांना माहिती सांगितली. आजकालचे टेक्नोसॅव्ही लोक काहीही करतात. स्वच्छतेसारखी गोष्ट जाणून घेण्यासाठी अॅपची काय गरज आहे, असे त्यांना वाटते. कारण ते तंत्रज्ञानाबद्दल अधिक जाणत नसावेत. आजचे विज्ञान, तंत्रज्ञान याबद्दल मागच्या पिढीतील लोकं थोडं कमी जाणतात तंत्रज्ञानाच्या साहाय्याने आपण काय-काय करू शकतो, यांची त्यांना माहिती नाही. विशेष बाब म्हणजे काही मंडळींना तंत्रज्ञानाची फक्त नकारात्मक बाजूच माहीत आहे. म्हणून कदाचित अभिषेकच्या बाबांनी तंत्रज्ञानाबद्दल असे नकारात्मक उद्गार काढले असावेत.

प्रश्न 2.
सुमितने तयार केलेल्या अॅपचे वर्णन तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तरः
सुमितने एक स्वच्छता अॅप तयार केलं होतं. त्या अॅपचं नाव ‘फूटप्रिन्टस’ होते. या अॅपच्या सहाय्याने पाय किती स्वच्छ आहेत हे कळू शकणार होते. ज्या माणसाच्या पायाबद्दल जाणून घ्यायचे असेल त्याची माहिती (अॅपनुसार) भरायची व त्याद्वारे संबंधित व्यक्तीच्या पायाच्या स्वच्छतेबद्दल आपल्याला माहिती मिळत असे. माहिती भरल्यानंतर मोबाईलमध्ये एक निळा चौकोन उमटत असे व त्याखाली माहितीच्या आधारे पायांच्या स्वच्छतेबद्दल निष्कर्ष येत असे.

प्रश्न 3.
सुमित तंत्रस्नेही (टेक्नॉसॅव्ही) आहे हे परिच्छेदावरून लिहा.
उत्तरः
सुमितने स्मार्टफोनचा वापर करून एक स्वच्छता अॅप तयार केलं होतं. त्या अॅपमध्ये विचारलेली माहिती भरली की संबंधित व्यक्तीच्या पायाची स्वच्छता कशी आहे हे सिद्ध होत असे. अत्यंत साधे सर्वांना सहज वापरता येईल असे हे अॅप सुमितने तयार केले होते. यावरून दिसून येते की तो तंत्रस्नेही (टेक्नोसॅव्ही) आहे.

प्रश्न ३. पुढील उताऱ्याच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सूचनेनुसार कृती करा,

कृती १ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
घटना व परिणाम लिहा.

प्रश्न 3.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 4.
एका वाक्यात उत्तरे लिहा.

(i) मोबाईल स्क्रीनवर काय उमटले?
उत्तर:
मोबईलच्या स्क्रीनवर पायपुसणीच्या आकाराचा एक निळा चौकोन उमटला.

(ii) सुमितने रेखामावशींची सगळी माहिती का घेतली?
उत्तर:
रेखामावशींची पावलं किती स्वच्छ आहेत हे जाणून घेण्यासाठी मोबाईलवर तो ती माहिती भरणार होता.

(iii) पावडेकाकांचे ऑफिस त्यांच्या घरापासून किती किलोमीटर आहे?
उत्तरः
पावडेकाकांचे ऑफिस त्यांच्या घरापासून १६ किलोमीटर आहे.

(iv) पावडेकाका चिडून सुमितला काय म्हणाले?
उत्तरः
पावडेकाका चिडून सुमितला म्हणाले, “हो, नाही तर काय बसला लटकत जाऊ म्हणतोस?”

प्रश्न 5.
(i) कंसातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा, ……………………………. पावडेकाकांचा डेटा ॲपमध्ये भरायला सुरू केला. (अभिषेकनं, स्नेहानं, सुमितनं, राकेशन)
(ii) ……………………………. तर फार गडबडून गेल्या (स्नेहा, रेखामावशी, पावडेकाकू, नेहा)
उत्तर:
(i) सुमितनं
(ii) रेखामावशी

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
कृती पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
चौकटी पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 3.
एका वाक्यात उत्तरे लिहा.

(i) सुमितने पावडेकाकांना कोणती शंका विचारली?
उत्तरः
“वीस किलोमीटर कारने-तुम्ही एकट्यानेच प्रवास केला?” ही शंका सुमितने पावडेकाकांना विचारली.

(ii) पावडेकाका रोज किती किलोमीटर कारने प्रवास करत?
उत्तर:
पावडेकाका रोजचे पस्तीस-चाळीस किलोमीटर कारने प्रवास करत.

(iii) स्क्रीनवर उमटलेला पायपुसणीच्या आकाराचा निळा चौकोन कोणासारखा होता?
उत्तरः
स्क्रीनवर उमटलेला पायपुसणीच्या आकाराचा निळा चौकोन अगदी आभाळाच्या निरभ्र तुकड्यासारखा होता.

प्रश्न 4.
चूक की बरोबर लिहा.
(i) पावडेकाकांचे ऑफिस त्यांच्या घरापासून २० किलोमीटर आहे.
(ii) रेखामावशीचे पाय चंदेरी आहेत.
उत्तर:
(i) चूक
(ii) बरोबर

प्रश्न 5.
योग्य जोड्या जुळवा.

उत्तर:
(i – इ),
(ii – ई),
(iii – अ),
(iv – आ)

प्रश्न 6.
योग्य पर्याय निवडून विधाने पूर्ण करा.
(i) इवल्याशा झोपडीपुढंही त्यांनी …………………………….
(अ) तीन झाडं लावली होती.
(आ) दोन झाडं लावली होती.
(इ) चार कुंड्या लावल्या होत्या.
(ई) सहा रोपे लावली होती.
उत्तरः
इवल्याशा झोपडीपुढंही त्यांनी दोन झाडं लावली होती.

(ii) ……………………………. किलोमीटर तर नक्कीच होतात.
(अ) पस्तीस – पन्नास
(आ) पन्नास – साठ
(इ) पस्तीस – चाळीस
(ई) चाळीस – पस्तीस
उत्तर:
पस्तीस – चाळीस किलोमीटर तर नक्कीच होतात.

प्रश्न 7.
कोण कोणास म्हणाले?

कृती ३ : स्वमत

प्रश्न 1.
रेखामावशी पर्यावरणास कशी मदत करत होती ते तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तर:
रेखामावशी कोणत्याही धूर सोडणाऱ्या वाहनाने ये-जा करत नसत. शक्यतो त्या पायीच ये-जा करायच्या. कधीकधी सायकल वापरायच्या म्हणजे हवेत कार्बन डायऑक्साईड मिसळण्याची जी प्रक्रिया होते, त्यात त्यांचा अजिबात सहभाग नव्हता. त्यांनी त्यांच्या झोपडीपुढे दोन झाडं लावली होती. त्यातलं एक पर्यावरणास पूरक लिंबोणीचं होतं. ही झाडे लावून त्यांनी पर्यावरणाला मदतच केली होती.

प्रश्न 2.
मोबाईल स्क्रीनवर उमटलेल्या चित्राचे वर्णन करा.
उत्तर:
सुमितने मोबाईलचे बटन दाबताच स्क्रीनवर पायपुसणीच्या आकाराचा निळा चौकोन उमटला. त्या निळ्या तुकड्याच्या मधोमध दोन पावलं उमटली. एकदम चंदेरी वर्खात मढलेली आणि खाली इंग्रजीत शब्द उमटले, ‘सिल्व्हर फूटप्रिन्टस! दि मोस्ट क्लिन फूटप्रिन्टस’.

प्रश्न 3.
पर्यावरणाच्या मदतीसाठी तुम्ही काय प्रयत्न कराल ते उदाहणांसह लिहा.
उत्तरः
पर्यावरणाची समस्या दिवसेंदिवस गंभीर होत चालली आहे. त्यासाठी प्रत्येकाने हातभार लावणे गरजेचे आहे. सार्वजनिक वाहनांचा वापर करणे, झाडे लावणे, प्लॅस्टीकचा वापर टाळणे, पाण्याचा योग्य वापर करणे, वीज बचतीच्या सवयी लावून घेणे. त्यामुळे आपण पर्यावरण रक्षणास थोडाफार तरी हातभार लावू शकतो असे मला वाटते.

प्रश्न 4.
पावडेकाका पर्यावरणास मारक अशी कोणती कृती करतात ते तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तरः
पावडेकाका सदैव कारने प्रवास करतात. त्यामुळे ते हवेत जास्त कार्बन डायऑक्साईड सोडण्याची कृती करतात, त्यामुळे हवेचे प्रदूषण होते. एवढेच नव्हे तर रोजचा पस्तीस ते चाळीस किलोमीटरचा प्रवास ते एकट्याने करतात. पावडे काकांसारखी अशी अनेक माणसे आहेत की ती एक-एकटी प्रवास करून इंधन, ध्वनी, वायू, जमीन यांची हानी करत असतात. पावडे काकांची एकंदरीत जीवनशैली बघितली तर ते सदैव पर्यावरणास मारक अशीच कृती करतात असे दिसून येते.

प्रश्न ४. पुढील उताऱ्याच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सूचनेनुसार कृती करा.
कृती १ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
कृती करा.

प्रश्न 2.
कारणे लिहा.

(i) आपल्या पायाला चिकटलेला हा कार्बन आपाल्याला धुवायला हवा कारण …
उत्तर:
आपल्या पायाला चिकटलेला हा कार्बन आपल्याला धुवायला हवा कारण ग्लोबल वॉर्मिंगमुळे आपली पृथ्वी तापाने फणफणते आहे.

प्रश्न 3.
कोण ते लिहा.

प्रश्न 4.
चौकटी पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 5.
कंसातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा.
(i) पुन्हा निळा तुकडा चमकला आणि काही क्षणातच त्या निळ्या तुकड्यावर पावडेकाकांची ……………………………. उमटली. (बोटे, पावलं, ठसे, अंगठी)
(ii) किती प्रचंड ……………………………. चिकटलेला असतो, आपल्या पायांना! ग्लोबल वॉर्मिगला हातभार लावतो आपण. (कार्बन, नायट्रोजन, ऑक्सिजन, गॅस)
उत्तर:
(i) पावलं
(ii) कार्बन

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
कारणे लिहा.

(i) स्वच्छता अपवर रेखामावशींची पावलं स्वच्छ उमटली कारण …………………………… .
उत्तरः
स्वच्छता अपवर रेखामावशींची पाऊले स्वच्छ उमटली कारण रेखामावशीच्या दैनंदिन जीवन शैलीतून कार्बन वातावरणात सोडत नाही.

(ii) स्वच्छता अपवर पावडेकाकांची काळीकुट्ट पावलं उमटली कारण …………………………… .
उत्तर:
स्वच्छता अपवर पावडेकाकांची काळीकुट्ट पावलं उमटली कारण पावडेकाका त्यांच्या जीवनशैलीतून दररोज एक लीटर पेट्रोलच्या दुपटीहून अधिक कार्बन डायऑक्साइड वातावरणात सोडतात.

प्रश्न 2.
एका वाक्यात उत्तरे लिहा.

(i) स्नेहल गहिवरून काय म्हणाली?
उत्तरः
आपण ग्लोबल वॉर्मिंगला हातभार लावतो म्हणून पृथ्वी तापानं फणफणलीय, असे स्नेहल गहिवरून म्हणाली.

(ii) पावडेकाकांना कोणती गोष्ट पटली नाही?
उत्तर:
आपली सुंदर स्वच्छ पावले स्वच्छता अपवर काळीकुट्ट उमटली ही गोष्ट पावडेकाकांना पटली नाही.

(iii) पावलांचा काळा रंग कशावरून ठरतो?
उत्तरः
पावलांचा काळा रंग कार्बन सोडण्याच्या प्रमाणावरून ठरतो.

(iv) रेखामावशीची पावलं आपल्यापेक्षा अधिक सुंदर, चंदेरी का आहेत?
उत्तरः
रेखामावशींच्या रोजच्या जगण्यात कार्बन उत्सर्जनाला वावच नाही, म्हणून त्यांची पावलं आपल्यापेक्षा अधिक सुंदर, चंदेरी आहेत.

प्रश्न 3.
कोण कोणास म्हणाले?

प्रश्न 4.
योग्य पर्याय निवडून विधान पूर्ण करा,
(i) हे अॅप आपल्या जीवनशैलीतून उमटणाऱ्या आपल्या …………………………….
(अ) कार्बन प्रिन्टस रेखाटतं.
(आ) झेरॉक्स प्रिन्टस रेखाटतं.
(इ) नकली प्रिन्टस रेखाटतं.
(ई) कलर प्रिन्टस रेखाटतं.
उत्तरः
हे अप आपल्या जीवनशैलीतून उमटणाऱ्या आपल्या कार्बन प्रिन्टस रेखाटतं.

कृती ३ : स्वमत

प्रश्न 1.
पावडेकाकांनी सुमितवर राग का व्यक्त केला तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तरः
सुमितने तयार केलेल्या स्वच्छता अॅपवर सुमितने पावडेकाकांची सगळी माहिती भरली आणि मोबाईलच्या स्क्रीनवर पावडेकाकांची काळीकुट्ट पावले उमटली आणि खाली शब्द आले, ‘यू हॅव डर्टीएस्ट फूटप्रिन्टस’ पावडेकाकांचे प्रत्यक्षात पाय अत्यंत स्वच्छ आणि सुंदर होते. मग त्यांचे पाय असे काळेकुट्ट कसे असू शकतात म्हणून ते रागावले.

प्रश्न 2.
ग्लोबल वॉर्मिंगला आपण प्रत्यक्ष किंवा अप्रत्यक्ष कशाप्रकारे हातभार लावतो हे तुमच्या अनुभवातून लिहा.
उत्तरः
आपण प्रत्यक्ष आणि अप्रत्यक्ष अशा अनेक गोष्टी करतो, की त्यामुळे आपण ग्लोबल वॉर्मिंगला हातभार लावतो. आपण थोड्याथोड्या अंतरावर जाण्यासाठी कार्बन उर्सजन करणाऱ्या वाहनांचा वापर करतो. सार्वजनिक वाहनांचा उपयोग न करता एकेका व्यक्तीसाठी एकेक वाहन वापरतो. जितक्या प्रमाणात आपण वृक्षतोड करतो, तेवढी वृक्षांची लागवड करत नाही. ओझोन आणि ऑक्सिजन यांना विरल करणारे अनेक विषारी आणि घातक वायू आपण आपल्या जीवनशैलीतून वातावरणात सोडत असतो.

प्रश्न 3.
धरती तापानं फणफणलीय हे विधान स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तरः
स्नेहलच्या मते, आपण आपल्या जीवनशैलीतून अवधं वातावरण घाण करतो. प्रदूषित करतो. प्रचंड प्रमाणात कार्बन वातावरणात सोडतो. त्यामुळे पृथ्वीचे तापमान दिवसेंदिवस वाढते आहे. या सगळ्यांचा परिणाम ऋतु हवामान, पाऊस या सगळ्यांवर झाला आहे. धरतीवरील बर्फाचे कडे वितळू लागले आहेत. संपूर्ण चराचराला याचे परिणाम भोगावे लागत आहेत.

प्रश्न 4.
सुमितने कोणते शास्त्रीय सत्य पावडेकाकांना सांगितले?
उत्तरः
सुमितने पावडेकाकांना सांगितले, एक लीटर पेट्रोल जळते म्हणजेच त्याच्या दुपटीहून अधिक कार्बन डायॉक्साईड वातावरणात सोडला जातो. तुमच्या कार्बन सोडण्याच्या प्रमाणावरून तुमच्या पावलांचा रंग ठरतो. म्हणून प्रत्यक्षात सुंदर दिसणारी पावडेकाकांची पाऊले मात्र खऱ्या अर्थाने काळीकुट्ट आहेत.

प्रश्न ५. पुढील उताऱ्याच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सुचनेनुसार कृती करा.

कृती १ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
कृती करा.

प्रश्न 2.
योग्य पर्याय निवडून लिहा.
(i) स्नेहल कॉलेजला जाताना बसने ये-जा करणार आहे कारण…
(अ) तिला बसच्या गर्दी पासून वाचायचे होते.
(आ) सायकलने ये-जा केल्याने तिचा व्यायाम होणार होता.
(इ) तिला कार्बन उर्ल्सजनाचे प्रमाण कमी करून पर्यावरणाला हातभार लावायचा होता.
(ई) तिला पैसे वाचावायचे आहेत.
उत्तरः
स्नेहल कॉलेजला जाताना बसने ये-जा करणार आहे कारण तिला कार्बन उर्सजनाचे प्रमाण कमी करून पर्यावरणाला हातभार लावायचा होता.

(ii) सगळ्यांनी पब्लिक ट्रान्सपोर्टचा वापर करावा कारण …………………………….
(अ) त्यामुळे रहदारीची समस्या कमी होईल
(आ) प्रवासाचा खर्च वाचेल.
(इ) अनेकांनी एकाच वाहनाचा उपयोग केल्यामुळे वाहनांची संख्या कमी होवून कार्बन उत्सर्जनाचे प्रमाणही कमी होईल,
(ई) प्रदुषण वाढेल.
उत्तरः
सगळ्यांनी पब्लिक ट्रान्सपोर्टचा वापर करावा कारण अनेकांनी एकाच वाहनाचा उपयोग केल्यामुळे वाहनांची संख्या कमी होऊन कार्बन उत्सर्जनाचे प्रमाणही कमी होईल.

प्रश्न 3.
एका वाक्यात उत्तरे लिहा.
(i) अभिषेकला कशी पावले हवी होती?
उत्तर:
अभिषेकला रेखामावशीसारखी चंदेरी पावले हवी होती.

(ii) कोणती गोष्ट आपल्याला कमीपणाची वाटते?
उत्तर:
बसने प्रवास करणे ही गोष्ट आपल्याला कमीपणाची वाटते.

प्रश्न 4.
कृती पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 5.
कंसातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा.
(i) ……………………………….. सगळ्याचं बोलणं लक्ष देऊन ऐकत होत्या. (रेखामावशी, स्नेहल, पावडेकाकू, अमिषाकाकू)
(ii) त्या निळ्याशार तुकड्यावर ……………………………….. उमटल्याचा त्यांना भास झाला. (तारे, चांदणं, ढग, मेघ)
उत्तर:
(i) रेखामावशी
(ii) चांदणं

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
कृती पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
उत्तरे लिहा.

प्रश्न 3.
चूक की बरोबर लिहा.
(i) रेखामावशी सगळ्यांचं बोलणं लक्ष देऊन ऐकत होत्या.
(ii) सुमित भरभरून बोलत होता.
उत्तर:
(i) बरोबर
(ii) बरोबर

प्रश्न 4.
कोण कोणास म्हणाले ते लिहा.

प्रश्न 5.
योग्य पर्याय निवडून विधान पूर्ण करा. मी ठरवलंय, मी कॉलेजला जाताना सायकल वापरणार, मला माझे पाय….
(अ) अभिषेकसारखे सोनेरी हवेत.
(आ) स्नेहलसारखे सुंदर हवेत.
(इ) रेखामावशींसारखे चंदेरी हवेत.
(ई) पावडेकाकूसारखे चंदेरी हवेत.
उत्तरः
मी ठरवलंय, मी कॉलेजला जाताना सायकल वापरणार, मला माझे पाय रेखामावशींसारखे चंदेरी हवेत.

कृती ३ : स्वमत

प्रश्न 1.
उताऱ्यातील प्रत्येकाने पर्यावरणपूरक वागण्याचा कशाप्रकारे निश्चय केला?
उत्तरः
अभिषेक कॉलेजला जाण्यासाठी सायकल वापरणार होता. तर स्नेहल बसने ये-जा करणार होती. थोड्या-थोड्या अंतरासाठी बाईक न वापरता पायीच चालत गेले पाहिजे असे अभिषेकच्या बाबांनी ठरवले. आपली ही कार्बनची पावलं पुसून टाकण्यासाठी वृक्ष लागवड करायला हवी, असे मत सुमितने व्यक्त केले. अशाप्रकारे सर्वांनी पर्यावरणास मदत करण्याची शपथ घेतली.

प्रश्न 2.
हिरव्यागर्द झाडांनी आपली काळीकुट्ट पावलं थोडी तरी उजळ होतील हे विधान तुमच्या शब्दांत स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तरः
आपण आपल्या दैनंदिन जीवनशैलीतून जास्तीत जास्त कार्बन वातावरणात सोडतो. त्याचा प्रचंड परिणाम पर्यावरणावर होतो. हवेत मिसळलेल्या कार्बनचे प्रमाण कमी करण्यासाठी व ऑक्सिजनचे प्रमाण वाढवण्यासाठी जास्तीत जास्त प्रयत्न केले पाहिजेत, त्यातला सर्वात ठोस आणि परिणामकारक उपाय म्हणजे जास्तीत जास्त झाडे लावणे व त्यांचे संवर्धन करणे. त्यामुळे ऑक्सिजनच्या प्रमाणात वाढ होईल. त्यासाठी सर्वांनीच जाणीवपूर्वक प्रयत्न केले पाहिजे.

प्रश्न 3.
कार्बन डायऑक्साईडचे हवेतले प्रमाण कमी करण्यासाठी तुम्ही काय उपाय करू शकता? तुमचे मत लिहा.
उत्तरः
हवेत सोडला जाणारा कार्बन आणि निसर्गात निर्माण होणारा ऑक्सिजन यांच्या प्रमाणात प्रचंड असमतोल आपण प्रदुषणाच्या माध्यमातून अनुभवतो. निर्माण होणारे औद्योगीकरण, झाडांची प्रचंड कत्तल, कारखान्यातून निघणारा धूर यांमुळे ऑक्सिजनच्या प्रमाणात घट होते आहे.

या सगळ्याचा विचार करता, विकास करताना पर्यावरणाचा नाश होणार नाही ही बाब लक्षात घेतली पाहिजे. जेवढी झाडे कापली आहेत, तेवढी वाढवली पाहिजेत. लोकसंख्येवर नियंत्रण आणले पाहिजे, प्रत्येकाने आपल्या जीवनशैलीचा अभ्यास करून ती पर्यावरण पुरक कशी होईल याचा विचार केला पाहिजे, तरच ओं क्सिजनचे प्रमाण वाढून हवेतील कार्बनचे प्रमाण कमी होऊ शकते.

स्वाध्याय कृती

प्रश्न 1.
कारणे लिहा.

(i) स्नेहल त्रासली कारण …………………………….
उत्तर:
स्नेहल त्रासली कारण रेखामावशींच्या पायाचे काळे मळकट ठसे पुसलेल्या फरशीवर उमटले होते.

(ii) पावडेकाकांचा चेहरा पडला कारण …………………………….
उत्तर:
पावडेकाकांचा चेहरा पडला कारण मोबाईल स्क्रीनवर पावडे काकांची काळीकुट्ट पावलं उमटली होती.

(७) खालील तख्ता पूर्ण करा

फूटप्रिन्टस Summary in Marathi

फूटप्रिन्टस पाठपरिचय‌‌

तरूणांना‌ ‌मार्गदर्शन‌ ‌करणाऱ्या‌ ‌छात्रप्रबोधन‌ ‌एप्रिल‌ ‌२०१७‌ ‌च्या‌ ‌अंकातून‌ ‌प्रस्तुत‌ ‌पाठ‌ ‌घेतला‌ ‌आहे.‌ ‌ग्लोबल‌ ‌वॉर्मिंगमधून‌ ‌आपल्या‌ ‌धरणीमातेला‌ ‌वाचवण्यासाठी‌ ‌वृक्षसंवर्धनाबरोबरच,‌ ‌वैयक्तिक‌ ‌वाहनांचा‌ ‌उपयोग‌ ‌करण्यापेक्षा‌ ‌प्रवासी‌ ‌वाहन‌ ‌सुविधांचा‌ ‌अधिकाधिक‌ ‌वापर‌ ‌करावा,‌ ‌त्यासाठी‌ ‌आपली‌ ‌जीवनशैली‌ ‌बदलावी‌ ‌असा‌ ‌संदेश‌ ‌’फूटप्रिन्टस’‌ ‌या‌ ‌पाठातून‌ ‌लेखक‌ ‌’डॉ.‌ ‌प्रदिप‌ ‌आवटे’‌ ‌यांनी‌ ‌दिला‌ ‌आहे.‌‌

फूटप्रिन्टस Summary in English

To‌ ‌save‌ ‌the‌ ‌earth‌ ‌from‌ ‌global‌ ‌warming,‌ ‌besides‌ ‌planting‌ ‌trees,‌ ‌we‌ ‌must‌ ‌use‌ ‌public‌ ‌transportation‌ ‌rather‌ ‌than‌ ‌private‌ ‌vehicles,‌ ‌which‌ ‌will‌ ‌also‌ ‌help‌ ‌to‌ ‌reduce‌ ‌the‌ ‌pollution.‌ ‌To‌ ‌realize‌ ‌this,‌ ‌our‌ ‌routine‌ ‌lives‌ ‌must‌ ‌undergo‌ ‌changes‌ ‌and‌ ‌adjustments‌ ‌whenever‌ ‌necessary.‌ ‌This‌ ‌is‌ ‌the‌ ‌message‌ ‌of‌ ‌this‌ ‌lesson‌ ‌by‌ ‌Dr.‌ ‌Pradeep‌ ‌Awate.‌ ‌Minimising‌ ‌the‌ ‌use‌ ‌of‌ ‌electronic‌ ‌gadgets‌ ‌and‌ ‌machinery‌ ‌will‌ ‌help‌ ‌us‌ ‌connect‌ ‌with‌ ‌nature‌ ‌and‌ ‌there‌ ‌will‌ ‌also‌ ‌be‌ ‌additional‌ ‌greenery‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌world‌ ‌around‌ ‌us.‌‌

फूटप्रिन्टस शब्दार्थ‌

• ‌समदी‌ ‌-‌ ‌सगळी‌ ‌-‌ ‌(entire)‌
• ‌बक्कल‌ ‌-‌ ‌पुष्कळ‌ ‌-‌ ‌(abundant,‌ ‌plenty)‌ ‌
• उखणणे‌ ‌‌-‌ ‌खडबडीत‌ ‌होणे‌ ‌-‌ ‌(become‌ ‌rough)‌
• ‌गोजिरा‌ ‌-‌ ‌सुंदर‌ ‌-‌ ‌(beautiful)‌ ‌
• चिरण्या‌ ‌-‌ ‌तडा,‌ ‌भेगा‌ ‌-‌ ‌(cracks)‌‌
• लोन्यागत‌ ‌-‌ ‌लोण्यासारखा‌ ‌-‌ ‌(like‌ ‌butter)‌
• ‌निरभ्र‌ ‌-‌ ‌ढग‌ ‌नसलेल्या,‌ ‌स्वच्छ‌ ‌-‌ ‌(cloudless)‌ ‌
• चंदेरी‌ ‌-‌ ‌चांदीसारखा‌ ‌-‌ ‌(like‌ ‌silver‌ ‌of‌ ‌silver‌ ‌colour)‌
• ‌ठसे‌ ‌-‌ ‌छाप‌‌ -‌ ‌(an‌ ‌impression)‌ ‌
• स्फटिक‌ ‌-‌ ‌पारदर्शक‌ ‌-‌ ‌(crystal)

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 1 Distributional Maps Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 1 Distributional Maps

Class 9 Geography Chapter 1 Distributional Maps Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Give reasons why the following sentences are right or wrong:

Geography Class 9 Chapter 1 Distributional Maps Question 1.
The main aim of distributional maps is to show location.
Answer:
Wrong The main aim of distributional maps is to show the distribution of variables like temperature, rainfall, population, etc.

• Distribution maps are type of thematic maps.
• These maps are prepared with special themes like the distribution of various variables in a particular region.
• They make use of different methods to show the distribution of variables like temperature, rainfall, population, etc.

Thus, the main aim of distributional maps is to show the distribution of variables in a particular region.

Distributional Maps Class 9 Question 2.
In choropleth maps, only one value is assigned to the sub-administrative unit.
Answer:
Right

1. In choropleth maps, the data regarding various geographical variables is shown by shading or using tints of various colours.
2. After gathering the data for a selected variable, five to seven classes are made considering the smallest and the largest values.
3. Each class is assigned a tint of the same colour or black-and-white patterns.
4. A particular value shown by a predecided tint of colour can represent only a particular region or group of region.

Thus, in choropleth maps, only one value is assigned to sub administrative unit.

Distributional Maps Questions And Answers Question 3.
In choropleth maps, colours/tints do not change according to the values of the variables.
Answer:
Wrong.
In choropleth maps, colours/tints change according to the values of variables.

• In choropleth maps, the smallest and the largest values are taken into consideration and after that 5-7 classes are made.
• Each class is assigned a unique tint of the same colour or black and white pattern.
• In other words, each class is used to show the distribution of a particular variable in sub- administrative unit.

Distributional Map Question 4.
Choropleth maps are used to show altitudes.
Answer:
Wrong.
Isopleth maps and not the choropleth maps are used to show altitude.

• When the distribution of a variable is continuous like the altitude, the isopleth method map is used.
• Isopleth maps use lines joining the locations having equal values and hence are useful to show the change in altitude in the region.
• When the distribution of a variable is discontinuous, the choropleth method map is used to show its distribution, eg. distribution of population, domestic animals, etc.

Question 5.
Isopleth maps are used to show population distribution.
Answer:
Wrong.
Dot method maps or choropleth method maps are used to show population distribution

• Distribution of a population is discontinuous.
• Isopleth method maps are used to show the distribution of variables which are continuous. For eg. altitude, temperature etc.
• Thus, isopleth method maps are not used to show population distribution.

Question 6.
In dot method, every dot should have an appropriate scale.
Answer:
Right.
The size of the dot is decided as per the value of a variable that is freely scattered across the region.

Question 7.
Isopleth maps are not made using isolines.
Answer:
Wrong.
Isopleth maps are made using isolines.

• Isolines are lines joining places of same values of a given variable in a map.
• Since, isopleth maps are also prepared in the same method, we can say that they are made using isolines.

Question 8.
Distribution of various geographical elements can be shown using dot method.
Answer:
Wrong.
Distribution of various geographical elements cannot be shown using dot method.

• Distribution of geographical elements which are freely scattered across a region can be shown using a dot method.
• Distribution of variables like population, minerals, cattles etc., are freely scattered hence can be shown on a dot method map.
• Whereas the distribution of variables like rainfall, altitude, temperature etc. which are continuous, cannot be shown using a dot method map.

2. Answer in brief.

Question 1.
Explain the use and types of distributional maps.
Answer:
(a) Use of distributional maps: The distributional maps are useful for explaining the patterns of distribution of a particular geographical variable.
(b) The types of distributional maps : The following are the types of distributional maps.

1. Dot Method: The distributional map based on statistical data, made by this method, make use of dots of a pre-decided size to show the distribution of a particular variable, e.g. Dot method map is used to show the population of a region, distribution of cattle etc.
2. Choropleth Method: The distributional map made by this method makes use of shades or tints of various colours, to show the distribution of a particular variable, e.g. Choropleth method map is used to show population density, types of forest cover, uses of land.
3. Isopleth Method: The distributional map made by this method makes use of lines joining locations or places having same or equal values of a particular variable, e.g. Isopleth method map is used to show altitude, temperature, rainfall.

Question 2.
Differentiate between choropleth and isopleths methods.
Answer:

Choropleth Method	Isopleth Method
(1) In Choropleth method maps, the distribution of various variables are shown by shading or using tints of the same colour.	(1) In Isopleth method maps, the distribution of various variables are shown with the help of isolines.
(2) When the distribution of a variable is not continuous, the choropleth method is used.	(2) When the distribution of a variable is continuous, the isopleth method is used.
(3) Choropleth method is used to show population density, cattle distribution etc.	(3) Isopleth method are used to show altitude, temperature, rainfall of a region etc.

Question 3.
Explain with reasons the method which is best suited to show the distribution of population in a region.
Answer:

• The dot method of making a distributional map is best suited to show the distribution of the population in a region.
• The dots used in this method, are given a particular value which is determined by selecting a proper scale considering the spread of the values of the variables in the given region.
• This method is best suited to show the distribution of the variables which are freely scattered as in the case of population distribution.

3. Which method will you use for the following information?

Question 1.
Talukawise wheat production in the district
Answer:
Dot method

Question 2.
Distribution of the altitude of the land in the district.
Answer:
Isopleth method

Question 3.
Distribution of domestic animals in the State
Answer:
Dot method

Question 4.
The distribution of population density in India
Answer:
Choropleth method

Question 5.
Temperature distribution in Maharashtra State.
Answer:
Isopleth method

4. Study the population distribution map of Kolhapur district and answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Which method has been used to show the distribution of population in the district?
Answer:
The dot method has been used to show the distribution of population in the district.

Question 2.
Explain the direction wise distribution of the population from dense to sparse.
Answer:
The distribution of the population is dense in the Eastern part of the district, whereas the western part of the district has low density of population.

Question 3.
What is the population shown by the largest circle? Which place is that?
Answer:
The population shown by the largest circle is nearly 20 lakhs. That place is Kolhapur city (Karvir Taluka)

Question 4.
Which Taluka has the least population?
Answer:
Gaganbavada Taluka has the least population.

Class 9 Geography Chapter 1 Distributional Maps Intext Questions and Answers

Make friends with maps!
Read the map given below and answer the Questions:

Question 1.
What is the population of the Amravati town?
Answer:
The population of the Amravati town is nearly 5 lakhs.

Question 2.
Name the place having population of 1 lakh on the map.
Answer:
Achalpur has a population of 1 lakh

Question 3.
Which part of the map shows sparse distribution of population?
Answer:
The northwestern part of the map shows sparse distribution of population

Read the map given below and answer the Questions:

Question 1.
Name the talukas having population density between 301 and 400 persons per sq km.
Answer:
Anjangao Surji has population density between 301 and 400 persons per sq km

Question 2.
What is the density of the Amravati taluka?
Answer:
Amravati taluka has the population density of more than 400 persons per sq km

Question 3.
Name the talukas having population density less than 300 persons per sq km.
Answer:
Dharini, Chikaldhara, Daryapur, Chandur Bazar, Morshi, Varud, Tivsa, Dhamangaon Railway, Nandgaon Khandeshwar and Bhatkuli have population density less than 300 persons per sq km.

Question 4.
Which taluka has a population density of less than 100 persons per sq km?
Answer:
Chikaldhara has population density of less than 100 persons per sq km.

Question 5.
Which Talukas have a population density of more than 400 persons per sq km?
Answer:
Amravati and Achalpur have the population density of more than 400 persons per sq km.

Read the map given below and answer the Questions:

Question 1.
In which part of the district is the rainfall more?
Answer:
Rainfall is more in the Northern part of the district.

Question 2.
In which direction is the rainfall decreasing?
Answer:
Rainfall is decreasing towards the west

Question 3.
What is the lowest value of the rainfall in the district?
Answer:
The lowest value of the rainfall in the district is less than 800 mm.

Question 4.
What is the highest value of the rainfall in the district?
Answer:
The highest value of the rainfall in the district is more than 1300 mm.

Question 5.
What is the amount of rainfall in the central part of the district?
Answer:
The amount of rainfall in the central part of the district is 900 mm.

Read the map given below and answer the Questions:

Question 1.
In which direction is the density of population decreasing?
Answer:
The density of population is decreasing towards the North and South direction.

Question 2.
Name the talukas with a population density less than 200.
Answer:
Shahuwadi, Gaganbavada, Ajra and Chandgad have a population density of less than 200.

Question 3.
Name the talukas having population density between 200 and 400.
Answer:
Radhanagri and Gargoti have population density between 200 and 400.

Question 4.
Name the talukas with a population density more than 400.
Answer:
Kolhapur, Panhala, Hatkanangale, Shirol, Gadhinglaj and Kagal have population density more than 400.

Question 5.
In which direction are the talukas having a higher density of population located in the district?
Answer:
The Eastern part of Kolhapur has a higher density of population.

Question 6
Which method has been used in the making of this map?
Answer:
Choropleth method is used in making this map.

Read the map given below and answer the Questions:

Question 1.
In which direction is the rainfall more in the district?
Answer:
The rainfall is more in the Western part of the district.

Question 2.
In which direction is the rainfall decreasing?
Answer:
The rainfall is decreasing towards the East.

Question 3.
Which class shows low rainfall category in the district?
Answer:
O to 600 mm class shows low rainfall category in the district.

Question 4.
Which class shows high rainfall category in the district?
Answer:
More than 2400 (2400 to 3000 mm) class shows high rainfall category in the district.

Question 5.
Which method has been used in making this map?
Answer:
The Isopleth method has been used in making this map

Study the population distribution map of Kolhapur district and answer the following questions:

Question 1.
A field visit is an important study method in Geography.
Answer:
Right.

• Geographical concepts and elements can be directly experienced through field-visits.
• Field-visits are extremely useful for understanding the correlation between human beings and the environment.

Class 9 Geography Chapter 1 Distributional Maps Additional Important Questions and Answers

Complete the statements choosing the correct option:

Question 1.
The main aim of distributional maps is to show the location of the place and of variables.
(a) population
(b) statistics
(c) consumption
(d) distribution
Answer:
(d) distribution

Question 2.
Distributional maps are of types.
(a) two
(b) three
(c) four
(d) five
Answer:
(b) three

Question 3.
To draw distributional maps, we need data.
(a) statistical
(b) population
(c) colourful
(d) distance
Answer:
(a) statistical

Question 4.
The distribution of population is shown by method.
(a) dot
(b) choropleth
(c) isopleth
(d) isolines
Answer:
(a) dot

Question 5.
In maps, the data regarding various geographical variables are shown by shading or tints of various colours.
(a) dot
(b) choropleth,
(c) isopleth
(d) thematic
Answer:
(b) choropleth

Question 6.
When the distribution of a variable is discontinuous the map is used.
(a) isopleth
(b) physical
(c) choropleth
(d) dot
Answer:
(c) choropleth

Question 7.
In method, lines showing equal values are used.
(a) choropleth
(b) isopleth
(c) dot
(d) planar
Answer:
(b) isopleth

Question 8.
When the distribution of a variable is the isopleth method is used.
(a) continuous
(b) discontinuous
(c) sparse
(d) disjoint
Answer:
(a) continuous

Question 9.
While showing population distribution, urban population is shown by
(a) circles
(b) dots
(c) squares
(d) lines
Answer:
(a) circles

Question 10.
is an important study method in Geography.
(a) Maps
(b) Field visit
(c) Picnic
(d) farm visit
Answer:
(b) Field visit

Match the column.

Question 1.

Group A	Group B
(1) Dot method	(a) distribution of temperature
(2) Choropleth method	(b) distribution of cotton crop
(3) Isopleth method	(c) density of population

Answer:
(1 – b),
(2 – c),
(3 – a)

Question 2.

Group A	Group A
(1) Dot method (2) Choropleth method (3) Isopleth method	(a) variables are freely scattered (b) distribution of the variable is continuous (c) distribution of the variable is shown in sub administrative unit

Answer:
(1 – a),
(2 – c),
(3 – b)

Answer in one sentence:

Question 1.
What are distributional maps?
Answer:
Maps that show the distribution of various geographical variables are called ‘distributional maps’.

Question 2.
What are thematic maps?
Ans,
Maps that are prepared with special themes are called ‘thematic maps’.

Question 3.
What is a dot-method map?
Answer:
A dot method map is a map type, that shows the distribution of a variable using dot symbols.

Question 4.
What is a choropleth method map?
Answer:
A choropleth method map is a map type, in which the distribution of a variable is shown by shades or tint of various colours.

Question 5.
When do we use the isopleth method for showing the distribution of a variable on a map?
Answer:
We use the isopleth method for showing the distribution of a variable on a map, when the distribution of the variable is continuous.

Question 6.
What is an isopleth method map?
Answer:
An isopleth method map, is a map type, that shows distribution of a variable with the help of lines showing equal values.

Question 7.
What is point related data?
Answer:
The statistical data of particular variables with respect to various places is called ‘point-related data’.

Question 8.
Which elements are generally studied in a geographical field visit?
Answer:
The various elements which can be studied during geographical field visits include physical landforms, river banks, dams, coastal areas, tourism sites, offices or museums related to geographical elements, villages, forest areas etc.

Question 9.
Mention the list of things to be carried while going on a geographical field visit?
Answer:
The various things which one should carry to a geographical field visit include notebook, specimen Questionnaire, pen pencil, scale, tape, compass, bag for collecting samples, maps, camera, etc.

Question 10.
What is field report?
Answer:
The report written on the basis of the information obtained from a field visit is known as field report.

Which method will you use for the following information:

Question 1.
The distribution of rainfall in the district of Nandurbar.
Answer:
Isopleth Method

Question 2.
Cotton crop distribution in Maharashtra.
Answer:
Dot method

Question 3.
Draw a map using the Dot Method:
Answer:

Explain:

Question 1.
Choropleth method
Answer:

1. In the choropleth method various geographical variables are shown by shades or tints of various colours.
2. While making choropleth maps, the data used for different variables is obtained through various processes such as measurement, surveying and so on.
3. In this method, only one value is given to one sub – administrative unit in a region
4. The smallest and the largest values of the given data of the variables are taken into consideration and after that 5-7 classes are made.
5. Each class is assigned a tint of the same colour or black-and-white patterns. The shades or the patterns become darker with the increasing values of the given variable.

Question 2.
Preparations for field visit
Answer:

• Before going for a field-visit, decide the place and the purpose of the visit.
• The elements which will be observed in field visit should be decided.
• For a field visit, you should carry a notebook, specimen Questionnaire
• , pen, pencil, scale, tape, compass, a bag for collecting samples, maps, camera and any other item needed.

Question 3.
Selection of the study area
Answer:

1. Geographical field-visit is organised for study of various elements, for example physical 1 landforms, river banks, dams, coastal areas, tourism sites, offices or museums related to ! geographical elements, villages or forest areas.
2. Elements should be selected after studying : the local conditions and necessary permission letters should be obtained.

Question 4.
Report writing
Answer:

1. A field-report should be written on the basis of information obtained after the visit is complete.
2. Students should add photographs wherever necessary.
3. The following points should be used to make a field report:
   • Introduction
   • Location map and Route Map
   • Physiography¹
   • Climate
   • Population
   • Environmental problems and measures
   • Land utilisation
   • Conclusions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 8 Useful and Harmful Microbes Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 8 Useful and Harmful Microbes

Class 9 Science Chapter 8 Useful and Harmful Microbes Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Complete the statements using the proper option from those given below. Explain the statements. (mycotoxins, budding, rhizobium)

a. Yeast reproduces asexually by the …………………….. method.
Answer:
The yeast cells develop small round bodies on the parent cell. These are called buds. New daughter cells develop from these buds.

b. Toxins of fungal origin are called …………………….. .
Answer:
Mycotoxins are poisonous chemicals released into the food by fungi. This makes the food poisonous.

c. Leguminous plants can produce more proteins due to …………………….. .
Answer:

• (i) Nitrogenous compounds are required to produce proteins.
• (ii) Rhizobia produce nitrogenous compounds by fixing atmospheric nitrogen and make it available for their host plants like leguminous plants.

2. Write the names of microbes found in the following food materials.
yogurt, bread, root nodules of leguminous plants, idli, dosa, spoiled potato curry.
Answer:

Food materials	Microbes
Yogurt	Lactobacilli
Bread	Yeast
Root nodules of leguminous plants	Rhizobium
Idli	Yeast, bacteria
Dosa	Yeast, bacteria
Spoiled potato curry	Clostridium

3. Identify the odd word out and say why it is the odd one?

a. Pneumonia, diphtheria, chicken pox, cholera.
Answer:
Chickenpox. It is caused by a virus, whereas others are caused by bacteria.

b. Lactobacilli, rhizobia, yeast, clostridia.
Answer:
Yeast. It is a fungus, whereas the rest are bacteria.

c. Root rot, rust (tambura), rubella, mozaic.
Answer:
Rubella. It is a disease of humans, whereas the rest are diseases of plants.

4. Give scientific reasons.

a. Foam accumulates on a the surface of ‘dal’ kept for a long time in summer.
Answer:

• Dal is rich in proteins.
• During summer, bacteria attack the dal and cause fermentation resulting in the production of carbon dioxide gas.
• Therefore, foam accumulates on the surface of the ‘dal’ kept for long time in summer.

b. Why are naphthalene balls kept with clothes to be put away.
Answer:

• Naphthalene balls are balls of chemical pesticide and deodorant.
• They help to kill or repel insects such as moths, cockroaches, mice etc.
• Therefore, naphthalene balls are kept with clothes to be put away to prevent clothes from getting damaged.

5. Write down the modes of infection and the preventive measures against fungal diseases.
Answer:

• Mode of infection: Contact with infected person or his/her belongings like clothes.
• Preventive measure: Personal hygiene and avoid contact with infected person.

6. Match the pairs.

‘A’ group ‘B’ group
1. Rhizobium a. Food poisoning
2. Clostridium b. Nitrogen fixation
3. Penicillium c. Bakery products
4. Yeast d. Production of antibiotics
Answer:
(1 – b),
(2 – a),
(3 – d),
(4 – c)

7. Answer the following questions.

a. Which vaccines are given to infants? Why?
Answer:

• Hepatitis A and B, DTP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis.) Polio, MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella), Chicken pox, Influenza, Tetanus, BCG, Rotavirus, etc.
• Vaccines consist of dead or weakend microbes. When these are swallowed or injected, the body produces antibodies to fight them.
• These antibodies remain in the body and protect it from any future attack of the disease causing microbes.
• Therefore, vaccines are given to infants for preventing diseases.

b. How is a vaccine produced?
Answer:

• Vaccines are made using the disease causing bacteria or virus but in a form that will not harm the human beings.
• Vaccine is made from dead or weakened microbes or their toxins.
• Vaccine stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies which give life-long protection against the disease.
• There are specific vaccines for specific diseases.

c. How do antibiotics cure disease?
Answer:
Antibiotics cure diseases by destroying or preventing the growth of harmful micro-organisms.

d. Are the antibiotics given to humans and animals the same? Why?
Answer:

• Generally, antibiotics work against any harmful bacteria, whether it is attacking humans or animals.
• But some of them are better suited to humans while some are better for animals. This is due to the adverse effects they show in different species.
• Also, the dosages of antibiotics for humans and animals differ.

e. Why is it necessary to safely store the pathogens of a disease against which vaccines are to be produced?
Answer:

• Pathogens are microbes which can cause diseases in us.
• For the preparation of a vaccine, a particular pathogen is cultured and grown in a laboratory.
• If these pathogens are not safely stored, they many get modified due to environmental factors, resulting in decrease in the efficiency of the vaccine.
• Also, the live pathogens may escape and cause diseases in us.

8. Answer the following questions in brief.

a. What are ‘broad-spectrum antibiotics’?
b. What is fermentation?
Answer:

• Yeast uses sugar for food.
• Yeast grows and multiplies rapidly due to the carbon compounds in the sugar solution.
• In the process of obtaining nutrition, yeast cells convert the carbohydrates in the food into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
• Also, the bacteria Lactobacilli convert lactose, the sugar in milk into lactic acid.
• This process is called fermentation.

c. Define ‘Antibiotic’.
Answer:

• Carbon compounds obtained from some bacteria and fungi for destroying or preventing the growth of harmful micro -organisms are called antibiotics.
• Antibiotics, a discovery of the 20th century, have brought a revolution in the field of medicine.
• Antibiotics mainly act against bacteria. Some antibiotics can destroy protozoa.
• Some antibiotics are useful against a wide variety of bacteria they are called broad-spectrum antibiotics. Examples – Ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, etc.
• When the pathogen cannot be identified even though the symptoms of the disease are visible, broad-spectrum antibiotics are used.
• Whenever a pathogenic micro-organism is definitely known, then narrow-spectrum antibiotics are used. Examples: Penicillin, gentamycin, erythromycin, etc.

Class 9 Science Chapter 8 Useful and Harmful Microbes Intext Questions and Answers

Can you recall?

Question 1.
What is meant by microbes? What are their characteristics?
Answer:
Microbes are tiny microscopic organisms which cannot be seen with the unaided eye.

Characteristics of Microbes.

• They are the smallest organisms on earth.
• They are composed of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
• They can be seen only with the help of a microscope.
• They are found in any kind of environment ranging from coolest polar regions to hottest of deserts. Also found in soil, water and air.
• Some of them are useful, whereas some of them are harmful micro-organisms.

Question 2.
How do you observe microbes?
Answer:
Microbes are observed using a microscope.

Answer the following.

Question 1.
Why are wineries located near Nashik in Maharashtra?
Answer:

• Nashik in Maharashtra is the leading grape producer in the country as it has the soil suitable for the production of grapes.
• Glucose and fructose, the sugars present in grape juice are fermented with the help of yeast to produce wines. Therefore, wineries are located near Nashik in Maharashtra.

Question 2.
Find out the uses of fungi to plants and animals?
Answer:

• Fungi decompose the bodies of dead animals and convert them into simple carbon compounds. These substances easily mix with air, water and soil from where they are again absorbed by plants and enter the food chain.
• Some fungi living in symbiotic association with plants help to absorb water and inorganic compounds like nitrate and phosphate.
• Fungi are also used to derive antibiotics like penicillin which are useful to animals.
• Ants grow fungi in their anthill and obtain food from it.
• Some species of wasps and insects lay their eggs in the fungal bodies growing on trees, thus ensuring a food supply for their larvae.

Question 3.
What is the structure of lichen, a condiment? Where else is it used?
Answer:

• Lichen is a symbiotic association between a fungus and an algae (Cyanobacterium).
• Lichens are sensitive to environmental disturbances and are used in assessing air pollution in an area.
• Lichens are also used in making dyes, perfumes and in traditional medicines.
• A few lichen species are eaten by insects or animals such as reindeer.

Open-ended questions

Answer the following questions:

Class 9 Science Chapter 8 Useful And Harmful Microbes Exercise Question 1.
How is yoghurt made from milk? What exactly happens in this process?
Answer:

• Milk contains sugar called lactose which is broken down with help of Lactobacilli.
• Lactobacilli converts lactose into Lactic Acid. This process is called fermentation. As a result, the pH of milk decreases causing coagulation of milk proteins.
• Thus, milk proteins are separated from other constituents of milk and milk changes to yoghurt.

Useful And Harmful Microbes Class 9 Exercise Question 2.
Sometimes, you may notice a black powder or white discs floating on the pickle or murabba, when a jar is opened after a long time. What exactly is this? Why are such food items not good to eat?
Answer:

• A black powder or white disc floating on the pickle or murabba are fungi.
• Different fungal species depend on host (pickle and murabba) for their growth and reproduction.
• During this process, fungi secretes mycotoxins which are poisonous chemicals; which ultimately spoil the food. Consuming such food can cause food poisoning.
• Therefore, such food items are not good to eat.

8 Useful And Harmful Microbes Class 9 Question 3.
How many different industries depend upon the Lactobacilli bacteria?
Answer:
Industries like milk products, cider, cocoa, pickles, pharmaceuticals depend on Lactobacilli bacteria.

Useful And Harmful Microbes Class 9 Question 4.
Which types of cottage industries and factories can be started in areas with abundant milk production?
Answer:
Cottage industries like the manufacture of milk products like ghee, cheese, paneer, curd, shrikhand, etc. and chocolate making can be started in areas with abundant milk production.

9th Class Science Chapter 8 Useful And Harmful Microbes Exercise Question 5.
Which changes do you notice in leather articles and gunny (jute) bags during the rainy season?
Answer:
In rainy season we can notice whitish-green cotton-like growth or black powder or white discs on leather articles and gunny (jute) bags during the rainy season as these articles are infected by fungus.

Class 9th Science Chapter 8 Useful And Harmful Microbes Exercise Question 6.
For how long afterwards can you use those articles?
Answer:
Those articles cannot be used for long as they wear out and do not last long.

Question 7.
Why do these articles not get spoilt during the summer or winter?
Answer:

• Spores of fungi can germinate when there is sufficient moisture.
• During summer or winter the weather is hot and dry and so fungus cannot grow in such weather.
• Also microbes cannot survive extreme hot or cold temperatures of summer or winter. Therefore, these articles do not get spoilt during summer or winter.

Question 8.
Why do doctors advise you to take yoghurt or buttermilk if you have indigestion or abdominal discomfort?
Answer:

• The Lactobacilli present in yoghurt or buttermilk help to restore the natural microbial flora in the intestine, thus helping in digestion and absorption of nutrients.
• Also buttermilk helps to cool down the stomach and works as a laxative to ease the congestion during abdominal discomfort.

Question 9.
Sometimes, yoghurt becomes bitter and froths up. Why does this happen?
Answer:

• Sometimes yoghurt becomes bitter due to excess fermentation by bacteria.
• Excess amount of lactic acid is produced making the curd bitter.

Question 10.
Which different milk products are obtained at home by fermentation of the cream from the milk?
Answer:
Yoghurt, buttermilk, ghee, cheese, shrikhand, sour cream, etc.

Question 11.
Recently, it has been made compulsory in India and some other countries to mix 10% ethanol with fuels like petrol and diesel. What is the reason for this?
Answer:

• Ethanol is a smokeless and high quality fuel. So it helps to reduce pollution when mixed with petrol or diesel.
• As petrol or diesel is a fossil fuel less consumption of it will lead to resourceful use of it and making the country self-efficient by moving towards sustainable fuel like ethanol.

Question 12.
Chapattis made from wheat only swell up but bread becomes spongy, soft and easy to digest. Why is it so?
Answer:

• The chapatti dough has water, which on heating converts into steam and tries to escape.
• While doing so, it lifts up the upper layer of the chapatti. Therefore, the chapatti swells up.
• Bread is made by adding yeast to the flour.
• In the process of obtaining nutrition, the yeast cells convert the carbohydrates into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
• When this dough is baked, the carbon dioxide escapes out making the bread spongy, soft and easy to digest.

Question 13.
Salt is applied on the inner surface of pickle jars and the pickle is covered with oil. Why is this done?
Answer:

• Salt acts as a preservative. It prevents the growth of bacteria by forcing the microbes to lose water by osmosis. Hence, salt is applied on the inner surface of pickle jars.
• Pickle is covered with oil as oil acts as preservative. It seals off the air from the item that is being pickled and provides an environment in which microbes cannot grow.

Question 14.
Which preservatives are mixed with ready to eat foods to prevent them from spoiling?
Answer:
Common salt, sugar, sodium benzoate, citric acid, sodium meta-bi-sulfite etc. are some 1 of the preservatives mixed with ready-to-eat foods to prevent them from spoiling.

Question 15.
Which plant and animal diseases are caused by micro-organisms and what are the 1 measures to be taken against them? Answer:
Plant diseases:

• Citrus canker is a bacterial disease that affects 1 trees of citrus fruits.
• Rust of wheat is a fungal disease that affects wheat crops.
• Yellow vein mosaic is a viral disease which affects vegetables like bhindi (okra).

Preventive Measures:

• Seeds which are healthy and disease-free should be selected for sowing.
• Infected plants should be removed.
• Plants should be sprayed with fungicides and germicides to prevent diseases.

Animal diseases:

• Anthrax is a disease that affects cattle. It is caused by a bacterium.
• Foot and mouth is a dangerous disease in cattle caused by a virus.
• Rabies is a viral disease that affects animals.

Preventive Measures:

• The place where animals are kept should be washed with germicides.
• Animals should be dewormed regularly.
• The animals should be treated with necessary antibiotics for infectious diseases.
• They should be regularly vaccinated.
• Take the animals to a veterinary hospital for proper treatment and vaccination.

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Bring ‘active dry yeast’ from the market. Mix a spoonful of yeast, two spoonfuls sugar with a sufficient quantity of lukewarm water in a bottle. Fix a colourless, transparent balloon on the mouth of that bottle.

What changes do you observe after 10 minutes? Mix limewater with the gas accumulated in the balloon. Collect that limewater in a beaker and observe it. What do you notice?

Answer:

• After 10 minutes, the balloon is filled with a gas and gets inflated.
• Lime water turns milky thus proving that the gas accumulated is carbon dioxide.

Class 9 Science Chapter 8 Useful and Harmful Microbes Additional Important Questions and Answers

Select the correct option:

Question 1.
The rod-shaped bacteria found in milk or buttermilk are called ……………………. .
(a) Rhizobium
(b) Clostridium
(c) Lactobacilli
(d) Saccharomyces
Answer:
(c) Lactobacilli

Question 2.
Yoghurt has a specific sour taste due to ……………………. .
(a) lactic acid
(b) citric acid
(c) acetic acid
(d) alcohol
Answer:
(a) lactic acid

Question 3.
Bacteria found in the root nodules of leguminous plants are ……………………. .
(a) clostridium
(b) streptococcus
(c) Lactobacilli
(d) Rhizobium
Answer:
(d) Rhizobium

Question 4.
A mutually beneficial relationship is called ……………………. .
(a) symbiosis
(b) parasitism
(c) autotropism
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) symbiosis

Question 5.
Carbon compounds obtained from bacteria and fungi for destroying or preventing the growth of harmful micro-organisms are called ……………………. .
(a) probiotics
(b) antibiotics
(c) antibodies
(d) antigens
Answer:
(b) antibiotics

Question 6.
Fungi release ……………………. into the food, making the food poisonous.
(a) cyanotoxins
(b) dinotoxins
(c) mycotoxins
(d) cytotoxins
Answer:
(c) mycotoxins

Question 7.
……………………. produce bottle-shaped endospores in adverse conditions.
(a) Lactobacilli
(b) Clostridium
(c) Yeast
(d) Rhizobium
Answer:
(b) Clostridium

Question 8.
……………………. conducted important research on the toxin responsible for gas gangrene and the antitoxin responsible for treating it.
(a) Ida Bengston
(b) Van Ermengem
(c) Louis Pasteur
(d) Alexander Fleming
Answer:
(a) Ida Bengston

Question 9.
……………………. is a smokeless and high quality fuel.
(a) Methanol
(b) Ethanol
(c) Petrol
(d) Diesel
Answer:
(b) Ethanol

Question 10.
Antibiotics mainly act against ……………………. .
(a) bacteria
(b) viruses
(c) algae
(d) fungi
Answer:
(a) Bacteria

Question 11.
……………………. is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.
(a) Gentamycin
(b) Penicillin
(c) Amoxicillin
(d) Erythromycin
Answer:
(c) Amoxicillin

Question 12.
……………………. is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic.
(a) Ampicillin
(b) Amoxicillin
(c) Tetracyclin
(d) Penicillin
Answer:
(d) Penicillin

Question 13.
Antibiotic penicillin was discovered by ……………………. .
(a) Louis Pasteur
(b) Alexander Fleming
(c) Ida Bengston
(d) Van Ermengem
Answer:
(b) Alexander Fleming

Question 14.
……………………. proved that the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum is responsible for food poisoning.
(a) Louis Pasteur
(b) Ida Bengston
(c) Alexander Fleming
(d) Van Ermengem
Answer:
(d) Van Ermengem

Question 15.
AIDS is caused by ……………………. .
(a) virus
(b) bacteria
(c) protozoa
(d) fungi
Answer:
(a) Virus

Question 16.
Dengue is caused by ……………………. .
(a) droplets spread in air
(b) contact with infected person
(c) mosquito bite
(d) contaminated water and food
Answer:
(c)mosquitobite

Question 17.
Pneumonia is caused by ……………………. .
(a) virus
(b) bacteria
(c) fungi
(d) protozoa
Answer:
(b) bacteria

Question 18.
……………………. can be prevented by vaccination.
(a) Malaria
(b) AIDS
(c) Leprosy
(d) Chicken pox
Answer:
(d) Chicken pox

Question 19.
Malaria is caused by ……………………. .
(a) protozoa
(b) bacteria
(c) fungi
(d) virus
Answer:
(a) protozoa

Question 20.
Bird flu (H₇N₉) and swine flu (H₁N₁) are caused by ……………………. .
(a) bacteria
(b) protozoa
(c) fungi
(d) virus
Answer:
(d) virus

Question 21.
The Lactobacilli convert lactose, the sugar in the milk, into ……………………. .
(a) lactic acid
(b) acetic acid
(c) alcohol
(d) citric acid
Answer:
(a) lactic acid

Question 22.
The ……………………. destroys harmful microbes present in the milk.
(a) high pH
(b) neutral pH
(c) low pH
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) low pH

Question 23.
Lactobacilli kill the harmful bacteria like ……………………. present in the alimentary canal.
(a) Rhizobium
(b) Saccharomyces
(c) Clostridium
(d) Alcanivorax
Answer:
(c) Clostridium

Question 24.
During fermentation, yeast cells convert carbohydrates into ……………………. .
(a) glucose and fructose
(b) alcohol and carbon dioxide
(c) proteins and fats
(d) fatty acids and amino acids
Answer:
(b) alcohol and carbon dioxide

Question 25.
Molasses is fermented with the help of yeast called ……………………. .
(a) Yarrowia lipolytica
(b) Alcanivorax
(c) Rhizobia
(d) Saccharomyces
Answer:
(d) Saccharomyces

Question 26.
A yeast ……………………. is used to absorb the toxins released during the production of palm oil.
(a) Yarrowia lipolytica
(b) Alcanivorax
(c) Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(d) Penicillium
Answer:
(a) Yarrowia lipolytica

Question 27.
The bacteria which spoil cooked food are ……………………. .
(a) Saccharomyces
(b) Lactobacilli
(c) Clostridium
(d) Rhizobium
Answer:
(c) Clostridium

Question 28.
……………………. can grow and reproduce only in living cells.
(a) Bacteria
(b) Viruses
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Answer:
(b) Viruses

Find the odd man out:

Question 1.
AIDS, Hepatitis, Leprosy, Dengue.
Answer:
Leprosy. It is caused by bacteria, whereas the rest are caused by viruses.

Question 2.
Cholera, Leprosy, Pneumonia, Influenza.
Answer:
Influenza. It is caused by a virus, whereas the rest are caused by bacteria.

Question 3.
Ampicillin, Amoxycillin, Penicillin, Tetracycline.
Answer:
Penicillin. It is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic, whereas others are broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Question 4.
Tetracycline, Penicillin, Gentamycin, Erythromycin.
Answer:
Tetracycline. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, whereas others are narrow-spectrum antibiotics.

Complete the analogy:

Question 1.
(1) Dengue : Virus :: Malaria : …………………………. .
(2) Hepatitis : Virus :: Pneumonia : …………………………. .
(3) Cholera : Bacteria :: Swine flu : …………………………. .
(4) Swine flu : HJNJ : : Bird Flu : …………………………. .
(5) Measles : Virus :: Ringworm : …………………………. .
(6) Yoghurt: Lactobacilli : : Bread : …………………………. .
(7) Oil spills: Alcanivorax :: Absorption of arsenic : …………………………. .
(8) Rhizobium : Nitrogen fixation : : Clostridium : …………………………. .
Answer:
(1) Protozoa
(2) Bacteria
(3) Virus
(4) HyN9
(5) Fungi
(6) Yeast
(7) Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(8) Food poisoning.

Match the columns:

Question 1.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1) Leprosy	(a) Virus
(2) Ringworm	(b) Fungi
(3) Influenza	(c) Protozoa
(4) Malaria	(d) Bacteria

Answer:
(1 – d),
(2 – b),
(3 – a),
(4 – c)

State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements:

(1) Lactobacilli are aerobic bacteria.
(2) Lactobacilli converts lactose sugar into alcohol.
(3) Yoghurt has a specific sour taste due to acetic acid.
(4) The bacteria Clostridium are present in the root . nodules of leguminous plants.
(5) Yeast cell is a prokaryotic cell.
(6) The use of Rhizobium has helped to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers.
(7) Ethanol is a smokeless and high quality fuel.
(8) A yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used for absorbing toxins released during palm oil production.
(9) Gentamycin is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic.
(10) Antibiotics mainly act against bacteria.
(11) Oil spills in oceans are cleared with the help of Clostridium bacteria.
(12) Tetracycline is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic.
(13) Amoxicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.
(14) Penicillin is a group of antibiotics obtained from a fungus Saccharomyces.
(15) Antibiotic Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming.
(16) The bacteria Lactobacilli cause food-poisoning.
(17) Clostridium bacteria grow in aerobic conditions.
(18) AIDS is caused by a virus.
(19) Influenza is caused by a bacteria.
(20) Antibiotics useful to one person can be suggested to others also.
(21) Dengue is caused by a bacteria.
(22) Dandruff and ringworm are caused by fungi.
(23) Pneumonia is spread through droplets spread in air by infected person.
(24) Chicken pox spread due to contaminated food and water.
(25) Ida Bengston was honoured with the Typhoid Medal’ in 1947.
Answer:
(1) False. Lactobacilli are anaerobic bacteria.
(2) False. The Lactobacilli converts lactose sugar into lactic acid.
(3) False. Yogurt has a specific sour taste due to lactic acid.
(4) False. The bacteria Rhizobium are present in the root nodules of leguminous plants.
(5) False. Yeast cell is a eukaryotic cell.
(6) True.
(7) True.
(8) False. A yeast, Yarrowia lipolytic is used to absorb the toxins released during the production of palm oil.
(9) True.
(10) True.
(11) False. Oil spills in oceans are cleared with the help of Alcanivorax bacteria.
(12) False. Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.
(13) True.
(14) False. Penicillin is a group of antibiotics obtained from a fungus Penicillium.
(15) True.
(16) False. The bacteria Clostridium cause food? poisoning.
(17) False. Clostridium bacteria grow in anaerobic conditions.
(18) True.
(19) False. Influenza is caused by a virus.
(20) False. Antibiotics useful to one person cannot be suggested to others as different diseases require different antibiotics.
(21) False. Dengue is caused by a virus.
(22) True.
(23) True.
(24) False. Chicken pox spread due to contact with infected person.
(25) False. Ida Bengston was honoured with the ‘Typhus Medal’ in 1947.

Complete the statements using the proper option from those given below. Explain the statements: (mycotoxins, budding, Rhizobium, molasses, endospores, broad-spectrum, Lactobacilli)

Question 1.
Lactobacilli bacteria are used for making yoghurt.
Answer:
The lactobacilli convert lactose, the sugar in the milk, into lactic acid. As a result, the pH of milk decreases causing a coagulation of milk proteins. Milk changes into yogurt.

Question 2.
The use of Rhizobium has helped to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers.
Answer:
Rhizobium bacteria are found in the root nodules of leguminous plants. They help to convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds and provide it to the plants. This helps to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and their adverse effects.

Question 3.
Amoxicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.
Answer:
This antibiotic is useful against a wide variety of bacteria. It is used against pathogens which cannot be identified during symptoms of a disease.

Question 4.
Ethanol is produced by the fermentation of molasses.
Answer:
Molasses is produced from sugarcane juice. It is rich in carbohydrates. When it is fermented with the help of the yeast called Saccharomyces, ethanol (C2H5OH) is produced.

Question 5.
Clostridium bacteria produce bottle-shaped endospores.
Answer:
These endospores help them to survive in adverse conditions.

Give scientific reasons:

Question 1.
Lactobacilli are used for making yoghurt from milk.
Answer:

• Lactobacilli convert lactose, the sugar in the milk, into lactic acid. This process is called fermentation.
• As a result, the pH of milk decreases causing coagulation of milk proteins.
• Thus, milk proteins are separated from other constituents of milk and milk changes into yoghurt.
• Yoghurt has a specific sour taste due to lactic acid. The low pH destroys harmful microbes present in the milk. Therefore, Lactobacilli are used for making yoghurt from milk.

Question 2.
Antibiotics should be taken only when prescribed by a doctor.
Answer:

• Antibiotics are a group of medicines used to kill disease-causing bacteria and certain protozoa.
• The doctor selects and prescribes the antibiotic best suited for our disease.
• If taken in extra dose, they can kill the useful bacteria present in our body.
• If the course of antibiotics is not completed, the bacteria develop resistance to that antibiotic making it ineffective.
• Therefore, antibiotics should be taken only when prescribed by a doctor.

Question 3.
Nowadays, seeds are coated with Rhizobial solution or powder before sowing.
Answer:

• When seeds coated with Rhizobial solution or powder are sown, Rhizobia enter the plantlets.
• This is called Rhizobial inoculation.
• Rhizobia can produce nitrogenous compounds from atmospheric nitrogen.
• This experiment has helped in the supply of nitrogen to cereal and other crops, besides leguminous crops.
• Therefore, nowadays seeds are coated with Rhizobial solution or powder before sowing.

Question 4.
Antibiotics are not effective against common cold or influenza.
Answer:

• Antibiotics are a group of medicines used to control inflections caused by bacteria.
• Common cold or influenza is caused by a virus.
• Antibiotics are not effective against viruses.
• Therefore, antibiotics are not effective against common cold or influenza.

Question 5.
Cotton fabrics, gunny bags, leather items and wooden items do not last long.
Answer:

• Microscopic spores of fungi are present in the air.
• If there is sufficient moisture, spores germinate on cotton fabric, gunny bags, leather, wooden items etc.
• The fungal hyphae (fibres of the fungus) penetrate deep into the material to obtain nutrition and to reproduce.
• This causes the materials to wear and become weak.
• As a result, cotton fabric, gunny bags, leather and wooden items do not last long.

Question 6.
Food on which fungi has grown cannot be eaten.
Answer:

• Various species of fungi grow on food items like pickles, murabba, jam, sauce, chutney etc.
• They use the nutrients in these food items for growth and reproduction.
• During this activity, fungi release mycotoxins, certain poisonous chemicals, into the food and thus food becomes poisonous.
• Hence, the food on which fungi have grown cannot be eaten.

Write short notes:

Question 1.
Rhizobial inoculation.
Answer:

• Nowadays, seeds are coated with rhizobial solution or powder before sowing.
• After sowing, Rhizobia enter the plantlets.
• This is called Rhizobial inoculation.
• This experiment has helped in the supply of nitrogen to cereal and other crops, besides leguminous crops.

Question 2.
Bio-remediation.
Answer:

• Bio-remediation is a technique that involves the use of organisms to break down environmental pollutants.
• Generally, fungi like yeast and bacteria are used for bio-remediation.
• A yeast, Yarrowia lipolytica is used to absorb the toxins released during the production of palm oil and the heavy metals and minerals released in some other industrial processes.
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used for absorption of a pollutant, arsenic.
• Oil spills in oceans are cleaned with the help of Alcanivorax bacteria.

Question 4.
Clostridium.
Answer:

• Clostridium are the bacteria that spoil food.
• Out of about 100 different species of this bacterium, some are free living in the soil whereas some live in the alimentary canals of humans and other animals.
• These bacteria are rod-shaped and produce bottle-shaped endospores in adverse conditions.
• One special characteristic of these bacteria is that they cannot withstand the normal oxygen level of the air because they grow in anaerobic conditions.

Write down the mode of infection and preventive measures for the following:

Question 1.
Write down the causative pathogen, mode of infection and preventive measures of AIDS.
Answer:

• Causative Pathogen: Virus.
• Mode of infection: Through blood and semen of infected person and milk of mother suffering from AIDS.
• Preventive measure: Safe sexual contact, avoid resuse of needles and injections.

Question 2.
Write down the modes of infection and preventive measures against Bird Flu (H7N9) and Swine Flu (HjN.,).
Answer:

• Mode of infection: Contact with infected birds and animals.
• Preventive measure: Personal hygiene, properly cooked meat.

Question 3.
Write down the modes of infection and preventive measures against Malaria and dengue.
Answer:

• Mode of infection: Mosquito bite, unclean surroundings.
• Preventive measure: Cleanliness of surroundings, preventing stagnation of water, controlling mosquitoes.

Question 4.
Write down the modes of infection and preventive measures against Pneumonia.
Answer:

• Mode of infection: Droplets spread in air by infected person.
• Preventive measure: Vaccination, avoiding contact with infected person.

Question 5.
Write down the modes of infection and preventive measures for leprosy.
Answer:

• Mode of infection: Long term contact with infected person.
• Preventive measure: Avoiding contact with infected persons and their belongings.

Question 5.
What are the modes of infection and preventive measures for Hepatitis?
Answer:

• Mode of infection: Contaminated water and food.
• Preventive measure: Use clean and filtered water, proper storage of food.

Question 6.
What are the modes of infection and preventive measures for Influenza.
Answer:

• Mode of infection: Contact with infected person.
• Preventive measure: Personal hygiene and avoiding contact with infected person.

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
How is bread made?
Answer:

• Bread is made using flour, yeast, salt and water. The yeast uses sugar as food.
• In the process of obtaining nutrition, yeast cells convert the carbohydrates into alcohol and carbon dioxide. This process is called fermentation.
• The bubbles of carbon dioxide given off cause the dough to rise.
• This dough can be used to make bread.
• When this dough is baked, more bubbles of carbon dioxide reformed due to heat. As the gas escapes, the bread rises and becomes soft and fluffy.

Question 2.
What is the advantage of Rhizobium to farmers?
Answer:

• The use of Rhizobium has helped to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and thereby their adverse effects.
• It has also helped to reduce expenses on fertilizers and thus benefited the farmers.

Question 3.
How can we observe Lactobacilli in buttermilk?
Answer:

• Smear a drop of fresh buttermilk on a glass slide.
• Stain it with methylene blue and put a coverslip over it.
• Observe the smear under the 10X objective of a compound microscope and then with the more powerful 60X objective.
• The blue rod-shaped organisms moving about are Lactobacilli.

Question 4.
What is symbiosis? Give example.
Answer:

• Symbiosis is a mutually beneficial relationship.
• Example: Rhizobium living in root nodules of leguminous plants supply nitrates, nitrites and amino acids to that plant and in exchange get energy in the form of carbohydrates.

Complete the following table:

Question 1.
The spread and prevention of disease
Answer:

Question 2.
Different species of Clostridium bacteria and the diseases caused by them.
Answer:

Species of Clostridium	Diseases
Clostridium tetani	Tetanus
Clostridium perfringens	Food poisoning
Clostridium botulinum	Botulism (Paralysis of muscles)
Clostridium difficile	Colitis (Infection of the intestine)

Answer in detail:

Question 1.
How is alcohol produced?
Answer:

• Alcohol is often produced along with sugar in sugar factories.
• Molasses is produced from sugarcane juice. It is rich in carbohydrates.
• Molasses is fermented with the help of the yeast Saccharomyces.
• In this process, ethanol (C₂H₅OH) alcohol is produced as a primary product and ester and other alcohols are produced as secondary products.
• Besides molasses, maize, barley and other grains are also used for industrial production of alcohol.
• Glucose and fructose, the sugars present in grape juice are also fermented with the help of yeast to produce alcohol which is used to make wines.

Question 2.
Give the uses of Lactobacilli.
Answer:
Uses of Lactobacilli:

• Various milk products like yoghurt, buttermilk, ghee, cheese, shrikhand, etc. can be obtained by fermentation of milk.
• Lactobacilli fermentation is useful for large scale production of cider, cocoa, pickles of vegetables etc.
• Lactobacilli and some other useful microbes taken together are used to treat abdominal discomfort.
• Leavened fodder offered to domestic cattle like cows and buffaloes is fodder fermented with the help of lactobacilli.
• The Lactobacilli fermentation process is used to make wine and some types of bread.

Question 3.
What is Penicillin? What is it used for?
Answer:

• Penicillin is a group of antibiotics obtained from a fungus, penicillium.
• It is used for controlling the infections caused by bacteria like Staphylococci, Clostridia, Streptococci, etc.
• Medicines containing Penicillin are useful to treat certain bacterial infections of the ear, nose, throat and skin as well as diseases like Pneumonia and scarlet fever.

Question 4.
How was the antibiotic penicillin discovered?
Answer:

1. Alexander Fleming, a professor of microbiology at St. Mary’s Hospital had cultured varieties of bacteria and fungi in petri dishes in his laboratory.
2. On 3rd September 1928, while observing Staphylococci cultures, he made an interesting observation in one petri dish.
3. In that petri dish, fungal colonies had grown but the area around those colonies was clean and clear, i.e. the bacteria had actually been destroyed.
4. After further studies, he confirmed that the fungus growing there was Penicillium and its secretion had destroyed the bacterial colonies.
5. Thus, the first antibiotic – penicillin had been discovered accidentlly and this formed the basis to find cures for incurable diseases.

Question 5.
What are the precautions to be followed while taking antibiotics?
Answer:

• Antibiotics should be taken only when prescribed by a doctor.
• Don’t purchase any antibiotic from medical stores without a prescription from a doctor.
• Don’t consume antibiotics on your own to treat common diseases like a throat infection, common cold or influenza.
• Even if you feel well before completing of the prescribed course of the antibiotics, you must continue and complete it.
• Don’t suggest to others the antibiotics which were useful to you.

Question 6.
How can we observe Rhizobium bacteria in the roots of leguminous plant?
Answer:

• Take a plantlet of fenugreek, groundnut or any other bean and sterilize it with a 3 to 5% solution of hydrogen peroxide.
• Afterwards, keep it in a 70% solution of ethyl alcohol for 4 to 5 minutes.
• Clean the roots with sterile water and take thin sections of the root nodules.
• Select a good section and place it an a solution of saffranin for 2 to 3 minutes.
• Place the stained section on a glass slide, cover it with a coverslip and observe it under the compound microscope. The pinkish rod-shaped organisms are the Rhizobium bacteria.

 

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 1 Laws of Motion Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 1 Laws of Motion

Class 9 Science Chapter 1 Laws of Motion Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Match the first column with appropriate entries in the second and third columns and remake the table.

2. Clarify the differences

A. Distance and displacement
Answer:

Distance	Displacement
(i) Distance is the length of the actual path travelled by an object. (ii) It is a scalar quantity. (iii) It is either equal to or greater than displacement. (iv) Distance travelled is always positive.	(i) Displacement is the minimum distance between the starting and finishing points. (ii) It is a vector quantity. (iii) It is either equal to or less than distance. (iv) Displacement may be positive or negative or zero.

B. Uniform and non-uniform motion.
Answer:

Uniform motion	Non-uniform motion
(i) If an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time it is said to be in uniform motion. (ii) Distance – time graph for uniform motion is a straight line. (iii) In uniform motion, acceleration is zero.	(i) If an object moves unequal distances in equal intervals of time, its motion is said to be non­uniform. (ii) Distance – time graph for non-uniform motion is not a straight line. (iii) In non-uniform motion acceleration is non-zero.

3. Complete the following table.

4. Complete the sentences and explain them.

a. The minimum distance between the start and finish points of the motion of an object is called the ……….. of the object.
b. Deceleration is ………………………. acceleration
c. When an object is in uniform circular motion, its ………………………. changes at every point.
d. During collision ………………………. remains constant.
e. The working of a rocket depends on Newton’s ………………………. law of motion.

5. Give scientific reasons.

a. When an object falls freely to the ground, its acceleration is uniform.
Answer:

• When the body falls freely to the ground, there are equal changes in velocity of the body in equal intervals of time.
• Thus the acceleration of the body is constant, and it possesses uniform acceleration.

b. Even though the magnitudes of action force and reaction force are equal and their directions are opposite, their effects do not get cancelled.
Answer:

• Action and reaction forces act on different bodies.
• They don’t act on the same body, hence they cannot cancel each other’s effect.
• Hence, even though the magnitudes of action force and reaction force are equal, they do not cancel each other.

c. It is easier to stop a tennis ball as compared to a cricket ball, when both are traveling with the same velocity.
Answer:

• Momentum of an object depends on its mass as well as its velocity.
• Cricket ball is heavier than a tennis ball. Although they are thrown with the same velocity, cricket ball has more momentum than a tennis ball.
• The force required to stop a cricket ball is more than a tennis ball.
• Hence it is easier to stop a tennis ball than a cricket ball moving with same velocity.

d. The velocity of an object at rest is considered to be uniform.
Answer:

• When a body is at rest there is no change in velocity.
• A body with constant velocity is said to be in uniform motion.
• Hence, the state of rest is an example of uniform motion.

6. Take 5 examples from your surroundings and give an explanation based on Newton’s laws of motion.

7. Solve the following examples.

a) An object moves 18 m in the first 3 s, 22 m in the next 3 s and 14 m in the last 3 s. What is its average speed? (Ans: 6 m/s)
Answer:
Given:
Total distance (d) = 18 + 22 + 14 = 54 m
Total time taken (t) = 3 + 3 + 3 = 9 sec
To find:
Average speed = ?

The object moves with an average speed of 6 m/s.

b) An object of mass 16 kg is moving with an acceleration of 3 m/s². Calculate the applied force. If the same force is applied on an object of mass 24 kg, how much will be the acceleration? (Ans: 48 N, 2 m/s²)
Answer:

The force acting on the 1 body is 48 N and the acceleration of the 2” body is 2 m/s²

c) A bullet having a mass of 10 g and moving with a speed of 1.5 m/s, penetrates a thick wooden plank of mass 90 g. The plank was initially at rest. The bullet gets embedded in the plank and both move together. Determine their velocity. (Ans: 0.15 m/s)
Answer:


The plank embedded with the bullet moves with a velocity of 0.15 m/s.

d) A person swims 100 m in the first 40 s, 80 m in the next 40 s and 45 m in the last 20 s. What is the average speed? (Ans: 2.25 m/s²)

Answer:
Given:
Total distance (d) = 100 + 80 + 45 = 225 m
Total time taken (t) = 40 + 40 + 20 = 100 sec
To find:
Average speed =?

The person swims with an average speed of 2.25 m/s.

Class 9 Science Chapter 1 Laws of Motion Intext Questions and Answers

(i) Who will take less time to reach the school and why?
Answer:
Prashant will take less time as the path followed by him is the shortest.

(a) Every morning, Swaralee walks round the edge of a circular field having a radius of 100 m. As shown in figure (a), if she starts from the point A and takes one round, how much distance has she walked and what is her displacement?
Answer:
Radius (r) = 100 m
Distance covered = Circumference of the circle
= 2 nr
= 2 x 3.14 x 100
= 628 m
Displacement = 0 m (Shortest distance between initial and final position is zero)

(b) If a car, starting from point P, goes to point Q (see figure 1.9) and then returns to point P, how much distance has it travelled and what is its displacement?

Answer:
Distance covered = PQ + QP
= 360 + 360
= 720 m
Displacement = 0 m (The shortest distance between initial and final position is zero)

Class 9 Science Chapter 1 Laws of Motion Additional Important Questions and Answers

(A) Choose and write the correct option:

Laws Of Motion Class 9 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board Question 1.
The displacement that occurs in unit time is called …………….. .
(a) displacement
(b) distance
(c) velocity
(d) acceleration
Answer:
(c) velocity

Laws Of Motion Class 9 Maharashtra Board Exercise Answers  Question 2
The unit of velocity in the SI system is …………….. .
(a) cm/s
(b) rn/s²
(c) um/s²
(d) rn/s
Answer:
(d) m/s

Laws Of Motion Class 9 Maharashtra Board  Question 3.
v² = u² + 2as is the relation between and …………….. .
(a) speed and velocity
(b) distance and acceleration
(c) displacement and velocity
(d) speed and distance
Answer:
(c) displacement and velocity

Class 9 Science Notes Chapter 1 Laws Of Motion Question 4.
…………….. is the relation between displacement and time.
(a) v = u + at
(b) v² = u² + 2as
(c) s = ut + 1/2 at²
(d) v = u + 2as
Answer:
(c) s = ut + 1/2 at²

Class 9 Science Chapter 1 Laws Of Motion Question Answer Question 5.
The force necessary to cause an acceleration of 1 m/s² in an object of mass 1 kg is called …………….. .
(a) 1 dyne
(b) 1 m/s
(c) 1 Newton
(d) 1 cm/s
Answer:
(c) 1 Newton.

9th Science Chapter 1 Laws Of Motion Question 6.
Even if the displacement of an object is zero, the actual distance traversed by it …………….. .
(a) may not be zero.
(b) will be zero
(c) will be constant
(d) will be infinity
Answer:
(a) may not be zero

Question 7.
If the velocity changes by equal amounts in equal time intervals, the object is said to be in …………….. .
(a) uniform acceleration
(b) uniform velocity
(c) non-uniform acceleration
(d) non-uniform motion
Answer:
(a) uniform acceleration

Question 8.
If an object is moving with a uniform velocity …………….. .
(a) its speed remains the same, but direction of motion changes
(b) its speed changes but direction of motion is same
(c) its speed and direction both change
(d) its speed and direction both remain the same
Answer:
(d) its speed and direction both remain the same

Question 9.
is an example of positive acceleration.
(a) A stone is thrown vertically upwards
(b) A stone falls freely towards the earth
(c) Brakes are applied by the truck driver
(d) The train arriving at the station
Answer:
(b) a stone falls freely towards the earth

Question 10.
An object continues to remain at rest or in a state of uniform motion along a straight line unless an …………….. acts on it.
(a) internal imbalanced force
(b) external unbalanced force
(c) internal balanced force
(d) external balanced force
Answer:
(b) external unbalanced force

Question 11.
The …………….. is proportional to the applied force and it occurs in the direction of the force.
(a) change of momentum
(b) rate of change of velocity
(c) change of velocity
(d) rate of change of momentum
Answer:
(d) rate of change of momentum

Question 12.
…………….. is a relative concept.
(a) Motion
(b) Direction
(c) Power
(d) Acceleration
Answer:
(a) Motion

Question 13.
A body is said to be in motion if it changes its …………….. with respect to its surroundings.
(a) position
(b) direction
(c) speed
(d) force
Answer:
(a) position

Question 14.
A body is said to be at …………….. if it does not change its position with respect to its surroundings.
(a) Motion
(b) Rest
(c) Gravity
(d) Force
Answer:
(b) Rest

Question 15.
…………….. is the length of the actual path travelled by an object in motion while going from one point to another.
(a) Distance
(b) Displacement
(c) Speed
(d) Velocity
Answer:
(a) Distance

Question 16.
The distance covered by a body in unit time is called its …………….. .
(a) velocity
(b) speed
(c) displacement
(d) rest
Answer:
(b) speed

Question 17.
S.I. unit of speed is …………….. and in C.G.S unit it is …………….. .
(a) m/s and cm/s
(b) km/s and cm/s
(c) m/s and mm/s
(d) m/s and nm/s
Answer:
(a) m/s , cm/s

Question 18.
The distance travelled in a particular direction by an object in unit time is called its …………….. .
(a) velocity
(b) speed
(c) displacement
(d) rest
Answer:
(a) velocity

Question 19.
Units of speed and velocity are the
(a) Same
(b) Different
(c) Greater than each other
(d) Unequal
Answer:
(a) same

Question 20.
…………….. . is related to distance, while …………….. is related to displacement.
(a) Gravity and magnetism
(b) Speed and force
(c) Speed and velocity
(d) Motion and rest
Answer:
(c) Speed, velocity

Question 21.
If an object covers equal distances in equal time intervals, it is said to be moving with …………….. speed.
(a) Uniform
(b) Non uniform
(c) Changing
(d) Random
Answer:
(a) uniform

Question 22.
If an object covers unequal distances in equal time Intervals, it is said to be moving with speed.
(a) Uniform
(b) Non uniform
(c) Changing
(d) Random
Answer:
(b) non uniform

Question 23.
The rate of change of velocity is called
(a) Speed
(b) Acceleration
(c) Velocity
(d) Rest
Answer:
(b) acceleration

Question 24.
Speed of light in dry air is …………….. m/s.
(a) 3 x 10⁷
(b) 3 x 10⁸
(c) 3 x 10⁹
(d) 3 x 10³
Answer:
(b) 3 x 10⁸

Question 25.
When velocity of a body increases, its acceleration is …………….. .
(a) Negative
(b) Zero
(c) Positive
(d) Equal
Answer:
(c) positive

Question 26.
When velocity of a body decreases, its acceleration is …………….. .
(a) Negative
(b) Zero
(c) Positive
(d) Equal
Answer:
(a) negative

Question 27.
Negative acceleration is also called or
(a) Deceleration or retardation
(b) Deceleration or acceleration
(c) acceleration or retardation
(d) Zero
Answer:
(a) deceleration or retardation

Question 28.
In case of motion, object travels equal …………….. in equal intervals of time.
(a) Uniform, distance
(b) Non-Uniform, distance
(c) Uniform, displacement
(d) Uniform, displacement
Answer:
(a) uniform, distances

Question 29.
Motion of an object was studied by …………….. .
(a) Sir Albert Einstein
(b) Sir Thomas Edison
(c) Sir Isaac Newton
(d) Sir Ravindranath Tagore
Answer:
(c) Sir Issac Newton

Question 30.
When an object moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is …………….. motion.
(a) Non uniform circular
(b) Random circular
(c) Uniform circular
(d) Uniform linear
Answer:
(c) uniform circular

Question 31.
When a coin moves along a circular path, the direction of its motion at every point is …………….. .
(a) Circular
(b) Concave
(c) Tangential
(d) Convex
Answer:
(c) tangential

Question 32.
For all uniformly accelerated motions, the velocity-time graph is a …………….. .
(a) Curved line
(b) Straight line
(c) Negative line
(d) Positive line
Answer:
(b) straight line

Question 33.
In the distance-time graph, the slope of the straight line indicates …………….. .
(a) Acceleration
(b) Velocity
(c) Speed
(d) Rest
Answer:
(b) velocity

Question 34.
The first equation of motion gives relation between …………….. and time.
(a) Acceleration
(b) Velocity
(c) Speed
(d) Rest
Answer:
(b) velocity

Question 35.
Newton’s first law explains the phenomenon of
(a) Rest
(b) Inertia
(c) Speed
(d) Velocity
Answer:
(b) inertia

Question 36.
…………….. cause a change in the state of an object at rest or in uniform motion.
(a) Balanced forces
(b) Zero forces
(c) Unbalanced forces
(d) None of them
Answer:
(c) Unbalanced forces

Question 37.
To describe an object’s momentum, we must specify its …………….. and …………….. .
(a) Mass and displacement
(b) Mass and direction
(c) Mass and velocity
(d) Mass and acceleration
Answer:
(c) mass and velocity

Question 38.
…………….. is the product of mass and velocity of an object.
(a) Speed
(b) Acceleration
(c) Momentum
(d) Force
Answer:
(c) Momentum

Question 39.
The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied …………….. .
(a) Balanced force
(b) Unbalanced force
(c) Mass
(d) Velocity
Answer:
(b) unbalanced force

Question 40.
S.I. unit of momentum is
(a) kg cm/s
(b) kg m/s
(c) gm/s
(d) m/s
Answer:
(b) kg m/s

Question 41.
…………….. is always conserved in a collision.
(a) Force
(b) Power
(c) Speed
(d) Total momentum
Answer:
(d) Total momentum

Question 42.
When a bullet is fired from the gun, the gun moves in backward direction. This motion is called as …………….. .
(a) Momentum
(b) Velocity
(c) Acceleration
(d) Recoil
Answer:
(d) Recoil

Question 43.
In CGS system, the unit of force is …………….. .
(а) Newton
(b) Watt
(c) Horse power
(d) Dyne
Answer:
(d) Dyne.

 (B) 1. Find the odd man out:

Question 1.
Displacement, Force, Momentum, Mass
Answer:
Mass

Question 2.
Speed, Power, Energy, Acceleration
Answer:
Acceleration

Question 3.
Newton’s 1st law, Newton’s 2nd law, Newton’s 3rd law, Kepler’s laws of motion
Answer:
Newton’s 3rd law

(B) 2. Find out the correlation

Question 1.
Speed zero: Body at rest :: Negative acceleration : Retardation
Answer:
Retardation

Question 2.
Displacement : Vector quantity :: Distance : Scalar quantity
Answer:
Vector quantity

Question 3.
When body comes to rest at the end of the motion : Final velocity is zero :: When body is at rest at the starting of motion : Initial velocity is zero
Answer:
Initial velocity is zero

Question 4.
Uniform circular motion: Displacement is zero :: Uniform velocity : Acceleration is zero
Answer:
Displacement is zero

Question 5.
Inertia : Newton’s 1st law :: Rate of change of momentum : Newton’s 2nd law
Answer:
Newton’s 2nd law

Question 6.
Balanced force : Body at rest :: Force equation : Mass x acceleration
Answer:
Body at rest

(B) 3. Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Positive acceleration and Negative acceleration
Answer:

Positive acceleration	Negative acceleration
(i) When the velocity of a body increases, acceleration is said to be positive acceleration.	(i) When the velocity of a body decreases, acceleration is said to be negative acceleration.

Question 2.
Scalar quantity and Vector quantity
Answer:

Scalar quantity	Vector quantity
(i) Scalar quantities are physical quantities having magnitude only.	(i) Vector quantities are physical quantities having both magnitude and direction.

Question 3.
Balanced force and Unbalanced force
Answer:

Balanced force	Unbalanced force
(i) Balanced force keeps the body at rest.	(i) Balanced force keeps the body at rest.

(B) 4. State whether the following statements are true or false:

Question 1.
The velocity of a body is given by the distance covered by it in unit time in a given direction.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Displacement is a scalar quantity.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Uniform acceleration means that the body is moving with a uniform velocity.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
The direction of acceleration can be opposite to that of velocity.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Work is a vector quantity.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
Displacement is always greater than distance.
Answer:
False

Question 7.
The distance and displacement are equal only if, motion is along a straight path.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
If an object experiences acceleration, a force is acting on it.
Answer:
True

Question 9.
A train pulling out from a station is in uniform motion.
Answer:
False

Question 10.
If a bus in motion is suddenly stopped, the passengers fall backwards.
Answer:
False

Question 11.
If a single force is acting on an object, it will always accelerate.
Answer:
True

Question 12.
In circular motion, direction of motion is tangential.
Answer:
True

Question 13.
The inertia of a body is measured in terms of its mass.
Answer:
True

(B) 5. Name the following:

Question 1.
The scientist who summarized motion in a set of equations of motion.
Answer:
Isaac Newton

Question 2.
Motion of an object along a circular path with uniform speed.
Answer:
Uniform circular motion

Question 3.
What is the backward motion of the gun called?
Answer:
Recoil

Question 4.
The motion in which the object covers equal distance in equal intervals of time.
Answer:
Uniform motion

Question 5.
S. I. unit of acceleration.
Answer:
m/s²

Question 6.
CGS unit of momentum
Answer:
g cm/s

(B) 6. Answer the following in one sentence:

Question 1.
When is acceleration said to be positive?
Answer:
When the velocity of a body increases, acceleration is said to be positive acceleration.

Question 2.
What is negative acceleration?
Answer:
When the velocity of a body decreases, acceleration is said to be negative acceleration.

Question 3.
What is the direction of velocity of an object performing uniform circular motion?
Answer:
The direction of velocity is along the tangential direction to its position.

Question 4.
Give the mathematical expression used to determine velocity of an object moving with uniform circular motion.
Answer:
is the expression used to determine velocity of a body moving with uniform circular motion.

Question 5.
What kind of force keeps the body at rest?
Answer:
Balanced force keeps the body at rest.

Question 6.
Which law of motion gives the measure of force?
Answer:
Newton’s second law of motion gives the measure of force.

Question 7.
What are vectors and scalars?
Answer:
Scalars are physical quantities having magnitude only whereas, vectors are physical quantities having both magnitude and direction.

Question 8.
Which of the quantities distance, speed, velocity, time and displacement are scalars and which are vectors?
Answer:
Distance, speed and time are scalars displacement and velocity are vectors.

Give formula:

Question 1.
Force =
Answer:
Mass x Acceleration = ma

Question 2.
Final velocity (v) =
Answer:
Initial Velocity + (Acceleration x Time) = u + at

Question 3.
Displacement (s) =
Answer:

Question 4.
Final velocity² (v²) =
Answer:
Initial Velocity² + 2 x Acceleration x Displacement = u² + 2as

Question 5.
velocity of an object moving with uniform circular motion =
Answer:

Give scientific reasons:

Question 5.
Motion is relative.
Answer:

• The motion of an object depends on the observer, hence a body may appear moving for one person and at the same time at rest for another one.
• Hence, motion is relative.

Question 6.
Newton’s first law of motion is called as law of inertia.
OR
Heavier objects offer more inertia.
Answer:

• Inertia is related to the mass of the object.
• As mass is the quantity of matter in a body, we need to exert more force to push a heavier body.
• Hence heavier objects offer more inertia.
• As the same property is described by Newton’s first law of motion, it is called as Law of Inertia.

Question 7.
The launching of a rocket is based on Newton’s third law of motion.
Answer:

• Newton’s third law of motion states that ‘Every action force has an equal and opposite reaction force which acts simultaneously.’
• When the fuel in a rocket is ignited, it bums as a result of chemical reaction.
• The exhaust gases escape with a great force in the backward direction.
• It exerts an equal and opposite reaction force on the rocket, due to which the rocket moves in the forward direction.
• Thus, the principle of launching of rocket is based on Newton’s third law of motion.

Solve the following numerical:

Question 1.
An athlete is running on a circular track. He runs a distance of 400 m in 25 s before returning to his original position. What is his average speed and velocity?
Answer:
Given:
Total distance travelled = 400 m
Total displacement = 0, as he returns to his original position.
Total time = 25 seconds.
To find:
Average speed = ?
Average velocity = ?

The athlete runs at an average speed of 16 m/s and velocity 0 m/s.

Question 2.
An aeroplane taxies on the runway for 30 s with an acceleration of 3.2 m/s² before taking off. How much distance would it have covered on the runway?
Answer:


The distance covered on the runway is 1440 m.

Question 3.
A kangaroo can jump 2.5 m vertically. What must be the initial velocity of the kangaroo?
Answer:
Given:
a = 9.8 m/s², s = 2.5 m, v = 0,
To find:
u = ?
Formula:
v² = u² + 2as
Solution:
v² = u² + 2as
0² = u² + 2 x (-9.8) (2.5) : (Negative sign is used as the acceleration is in the direction opposite to that of velocity.)
0= u² – 49 u²
= 49 u
= 7 m/s

The initial velocity of the kangaroo must be 7 m/s.

Question 4.
A motorboat starts from rest and moves with uniform acceleration, if it attains the velocity of 15 m/s in 5s, calculate the acceleration and the distance travelled in that time.
Answer:
Given:
Initial velocity, u = 0
Final velocity, v = 15 m/s time, t = 5 s.
To find:
Acceleration (a) = ?
Distance (s) = ?
Solution:
From the first equation of motion

From the second equation of motion, the distance covered will be

The acceleration is 3 m/s² and distance travelled is 37.5 m.

Question 5.
The mass of a cannon is 500 kg and it recoils with a speed of 0.25 m/s. What is the momentum of the cannon?
Answer:
Given:
mass of the cannon = 50 kg
recoil speed = 0.25 m/s
To find:
Momentum = ?
Formula:
Momentum = m x v
Solution:
Momentum = m x v
= 500 x 0.25
= 125 kg m/s

The momentum of cannon is 125 kg m/s

Answer the following in short:

Question 1.
Explain the three different ways to change the velocity.
Answer:
As velocity is related to speed and direction, it can be changed by :

• Changing the speed while keeping the direction constant.
• Changing direction while keeping speed constant.
• Changing both speed as well as direction of motion.

Question 2.
Explain what is positive, negative and zero acceleration.
Answer:

• Positive Acceleration: When the velocity of an object increases, the acceleration is positive. In this case, the acceleration is in the direction of velocity.
• Negative Acceleration: When the velocity of an object decreases with time, it has negative acceleration. Negative acceleration is also called deceleration. Its direction is opposite to the direction of velocity.
• Zero Acceleration: If the velocity of the object does not change with time, it has zero acceleration.

Question 3.
What inference do we draw from the velocity-time graph for a uniformly accelerated motion?
Answer:

• From velocity-time graph we can infer whether velocity changes by equal amounts in equal intervals of time or not.
• Thus, for all uniformly accelerated motion, the velocity – time graph is a straight line and slope of the line gives the acceleration.
• For non-uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time graph can have any shape according to variation in velocity with respect to time.

Question 4.
State the three equations of motion and give the relationship explained by them.
Answer:

• v = u + at: This is the relation between velocity and time.
• s = ut + 1/2 at² : This is the relation between displacement and time
• v² = u² + 2as : This is the relation between displacement and velocity.

Question 5.
What are the implications of Newton’s Third Law of motion?
Answer:

• Action and reaction are terms that express force.
• These forces act in pairs. One force cannot exist by itself.
• Action and reaction forces act simultaneously.
• Action and reaction forces act on different objects. They do not act on the same object and hence cannot cancel each other’s effect.

Question 6.
Explain recoil and recoil velocity. Derive its expression.
Answer:

• Let us consider the example of a bullet fired from a gun. When a bullet of mass nij is fired from a gun of mass m₂, its velocity becomes v₂, and its momentum becomes m^. Before firing the bullet, both the gun and the bullet are at rest. Hence, total initial momentum is zero.
• According to Newton’s third law of motion, the total final momentum also has to be zero. Thus, the forward-moving bullet causes the gun to move backward after firing.
• This backward motion of the gun is called its recoil. The velocity of recoil, v₂ is such that,
  

Complete the flow chart:

(1) Types of force and their effects
Answer:

(2) Newton’s laws
Answer:

Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Speed and velocity.
Answer:

Speed	Velocity
(i) Speed is the distance covered by a body in unit time. (ii) It is a scalar quantity. (iii) Speed is equal to or greater than velocity. (iv) Speed = distance/time (v) It is always positive or zero but never negative.	(i) The displacement that occurs in unit time is called velocity. (ii) It is a vector quantity. (iii) Velocity is equal to or less than speed. (iv) Velocity = displacement/time (v) It may be positive, Zero or negative.

Question 2.
Balanced force and unbalanced force.
Answer:

Balanced force	Unbalanced force
(i) Two equal forces applied on a body in the opposite direction. (ii) This force does not change the state of rest or the state of uniform motion	(i) Two unequal forces applied on a body. (ii) This force can change the state of rest or the state of uniform motion of a body in a straight line.

Give examples:

Question 1.
Scalar quantities
Answer:
Time, Volume, Speed, Mass, Temperature, Distance, Entropy, Energy, and Work

Question 2.
Vector quantities
Answer:
Acceleration, Velocity, Momentum, Force, and Weight

Answer the following questions:

Observe the figure and answer the questions:

(a) Measure the distance between points A and B in different ways as shown in figure (I).
Answer:
Distances measured may be of different lengths depending on the path taken.

(b) Now measure the distance along the dotted line. Which distance is correct according to you and why?
Answer:
Dotted line shows the shortest way of reaching from A to B.

(c) Observe the following figures. If you increase the number of sides of the polygon and make it infinite, how many times will you have to change the direction? What will be the shape of the path?

Answer:
If we increase the number of sides of the polygon and make it infinite, then we will have to change the direction an infinite number of times. The shape of the path thus obtained will be a circle.

Observe the figure and answer the questions

Question 1.
What will be the effect on the velocity of the motorcycle if its speed increases or decreases, but its direction remains unchanged?
Answer:
If the speed is increased the velocity of the motorcycle will increase and if the speed is decreased the velocity of the motorcycle will decrease

Question 2.
In case of a turning on the road, will the velocity and speed be same?
Answer:
As speed is scalar quantity while velocity is vector quantity so by turning velocity will change while speed remains same

Question 3.
If, on a turning, we change the direction as well as the speed of the motorcycle, what will be the effect on its velocity?
Answer:
Its velocity will change because velocity depends on speed as well as direction and here both speed and direction are changed.

Numerical:

Question 1.
A person travels a distance of 72 km in 4 hours. Calculate average speed in m/s.
Answer:
Given :
Total distance (d)
= 72 km
= 72×1000
= 72000 m

Total time taken (t)
= 4 hours
= 4 x 3600 (v lhr = 3600 sec)
= 14400 s

To find:
Average speed = ?


The person travels with average speed of 5 m/s

Question 2.
balls have masses of 50 gm and 100 gm and they are moving along the same line in the same direction with velocities of 3 m/s and 1.5 m/s respectively. They collide with each other and after the collision, the first ball moves with a velocity of 2.5 m/s. Calculate the velocity of the other ball after collision.
Answer:

Final velocity of second ball after collision is 1.75 m/s.

Write laws and explain write implications:

Question 1.
Newton’s third law of motion
Answer:
‘Every action force has an equal and opposite reaction force which acts simultaneously’.

• Action and reaction are terms that express force.
• These forces act in pairs. One force cannot exist by itself.
• Action and reaction forces act simultaneously.
• Action and reaction forces act on different objects. They do not act on the same object and hence cannot cancel each other’s effect.

Question 2.
Explain Newton’s second law of motion and derive the formula.
Answer:
Newton’s second law explains about change in momentum. It states that The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force and the change of momentum occurs in the direction of the force.

Suppose an object of mass ‘m’ has an initial velocity ‘u. When a force ‘F’ is applied in direction of its velocity for time ‘t’, its velocity becomes ‘y’. Then, the total initial momentum of the body = ‘mu’. Its final momentum after time t = ‘mv’.

So, the rate of change of momentum

Hence by Newtons second la of motion, 4he rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force.
∴ ma ∝ F
∴ F ∝ ma
∴ F ∝ kma (k = Constant of proportionaLity and value is 1).
∴ F = ma

Question 3.
State the law of conservation of momentum and derive the formula.
Answer:

Let mass of object A and B be m₁ and m₁ respectively
Let their initial velocity be u₁ and u₂ Let their final velocity be v₁ and v₂

We know,
P = mv
Let their initial momentum be m₁u₁ and m₂ u₂
Let their final momentum be m₁v₁ and m₂v₂

Total initial momentum = (m₁u₁ + m₂u₂)
Total final momentum = (m₁v₁ + m₂v₂)

If F₂ is the force that acts on object B,

i.e. The magnitude of total of total final momentum = the magnitude of total initial momentum

Complete the paragraph:

Question 1.
Moving Objects
Answer:
‘Distance’ is the length of the actual path travelled by an object in motion while going from one point to another, whereas displacement is the minimum distance between the starting and finishing points. The displacement that occurs in unit time is called velocity. The units of speed and velocity are the same. In the SI system, the unit is m/s while in the CGS system; it is cm/s. Speed is related to distance while velocity is related to the displacement. If the motion is along a straight line, the values of speed and velocity are the same, otherwise they can be different. The first scientist to measure speed as the distance /time was Galileo. The speed of sound in dry air is 343.2 m/s while the speed of light is about 3 x 108 m/s. The speed of revolution of the earth around the sun is about 29770 m/s.

Question 2.
Types of motion
Answer:
If an object covers unequal distances in equal time intervals, it is said to be moving with non-uniform speed. For example the motion of a vehicle being driven through heavy traffic. If an object covers equal distances in equal time intervals, it is said to be moving with uniform speed. The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration. If the velocity changes by equal amounts in equal time intervals, the object is said to be in uniform acceleration. If the velocity changes by unequal amounts in equal time intervals, the object are said to be non-uniform acceleration. The speed of the tip is constant, but the direction of its displacement and therefore, its velocity is constantly changing. As the tip is moving along a circular path, its motion is called uniform circular motion.

Question 3.
Newton’s laws and conservation of momentum
Answer:
An object continues to remain at rest or in a state of uniform motion along a straight line unless an external unbalanced force acts on it. The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force and the change of momentum occurs in the direction of the force. Momentum has magnitude as well as direction. Its direction is the same as that of velocity. In SI system, the unit of momentum is kg m/s, while in CGS system, it is g cm/s. If an unbalanced force applied on an object causes a change in the velocity of the object, then it also causes a change in its momentum.

The force necessary to cause a change in the momentum of an object depends upon the rate of change of momentum. Every action force has an equal and opposite reaction force which acts simultaneously. As the mass of the gun is much higher than the mass of the bullet, the velocity of the gun is much smaller than the velocity of the bullet. The magnitude of the momentum of the bullet and that of the gun are equal and their directions are opposite. Thus, the total momentum is constant. Total momentum is also constant during the launch of a rocket.

Answer the following in detail:

Question 1.
What is speed? State its units and types. Explain instantaneous speed and average speed.
Answer:

The speed of a body is the distance travelled in unit time. The units of speed in CGS system is cm/s and in SI system is m/s.
There are two types of speed :

• • Uniform speed : When a body covers equal distance in equal intervals of time throughout its motion, it is said to have uniform speed.
  • Non-uniform or variable speed: When a body covers unequal distance in equal intervals of time it is said to have non-uniform speed.

The speed of the body at any instant is called instantaneous speed. Average speed is the ratio of total distance covered to total time taken.

Question 2.
What is velocity? State its units and types.
Answer:

The velocity of a body is the distance travelled by a body in a particular direction in unit time. Thus, rate of change of displacement is called velocity.

v = s/t
where: s = displacement; t = time taken; v = velocity
(MKS unit: m/s CGS unit: cm/s)
There are two types of velocities :

• • Uniform velocity: If there is equal displacement taking place in equal intervals of time, it is uniform velocity.
  • Non-uniform velocity or variable velocity: If there is unequal displacement in equal intervals of time, it is non-uniform velocity.

Question 3.
What is acceleration? State its units and types.
Answer:
(i) Acceleration is a rate of change in velocity. It is a vector quantity, \(a=\frac{v-u}{t}\)
where : v = final velocity; u = initial velocity;
a = acceleration
Units of acceleration in SI system is m/s2 and CGS system is cm/s2.

(ii) Types of acceleration: .
(a) Uniform acceleration : If the change in velocity is equal in equal intervals of time, the acceleration is uniform acceleration.
(b) Non-uniform acceleration : If the change in velocity is unequal in equal intervals of time, the acceleration is a non-uniform acceleration.

(iii) Kinds of acceleration:
Positive acceleration : When the velocity of an object goes on increasing, it is said to have Positive acceleration.
Negative acceleration : When the velocity of an object goes on decreasing, it is said to have negative acceleration or retardation or deceleration.
Zero acceleration : If the velocity of the object does not change with time, it has zero acceleration.

Question 4.
Explain Newton’s second law of motion and derive the formula.
Answer:
Newton’s second law explains about change in momentum. It states that ‘The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force and the change of momentum occurs in the direction of the force.’

Suppose an object of mass’m’ has an initial velocity ‘u’. When a force ‘F’ is applied in the direction of its velocity for time’t’, its velocity becomes ‘v’. Then, the total initial momentum of the body = ‘mu’. Its final momentum after time t = ‘mv’.

So, the rate of change of momentum

Hence by Newton’s second law of motion, the rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force.
∴ ma ∝ F
∴ F ∝ ma
∴ F = kma (k = Constant of proportionality and value is 1).
∴ F = ma

Question 5.
State the law of conservation of momentum and derive the formula.
Answer:
(i) Let mass of objects A and B be and m₂ respectively
Let their initial velocity be m₁ and u₂
Let their final velocity be V₁ and v₂

(ii) We know,
P = mv
Let their initial momentum be m₁u₁ and m₂u₂
Let their final momentum be m₁v₁ and m₂v₂

(iii) Total initial momentum = (m₁u₁ + m₂u₂)
Total final momentum = (m₁v₁ + m₂v₂)

(iv) If F₂ is the force that acts on object B,

i.e. The magnitude of total final momentum = the magnitude of total initial momentum.

Question 6.
Obtain the equations of motion by graphical method:

(a) Equation for velocity-time relation.
Answer:
Velocity-time graph: shows the change in velocity with time of a uniformly accelerated object. The object starts from the point D in the graph with velocity v. Its velocity keeps increasing and after time t it reaches the point B on the graph.

The initial velocity of the object = u = OD

(b) Equation for displacement-time relation.
Answer:
Suppose that an object is in uniform acceleration ‘a’ and it has covered the distance ‘s’ within time’t’. From the graph the distance covered by the object during time’t’ is given by the area of quadrangle DOEB.

(c) Equation for displacement-velocity relation.
Answer:
We can determine the distance covered by the object in time t from the area of the quadrangle DOEB. DOEB is a trapezium. So we can use the formula for its area.

This is Newton’s third equation of motion.

Read the paragraph and answer the questions:

1. Paragraph

(a) When a bat strikes a ball, the ball exerts an equal and opposite force on the bat. The force : acting on the ball projects it with high velocity, Due to the large mass of bat compared to ball, reaction force on the bat slows down the bat’s motion.
(b) When a bullet is fired from a gun, the gun exerts a force on the bullet in the forward direction. This is the action force. The bullet also exerts an equal force on the gun in the backward direction. This is the reaction force. Due to the large mass of the gun, it j moves only a little distance backward. This backward movement of the gun is called the recoil of the gun.
(c) In a rocket, burning fuel creates a push on the front of the rocket pushing it forward. This creates an equal and opposite push on the exhaust gas backwards.

(i) Which of Newton’s law examples are given here?
Answer:
Newton’s 3rd law is stated by the above example

(ii) When a rifle is fired it is pushed back this movement is called what?
Answer:
Movement of rifle getting pushed back after firing is called recoil.

(iii) What does the ball acquire after it gets velocity?
Answer:
The ball acquires momentum after it gets velocity.

(iv) State newton’s 1st law of motion
Answer:
An object continues to remain at rest or in a state of uniform motion along a straight line unless an external unbalanced force acts on it.

(v) Which force is required to produce motion in an object?
Answer:
Unbalanced force is required to produce motion in an object.

2. Paragraph 2
constant velocity. If that velocity is zero, then the object remains at rest. If an external force is applied, the velocity will change because of the force. The second law explains how the velocity of an object changes when it is subjected to an external force. The law defines a force to be equal to changes in momentum (mass times velocity) per change in time. Newton also developed the calculus of mathematics, and the “changes” “expressed in j the second law are most accurately defined in differential forms. (Calculus can also be used to determine the velocity and location variations experienced by an object subjected to an external force.) For an object with a constant mass the second law states that the force F is the product of an objects mass and its acceleration a:
F = m * a
For an external applied force the change in velocity depends on the mass of the object.

A force will cause in velocity; and likewise, a change in velocity will generate a force. The equation works both ways.
The third law states that for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction. In other words, if object A exerts a force on object B, then object B also exerts an equal force on object: A. Notice that the forces are exerted on different objects. The third law can be used to explain the generation of lift by a wing and the production of thrust by a jet engine

(i) A chalk kept on the table remains in the position of rest until moved by the teacher. Which law of motion is followed in this situation?
Answer:
Newton’s 1st law is followed in this situation e

(ii) What will happen to momentum if the mass and acceleration both are doubled?
Answer:
If the mass and acceleration both are doubled then the momentum will be increased four times

(iii) What will happen to momentum if the mass and acceleration both are halved?
Answer:
If the mass and acceleration both are doubled then the momentum will be decreased one four times

(iv) A moving stone filled truck collides with a moving car coming from opposite direction. Why is it observed that only the car is pushed backward?
Answer:
A stone filled truck as more mass than a car hence it has more momentum thus it is observed that only the car is pushed backward

(v) What will happen to the force if the jet engines do not produce enough thrust to push the aeroplane in mid-air?
Answer:
If the jet engines do not produce enough thrust to push the aeroplane in mid-air the force of aeroplane and resistance of air will become balanced thus putting the aeroplane at rest which will result in a crash.