Important Questions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Important Questions Chapter 3 Diversity and Unity in Indian Society Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Sociology Important Questions Chapter 3 Diversity and Unity in Indian Society

1A. Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternative given in the brackets and rewrite it.

Question 1.
India is a ___________ country. (homogenous, secular, non-religious)
Answer:
secular

Question 2.
Dr. B.S. Guha classifies the population of India into ___________ main racial groups. (four, five, six)
Answer:
six

Question 3.
___________ tends to bring together people of the faith to celebrate commonly cherished festivals and
events. (Race, Religion, Caste)
Answer:
Religion

Question 4.
In ___________ Indian States were organized on a linguistic basis. (1947, 1971, 1956)
Answer:
1956

Question 5.
The Constitution of India has approved ___________ Official languages. (20, 27, 22)
Answer:
22

Question 6.
21st February 2017 was declared as an International ___________ Language Day by the United Nation. (Mother, Father, Spiritual)
Answer:
Mother

Question 7.
___________ refers to territorial entities found within the country. (Religion, Language, Region)
Answer:
Region

Question 8.
Sharing of natural resources gives the people a sense of ___________ unity. (religious, cultural, geographical)
Answer:
geographical

Question 9.
___________ examines the role of religion in social integration as a binding force among individuals and groups. (M. N. Srinivas, Iravati Karve, G. S. Ghurye)
Answer:
M. N. Srinivas

Question 10.
___________ refers mainly to loyalty to one’s own religion before the nation. (Casteism, Communalism, Regionalism)
Answer:
Communalism

Question 11.
Indian States have been divided on a ___________ basis. (religious, caste, linguistic)
Answer:
linguistic

Question 12.
___________ is built into the fabric of society and passed down from one generation to the next. (Equality, Inequality, democracy)
Answer:
inequality

Question 13.
The spirit of tolerance promotes ___________ (economic growth, national integration, diversity)
Answer:
national integration

Question 14.
Economic disparity means ___________ distribution of wealth. (normal, uneven, even)
Answer:
uneven

Question 15.
India is federal Union comprising of ___________ states with seven union territories. (29, 30, 28)
Answer:
29

Question 16.
Language plays an important role of ___________ in an organisation. (interest, communication, transport)
Answer:
communication

Question 17.
Caste an example of ___________ (equality, inequality, none)
Answer:
inequality

Question 18.
___________ refers to loyalty to one’s own religion before nation. (Casteism, Communalism, Linguism)
Answer:
Communalism

Question 19.
Unity implies a sense of oneness meaning ___________ (uniformity, integration, identity)
Answer:
integration

Question 20.
After independence India has adopted ___________ system. (presidential, federal, dictatorship)
Answer:
federal

Question 21.
In the constitution of India there are ___________ fundamental rights. (six, seven, eight)
Answer:
six

Question 22.
State were formed on the linguistic basis in the year ___________ (1956, 1951, 1947)
Answer:
1956

Question 23.
___________ is a multi-religious Country. (India, Bangladesh, China)
Answer:
India

Question 24.
India has always ___________ different cultures. (assimilated, diversified, obstructed)
Answer:
assimilated

Question 25.
Thrissurpuram is the festival held which state ___________ (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka)
Answer:
Kerala

Question 26.
A large section of the tribal population of India live in ___________ State. (North eastern, southern, western)
Answer:
Noth eastern

Question 27.
Gender expression is linked to gender ___________ (culture, biology, socialisation)
Answer:
socialisation

Question 28.
___________ implies respect and tolerance for people of all faiths. (communalism, secularism, casteism)
Answer:
secularism

Question 29.
The Constitution of India, allows affirmative action through ___________ in education and employment. (discrimination, reservation, tolerance)
Answer:
reservation

B. Correct the incorrect pair and rewrite it.

Question 1.
(a) Kerala – Onam
(b) Tamil Nadu – Pongal
(c) Punjab – Baisakhi
(d) Assam – Makar Sankranti
Answer:
(d) Assam – Bihu

Question 2.
(a) North – Badrainarayan
(b) South – Rameshwaram
(c) East – Golden Temple
(d) West – Dwarka
Answer:
(c) East – Puri

Question 3.
(a) Hindus – Diwali
(b) Muslims – Muharram
(c) Christians – Christmas
(d) Parsi – Easter
Answer:
(d) Parsi – Pateti

Question 4.
(a) Secularism – Sarvadharmasamabhav
(b) Linguism – Language patriotism
(c) Communalism – Religious patriotism
(d) Religionism – Excessive attachment of one’s own caste
Answer:
(d) Religionism – Excessive attachment of one’s own state

Question 5.
(a) Kaveri water dispute – Linguism
(b) Babari – Masjid demolition – Communalism
(c) Unequal distribution of wealth – Economic inequalities
(d) Caste-based vote banks – Casteism
Answer:
(a) Kaveri water dispute – Regionalism

Question 6.
(a) Sanskrit, Kashmiri, Hindi, Bengali – Indo-Aryan
(b) Telugu, Kurukh, Oraon, Maler – Dravidian
(c) Himalayan and Bhutia Languages – Austro-Asiatic
(d) Aka – Jeru, Ongan and Sentinelese – Andamanese
Answer:
(c) Himalayan and Bhutia Languages – Sino-Tibetan

Question 7.
(a) The Three Language Formula – Religious unity
(b) The rule of law – Political unity
(c) Celebration of festivals – Cultural unity
(d) Sharing of natural resources – Geographical unity
Answer:
(a) The Three Language Formula – Linguistic unity

Question 8.
(a) ‘Below Poverty Line’ – Private property
(b) Private school differences – Educational differences
(c) The mall culture – Social environment
(d) Capacities and capabilities – Individual differences
Answer:
(a) ‘Below Poverty Line’ – Family influence

1C. Identify the appropriate term from the given options in the box and rewrite it against the given statement.

Unity, Language, Race, Regionalism, Class, Gender fluidity, North East, Jajmani, Sexuality, Culture, Egalitarian society, Secularism, Kannada, Northeast, Ethnocentrism, Totalitarianism.

Question 1.
The state of togetherness and oneness.
Answer:
Unity

Question 2.
A classical language of India.
Answer:
Kannada

Question 3.
A group of people with set distinctive physical features.
Answer:
Race

Question 4.
The region comprises seven sisters.
Answer:
East North

Question 5.
Relating to another person physically, emotionally and/or sexually.
Answer:
Sexuality

Question 6.
Those who do not limit themselves within the binary.
Answer:
Gender fluidity

Question 7.
The exchange of goods and services between various jatis.
Answer:
Jajmani

Question 8.
People belonging to different religious feel that their religion is superior.
Answer:
Ethnocentrism

Question 9.
Respect and tolerance for people of all faith.
Answer:
Secularism

Question 10.
Loyalty to one’s own state or region before one’s nation.
Answer:
Regionalism

Question 11.
It is based on the principle of cultural integration.
Answer:
National Anthem

Question 12.
It is caused by Religious fundamentalism.
Answer:
Terrorism

Question 13.
Malnutrition deaths of infants.
Answer:
Below Poverty Line

1D. Correct underlined words and complete the statement.

Question 1.
In Kolkata, the festival of lights (Diwali) is celebrated along with the Parsis Festival of Lights (Hannukah).
Answer:
In Kolkata, the festival of lights (Diwali) is celebrated along with the Jewish Festival of Lights (Hannukah).

Question 2.
700 jatis are classified under the Scheduled Caste communities.
Answer:
750 jatis are classified under the Scheduled Caste communities.

Question 3.
Religion has become a means for competing for access to resources and power in modern India.
Answer:
Caste has become a means for competing for access to resources and power in modern India.

Question 4.
Communalism leads to Inter-State rivalries.
Answer:
Regionalism leads to Inter-State rivalries.

Question 5.
In all societies, we see economic equality.
Answer:
In all societies, we see economic inequality.

Question 6.
When people are identified on the basis of wealth, education and job is caste.
Answer:
When people are identified on the basis of wealth, education and job is class.

Question 7.
In traditional Indian society, importance was given to achieved status.
Answer:
In traditional Indian society, importance was given to ascribed status.

Question 8.
Due to racial discrimination, women are denied many rights privileges and opportunities that they deserve.
Answer:
Due to gender discrimination, women are denied many rights privileges, and opportunities that they deserve.

Question 9.
Class diversity is observed in various fields like costumes tradition, food, habits, norms, values, festivals, and lifestyle.
Answer:
Cultural diversity is observed in various fields like costumes tradition, food, habits, norms, values, festivals, and lifestyle.

Question 10.
Indians have faith in dictatorships.
Answer:
Indians have faith in democracy.

Question 11.
Regional fundamentalism can lead to acts of terrorism.
Answer:
Religious fundamentalism can lead to acts of terrorism.

Question 12.
Disputes created among the racists are the distribution of river water, constructions, dams, demand separate states, etc.
Answer:
Disputes created among the regions/states are the distribution of river water, constructions, dams, demand for separate state etc.

Question 13.
Many regions of south India disapprove of the acceptance of English as an official language.
Answer:
Many regions of south India disapprove of the acceptance of Hindi as an official language.

Question 14.
Religion participation is required to conserve language diversity.
Answer:
Community participation is required to conserve language diversity.

Question 15.
The role and significance of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj are well-established in Gujarat.
Answer:
The role and significance of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj are well-established in Maharashtra.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Secularism
Answer:
Given the nature of our religious plurality, the concept of secularism in India fosters a modern outlook showing religious tolerance. In India, secularism implies respect and tolerance for people of all faiths, beautifully encapsulated in the term, ‘Sarva dharma samabhav’.

India has been and continues to be a land with multiple faith systems. This necessarily includes acceptance of people who do not subscribe to any religious identity, custom or practice, but who may express their loyalty and commitment to secular values such as scientific endeavor, humanitarianism, humanism, and so forth.

The term secularism implies respect and tolerance for people of all faith. The concept of secularism dates back to 2300 years ago by emperor Ashoka the term ‘Sarva Dharma Samabhav’ is one of the most cherished Indian values it is one of the biggest achievements of a democratic country. Secularism is a simple word that refers to an ideology that provides people with the right to follow any religion. It means separate religion from political, economic, social, and cultural aspects of life.

The constitution of India gives the right of freedom to all religions, protects the belief patterns and values of their religion. It permits the state with the responsibility to maintain neutrality in matters of religion. Secularism states that no one shall be subject to discrimination by any state or any social institution on grounds of religion or belief patterns.

Living in a secular state brings faith and acceptance of people from different religious backgrounds. In this way, secularism fosters a modern outlook showing religious tolerance, humanity and promotes the integration of all people in society.

Question 2.
Linguistic Unity
Answer:
Linguistic Unity means that every language in the country whether regional or national language must be treated equally. The Indian State recognizes linguistic diversities and makes special provisions to protect and support some of the languages and dialects that are on the verge of extinction.

People speaking different languages have been living harmoniously without any conflicts. The three-language formula followed by all State Education Boards enables the inculcation of Hindi and English as languages to connect with the Union, English to connect with the outside world, and the regional/local language for communication within the State.

As per the policy the three languages recommended were:

• 1st language: Regional Language or Mother Tongue.
• 2nd language: English or Modern Indian Language (in Hindi speaking States) Hindi or English (in non-Hindi speaking States)
• 3rd language: English or Modern Indian Language (in Hindi speaking States)

Classical languages and languages of linguistic minorities have also found a place in the educational curriculum

Many educational bodies offer learners the option of answering their examinations in a range of mediums (e.g. Marathi, Hindi, Urdu, Gujarati, Kannada, English). Doordarshan and Akashwani have programmes in multiple Indian languages that reach out to millions of persons. These are measures that promote a sense of linguistic unity among multi-lingual people of the land.

Question 3.
Process of Unity in India
Answer:
At the root of all the co-existing diversities, there exists an underlying unity. This has created a composite culture decisively pan-Indian in nature. In India, secularism implies respect and tolerance for people of all faiths. India has been and continues to be a land with multiple faith systems

Following are the unifying factors in India:
Geographical unity: one would find unity in the agrarian cycles such as the sowing season and the harvest season. Sharing of natural resources gives people a sense of oneness. Festivals such as Onam in Kerala, Makar Sankrant in Western and South India, Pongal in Tamil Nadu, Baisakhi in Punjab, and Bihu in Assam revolve around the harvest season.

Religious Unity: Although various religious groups in India present external differences, there are some commonly shared elements. India is a land of diverse religious faiths. Religious unity in India finds its expression through places of worship scattered all over the country.

Political Unity: National unity and integrity have been maintained even though sharp economic and social inequalities have obstructed the emergence of an egalitarian society. The Five-Year Plans and several developmental schemes were geared towards uplifting the poor and weaker sections of society. The Constitution of India has established the “rule of law” throughout the country. All citizens are equal and subject to the same authority.

Linguistic diversity: The Indian State recognizes linguistic diversities and makes special provisions to protect and support some of the languages and dialects that are on the verge of extinction. The three-language formula followed by all State Education Boards enables the inculcation of Hindi and English as languages to connect with the Union, English to connect with the outside world, and the regional/local language for communication within the States.

3. Write differences.

Question 1.
Religious diversity and Caste diversity
Answer:

Religious diversity	Caste diversity
(i) Meaning: Religious diversity means people practicing different religions living together Religions like Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism, and Sikhism have flourished in India.	(i) Meaning: There is caste diversity in India with four varnas or caste groups Caste diversity means people belonging to different castes living together.
(ii) Sub Division: Each major religion is subdivided along the lines of religious doctrines, sects, and cults.	(ii) Sub Division: There are thousands of castes and subcastes in India.
(iii) Features: Each religion has its own philosophy, ideology, and rituals.	(iii) Features: Each caste has its own lifestyle, rituals, festivals, and deities.
(iv) Impact: This diversity leads to communalism i.e. loyalty to one’s own religion leads.	(iv) Impact: This diversity creates a negative and conservative attitudes and leads to casteism i.e. extreme loyalty to one’s own caste.
(v) Result: It creates a feeling of insecurity and gives rise to communal tensions.	(v) Result: It breaks up the solidarity and creates disunity.
(vi) Function: Religion tends to bring together people of the faith to celebrate commonly cherished festivals and events.	(vi) Function: The different castes functioned in an interdependent barter relationship which was the basis of the agrarian economy.

Question 2.
Gender Binary and Gender Diversity
Answer:

Gender Binary	Gender Diversity
(i) Meaning: Gender binary is the classification of gender into two distinct, opposite forms of masculine and feminine, due to the social system.	(i) Meaning: Gender diversity go beyond gender binaries of female-male, masculine and feminine, etc
(ii) Socialization: It results in Gender stereotypes determining people’s beliefs about the characteristics of males and females.	(ii) Socialization: It results in gender plurality which seeks to identify all gender identities or expressions in addition to the binary.
(iii) Approach: It excludes non-conformists, and supports patriarchal values.	(iii) Approach: It has an inclusive approach and promotes Constitutional gender equality.
(iv) Effect: It results in the dominance of heteronormativity in society and in all its institutions.	(iv) Effect: It results in acceptance of gender fluidity.

4. Explain the following concepts with examples.

Question 1.
Regionalism
Answer:
Regionalism refers to loyalty to one’s own State or region before one’s nation. This interferes with national integration to a great extent. The history of a particular region is glorified and often it is misused to stress divisive forces, thus ignoring the common cultural legacy and heritage.

Regionalism emerges due to the desire of people speaking one language to have one State. There is also a strong urge to give priority to the economic development of one’s own region. This leads to Inter-State rivalries. So long as this Inter-State rivalry is economic and social (e.g. for funds and welfare schemes), it is healthy.

But when this rivalry takes political overtones, it becomes very dangerous. Political parties give more importance and weightage to local and regional matters and problems rather than the nation. Regionalism thus strengthens sectarian biases by political parties. Inter-regional tensions escalate over economic, political, and such issues. This has led to regional movements for State rights and militant movements for separatism.

Example: The Jammu and Kashmir issue, the Punjab problem, Assam issue, etc. All this, if unchecked, can strike at the very root of democracy.

Question 2.
Linguistic Unity
Answer:
Linguistic unity means that every language in the country, whether regional or national language, must be treated equally. The Indian State recognizes linguistic diversities and also makes special provisions to protect and support some of the languages and dialects that are on the verge of extinction.

Classical languages and languages of linguistic minorities have also found a place in educational curricula. Many educational bodies offer learners the option of answering their examinations in a range of mediums (e.g., Marathi, Hindi, Urdu, Gujarati, Kannada, and English). Doordarshan and Akashwani have programmes in multiple Indian languages that reach out to millions of persons who tune in to them. These are measures that promote a sense of linguistic unity among multi-lingual people of the land.

Example: The three-language formula followed by all State Education Boards enables the inculcation of Hindi and English as languages to connect with the Union, English to connect with the outside world, and the regional/local language for communication within the State.

5A. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

Question 5.

Answer:

Question 6.

Answer:

Question 7.

Answer:

5B. State whether the following statements are True or False with reasons.

Question 1.
Discrimination based on caste is a major hurdle for national integration.
Answer:
This statement is True.

Casteism refers to loyalty to one’s own caste before loyalty to the nation. Caste ties are so strong that people are inclined to think in terms of caste before the nation. This may lead to caste members protecting their own caste group through social service, education, medical, and other welfare schemes. Caste members take with them their biases and prejudices into politics. They then begin to express their sectarian interests in various ways. People are influenced by them and vote for their own caste members. Those castes having numerical strength rise up through politics. Those who win the elections then favour their caste groups in various ways. In view of all this, the problem of national integration becomes very serious.

Despite laws, urbanization, industrialization, and education, the caste system continues in the mindsets of many people. Caste has become a means for competing for access to resources and power in modern India. Discrimination based on caste is a major hurdle for national integration. People engaged in weakening the unity of the country tried desperately to create divisions and rifts in the name of caste, creed, and culture. The feeling of social neglect among scheduled castes due to suppression by upper castes has disturbed the sense of ‘we feeling’ and unity which has resulted in caste atrocities and caste prejudices. Excessive caste-based loyalty is particularly evident at the time of elections, with political parties wooing members of their own caste for the sake of votes.

Question 2.
India is a diversified country
Answer:
This statement is True.

India is a land of variety, there is so much diversity along the lines of regions, language, religion, caste, etc. Here, we see various places of religious worship, a celebration of festivals, values of equality, secularism, humanity, etc., are nourished.

Some of the diversifying factors are:
(i) Religious diversity: Religion is one of the key facts of diversity in Indian society. Although India is a multi-religious and multi-cultural country, the Constitution of India ensures that the secular fabric of society is maintained. The Right to Freedom of Religion is also declared as a Fundamental Right by the Indian Constitution. Religion tends to bring together people of the faith to celebrate commonly cherished festivals and events.

(ii) Linguistic diversity: India is a land of many languages. The Constitution of India has approved 22 official languages. Among these, three languages have been recognized as classical languages viz. Sanskrit, Tamil, and Kannada. The Language Policy of India guarantees protection to linguistic minorities. A unique feature of India is the concept of protecting the interest of children to get basic education in their mother tongues (i.e., home language).

(iii) Caste diversity: Caste is a major source of diversity in Indian society. That there are about 3500 jatis found in India, out of which 751 are classified under the Scheduled Caste communities. The caste system provided the basis of social structure. The practice of the caste system is not confined to Hindus. Caste-like divisions are seen among Muslims, Christians, and Sikhs as well.

Maharashtra State Board HSC 12th Geography Important Questions and Answers

• Chapter 1 Population Part 1 Important Questions
• Chapter 2 Population Part 2 Important Questions
• Chapter 3 Human Settlements and Land Use Important Questions
• Chapter 4 Primary Economic Activities Important Questions
• Chapter 5 Secondary Economic Activities Important Questions
• Chapter 6 Tertiary Economic Activities Important Questions
• Chapter 7 Region and Regional Development Important Questions
• Chapter 8 Geography: Nature and Scope Important Questions

Maharashtra Board 12th HSC Important Questions

Maharashtra State Board HSC 12th Political Science Important Questions and Answers

• Chapter 1 The World Since 1991 Important Questions
• Chapter 2 Key Concepts and Issues Since 1991: Globalisation Important Questions
• Chapter 3 Key Concepts and Issues Since 1991: Humanitarian Issues Important Questions
• Chapter 4 Contemporary India: Challenges to Peace, Stability and National Integration Important Questions
• Chapter 5 Contemporary India: Good Governance Important Questions
• Chapter 6 India and the World Important Questions

Maharashtra Board 12th HSC Important Questions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Important Questions Chapter 4 Colonialism and the Marathas Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th History Important Questions Chapter 4 Colonialism and the Marathas

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
In __________ Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj attacked the region of Bardesh.
(a) 1667
(b) 1668
(c) 1669
(d) 1670
Answer:
(a) 1667

Question 2.
In 1668, the __________ established their factory at Rajapur.
(a) British
(b) Dutch
(c) French
(d) Portuguese
Answer:
(c) French

Question 3.
The __________ fort was under siege laid by Adilshah’s army.
(a) Panhala
(b) Raigad
(c) Raj gad
(d) Simhagad
Answer:
(a) Panhala

Question 4.
__________ was offered asylum by the British.
(a) Madhavrao Peshwa
(b) Narayanrao Peshwa
(c) Raghunathrao
(d) Vishwasrao
Answer:
(c) Raghunathrao

Question 5.
The third Anglo-Maratha War was fought in __________
(a) 1815
(b) 1816
(c) 1817
(d) 1818
Answer:
(c) 1817

Question 6.
The __________ arrived from Abyssinia.
(a) British
(b) French
(c) Dutch
(d) Siddis
Answer:
(d) Siddis

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Ibrahim Khan Gardi	Mercenary
(b) Fazal Khan	Brother of Afzal Khan
(c) Abdul Karim	Subhedar of Rajapur
(d) Henry Oxenden	British agent

Answer:
Fazal Khan – son of Afzal Khan

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
A book was written by Cosme da Guarda-
Answer:
Vide de Celehro Sevagy (Life of the Celebrated Shivaji)

Question 2.
The Portuguese emissary who met Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj-
Answer:
Gonsalo Martez

Question 3.
A type of revenue collected by the Maratha rulers-
Answer:
Chauthai

Question 4.
The younger brother of Peshwa Bajirao I-
Answer:
Chimajiappa

Question 5.
Treaty signed by the British and Peshwa Bajirao II-
Answer:
Treaty of Vasai

Question 6.
The battle fought between the Marathas and Ahmadshah Abdali in 1761-
Answer:
The Third Battle of Panipat

Question 7.
The northern region of Goa was known as-
Answer:
Bardish

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The Portuguese were alarmed because __________
(a) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj built a strong navy
(b) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had a strong army
(c) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had the support of other European powers
(d) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had a good network of spies
Answer:
(a) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj built a strong navy

Question 2.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was determined to humble the Portuguese __________
(a) The Portuguese opposing the construction work by the Marathas in Chaul
(b) Forcing their subjects in Goa for religious conversion
(c) Pillaging of the trading ships
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

3A. Observe the map on textbook page 29 and answer the questions based on it.

Question 1.
Who was in charge of Indore?
Answer:
The Holkars were in charge of Indore.

Question 2.
Where was the seat of the Mughal empire?
Answer:
The seat of the Mughal empire was in Delhi.

Question 3.
Where were the centers of the Maratha empire?
Answer:
Dhar, Indore, Gwalior, Nagpur, and Vadodara were centers of the Maratha empire.

Question 4.
Under whose command was Goa?
Answer:
Goa was under the command of Portuguese.

Question 5.
Name the places that were under British rule.
Answer:
Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai (Madras) were under the rule of the British.

Question 6.
What is the old name of Kolkata?
Answer:
The old name of Kolkata is Calcutta.

Question 7.
Who captured Janjira?
Answer:
The Siddis captured Janjira.

3B. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

4A. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Vide de Celebre Sevagy
Answer:
A book written by Cosme da Guarda, a Portuguese historian, is a very important source of the history of Maharashtra. This book is entitled Vide de Celebre Sevagy (Life of the Celebrated Shivaji). He was the first European author to write a biography of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.

Question 2.
Dutch and the Maratha Empire
Answer:
The Dutch established a factory at Vengurla in 1649. Their trade flourished there. However, their trade was severely affected when Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj attacked Kudal. In 1665, the Mughal subedar of Surat asked for help for destroying the Maratha naval force. However, the Dutch offered no help. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had allowed them to build a factory at Dabhol. The political relations between the Dutch and the Marathas kept changing to suit the need of the time.

The Marathas did not harm the Dutch factory at Surat. Also, during the Karnataka campaign, the Marathas ensured the safety of the Dutch factory and also issued them trading permits. For these favours the Dutch paid tributes to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. The Dutch factories at Porto Novo/Parangipettai and Tegnapattam/ Devanapattinam were unharmed by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.

4B. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj adopted a strong policy against the European colonisers.
Answer:
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had foreseen the ulterior motives of the foreigners and their ways of infiltration. He built strategies to arrest their advances in India. He took immediate measures by creating a strong naval force. He levied octroi on British trade salt as a measure to protect the local salt trade. Thus, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj adopted a strong policy against the European colonisers.

Question 2.
Another Anglo-Maratha War took place in 1803.
Answer:
The relations between Holkar and Peshwa Bajirao II turned bitter. As a result, Yashwantrao Holkar attacked Pune. Bajirao Peshwa II panicked and sought asylum from the British. A treaty was signed by the British and the Peshwa is known as the ‘Treaty of Vasai’. However, this treaty was not acceptable to Shinde and Holkar. Hence, there was another Anglo-Maratha War in 1803.

5. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Ibrahim Khan Gardi was hired by the Marathas.
Answer:
Ibrahim Khan Gardi was a mercenary who had trained under the French. He was hired by Sadashivraobhau Peshwa as the chief of artillery. In the Third Battle of Panipat, Mahadji Shinde had observed Ibrahim Khan’s skills. Inspired by it, he built a trained army with the help of de Boigne, a French military trainer, and also established well-equipped artillery.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Important Questions Chapter 8 Positive Psychology Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Psychology Important Questions Chapter 8 Positive Psychology

Choose the correct option and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
Life …………….. indicates a life full of stress and anxiety.
(a) below zero
(b) at zero
(c) above zero
Answer:
(a) below zero

Question 2.
………………. refers to the ability to handle adverse situations effectively.
(a) Coping
(b) Competence
(c) Confidence
Answer:
(b) Competence

Question 3.
……………….. helps us to focus on the ‘Here and Now’ effectively.
(a) Mindfulness
(b) Mindlessness
(c) Optimism
Answer:
(a) Mindfulness

Question 4.
………………. is the key to most successful relationships.
(a) Resilience
(b) Mindfulness
(c) Empathy
Answer:
(c) Empathy

Match the pairs.

Question 1.

Group A	Group B
(1) Seligman	(a) Broaden and Build theory
(2) Fredrickson	(b) empathy
(3) Masten	(c) mindfulness
(4) Baron-Cohen	(d) resilience
	(e) optimism

Answer:

Group A	Group B
(1) Seligman	(e) optimism
(2) Fredrickson	(a) Broaden and Build theory
(3) Masten	(d) resilience
(4) Baron-Cohen	(b) empathy

State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
Negative events easily attract our attention compared to positive ones.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Positive psychology focuses on life at and below zero.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
A positive frame of mind effectively builds our social and psychological resources.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
There are subjective differences in the experience of happiness.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
We must always choose very easy goals so we can feel happiness.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
Most pessimists perceive difficulties as challenges/ opportunities.
Answer:
False

Question 7.
Empathy and sympathy are synonymous.
Answer:

Question 8.
Brain damage can diminish a person’s ability to empathize.
Answer:
True

Answer the following in one sentence each.

Question 1.
What does positive psychology focus on?
Answer:
Positive psychology focuses on building of character strengths such as courage, happiness and perseverance rather than on anxiety, conflict and avoidance.

Question 2.
What does ‘life below zero’ indicate?
Answer:
‘Life below zero’ indicates a life that is full of problems, stress, diseases, etc.

Question 3.
How does an optimist view challenges and difficulties?
Answer:
Optimists have a positive approach towards challenges and difficulties and hence view them as opportunities to progress and become strong.

Question 4.
What does mindlessness mean?
Answer:
Mindlessness means performing a task with less concentration and awareness mainly because we are absorbed in our own thoughts, worries, etc.

Question 5.
What is psychological resilience?
Answer:
Psychological resilience refers to developing coping strategies that enable one to adapt to uncertainty, challenges and adversity and to move on without prolonged negative consequences.

Explain the concepts in 25 – 30 words each.

Question 1.
Broaden and Build theory.
Answer:
The ‘Broaden and Build theory of positive emotions’ by Barbara Fredrickson explains that when we experience positive emotions, we have more positive thoughts and also indulge in positive behaviours. Experiencing a positive emotion leads to broadening the number of actions that we can think of performing. This will increase and strengthen our psychological and social resources to lead a fulfilling life.

Question 2.
Life above zero.
Answer:
Traditional psychology focused on life at and below zero. Zero is the line that divides illness from health. Hence, life below zero indicates a life that is full of problems, stress, diseases, etc. Positive psychology emphasizes the study of life above zero. Life above zero covers a large area of positive aspects of behaviour such as mindfulness, resilience, happiness, hope, trust and empathy.

Question 3.
Mindfulness meditation
Answer:
Mindfulness means a moment-by-moment awareness of our bodily sensations, thoughts and feelings. In Buddhist philosophy, mindfulness practice is a form of meditation. Mindfulness meditation helps in developing a non-reactive state of mind which is the foundation of a peaceful mind. This helps to reduce anxiety, frustration, etc., and enhances mental well-being.

Answer the following questions in 35 – 40 words each.

Question 1.
Why is positive psychology considered significant today?
Answer:
Positive psychology is a newly emerging branch of psychology. Martin Seligman officially introduced Positive Psychology as a subfield of psychology. It is the science of happiness, human strength and growth.

Negative events tend to be intense and hence easily attract our attention, e.g., outburst of anger by a person will be quickly noticed. Positive psychology believes that a person can prevent and overcome many psychological problems by adopting a positive approach. Therefore, today, positive psychology is important. Positive psychology is concerned with the “good life” and the factors that contribute the most to a fulfilling, happy life. It can help increase self esteem, improve relationships and greater chances of success.

Question 2.
What are the characteristics of optimists?
Answer:
Optimism is a mental attitude that includes feelings of hopefulness. It is a belief that the future will be positive and favourable and that negative events are merely setbacks that are temporary and can be overcome.
The characteristics of optimists are-

1. they try to choose the best options available
2. they tend to be high on self confidence
3. they face difficulties positively as they view them as a challenge for a person to become strong
4. they are hopeful about the future and do not generalize present failure to future events.

Question 3.
How can empathy be nurtured?
Answer:
Empathy is the capacity to understand and feel what another person is experiencing from within their frame of reference i.e. capacity to place oneself in another’s position. According to Simon Baron-Cohen there are three components of emotions viz. cognitive empathy emotional reactivity and social skills.

Empathy builds a sense of security and trust. It is closely related to emotional intelligence and is a key to successful relationships. Empathy can be nurtured by employing methods like-

1. increase social interactions
2. connecting through similarities
3. understanding one’s own feelings
4. challenge your self
5. cultivate a sense of curiosity
6. widen the social contact circle.

Write short notes on the following in 50 – 60 words each.

Question 1.
Components of empathy
Answer:
Empathy is the capacity to understand and feel what another person is experiencing from within their frame of reference, i.e., capacity to place oneself in another’s position.
According to Simon Baron-Cohen, there are three components of empathy viz. cognitive empathy emotional reactivity and social skills.

1. Cognitive empathy – This is called perspective taking, i.e., knowing how the other thinks and feels. Cognitive empathy responds to a problem using brainpower.
2. Emotional reactivity – We feel the emotions as intensely as the other person. It involves connecting intimately with another person to form a strong bonds.
3. Social skills – It involves being moved to help the person using our emotional person to form a strong bonds.

Answer the following questions in 80 – 100 words each.

Question 1.
Types of resilience
Points:
(i) Physical resilience
(ii) Psychological resilience
(iii) Emotional resilience
(iv) Community resilience
Answer:
According to the American Psychological Association, resilience is the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats or significant sources of stress such as family, health, etc. It is the act of ‘bouncing back’ inspite of barriers or set backs.
There are three ways in which people face adverse situations viz.

1. consider oneself as a ‘victim’ and hence indulge in self pity or anger
2. get overwhelmed by negative emotions like fear, anxiety, etc., which makes them vulnerable to physiological and psychological collapse
3. become upset about the disruption and experience a sense of loss, pain, grief, etc.

However, they understand that setbacks are a part of life. Hence, they work through these feelings in ways that foster strength and growth. Sometimes, they may emerge stronger than they were prior to the setback. Such persons are called Resilient individuals. The four types of resilience are-
(i) Physical resilience – It is the body’s ability to adapt to challenges, maintain stamina, and quickly recover when faced with illness, injury or other physical demands.

(ii) Psychological resilience – It is developing coping strategies that enable one to adapt to uncertainty, challenges and adversity and to move on without prolonged negative consequence. The person can remain calm and focused during stressful situations.

(iii) Emotional resilience – It refers to the ability to manage one’s emotions by adequately using one’s resources to cope with adversity and stress. It is the ability to understand what one is feeling and why?

(iv) Community resilience – It is the ability of groups of people to respond to and recover from adverse situations such as natural disasters, epidemics, war, economic hardships and other challenges to their community. This is mainly due to strong connections or bonds that community members have with each other.

Question 2.
Empathy
Points:
(i) Meaning
(ii) Components
(iii) Nurturing empathy
Answer:
(i) Meaning – Empathy is the capacity to understand and feel what another person is experiencing from within their frame of reference, i.e., capacity to place oneself in another’s position. Empathy builds a sense of security and trust. It is closely related to emotional intelligence. It supports social corrections required for communication and shared activities. Empathy is considered the key to successful relationships. Research indicates that there is a neurological foundation of empathy. A broad range of brain areas spanning the sensory motor area, insula and cingulate cortex together form a neural network for empathy processing.

(ii) Components-

• Cognitive empathy – This is called perspective taking, i.e., knowing how the other thinks and feels. Cognitive empathy responds to a problem using brainpower.
• Emotional reactivity – We feel the emotions as intensely as the other person. It involves connecting intimately with another person to form a strong bonds.
• Social skills – It involves being moved to help the person using our emotional intelligence. One should not become overwhelmed by sadness or trying to ‘fix’ things.

(iii) Nurturing empathy-
A world with empathetic persons will be nurturing and supportive. The methods to nurture empathy are-

• Increase social interactions – Especially with people who need help in order to understand their perspectives and motives.
• Connecting through similarities with others, e.g., those having same hobbies/ work/ goals, etc.
• Understanding what you are feeling – Those who are able to accurately judge their own motives, can empathize better.
• Challenge yourself – Tasks that are challenging lead to the person struggling to achieve a goal. This lead to humility which enables empathy.
• Cultivate a sense of curiosity – This leads to open-mindedness and a better understanding of those around us.
• Widen our social circle – Contact with people of different races, cultures, viewpoints helps to increase empathy towards them at a neurological level.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Important Questions Chapter 6 Index Numbers Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Economics Important Questions Chapter 6 Index Numbers

1. A. Choose the correct option:

Question 1.
Index Numbers are used –
(a) to determine production
(b) to determine the level of employment
(c) to revise dearness allowance
(d) to revise cost of living
Options :
(1) a, b and c
(2) b, c and d
(3) c and d
(4) only d
Answer:
(3) c and d

Question 2.
Statements related to features of Index Numbers.
These are specialised form of averages. These help to determine price index.
These are not the barometers of economic activity.
Base year is taken as 100.
Options :
(1) a, b and d
(2) b, c and d
(3) b and c
(4) All of these
Answer:
(1) a, b and d

Question 3.
How does purchasing power changes with the increase in price level?
(a) Remains unchanged
(b) Increases
(c) Decreases
(d) None of these
Options :
(1) a, b and c
(2) b, c and d
(3) only c
(4) only b
Answer:
(3) only c

Question 4.
What do Index numbers measure?
(a) Value of money
(b) Relative prices
(c) Relative change in prices
(d) All of these
Options :
(1) b, c and d
(2) only b
(3) only c
(2) a, b and c
Answer:
(3) only c

(B) Complete the Correlation.

1. Base year quantity : …………….. :: Current year quantity : 125
2. Present period : Current period :: Past period : ……………..
3. All commodities with equal importance : …………….. :: All commodities with different importance :: Weighted Index
4. Dearness Allowance : Consumer Price Index :: Standard of Living : ……………..
5. P₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{0}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{0}}\) x 100 : Laspeyre’s Index ::
   P₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{1}}\) x 100 = ……………..

Answers:

1. 100
2. Base period
3. Simple Index
4. Cost of Living Index
5. Paasche’s Index

(C) Give economic terms.

(1) Index number calculated from a single variate.
(2) Index number calculated from a group of variable.
(3) The year for which Index number is being prepared.
(4) The year from which the changes are measured.
(5) Barometer of economic activity.
(6) Index which measures price level of goods traded in whole sale market.
(7) Average of quantity of commodities produced in different sectors of the economy.
(8) Index which measures price level of goods in retail market.
(9) Base year index number.
(10) Purchasing power of money is measured by.
(11) Quantity Index number is also called.
(12) Index which helps in determining the depreciation cost of durable goods.
(13) Base year is also known as.
(14) Laspeyre uses period quantity as weights.
(15) Paasche uses period quantity as weights.
Answer:
(1) Unvariate index
(2) Composite index
(3) Current year
(4) Base year
(5) Index numbers
(6) Wholesale Price index
(7) Quantity Index number
(8) Retail Price Index number
(9) 100
(10) Cost of Living Index
(11) Volume Index number
(12) Price Index
(13) Reference year
(14) Base
(15) Current

(D) Complete the following sentences.

(1) Index numbers are ………….. averages.
(2) Index number is an ………….. barometer.
(3) A base year should be a………….. year.
(4) The ratio of current year price to the base year price multiplied by 100 is called ………….. index number.
(5) ………….. index number is the average of all quantity of commodities produced in different sectors.
(6) ………….. index number is a simple average of the index numbers of individual goods.
(7) ………….. Index number gives equal importance to all items.
(8) Purchasing power of money can be measured by………….. index number.
(9) To know the changes in production………….. index number is more useful.
(10) Index number for the base year is …………..
(11) ………….. refer to the relative importance of different items in the construction of Index Number.
Answers:

1. specialised
2. economic
3. recent
4. Price
5. Quantity
6. Simple
7. Simple
8. cost of living
9. quantity
10. 100
11. Weights

(E) Choose the correct pair :

I.

Answer:
Options :
(1) (1) – d, (2) – c, (3) – a, (4) – b
(2) (1) – d, (2) – a, (3) – b, (4) – c
(3) (1) – b, (2) – c, (3) – d, (4) – a
(4) (1) – c, (2) – d, (3) – a, (4) – b
Answer:
(2) (1) – d, (2) – a, (3) – b, (4) – c

II.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1) Index Number	(a) Cost of living
(2) Dearness Allowance	(b) Economic Barometer
(3) Base year	(c) Wholesale Price Index
(4) Whole sale market goods	(d) 100

Options :
(1) (1) – b, (2) – a, (3) – d, (4) – c
(2) (1)- c, (2) – d, (3)- a, (4) – b
(3) (1)- d, (2) c, (3)- b, (4) – a
(4) (1)- a, (2) b, (3) c, (4) – d
Answer:
(1) (1) – b, (2) – a, (3) – d, (4) – c

2. Answer the following :

Question 1.
What are the different methods of constructing Index numbers?
Answer:
Following chart helps to know different methods of constructing Index Numbers:

(A) Simple Index Number : A Simple Index Number is constructed when all the items like food, clothing, transport, housing, etc. are given equal importance. There are three methods of constructing it.

1. Price Index Number : It is calculated using the following formula:
P₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0}}\) x 100
where – P₀₁ = Price Index Number
Σp₁ = Total of the current year price of various commodities.
Σp₀ = Total of base year prices of various commodities.

2. Quantity Index Number : It is calculated by using the following formula :
Quality Index Number Q₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma q_{1}}{\Sigma q_{0}}\) x 100
where, Σq₁ = Sum total of current year quantities of all commodities
Σq₀ = Sum total of base year quantities of all commodities

3. Value Index Number : It is calculated by using the following formula:
Value Index Number V₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{0}}\) x 100
where, Σp₁q₁ = Sum total of the product of the prices and quantities of the current year
Σp₀q₀ = Sum total of the product of the prices and quantities of the base year.

(B) Weighted Index Number : Under this method, physical quantities are used as weights, therefore prices themselves are weighted by quantities. We can take either the base year quantities or current year quantities as weights or the average of the two.
These index numbers are the simple aggregative type with the fundamental difference that weights are assigned to the various items included in the index.
There are two methods of constructing it.
(1) Laspeyre’s Method
(2) Paasche’s Method

(1) Laspeyre’s Method : This method was devised by Laspeyre’s, a German economist in 1871. In this method the weights are determined by quantities in the base year.
P₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{0}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{0}}\) x 100
where, P₀₁ = Price Index Number.
p₀ = Prices of the base year.
q₀ = Quantities of the base year,
p₁ = Prices of the current year.
Σ p₁q₀ = Sum of all the products of p, and q₀.
Σ p₀q₀ = Sum of all the products of p0 and q₀.

(2) Paasche’s Method : This method was devised by a German economist known as Hermann Paasche in 1874. The weights of current year are used as base year in constructing the Index Number.

P₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{1}}\) x 100
where, P₀₁ = Price Index Number.
p₁ = Prices of the current year.
q₁ = Quantities of the current year.
p₀ = Prices of the base year.
Σp₁q₁ = Sum of all the products of p₁ and q₁,
Σp₀q₁ = Sum of all the products of p₀ and q₁

Question 2.
Explain the features of Index Numbers. ?
Answer:
Features of Index Numbers :

• Index numbers are a specialised form of averages.
• They are expressed in percentage form without using a percentage sign.
• The year for which index number is being prepared is the current year.
• The year from which index number is being prepared is called the base year which is always taken as 100.
• They are used in measuring the changes in magnitudes which cannot be measured directly.
• The formula used for Price Index Number = \(\frac { Total price of the current year }{ Total price of the base year }\) x 100
• They are considered as barometer of economic activity.
• Index number which is calculated from a single variable is called “univariate • index” and which is constructed from a group of variables is called a “composite index”.

Question 3.
Explain the steps involved in the construction of index numbers.
Answer:
Steps involved in the construction of index numbers are as follows :

• Purpose of an Index Number : Before constructing an index number, one must know the purpose for which the index number is constructed. E.g. for the whole c sale price or retail price or for agricultural output, etc.
• Selection of a Base Year : It is important to select a base year against which comparisons are made. So base year or reference year should be a recent year and not a distant past. it should be normal and free from natural calamities, war, etc.
• Selection of Commodities: When the cost c of living index number of the middle class families is to be constructed, the items that are used by middle class families in everyday life should be included and items like big cars, AC’s, etc. should not be included.
• Selection of Prices : Prices differ from city ‘I to city and even from shop to shop in the same city. Hence, we should take a few standard shops from where middle class families buy goods and take the average of the prices of goods sold by them. Otherwise index number constructed may be misleading.
• Selection of suitable Average : An ; index number is a special kind of average, Generally arithmetic mean is commonly ? used for construction of index number as it is simple to calculate.
• Selection of Formula : Number of formulae can be used for construction, of index numbers. Economists have to decide which formula to use for the construction of a particular index number.
• Assigning proper Weights : Weights refer to the relative importance of different items in the construction of an index number. Weights may either be quantity weights (q) or value weights (p). All weights may not be equally important. Therefore, by s assigning specific weights better result can be obtained.

3. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:

Question 1.
Index Numbers can be constructed without the base year.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
Index numbers can be constructed without the base year because :

• Index Numbers are the tools for measuring the changes in the magnitude of a variable or a group of variables over time with respect to a chosen year.
• Prices of some goods may increase and of other may decrease during the two periods. Index numbers solves this problem by taking the average change.
• For example, to know cost of living of people in general in India, Government chooses a base year 2010 which is taken as 100. Then cost of living is calculated in 2019 which may be 140.
• This difference of 40(140-100) shows that cost of living in India has increased by 40% since 2010.
  Hence, Index Numbers cannot be constructed – without the base year.

Question 2.
Any year can be taken as a base year for index number.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.

• In preparing index number the first step is c to select a year which serves as a reference)period.
• The prices in any other year are compared to the prices in the base year.
• The base year should be a recent year.
• If the base year is in the distant past, the result will not be meaningful. E.g. if the index number of the cost of living is calculated for the current year and compared with adistant past of 1970 as a base year it will not be meaningful.
• Base year should also be a year when the prices are regarded as normal prices.
  Hence, any year cannot be taken as a base year for index number.

Question 3.
Index numbers are very useful in economics and business.
OR
Index numbers are economic barometer.
Answer:
Yes, I do agree with this statement. Index numbers are very useful in economics and business and are used as powerful tools to measure the changes in various phenomena over a period of time like; measuring changes in the cost of living, wholesale prices, industrial production, exports, etc.
Uses of Index Numbers are :

• They help in the study of trends.
• They act as an economic barometer.
• They measure the purchasing power of money.
• They help to adjust national income.
• They provide guidelines for formulating policies and arriving at decisions.
  Hence, Index numbers are very useful in economics and business.

4. Answer in detail

Question 1.
Define index number. What are its main features?
Answer:
(A) Definition:
Different economists define index numbers in different ways.

• According to Spiegel, index number is, “a statistical measure to show changes in variable or a group of related variables with reference to time, geographical location and other characteristics such as income, profession, etc.”
• Croxton and Cowden defines index numbers as, “a device for measuring difference in the magnitude of a group of related variables.”
• According to Bewley, “Index Numbers are used to measure the changes in some quantity which cannot be observed directly. ”

(B) Meaning:
An index number is a specialised average which measures percentage changes in a variable (or a group of variables) over a specified time. When we say that the index of the whole sale price for the year 2018 is 125, taking the base year as 2015, it means that there is an increase of the wholesale price by 25%. Hence, index numbers are used to measure general changes in price, cost of living, wages, production, stock market, etc. Therefore, they are called “economic barometer”.

(C) Features of Index Numbers :

• Index numbers are a specialised form of averages.
• They are expressed in percentage form without using a percentage sign.
• The year for which index number is being prepared is the current year.
• The year from which index number is being prepared is called the base year which is always taken as 100.
• They are used in measuring the changes in magnitudes which cannot be measured directly.
• The formula used for Price Index Number = \(\frac { Total price of the current year }{ Total price of the base year }\) x 100
• They are considered as barometer of economic activity.
• Index number which is calculated from a single variable is called “univariate • index” and which is constructed from a group of variables is called a “composite index”.

Question 2.
What are the different types of Index Numbers?
Answer:
Index numbers may be of following types.
(A) Price Index Number It may be further classified into:

• Retail Price Index Number
• Wholesale Price Index Number
• Cost of Living Index Number

(B) Quantity Index Number
(C) Special Purpose Index Number
(D) Value Index Number

(A) Price Index Number : A price index number measures the changes in the prices of an entire group of related commodities over a period of time. It may be of following three types.

(i) Retail Price Index Number : These are ; complied to measure the changes in the retail price of various commodities eg. index number of consumer prices, bonds, etc.

(ii) Wholesale Price Index Number : This measures price level of goods traded in the wholesale market. They indicate general changes in the purchasing power of money.

(iii) Cost of Living Index Number: It is special type of retail price index which shows the price variations in a group of commodities consumed by different classes of people over a period of time. This index number aims ‘ to measure the changes in cost of living of different classes of people over a period of time e.g. cost of living index number of middle class people, rich class people, etc.

(B) Quantity Index Number: It is the average of the quantity of commodities produced in different sectors of the economy. It helps us to know whether the level of production in the country is rising or falling as compared to the production in previous years. It is also called volume index number.

(C) Special Purpose Index Number : Special purpose index numbers are constructed to know the index of productivity of labour, exports and imports, shares on stock market, etc.

(D) Value Index Number : It measures the relative changes in the total value of items like retail sales, profit, etc. as compared to their level in the base year. It is obtained by multiplying the price of an item with its quantity (P x Q).

Question 3.
Explain the significance / uses of index numbers in economics?
Answer:
Index numbers are significant tools of economic analysis in the following ways:
(1) Help in formulating Policies : Index numbers help the government and business organisations in framing their suitable economic policies for agriculture and industrial sector, wage and dearness allowance policies, etc.

(2) Help in the study of Trends and Tendencies : Index numbers study the relative changes in the level of phenomenon of different periods of time, so they can be used to predict future events. The economists can study the general trends of changes in price levels, agricultural and industrial production, export, imports, etc.

(3) Economic Barometer : Just as barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure, index numbers measure the level of economic and business behaviour. They are very important for an economist, businessman, planners, policy makers, etc.

(4) Helps in Measurement of Inflation :
It helps the government to take measures against inflation by giving additional D.A. to the employees on the basis of Dearness Index.

(5) Help to adjust National Income : By comparing current year’s national product prices with the base year’s prices, the Domestic Product (GDP) produced. Hence, this shows changes in real national income.

(6) To present Financial Data in Real Income : Index numbers are used to adjust price change, wage change, etc. Thus deflating helps to present the financial data at constant prices.
(Note: Deflating means to make adj ustments / in the original data)

(7) Helps in determining Depreciation Cost: The price index helps in determining the depreciation cost of durable goods. At the time of inflation, it is useful to know the ) original cost of the commodities.

Question 4.
What are the limitation of Index Numbers?
Answer:
Although index numbers are very useful to business and industry, they suffer from the ) following limitations: ;

(1) Bias in the Data : Index numbers are constructed on the basis of various types of data. If the data is not collected properly, we may not get proper index numbers.

(2) Misuse of Index Numbers: Index numbers can be misused. We compare the index numbers with the base year. Hence a person may choose a base year which is suitable forhis purpose. A businessman may use a base year in which profits are high and show that his profits are falling now.

(3) Based on Samples : Index numbers are based on samples so it cannot include all the items in the consideration of index numbers. Hence index numbers are not free from sampling errors.

(4) Defects in the Formulae : There are number of formulae, but every formula suffers from some defects. Index number is an average , so index number may have the same limitations which an average may have.

(5) Changes in the Economy : In the long run, habits, tastes and expectations of people change, so it is difficult to incorporate all these changes in index numbers. For a good index number items should remain the same price wise over a period of time. But this is practically not possible.

(6) Neglecting Qualitative Change : The index number of price (or) production (or) quantity may ignore the change in quality of the commodities which may be significant at any point of time. A better quality commodity will cost more than an inferior commodity. So a rise in the price index may be due to an improvement in the quality and not due to a rise in prices.

(7) Arbitrary Weights : The weights (relative importance) assigned to different commodities may be random.

(8) Limited Scope : An index number is useful for the purpose for which it is designed. So its use is limited only to that phenomenon and not for another purpose.

5. Solved Examples Construction of Index Numbers

Question 1.
Calculate the price index number based for the following data.

Solution:
Calculate the price index number

where, P₀₁ = Price Index
Σp₁ = Sum total of current year prices of all commodities
Σp₀ = Sum total of base year prices of all commodities
p₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0}}\) x 100
= \(=\frac{400}{310}\) x 100
= 129.03 g
Hence, P₀₁ = 129.03 g

Question 2.
Calculate a Quantity Index number of g the given data.

Solution :

where, Σq₀ = Sum total of all the commodities of the base year
Σq₁ Sum total of all the commodities of the current year
Quantity Index Number Q₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma q_{1}}{\Sigma q_{0}}\) x 100
= \(\frac{300}{200}\) x 100
= 150
Hence, Q₀₁ = 150

Question 3.
Calculate Value Index number using a simple method of the following data:

Solution:


Steps : Σp₀q₀ = Sum total of product of the p₀ and q₀ of base year
Σp₁q₁ = Sum total of product of the p₁ and q₁ of current year
Value Index Number V₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{0}}\) x 100
= \(\frac{4,200}{290}\) x 100
= 1,448
Hence, V₀₁ = 1,448

Question 4.
Given below are the price quantity data with price quoted in Rs. per kg and production in quintals. Construct index number by Laspeyre’s method.

Solution:

Steps: Σp₁q₀ = Sum total of product p₁ and q₀
Σp₀q₀ = Sum total of product p₀ and q₀
P₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{0}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{0}}\) x 100
= \(\frac{34,370}{28,020}\) x 100
= 122.66
Hence P₀₁ = 122.66

Question 5.
Construct the index number by Paasche’s method.

Solution :

Steps : Σp₁q₁ = Sum total of product of the P₁ and q₁
Σp₁q₁= Sum total of product P₀ and q₁
p₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{1}}\) x 100
= \(\frac{38,720}{31,520}\) x 100
= 122.84
Hence P₀₁ = 122.84

Question 6.
Calculate Laspeyre’s and Paasche’s Index from the given data.

Answer:
(A) Calculation of Laspeyre’s Index Number:

Laspeyre’s Index P₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{0}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{0}}\) x 100
= \(\frac{1,200}{660}\) x 100
= 181.81

(B) Paasche’s Index Number :

Paasche’s Index Number
P₀₁ = \(\) x 100
= \(\) x 100
= 172.22
Laspeyre’s Index = 181.81
Paasche’s Index = 172.22

Question 7.
Construct Price Index Number from the given data.

Answer:

Price Index P₀₁ = \(\) x 100
= \(\frac{42}{40}\) x 100
= 105
Hence, P₀₁ = 105

Question 8.
Construct Value Index Number of the following data.

Answer:

V₀₁ = \(\) x 100
= \(\) x 100
= 138.18
Hence V₀₁ = 138.18

Question 9.
Calculate Laspeyre’s and Paasche’s Price Index numbers from the given data.

Answer:
Construction of Laspeyre’s and Paasche’s Price index Numbers.

(A) Laspeyre’s Price Index Number:
P₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{0}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{0}}\) x 100
= \(\frac{200}{110}\) x 100
= 181.81

(B) Paasche’s Price Index Number:
P₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{1}}\) x 100
= \(\frac{187}{97}\) x 100
= 192.78
(A) Laspeyre’s P₀₁ = 181.81
(B) Paasche’s P₀₁ = 192.78

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Important Questions Chapter 7 First Aid in Mental Health Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Psychology Important Questions Chapter 7 First Aid in Mental Health

Choose the correct option and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
According to the NIMHANS study (2014-2016) about …………………. of the population suffers from common mental disorders.
(a) 10%
(b) 13%
(c) 25%
Answer:
(a) 10%

Question 2.
The Indian city that obtained an International license in 2017 to carry out the standard MHFA programme across India is ………………
(a) New Delhi
(b) Bengaluru
(c) Chennai
Answer:
(c) Chennai

Question 3.
If early signs of mental illness are recognized, it can assist the individual to get help. This is known as …………………
(a) diagnosis
(b) early intervention
(c) rehabilitation
Answer:
(b) early intervention

Question 4.
Imbalance of certain in the brain may be a factor in anxiety.
(a) neurotransmitters
(b) fluids
(c) organs
Answer:
(a) neurotransmitters

Match the pairs.

Question 1.

Group A	Group B
(1) Anthony Jorm	(a) technology related mental health issues
(2) Traumatic events	(b) depression
(3) SHUT clinic in NIMHANS	(c) co-founder of MHFA programme
(4) Red flag in internet usage	(d) social phobia
(5) Feeling of worthlessness	(e) anxiety
	(f) craving and compulsion

Answer:

Group A	Group B
(1) Anthony Jorm	(c) co-founder of MHFA programme
(2) Traumatic events	(e) anxiety
(3) SHUT clinic in NIMHANS	(a) technology related mental health issues
(4) Red flag in internet usage	(f) craving and compulsion
(5) Feeling of worthlessness	(b) depression

State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
There is a stigma attached to mental illness.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Mental illness is caused due to supernatural forces.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Mental illness usually does not develop ‘out of the blue’.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Relapse prevention is important in Mental Health First Aid.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Any anxiety experienced by a person is a cause for concern.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
DSM-5 considers behaviour addictions as a mental disorder.
Answer:
False

Answer the following in one sentence each.

Question 1.
What is the assumption of First Aid in Mental Health?
Answer:
The assumption of First Aid in Mental Health is the concept of ‘prevention is better than cure’.

Question 2.
What are some non-medical explanations for mental illness?
Answer:
Some non-medical explanations for mental illness are based on myths and superstitions that such behaviour is due to evil spirits and black magic.

Question 3.
Who developed the Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) programme?
Answer:
Betty Kitchener and Antony Jorm originally developed the Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) programme.

Question 4.
What is the objective of MHFA?
Answer:
MHFA is an internationally recognized training programme whose objective is to teach people how to identify the signs and symptoms of mental health problems and to provide assistance on a first aid basis.

Question 5.
What is the rationale of SHUT clinics by NIMHANS?
Answer:
NIMHANS (Bengaluru) has begun the Service for Healthy Use of Technology (SHUT) to deal exclusively with mental health issues that are technology related.

Answer the following questions in 35 – 40 words each.

Question 1.
What are the main hurdles to receiving treatment in case of mental illness?
Answer:
The main hurdles in receiving treatment for poor mental health are-

1. Lack of knowledge and awareness.
2. Stigma attached to mental illness due to which treatment is discontinued.
3. High cost of treatment.
4. Reliance on non-medical explanations for mental illness, for e.g., evil spirits.
5. Shortage of trained mental health professionals.
6. Slow improvement in the behaviour due to which treatment is discontinued.

Question 2.
What are the self help strategies in Mental Health First Aid?
Answer:
Self help strategies are tasks that help to increase our resources to deal with stress and to maintain mental health. MHFA is an internationally recognized training programme whose objective is to teach people how to identify the signs and symptoms of mental health problems and to provide assistance on a first aid basis.

1. Physical activity and exercise like playing a sport, jogging, yoga, etc.
2. Cultivate a hobby or engage in an enjoyable activity.
3. Sleep hygiene, i.e., 7 to 8 hours of sleep with a proper routine.
4. Reduce digital involvement, i.e., disconnect everyday for some time from gadgets.
5. Build social support and spend time with friends / family.

Question 3.
Enumerate behavioural changes noticed in persons suffering from depression.
Answer:
Individuals who experience depression, commonly have a negative thinking style and feel worthless and helpless. A number of changes are noticed in their behaviour such as-

1. Complaining of feeling tired or sleepy all the time
2. avoiding family and friends and spending much time alone
3. remaining sad and forgetful
4. bunking class or performing poorly in exams and having difficulty in concentrating.

Question 4.
What are the ‘red flags’ that indicate over dependence on the internet?
Answer:
Signs that help to identify individuals who show deviance or distress and require help in mental health are called red flags.
The ‘red flags’ that indicate over dependence on internet are-

1. Feelings of euphoria while using the internet.
2. Physical symptoms like headache, dry eyes, etc.
3. Inability to keep to schedules and boredom with routine tasks.
4. Poor personal hygiene and nutrition to remain online.

Write short notes in 50 – 60 words each.

Question 1.
First Aid in Mental Health.
Answer:
Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) is an internationally recognized training programme designed to teach people how to identify the signs and symptoms of mental health problems and to provide assistance on a first aid basis. MHFA was originally developed by Betty Kitchener and Anthony Jorm.

First Aid in Mental Health is a concept based on the idea of ‘prevention is better than cure’. It teaches one how to identify understand and respond to signs of mental illness as well as substance use disorders. Through role playing and simulations, MHFA demonstrates how to assess a mental health crisis, select interventions, provide initial help and connect the person to self-help resources, social support or professional aid if needed.

If the early signs of mental illness are recognized, it can help in the following ways.

1. Diagnosis – timely diagnosis at the onset of mental illness helps to prevent it from developing into a more severe form.
2. Intervention – early intervention helps to get professional help.
3. Relapse prevention – it prevent reoccurrence of symptom of the mental illness.

Question 2.
Self help strategies in Mental Health First Aid.
Answer:
Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) programme was developed by Betty Kitchener and Anthony Jorm. It is designed to identify the signs and symptoms of mental health and to provide assistance on a first aid basis.
Self help strategies are not luxuries but rather essential things that can be incorporated in your life.

1. Sleep hygiene – Ensuring that you get 7 to 8 hours of sleep every night. You should try to maintain the same schedule, that is go to sleep every night at the same time and wake up at the same time every day. This will help set a routine and improve your well-being
2. Reduce screen time and digital involvement – You should disconnect everyday for some time from your gadgets. Try to set a time limit for the number of hours you will surf the internet each day.
3. Physical activity – Try to add some physical activity in your day to day schedule. This can be playing a sport or just going for a walk every day.
4. Engage in activity that you enjoy doing, cultivate hobbies – This can be any activity like reading a book or listening to your favourite song.
5. Build and maintain Social Support – Meeting and spending time with your friends and family. Participating in social gatherings.

Question 3.
5-4-3-2-1 relaxation technique.
Answer:
There are certain times when you feel tense or anxious. One strategy that we can use to help us calm down is the 5-4-3-2-1 technique. This is a simple technique that you can use whenever you are feeling overwhelmed by the situation and need to relax. First take a few deep breaths and then follow the below instructions.

1. Think of 5 things that you can see around you. For example, a pen, book etc.
2. Think of 4 things that you can touch around you. For example, your hair, the ground under your feet etc
3. Think of 3 things that you can hear around you. For example, the sound of traffic, sound of people who are talking around you etc.
4. Think of 2 things that you can smell around you. For example, the scent of soap from your hands, the fragrance of your deodorant etc
5. Think of 1 thing that you can taste. For example the taste of the last meal that you had etc. Performing this exercise will help you focus on the present and stop worrying.

Question 4.
Behavioural changes in persons suffering from anxiety.
Answer:
Anxiety refers to a condition in which the person feels worried/tense and uneasy for a long time for no obvious reasons. Symptoms of anxiety include nervousness, restlessness, feelings of danger, etc.
Individuals who are anxious may-

1. Not want to go to college or work.
2. Complain repeatedly of various physiological problems.
3. Get irritated while interacting with their friends or family.
4. Spend lot of time worrying about how they look.
5. Be extremely quiet in the class or at work and get scared of asking questions to the teachers or colleagues.
6. Sometimes ask the same questions repeatedly.
7. They visibly show the physical symptoms of anxiety like sweating or excessive body movements.

Question 5.
Four C’s to identify excessive internet usage.
Answer:
Excessive internet usage is characterised by extensive, problematic addiction to the use of computer and internet. It signifies poorly controlled preoccupations or behaviour regarding such usage. Excessive internet usage leads to personal distress and social impairment.
The four C’s to identify excessive internet usage are as follows-

1. Craving – Do you have an intense desire to use the internet?
2. Control – Do you have an inability to control your self using the internet?
3. Compulsion – Do you find it difficult to stop using the internet? Even though you know you should not spend so much time on it?
4. Consequence – Have you ever experienced any physical or psychological ill effects as a result of excessive use of the internet?

If you answer a ‘yes’ for at least three of the C’s, it can be a matter of concern.

Question 6.
Over-dependence on internet.
Answer:
The amount of time as well as reason for using the internet may become a matter of concern for e.g., online gambling, gaming, etc. The person may socialise more online with friends than real life socialising. Spending excess time online may cause the person to neglect family, relationships, work etc. Virtual world enables games/gambling almost continuously.

This leads to the person neglecting personal hygiene, real life relationships and become withdrawn and irresponsible. The person may feel guilty or defensive about internet use. He/she may panic in the absence of internet service. A growing dependence on internet refers to an inability to stop and down down.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Important Questions Chapter 8 World Wars and India Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th History Important Questions Chapter 8 World Wars and India

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
The Austrian prince __________ and his wife assassinated in Serbia.
(a) King George II
(b) Kaiser William II
(c) Prince William
(d) Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Answer:
(d) Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Question 2.
Austria and Hungary were trying to suppress __________
(a) England
(b) America
(c) Germany
(d) Serbia
Answer:
(d) Serbia

Question 3.
During the First World War __________ stood up with Belgium and called a war against Germany.
(a) Bulgaria
(b) England
(c) Serbia
(d) Austria
Answer:
(b) England

Question 4.
After the end of the First World War, the treaty of __________ was signed.
(a) Brazil
(b) Tokyo
(c) Versailles
(d) Holland
Answer:
(c) Versailles

Question 5.
An organisation known as __________ was established after World War I to maintain peace in the
world.
(a) World Health Organisation
(b) League of Nations
(c) United Nation Organisation
(d) North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
Answer:
(b) League of Nations

Question 6.
After the end of the First World War, the Nazis under the leadership of __________ grabbed the power
in Germany.
(a) Woodrow Wilson
(b) Hitler
(c) Benito Mussolini
(d) Linlithgow
Answer:
(b) Hitler

Question 7.
In 1938, Hitler won __________ province in Czechoslovakia.
(a) Sudeten
(b) Prague
(c) Bratislava
(d) Bohemia
Answer:
(a) Sudeten

Question 8.
During the Second World War, Prime Minister of England __________ resigned from the post.
(a) Ramsay MacDonald
(b) Woodrow Wilson
(c) David Lloyd George
(d) Neville Chamberlain
Answer:
(d) Neville Chamberlain

Question 9.
__________ was the leader of Azad Hind Sena.
(a) Pandit Nehru
(b) Lokmanya Tilak
(c) Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer:
(c) Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose

Question 10.
__________ was appointed as the first Field Marshall of independent India.
(a) Sam Manekshaw
(b) Lord Mountbatten
(c) Pandit Nehru
(d) Dr. Dwarkanath Kotnis
Answer:
(a) Sam Manekshaw

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Russia	Communism
(b) Italy	Fascism
(c) Germany	Socialism
(d) England	Imperialism

Answer:
Germany – Nazism

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
Germany’s attack on this country directly provoked Britain to go to war –
Answer:
Belgium

Question 2.
Governor-General of India during First World War –
Answer:
Lord Chelmsford

Question 3.
Secretary of State of India in 1917 –
Answer:
Edwin Samuel Montagu

Question 4.
The leader of Indian migrants on Kamagata Maru steamship –
Answer:
Baba Gurudit Singh

Question 5.
The port where 30 passengers of Kamagata Maru steamship died due to firing of British officers –
Answer:
Bajbaj

Question 6.
A place where a naval war was fought between Germany and England and England defeated the German navy –
Answer:
Jutland in the North Sea

Question 7.
The American President who took a lead for the establishment of the League of Nations –
Answer:
Woodrow Wilson

Question 8.
Prime Minister of England after the resignation of Neville Chamberlain during World War II –
Answer:
Winston Churchill

Question 9.
The Viceroy of India who announced India’s participation in World War II –
Answer:
Lord Linlithgow

Question 10.
Dictator of Russia during World War II –
Answer:
Stalin

Question 11.
Daughter of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru –
Answer:
Indira Gandhi

Question 12.
An international organization formed after World War II to maintain peace in the world –
Answer:
United Nations

Question 13.
The leader of the Soviet Russian army who defeated Germany during Second World War –
Answer:
Marshal Georgy Zhukov

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The main responsibility of the United Nations __________
(a) to avoid war
(b) independence of colonies
(c) improving the economies of different countries
(d) disarmament
Answer:
(a) to avoid war

Question 2.
America declared war against Japan in 1941 because __________
(a) Japan attacked Pearl Harbour and destroyed the American naval base
(b) Japan conquered the Maldives
(c) Japan violated the treaty of Brest-Litovsk
(d) Japan entered into the North Sea
Answer:
(a) Japan attacked Pearl Harbour and destroyed the American naval base

Question 3.
Japan surrendered on 15th August 1945 because __________
(a) Japan was against the war
(b) they lacked financial help
(c) Germany convinced Japan to surrender
(d) America launched aerial attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki with atom bombs
Answer:
(d) America launched aerial attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki with atom bombs

Question 4.
Imperialistic European nations began to search for newer lands __________
(a) for more raw material and more markets to sell their surplus products
(b) to help other nations financially
(c) to maintain peace in the world
(d) to enhance the industrial production of these nations
Answer:
(a) for more raw material and more markets to sell their surplus products

3. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Points	First World War	Second World War
1. Period	…………………………	1939 – 1945
2. Involved nations	Allied Nations: Britain, France, Russia, Italy, America Central Powers: ……………….	Allied Nations: ……………… Axis powers: Germany, Japan, Italy

Answer:

Points	First World War	Second World War
1. Period	1914 – 1918	1939 – 1945
2. Involved nations	Allied Nations: Britain, France, Russia, Italy, America Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria	Allied Nations: Britain, France, Soviet Union, America Axis powers: Germany, Japan, Italy

4A. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Fascism
Answer:

• Fascism is derived from the Latin word ‘Fasces’ which suggests ‘strength through unity.
• An Italian leader and former Prime Minister of Italy Benito Mussolini built this movement.
• The major characteristics of Fascism are as follows:
  • Opposition to democratic institutions-It is a political ideology that does not believe in democracy, liberalism, individual freedom, and equality.
  • In Fascism, the greater focus is on the action, absolute political authority, centralization of political power, justification of war, and violence.
  • Aggressive nationalism, Militarism, and Anti-Communism.

Question 2.
Nazism
Answer:

• Nazism is a set of political beliefs associated with the Nazi party of Germany.
• Nazism is in a way slightly diverse form of fascism. Nazism gave more importance to racism.
• It was an extremely aggressive and corrupt manifestation of fascism.
• The genocide (the murder of all the people of a particular race, religion, etc.) of European Jews in Germany by Hitler had its roots in racism.

Question 3.
The ‘Kamagata Maru’ incidence.
Answer:

• During the time of the Second World War Indian people began to migrate to Canada and America.
• The government of Canada was heavily under the influence of the British government.
• It rejected the entry of Indian migrants. It did not allow ‘Kamagata Maru’ a steamship with Indian migrants aboard under the leadership of Baba Gurudit Singh, to anchor in the Canadian port of Vancouver.
• People on this ship returned to India. On their return journey, Kamagata Maru reached the port of ‘Bajbaj’ near Kolkata. There the British officers ordered Indian passengers to return immediately to their own towns and villages.
• But the Indians did not follow the orders so the British officers began to shoot and 30 Indian passengers died in it.
• This incidence of cruelty on the part of British officers created public outcry throughout India.

Question 4.
Azad Hind Sena
Answer:

• Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was a great freedom fighter. He officially took charge of the Azad Hind Sena also known as Indian National Army in 1943.
• During the Second World War when the Japanese army reached the eastern border of India several volunteers joined this army. They were the patriotic members of Azad Hind Sena.
• Netaji’s policy was to take advantage of the situation to move the Indians for the intense opposition to the British, while the Britishers were engaged in war.
• He felt that even the enemy of the British may be approached for help if the need be.
• Azad Hind Sena fought fiercely for attaining its goal of independence of India and contributed to India’s freedom struggle.

Question 5.
Congress and Defence Policy
Answer:
Indian National Congress had formed a number of policies related to the defense issues of the country. It included:

• There should be a defense academy in India.
• The British Government should share part of the defense expenditure meant for India’s protection from its treasury.
• The official expenditure on defense should be curbed.
• Indian citizens should be provided facilities of education and training to make themselves capable of self-defense and defense of the nation.
• Indian men should be recruited in the regional units of the army.
• Home Guards and a group of volunteers should be established.
• By the ‘Queen’s Proclamation’, Indian people should be appointed on the posts of higher grades.

Question 6.
First World War and TISCO.
Answer:

• There is a very close relationship between First World War and Tata Iron and Steel Company.
• During First World War England required good railway tracks in Europe and military logistics in the province of Iraq.
• The company took great efforts and manufactured 1500 miles long tracks.
• In 1919, after the end of the First World War, Viceroy Lord Chelmsford visited the TISCO factory. In his speech, he attributed their victory to the railway track supplied by India.

Question 7.
Field Marshall Sam Manekshaw.
Answer:

• During World War II Sam Manekshaw was sent under the 17th Infantry Division to prevent Japanese attacks in Burma.
• He was appointed as the acting Commander. The army attacked the Sittang Bridge under his leadership. The enemy attacked him.
• He was hit by nine bullets fired from the Japanese machine guns. Maj. Gen. David Cowan, a senior commanding officer witnessed Manekshaw’s unmatched valour and pinned his own Military Cross ribbon on Manekshaw.
• A Military Cross could be awarded only to a soldier who is alive. He was appointed as the first Field Marshall of independent India.

Question 8.
Second World War and India.
Answer:

• In the period of war, England required manpower and money. So, they enforced the recruitment of army personnel from India.
• Extra taxes levied on Indians and taxes on trade and industries increased to raise funds needed for war.
• Due to inflation, prices of essential items increased and Indians have also been affected by an increase in unemployment.
• England exploited India and its resources to achieve victory in this war. India was a British colony and they took it in their right to use it as a source of supplying industrial products, cloth, and other commodities of daily use to their allied nations.
• Due to exploitation by the Britishers, a large number of Indians, from various societies, workers, and farmers joined the national movement against the British.
• India was pulled forcibly into this war by the British Government. India did not gain anything from this war.

4B. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Japan surrendered in August 1945 and Second World War came to an end.
Answer:

• The Second World War was fought between Allied powers and Axis powers.
• Japan entered this war in support of Germany. In 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbour and destroyed an American naval base. This resulted in America declared war against Japan.
• Later Japan went on capturing the regions of the Philippines, Myanmar, Malaya, Singapore and even marched up to Assam, Arakan, and Imphal.
• This drove the British to act against Japan’s aggression. America launched aerial attacks on two Japanese cities with atom bombs, first on Hiroshima and then on Nagasaki. So, finally, Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945. This put an end to the Second World War.

5. State your opinion.

Question 1.
World War II witnessed the rise of nationalism throughout the world but there is a difference between Indian nationalism and German nationalism.
Answer:
Nationalism means love, loyalty, and devotion to a nation. The differences between German nationalism and Indian nationalism were as follows:

• Germany is a country which, nourished nationalism. India was also greatly influenced by nationalism. But there is a difference between Indian nationalism and German nationalism.
• Germans were out to conquer other countries in order to make their country the most powerful and biggest in the world whereas the nationalism of the Indians was making them fight for regaining their independence.
• Indian nationalism was based on a broader perspective of the spread of Democracy all over the world including India.
• Germany was strongly influenced by racism. Hitler killed many European Jews. However, in India people of varied religions, races and castes were staying together for ages. These are the characteristics of Indian nationalism, which confirms its magnanimity.

6. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the impact of World War II on India.
Answer:
Lord Linlithgow’s announcement of India joining the war:

• The Second World War was started in September 1939. In the Second World War England and France fought against Italy and Germany.
• England declared war against Germany. At the same time, Viceroy of India Lord Linlithgow declared that India would also join the war in support of England.

Protest of Indian National Congress:

• Indian National Congress was against the aggressive dictatorship of Germany and Italy. Congress did not support colonialism so they protested against the viceroy’s announcement.
• England claimed that it was fighting for the protection of democracy in Europe. Indian National Congress now demanded the freedom of India from British domination.

The decision of the Indian National Congress:

• Indian National Congress gave assurance to England that India as an independent nation would support England in World War II. They also announced that Indians will not help the British if the British continued with their imperialist administration in India.
• Lord Linlithgow announced that British Government will not look upon any issues related to India till the end of the war, reacting to this Indian National Congress decided not to participate in the war.

Contribution of Azad Hind Sena:

• When the Japanese army reached the eastern border of India several volunteers of Azad Hind Sena joined this army under the leadership of Netaji Subash Chandra Bose against the British.
• Netaji thought that even the enemy of the British may be approached for help if needed. Azad Hind Sena fought bravely to attain its goal of freedom of India and in this way contributed a lot to India’s Freedom Struggle.

Question 2.
Explain the impact of the First World War on India.
Answer:
(i) The British Government of India compelled India, one of their colonies, to participate in the World War.

(ii) India became the source of procuring help in the form of money, food, clothing, and other war supplies. During 1919-20, the British Government in India provided help to England worth Rs.19 billion. India also contributed one hundred and fifty crores of rupees to the war expenses.

(iii) Seventeen of the Indian soldiers were honoured and decorated with ‘Victoria Cross’, a medal, given for gallantry.

(iv) War left a significant impact on various fields including production of war supplies, civil industries, trade, economic policies, farming and agricultural production, etc. This war boosted India’s industrial growth, especially in the Iron and steel industry. Considerable growth was also seen in motor transportation and motor vehicles.

(v) During the wartime and post-war period there was a decrease in export. The prices of agricultural products reduced but the prices of industrial products increased. Indian food grains were exported to allied nations. It caused a shortage of food and increasing prices of food grains for the Indians.

(vi) Due to war experience Indians realized that India could be considered backward in the matters of aircraft, mechanized war instruments, medical facilities. In 1917, Montagu- Chelmsford administrative reforms were introduced in India. India became extremely poor due to war.

7. Answer the following question with the help of the given points.

Question 1.
Explain the causes of the First World War.
(i) Increase in production
(ii) Imperialism
(iii) Division of Europe into two hostile groups
(iv) Immediate cause
Answer:
The First World War was fought between allied nations and central powers. The First World War
began in 1914 C.E. The causes of the war were:
(i) Increase in production: Due to the industrial revolution machines came into use for the various production processes. It also led to increasing in production because of mechanization.

(ii) Imperialism: The European countries needed more raw material to match the quantitative increase in production and more markets to sell their surplus products. Imperialistic European nations began to search for newer lands to meet these needs.

(iii) Growing Militarisation: The search for newer lands and colonies would often create warlike situations among them. Keeping this in view more powerful nations in Europe felt the need to continuously increase their military power and armory.

(iv) Division of Europe into two hostile groups: Germany, England, Russia, France, Austria, Hungary where the nations of primary importance. Among them, rival groups were formed. Because of the rivalry, every nation began to enhance its military and naval strength, There was a competition to produce more and more destructive weapons.

(v) Immediate cause: The Austrian Prince Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated by a Serbian maniac. In Austria, people believed that this whole act was maneuvered by the Serbian Kingdom. Hence, Austria called a war against Serbia. Russia came to help Serbia. Two distinct groups were formed, one group supporting Austria (Germany, Turkey, Bulgaria) known as central powers and another supporting Serbia (England, France, Russia) known as allied nations.

Question 3.
Explain the impacts of the World Wars on India.
(i) Awareness against the exploitative rule of the British and participation of masses in the Indian freedom struggle
(ii) Protest of Indian National Congress
(iii) Contribution of Azad Hind Sena
(iv) India got independence
Answer:
India was forced into both the World Wars started by the British Imperial rule. The impacts of wars on India were as follows:
(i) Awareness against the exploitative rule of the British and participation of masses in the Indian freedom struggle: During wartime, the British Government started recruiting army personnel from India. Extra taxes were levied on Indians for raising funds. The prices of essential commodities went up. Indians suffered from the problems of inflation, unemployment. Indians from all strata of society, workers, farmers, middle class, and women joined in the Indian national movement against British rule.

(ii) Protest of Indian National Congress: The Indian National Congress protested against the Viceroy’s announcement of India’s participation in the war. The Congress demanded India’s freedom in return to India’s help to England in war. However, Lord Linlithgow turned the demand of the Congress so Congress decided not to participate in World War II.

(iii) Contribution of Azad Hind Sena: Azad Hind Sena under the leadership of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose joined Japanese forces against the British and fought fiercely for attaining independence of India.

(iv) India got independence: After the end of the Second World War British realized that India was not going to be the perennial source of profit for them as it used to be. They decided to return home and India got Independence.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Important Questions Chapter 10 Foreign Trade of India Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Economics Important Questions Chapter 10 Foreign Trade of India

1. A. Choose the correct option:

Question 1.
Before independence, India was exporting raw materials to –
(a) USA (b) Japan
(c) England (Britain)
(d) None of these
Options :
(1) a and b
(2) c and a
(3) d
(4) only c
Answer:
(4) only c

Question 2.
Internal trade also known as –
(a) Domestic trade
(b) Home trade
(c) External trade
(d) all of these
Options :
(1) a, b and c
(2) b and c
(3) a and b
(4) only d
Answer:
(3) a and b

Question 3.
International or External trade takes place between –
(a) two or more districts
(b) two or more states
(c) two or more countries
(d) none of these
Options :
(1) a and b
(2) a and c
(3) a, b and c
(4) only c
Answer:
(4) only c

Question 4.
Most important commodity in India’s import is –
(a) Petroleum, oil and lubricants
(b) Food grains .
(c) Engineering goods
(d) Readymade garments
Options :
(1) a and b
(2) b and c
(3) only a
(4) c and d
Answer:
(3) only a

Question 5.
According to Walter Krause definition of Balance of Payment, value of exchange of goods and services is considered among –
(a) the citizens and businessmen
(b) the firms
(c) the government
(d) none of these
Options :
(1) a, b and c
(2) b and c
(3) c and d
(4) only a
Answer:
(1) a, b and c

Question 6.
Trade surplus means –
(a) Export value > Import value
(b) Export value < Import value
(c) Export value = Import value
(d) All of these
Options :
(1) only a
(2) b and c
(3) only b
(4) only d
Answer:
(1) only a

Question 7.
Balance of trade includes –
(a) the value of imports of visible and invisible goods
(b) the value of imports of only visible goods
(c) the value of imports and exports of visible and invisible goods
(d) the value of exports of visible and invisible goods.
Options :
(1) a and d
(2) only b
(3) only c
(4) All of these
Answer:
(3) only c

Question 8.
International trade is important because –
(a) it helps in optimal utilisation of resources
(b) it brings stability in price level
(c) it helps to earn foreign exchange
(d) it encourages investment
Options :
(1) a and b
(2) b and c
(3) a and c
(4) all of these
Answer:
(4) all of these

Question 9.
The share of India’s foreign trade in Gross National Income during 2016-17 was –
(a) 25%
(b) 17.55
(c) 48.8 %
(d) None of these
Options :
(1) only a
(2) only b
(3) only c
(4) only d
Answer:
(3) only c

Question 9.
In recent years India’s leading trading partners are –
(a) USA, Germany, Japan, UK
(b) Britain
(c) Nepal, Sri Lanka, UK
(d) None of these
Options :
(1) only a
(2) b and c
(3) a and c
(4) only d
Answer:
(1) only a

Question 10.
Which of the following is not a benefit of international trade –
(a) provides multiple choices of imported goods
(b) leads to division of labour
(c) high wage levels for all domestic workers
(d) can earn reputation and goodwill in the international market
Options :
(1) a and d
(2) only c
(3) a, c and d
(4) a, b and d
Answer:
(2) only c

Question 11.
There is a change in the composition of India’s exports from –
(a) primary products to manufactured products
(b) manufactured products to primary products
(c) manufactured products to software
(d) All of these Options:
(1) a and b
(2) only a
(3) a, b and e
(4) only d
Answer:
(2) only a

(B) Complete the Correlation

(1) Internal trade : Home trade :: …………. : Foreign trade
Answer:
International trade

(2) Trade surplus: …………. :: Trade deficit: Export > Import
Answer:
Export > Import

(3) …………. : jute, cotton :: Manufactured goods: readymade garments
Answer:
Primary goods

(4) OECD : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development :: …………. : Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Answer:
OPEC

(5) Import goods : …………. :: Export goods : Engineering goods
Answer:
Gold

(6) Trade within the country : Internal trade :: Trade between two or more countries : …………..
Answer:
External trade

(7) Highest share in export: Engineering goods :: Highest share in import: ………….
Answer:
Petroleum

(8) Old ports : Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai:: …………. : Kandla, Cochin, Vishakhapatnam
Answer:
New ports

(9) International trade : External trade :: Domestic trade : …………. :
Answer:
Internal trade

(10) Foreign trade before independence : …………. :: Foreign trade after independence : USA
Answer:
Britain / England

(11) Machinery : Capital goods :: Motor vehicles : ………….
Answer:
Consumer goods

(C) Give economic terms.

(1) To purchase goods and services by one country from another country.
Answer:
Import trade

(2) To sale goods and services by one country to another country.
Answer:
Export trade

(3) To purchase goods and services from one country and then selling them to another country after processing.
Answer:
Entrepot trade

(4) Exchange of goods and services.
Answer:
Trade

(5) Export value is greater than the import value.
Answer:
Trade surplus

(6) Import value is greater than the export value.
Answer:
Trade deficit

(7) The trade is by sea.
Answer:
Oceanic trade

(8) This leads division of labour and specialization.
Answer:
Foreign trade

(9) We can see or touch these goods.
Answer:
Visible / tangible goods

(10) We can’t see or touch these goods.
Answer:
Invisible / intangible goods

(D) Find the odd word out.

(1) Internal trade, Domestic trade, Foreign trade, Home trade.
Answer:
Foreign trade

(2) International trade, Internal trade, External trade, Foreign trade.
Answer:
Internal trade

(3) Types of foreign trade :
Import trade, Export trade, National trade, Entrepot trade.
Answer:
National trade

(4) Need of Foreign trade :
To earn foreign exchange, To earn rupees, To encourage investment,To stabilize price ; level
Answer:
To earn rupees

(5) Important features of India’s foreign trade :
Change in the composition of exports, ; Change in composition of imports, Change in composition of internal trade
Answer:
Change in composition of internal trade

(6) Trade relation with neighbouring countries :
Nepal, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, England
Answer:
England

(7) New ports for foreign trade :
Mumbai, Kandla, Cochin, Vishakhapatnam ;
Answer:
Mumbai

(8) Major imported goods :
Gold, Fertilizers, Gems and Jewellery, Petroleum
Answer:
Gems and jewellery

(9) Major exported goods :
Iron and Steel, ‘ Engineering goods, Chemicals, Textiles and readymade garments
Answer:
Iron and steel

(10) Useful concept in foreign trade :
Balance of payment, Balance of trade, Balance budget
Answer:
Balance budget

(11) Organisation related to foreign trade : OECD, OPEC, EGEPC, NABARD
Answer:
NABARD

(12) Manufactured products :
Gems and jewellery, Electronic goods, s Computer hardware and software, Food grains
Answer:
Food grains

(13) Primary products :
Jute and cotton, Readymade garments, Oil seeds, Mineral products
Answer:
Readymade garments

(14) Visible goods :
Gold, Petroleum, Fertilizers, Communication
Answer:
Communication

(15) Invisible goods (service):
Banking, Communication, Engineering goods, Transport
Answer:
Engineering goods

(16) Cloth, Machinery, Technology, Fertilizers
Answer:
Cloth

(E) Complete the sentences.

(1) During the British rule …………………. industries suffered set back.
Answer:
handicraft

(2) In the post World War II, …………………. trade is considered as an investment.
Answer:
Foreign trade

(3) Buying and selling of goods and services within the boundaries of a nation are known as ………………….
Answer:
Internal trade

(4) Internal trade is also known as ………………….
Answer:
Domestic / Home trade

(5) The trade between Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, etc, is known as ………………….
Answer:
Internal trade

(6) International trade is also known as ………………….
Answer:
Foreign / External trade

(7) Trade which consists of transaction between residents of different countries is called ………………….
Answer:
International trade

(8) …………………. is a remarkable factor in expanding the market and encouraging the production of goods.
Answer:
Foreign trade

(9) …………………. helps to earn goodwill and reputation in the international market.
Answer:
Export trade

(10) After independence, there was change in the composition of imports from consumer goods to ………………….
Answer:
capital goods

(11) Share of …………………. trade-in-India is around 68%.
Answer:
Oceanic trade

(12) Goods such as cloth, motor vehicles, electrical goods, etc, are known as ………………….
Answer:
consumer goods

(13) Goods and services that are made in one country but purchased and consumed in another country is called ………………….
Answer:
export

(F) Choose the wrong pair ; (1 mark each)

I.

Group‘A	Group ‘B’
1. Internal trade	Between two or more countries
2. Oceanic trade	Trade by sea
3. Export trade	Sale of goods by one country to another country

Answer:
Wrong pair : Internal trade – Between two or more countries

II.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. Primary goods	Jute, cotton, tea
2. Invisible goods	Cloth, medicine, car
3. Capital goods	Machinery, technology, steel

Answer:
Wrong pair : Invisible goods – Cloth, medicine, car

III.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. Encourage investment	Foreign trade
2. To earn foreign exchange	Internal trade
3. International trade	Multiple choices of imported goods

Answer:Wrong pair : To earn foreign exchange Internal trade

(G) Assertion and Reasoning:

Question 1.
Assertion (A): Trade is an engine of growth of an economy.
Reasoning (R) : It plays an important role for economic development.
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason for (A).
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct reason for (A).
(iii) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(iv) (A) and (R) both are false.
Answer:
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason for (A).

Question 2.
Assertion (A) : International trade consists of transaction between residents of different countries.
Reasoning (R): This is given by Wasserman and Hultman
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason for (A).
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct reason for (A).
(iii) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(iv) (A) and (R) both are false.
Answer:
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct reason for (A).

Question 3.
Assertion (A) : During the British rule foreign trade did not permit industrialisation in India.
Reasoning (R) : India was a supplier of raw material to the England and importer of manufactured goods.
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason for (A).
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct reason for (A).
(iii) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(iv) (A) and (R) both are false.
Answer:
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason for (A).

Question 4.
Assertion (A): Buying and selling of goods and services across the boundaries of a nation are known as internal trade. Reasoning (R) : Goods produced in
Maharashtra are sold to West Bengal then it is known as international trade.
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason for (A).
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct reason for (A).
(iii) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(iv) (A) and (R) both are false.
(iv) (A) and (R) both are false.

Question 5.
Assertion (A) : Due to specialization resources are channelized for the production of only those goods which would give highest ( return.
Reasoning (R): There is rational allocation and specialization.
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason for (A).
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct reason for (A).
(iii)(A) is true but (R) is false.
(iv)(A) and (R) both are false.
Answer:
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason for (A).

Question 6.
Assertion (A) : An increase in total investment leads to development of an economy. .
Reasoning (R) : Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets.
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason for (A).
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct reason for (A).
(iii) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(iv) (A) and (R) both are false.
Answer:
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason for (A).

Question 7.
Assertion (A) : Balance of payments is a summary statement of all the transaction between the residents of one country and the rest of the world.
Reasoning (R): This is given by Samuelson.
(i)Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the
correct reason for (A).
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct reason for (A).
(iii) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(iv)(A) and (R) both are false.
Answer:
(iii) (A) is true but (R) is false.

Question 8.
Assertion (A) : Balance of trade is the difference between the value of countries export and import for a given period. Reasoning (R) : Balance of trade is also referred to as international trade balance.
(i)Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason for (A).
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct reason for (A).
(iii)(A) is true but (R) is false.
(iv)(A) and (R) both are false.
Answer:
(iii) (A) is true but (R) is false.

(H) Choose the right group of pairs :

I.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. Balance of Trade	(a)International trade balance
2. OPEC	(b) Oil and Petrol Export Commission
3. Trade	(c) Buying and selling of goods and services
4. Invisible goods	(d) Banking, insurance
5. WTO	(e) World Trade Organisation

II.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. OPEC	(a) Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries
2. Trade deficit	(b) Value of export < Value of import
3. Internal trade	(c) Trade within the country
4. India’s imported goods	(d) Petroleum, Gold, fertilizer
5. Entrepot Trade	(e) Re-export

Answer:
II group is correct.

2.[A] Identify and explain the concept from given illustrations.

Question 1.
Antwerp city of Belgium imports raw diamonds and exports finished diamonds to other countries.
Answer:
Concept: Entrepot Trade
Explanation : It means purchase of goods and services from one country and selling them to another country after processing.

Question 2.
The country ‘A’ value of import was $200 billion and value of export was $150 billion.
Answer:
Concept: Trade deficit
Explanation : When value of import is greater than value of export it is called as trade deficit.

Question 3.
The country ‘X’ value of export was $500 billion and value of import was $200 billion.
Answer:
Concept: Trade Surplus
Explanation : When value of export is greater than value of import it is called as trade surplus.

Question 4.
Kashmir sold its apples to the other parts of country.
Answer:
Concept: Internal trade
Explanation : This trade is also known as home or domestic trade. It means buying and selling of goods and services within the country.

Question 5.
India is selling its spices to USA, China, Vietnam, etc.
Answer:
Concept: Export Trade
Explanation : It means selling of goods and services by one country to another country. It helps to earn foreign exchange.

Question 6.
India based Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) is selling their software and services to the USA.
Answer:
Concept: Export trade
Explanation : It means selling of goods and services by one country to another country. It helps to earn foreign exchange.

(B) Distinguish between

Question 1.
Import trade and Export trade.
Answer:
Import trade:

1. It means to purchase of goods and services by one country from another country.
2. E.g. India imports petroleum from Iraq, Kuwait
3. It is inflow of goods and services.

Export trade:

1. It means to the sale goods and services by one country to another country.
2. E.g. India exports tea, rice, jute to China, Hong Kong, etc.
3. It is outflow of goods and services.

Question 2.
Export trade and Entrepot trade.
Answer:
Export trade:

1. Export trade means sale of goods by one country to another country.
2. E.g. India selling its spices to USA, China, etc.

Entrepot trade:

1. Entrepot trade means purchase of goods and services from one country and selling them to another country.
2. E.g. Antwerp city of Belgium importing raw diamonds and exporting finished diamonds to other countries.

Question 3.
Trade surplus and Trade deficit.
Answer:
Trade surplus:

1. When country’s exports are more than its imports, it is called as trade surplus.
2. Generally, it is considered as a positive development.

Trade deficit:

1. When country’s import are more than its exports, it is called as trade deficit.
2. Generally, it is considered as a negative development.

3. Answer the following:

Question 1.
Explain the concepts of Balance of Trade.
Answer:
Balance of trade is the important concept of foreign trade. Balance of trade is the difference between the values of country’s exports and imports for a given period.
Balance of trade can be positive or negative.

(i) Trade surplus : When country’s value of export is more than its value of import, it is called trade surplus. It is also known as positive balance of trade.

(ii) Trade Deficit : When country’s value of import is more than its value of export, it is called as trade deficit. It is also known as negative balance of trade.

The formula for calculating balance of trade is as follows :
BOT = Total value of Exports – Total value of Imports.

4. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements :

Question 1.
During British rule, indigenous handicraft suffered a severe blow.
Answer:
Yes, I do agree with this statement.

1. During the British rule India was exporting raw materials to England and was importing final goods from England.
2. Indian handicraft was unable to face competition with imported goods from England.
3. An imported goods were cheaper as compared to handicraft goods.
4. The demand for machine made cheap commodity had raised in Indian market.
5. That’s why Indian handicraft industries suffered during the British rule.

Question 2.
Trade is an engine of growth for an economy.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Trade permits a more efficient allocation of national resources.
• Foreign trade provide foreign exchange which can be used to import modern machinery and technology from advanced countries.
• Foreign trade encourages producers to produce more goods for export.
• It leads to an increase in total investment in an economy.
• Thus, we can say, trade is an engine to growth for an economy.

Question 3.
Foreign trade leads to division of labour and specialisation at world level.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Some countries have abundant natural resources.
• These countries should export raw material and import finished goods from countries which are advanced in skilled man power,
• Under specialisation specific work is given to the workers within a production process.
• Specialisation can increase the productivity of a firm or economy.
• Eg. Incase of car manufacturing company, some workers will design the cars, some workers will work on different section of assembly line, some workers will work on testing cars, some workers will work on marketing of cars.

Question 4.
Foreign trade is not playing an important role for economic development.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.

• It helps to earn foreign exchange which can be used for productive purpose.
• It leads to an increase in a total investment in an economy.
• It helps to control the changes in the price level.
• It helps to maximum allocation and utlisation of resources at international level.
• Due to availability of imported goods, it helps to improve standard of living of the people in the country.
• During the natural calamities, foreign trade enables a country to import food grains and medicines from other countries to help the affected people.
• It promotes world peace by bringing countries closer.

Question 5.
During the pre and post independence period, India’s composition of import and export is the same.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.

• Prior to independence, India used to export primary products like Jute, Cotton, Tea, Oil-Seeds etc.
• In the recent time India is exporting manufactured product like readymade garments, gems and jewellery, computer hardware and software, etc.
• Prior to independence India used to import consumer goods like medicines, cloth, motor vehicles, electrical goods, etc.
• In the recent time, India is importing capital goods like advanced technology and machinery, chemicals, fertilizers, steel, etc.

Question 6.
India is importing only petroleum from other countries.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement. India is importing many commodities like :

• Electronic goods : In the total import of country, share of electronic goods in 10.9% in the year 2016-17.
• Pearls and Gems : In the total import, share of peals and gems was 6.2% in the year 2016-17.
• Edible oils : India also imports edible oil from Malaysia and Indonesia and its share is 2.8% in the year 2016-17.
• Gold : There was growing demand for gold in the Indian market. In the year 2018-19, the value of gold imported was upto $32.8 billion.
• Fertilizers : India is importing fertilizers from China, US, Iraq, Russia. In the year 2016-17, the share of fertilizers was 1.3% in the total import of country.

Question 7.
India is exporting many commodities goods.
Answer:
Yes, I do agree with this statement. India exports many commodities like :

• Engineering goods : It has the large share in the export of India. The share of engineering goods was 25% in the total exports in 2017-18.
• Petroleum products : India turned as a net exporter of petroleum refinery products.
  India’s export of petroleum product was 20.1% in 2013-14.
• Chemicals and chemical product :
  India is exporting chemicals and chemical products to many countries from last few years. In the year 2014-15 the share of chemicals was 10.4% in total exports of the country.
• Gems and Jewellery : It is one of the major contributor which helps to earn foreign exchange. According to DGCI Kolkata, the value of Gems and Jewellery export was $38.96 billion in 2018-19.

5. Study the following table, chart, graph, passage and answer the questions.

1. India’s Merchandise Trade (US $ Billion)

Question 1.
In the above bar diagram during which year export was maximum and how much was it?
The export was maximum in the year 2018¬19. It was $331billion.

Question 2.
In which year import was maximum and how much was it?
In the year 2018-19 import was maximum and it was $507.4 billion.

Question 3.
In which year import was least and how much was it?
In the year 2015-16 import was least and it was $381 billion.

Question 4.
Find out the trade deficit in the year 2017-18?
Trade deficit = Export – Import = 303.5 – 465.6
= $162.1 billion.

Question 5.
How much is the export increase in the year 2018-19 as compared to 2014-15?
Answer:
In the year 2018-19 export has increased by $20.7 billion as compared to 2014-15.

Question 6.
How much is the import increase in the year 2018-19 as compared to 2017-18?
Answer:
In the year 2018-19 imports has increased by $41.8 billion as compared to 2017-18.

Question 7.
Express your views on India’s merchandise trade.
Answer:
In the above bar diagram, India’s import is always greater then its export. India should take measures to reduce the imports. The Government of India should encourage the industries those are exporting goods by providing them various facilities such as availability of raw materials at cheaper rate, credit at low interest, etc.

(2) Share of top Five Commodities in India’s Export 2018-19

Question 1.
Name the second largest exported commodity in the year 2018-19.
Petroleum products are second largest exported commodity in the year 2018-19.

Question 2.
How much is the share of drug formulations, biologicals (chemical products) in total export of India.
Answer:
The share of chemical products is 4.37% in the total export of India.

Question 3.
Which commodity has least share in the total export of India and how much was it?
Answer:
Iron and Steel has least share and it is 2.96%.

Question 4.
Give your opinion on India’s export.
Answer:
India should focus on above five commodities to increase their export. The government of India should provide credit at low rate of interest, easy availability of raw materials required by above industries, as it will help to produce more goods.

3. Table A : Trade data for period 2009 – 10 to 2017 – 18

Question 1.
In which year export growth was least and how much?
Answer:
In the year 2015-16, export growth was least and it was -9.49%.

Question 2.
In which year import growth was maximum and how much?
Answer:
In the year 2011-12, import growth was maximum and it was 39.32%.

Question 3.
During which year trade balance was minimum?
Answer:
In the year 2009-10 trade balance was minimum.

Question 4.
Which concept of Balance of Trade is applicable here?
Answer:
The concept of trade deficit is applicable here, because in the above data every year India’s imports are more than its exports.

Question 5.
How much was India’s export value in the year 2017-18?
Answer:
In the year 2017-18 India’s export value was ? 19,56,515 crores.

Question 6.
Give your opinion on India’s foreign trade.
Answer:
Above data shows that every year India’s trade balance is deficit. It means imports are more than exports. The Government should formulate such policies that increases our export and reduces our imports.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Important Questions Chapter 3 India and European Colonialism Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th History Important Questions Chapter 3 India and European Colonialism

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
The ____________ established the East India Company in December 1600.
(a) British
(b) French
(c) Dutch
(d) Portuguese
Answer:
(a) British

Question 2.
The Cartaz was a ____________ which the Indian rulers had to get from the Portuguese.
(a) passbook
(b) license
(c) diary
(d) notebook
Answer:
(b) license

Question 3.
The main building of the British factory carried the ____________
(a) Union Jack
(b) American flag
(c) Indian flag
(d) Dutch flag
Answer:
(a) Union Jack

Question 4.
The fort named at Chennai was ‘Fort ____________’.
(a) St. Peter
(b) St. George
(c) St. Francis
(d) St. Xavier
Answer:
(b) St. George

Question 5.
____________was appointed as the Governor of Bombay.
(a) Abraham Shipman
(b) George Oxenden
(c) Jean Baptiste Colbert
(d) Charles II
Answer:
(a) Abraham Shipman

Question 6.
The Dutch established their first colony at ____________
(a) Surat
(b) Machilipatnam
(c) Bombay
(d) Chandranagar
Answer:
(b) Machilipatnam

Question 7.
The wars fought between the British and the French are known as ‘___________’.
(a) Bombay wars
(b) Madras wars
(c) Carnatic wars
(d) Calcutta wars
Answer:
(c) Carnatic Wars

Question 8.
The Dutch established their first factory at ____________
(a) Pondicherry
(b) Pulicat
(c) Port Nova
(d) Petapuli
Answer:
(d) Petapuli

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Vasco da Gama	Seafarer
(b) Abraham Shipman	Governor of Bombay
(c) George Oxenden	Governor of Surat
(d) Jean Baptiste Colbert	Italian finance minister

Answer:
Jean Baptiste Colbert – French finance minister

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
License which the Indian rulers had to get from the Portuguese-
Answer:
Cartaz

Question 2.
Indian king who built his own navy-
Answer:
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

Question 3.
The company was established by the British in 1600-
Answer:
The East India company

Question 4.
The staff of factories was called-
Answer:
Factors

Question 5.
Flag of the British-
Answer:
Union Jack

Question 6.
Commander-in-chief of Mumbai-
Answer:
George Oxenden

Question 7.
The company formed by several Dutch companies-
Answer:
United East India

Question 8.
Port city mentioned in ‘Periplus’ of Erythrean sea-
Answer:
Machilipatnam (Mosalia)

Question 9.
Mughal emperor who granted permission to the French to open a factory in Surat-
Answer:
Aurangzeb

Question 10.
The main center of French operations-
Answer:
Pondicherry (Puducherry)

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The Indian rulers had to get Cartaz (license) from the Portuguese ____________
(a) for sailing on the Indian Ocean
(b) for carrying on a trade
(c) for enjoyment
(d) for conducting naval exercises
Answer:
(a) for sailing on the Indian Ocean

Question 2.
The British built factories in India because ____________
(a) they wanted to store machines
(b) they wanted to store goods bought at low prices
(c) they wanted to employ Indians in these factories
(d) they wanted to accommodate the staff at these factories
Answer:
(b) they wanted to store goods bought at low prices

Question 3.
Charles II leased Mumbai to the East India Company because ____________
(a) the East India company wanted Mumbai
(b) Mumbai was too far away to administer
(c) the expenditure for its maintenance exceeded the income earned from it
(d) the East India Company was a rich company
Answer:
(c) the expenditure for its maintenance exceeded the income earned from it

Question 4.
A British mint was established in Mumbai because ____________
(a) Mumbai was an ideal place for setting up a mint
(b) the British could keep an eye on the mint
(c) the British had competition from other European powers
(d) this encouraged merchants and artisans to come and settle down in Mumbai
Answer:
(d) this encouraged merchants and artisans to come and settle down in Mumbai

3. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Office Holders	Office Holders
Vice-rei and Capitaon-i-Jaral	…………………………
……………………………	Archbishop
Chancellor	…………………………
……………………………	Captain

Answer:

Office Holders	Office Holders
Vice-rei and Capitaon-i-Jaral	Viceroy and General of the army
Arcebispo	Archbishop
Chancellor	Judge
Capitaon	Captain

Question 2.

Answer:

4A. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Cartaz
Answer:
The Cartaz was a license issued by the Portuguese to the Indian rulers for sailing on the Indian Ocean when they established firm control on the Indian Ocean. It usually carried details like the name of the vessel (ship), the name of the captain of the ship, port of departure and arrival, the list of weaponry on the ship loaded for the purpose of self-defense, etc.

Question 2.
Portuguese Trade
Answer:
The king of Calicut wrote to the King of Portugal in a letter sent with Vasco da Gama “Our state is rich in spices like cloves, ginger, black pepper, and precious stones. We expect you to pay us in gold, silver, corals in exchange for our spices and precious stones”. Vasco da Gama sold the commodities in Portugal, which he carried from India. He could earn a huge amount of money in that trade which was sixty times more than the money he spent for his return journey to Portugal.

Question 3.
Factory
Answer:
The British established factories in India. For this, they used to acquire large plots of land. These plots were used to build warehouses, residential quarters, and offices. The main building of the factory carried the ‘Union Jack’. The staff of these factories was called ‘Factors’. The meals provided to the staff included bread, meat, rice, Khichadi of pulses and rice, pickles, etc. The company had created beautiful gardens for the benefit of the staff at Surat, Karwar, Machilipatnam, Petapuli, Chennai, and Mumbai.

Question 4.
Machilipatnam
Answer:
The Dutch established their first colony at Machilipatnam. This port city came into existence in the 3rd century B.C.E. It is also mentioned in ‘Periplus’ of the Erythrean Sea as ‘Mosalia’.

4B. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The British built ‘Factories’ in India.
Answer:
The British used to acquire large plots of land for their factories. These plots were used to build warehouses, residential quarters, and offices. The British needed a permanent place to store the goods at low prices. It was required of them to stay in India for a period of 9 to 13 months to carry out trading transactions. Hence they decided to build ‘Factories’ or ‘emporiums’ in India. The staff of these factories was called ‘factors’.

Question 2.
The ‘Carnatic Wars’ were fought between the British and the French.
Answer:
Pondicherry which was the main center of French operations was ruled by the Nawab of Karnataka. The members of the Nawab family were fighting amongst themselves for the throne. The British and the French started intervening in the matter which resulted in three battles between the British and the French from 1744 to 1763 C.E. known as the ‘Carnatic Wars’.

5. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Charles II leased Mumbai to the East India Company.
Answer:
Charles II had received the islands of Mumbai as a gift from the King of Portugal on his engagement to Princess Braganza of Portugal. He found it difficult to maintain the islands as the expenditure incurred on its maintenance exceeded the income earned from it. So, he leased it to the East India Company.

Question 2.
In 1602, several Dutch companies got together to form ‘United East India’.
Answer:
The Dutch government issued a license to the company to conduct trading with the eastern countries. The same license permitted them to appoint staff, establish factories, build forts, engage in battles against the eastern countries, and also sign treaties with them. Accordingly, the company appointed a Governor-General to take care of Indian affairs.

6. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
What rights were ‘the French East India Company’ given by the French King Louis XIV?
Answer:
The French East India Company was established in 1664 by Jean Baptiste Colbert. The company was given the authority to trade with eastern countries to maintain army and navy and also exemption from taxes. The company was also given the authority to enter war or treaty with the eastern rulers. In 1666, the company sent a contingent to the court of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and obtained permission to establish a factory in Surat.