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The Harappan Civilization Question Answer Class 6 History Chapter 3 Maharashtra Board

February 11, 2025February 10, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 6 History Solutions Chapter 3 The Harappan Civilization Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Std 6 History Chapter 3 Question Answer The Harappan Civilization Maharashtra Board

Class 6 History Chapter 3 The Harappan Civilization Question Answer Maharashtra Board

The Harappan Civilization Class 6 Questions And Answers

1. Answer in one sentence:

Question 1.
How did the civilization get the name Harappa?
Answer:
Archaeological excavation first began in 1921 CE at Harappa in Punjab on the banks of river Ravi. That is how this civilization came to be known as Harappan civilization.

Question 2.
What patterns are seen on the Harappan pots?
Answer:
There are red terra cotta pots with patterns and designs in black colour. The patterns includes fishscales, interlocking circles, pipal leaves, etc.

Question 3.
What cloth did the Harappan traders supply to Egypt?
Answer:
The Harappan traders supplied muslin cloth to Egypt

2. What will you do when you visit an ancient site to obtain more information about it, to conserve it, etc ?

3. Draw a picture of the Great Bath at Mohen-jo-daro.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 6 History Solutions Chapter 3 The Harappan Civilization 1

A spacious bath has been discovered at Mohen-jo-daro.
The tank in the Great Bath was nearly 2.5 metres deep, 12 metres long and 7 metres wide.
It was lined with baked bricks to prevent seepage of water.
There were steps leading down to the tank.
There was also a provision for draining, cleaning and re-filling the tank at regular intervals.

4. In the following chart, fill in the details regarding human life during the Harappan period.

Major crops	Clothes	Ornaments

Answer:

Major crops	Clothes	Ornaments
Wheat,	Knee length cloth worn by both men and women. Cloth that makes an upper garment.	Gold
Barley	A cloak with a beautiful trefoil, pattern draped across the shoulder.	Copper
Ragi		Precious
Cotton		stone, Shells

5. Answer in one word and frame similar questions. Write their answers:

Question 1.
What stone was used to make the Harappan seals?
Answer:
Steatite

6. On an outline map of the world, show the other civilizations that existed in other parts of the world during the Harappan period.

Activity:

Prepare an outline map of your school and show the various places like a library, playground, computer room, etc. on the map.
Prepare a detailed note on the grain storage system used in your family and your locality.

Class 6 History Chapter 3 The Harappan Civilization InText Questions and Answers

Can you tell?

Question 1.
Describe the structure of houses in your locality.
Answer:
In my locality (Mumbai) we have building structures and tall skyscrapers. In contrast, we do have hutmen locality with small houses in rows and sometimes chawls that are built upto one storey.(Answers may vary)

Question 2.
Do they have flat roofs or tiled sloping roofs?
Answer:
Houses or buildings in my locality have flat roofs and provisions are made for draining away the rain water. Some of the hutments do have tiled sloping roofs.

Question 3.
What problems regarding health and hygiene will arise if the drains are not covered?
Answer:
If the drains are not covered they will become infested or breeding grounds to mosquitoes, flies, insects, etc. This will directly affect the health of the people living in that vicinity. People will become victim to terrible illnesses, death rate may rise, children and senior citizens will be mostly affected as they have weaker immunity.

Question 4.
Visit a swimming tank in your locality. Observe how the water in the tank is changed. Compare a modem swimming tank to the Harappan Bath.
Answer:
When I went to a nearby swimming pool, I observed that there is a continuous flow of water and excess water filtering system where the water is cleaned. This clean water is then recycled again to be used in the pool. Every week the entire pool water is pumped out. The moss edges and walls of the pool are scrubbled clean with disinfectants.

Fresh water is then added to the pool, with right amount of chlorine tablets. We then have a pool with sparkling water. The Harappahs too, were hygienic as they too had provisions made for draining, cleaning and re-filling the Great Bath.

Class 6 History Chapter 3 The Harappan Civilization Additional Important Questions and Answers

Complete the sentence by choosing the correct option:

Question 1.
Archaeological excavation first began in 1921 CE at Harappa in the Punjab on the banks of river _______.
(a) Tapi
(b) Satluj
(c) Ravi
Answer:
Ravi

Question 2.
Excavations were also carried out at ______ a place about 650 km to the south of Harappa in the Indus valley.
(a) Mohen-jo-daro
(b) Dholavira
(c) Lothal
Answer:
Mohen-jo-daro

Question 3.
There was a striking _______ between the remains of structures and artefacts found at the two places.
(a) beauty
(b) sparks
(c) resemblance
Answer:
resemblance

Question 4.
The houses and other structures in the Harappan civilization were mainly built with ______ bricks.
(a) cooked
(b) baked
(c) fried
Answer:
baked

Question 5.
The houses had rooms built around a ________ courtyard.
(a) lateral
(b) central
(c) forward
Answer:
central

Question 6.
The _______ had covered drains built with bricks.
(a) streets
(b) compounds
(c) schools
Answer:
streets

Question 7.
The streets were ______ and laid out in a grid pattern.
(a) narrow
(b) zig-zag
(c) broad
Answer:
broad

Question 8.
The seals of the Harappan civilization were mainly square-shaped and made from a stone called ______.
(a) steatite
(b) granite
(c) marble
Answer:
steatite

Question 9.
These seals bear pictures of imaginary animals like the ________.
(a) phoenix
(b) unicorn
(c) fairies
Answer:
unicorn

Question 10.
_________ pots of various types and shapes have been found at the excavation sites of Harappan civilization.
(a) Metal
(b) Stone
(c) Earthen
Answer:
Earthen

Question 11.
The Harappan people ______ their dead.
(a) buried
(b) cremated
(c) incinerated
Answer:
buried

Question 12.
The tank in the Great Bath was nearly ________ metres deep.
(a) 12
(b)2.5
(c)7
Answer:
2.5

Question 13.
Great bath was lined with __________ bricks to prevent seepage of water.
(a) unbaked
(b) baked
(c) bunds
Answer:
baked

Question 14.
The Harappan people practised _______.
(a) singing
(c) dancing
(c) agriculture
Answer:
agriculture

Question 15.
The dress of both Harappan men and women consisted of knee length cloth and an _________ garment.
(a) upper
(b) head
(c) shawl
Answer:
upper

Question 16.
Women wore _________ right up to their upper arm.
(a) shawls
(b) flowers
(c) bangles
Answer:
bangles

Question 17.
The Harappan people carried on _________ within India as well as with countries outside.
(a) friendship
(b) trade
(c) enemity
Answer:
trade

Question 18.
The Indus valley was known for its high quality ______.
(a) cotton
(b) crops
(c) pots
Answer:
cotton

Question 19.
_______ was carried on both by land routes and sea routes.
(a) Agriculture
(b) Trade
(c) Industry
Answer:
Trade

Question 20.
A huge ________ has been discoverd at Lothal.
(a) dockyard
(b) fishery
(c) industry
Answer:
dockyard

Question 21.
People migrated to other places leading to the decline of ______.
(a) population
(b) trade
(c) cities
Answer:
cities

Match The following:

Question 1.

Column A	Column B
(1) Harappan civilization	(a) Built with baked bricks
(2) Houses	(b) Had separate fortification
(3) Streets	(c) Banks of river ravi
(4) Mohen-jo-daro	(d) Had covered drains
(5) Towns	(e) South of Harappa

Answer:
1 – c
2 – a
3 – d
4 – e
5 – b

Question 2.

Column A	Column B
(1) Seals	(a) An imaginary animal carved on seals
(2) Unicorn	(b) High quality cotton
(3) The Great bath	(c) Made of stone called steatite
(4) The Indus Valley	(d) Had provision for draining, cleaning and refilling the tank

Answer:
1 – c
2 – a
3 – d
4 – b

Answer in one sentence:

Question 1.
Where was the excavation of Mohen-jo-daro carried out?
Answer:
The excavation of Mohen-jo-daro was carried out about 650 km to the south of Harappa in the Indus valley.

Question 2.
With what were the houses and other structures in Harappan civilization built?
Answer:
The houses and other structures in Harappan civilization were built with baked bricks.

Question 3.
What were the Harappan seals made from?
Answer:
The Harappan seals were made from a stone called steatite.

Question 4.
What were the seals used for?
Answer:
The seals were used as stamps.

Question 5.
Which pictures were depicted on seals?
Answer:
Pictures of animals like bulls, buffaloes, oxen, elephants, rhinos, tigers, unicorn, etc., were depicted on seals.

Question 6.
What occupation did the Harappan practise?
Answer:
The Harappans practised agriculture.

Question 7.
What crops did the Harappans grow?
Answer:
The Harappans grew crops like wheat, barley, ragi, peas, sesame and lentils (masoor).

Question 8.
How did the people in Harappa dress?
Answer:
The dress of both men and women in Harappa consisted of knee length cloth and an upper garment.

Question 9.
What were their ornaments made up of?
Answer:
Their ornaments were made up of gold, copper, precious stones as also shells, cowries, seeds, etc.

Question 10.
What is the Indus valley known for?
Answer:
The Indus valley was known for its high quality cotton.

Question 11.
To which countries was the cotton exported?
Answer:
The cotton was exported to regions like west Asia, southern Europe and Egypt.

Question 12.
Where was the Harappan dockyard discovered?
Answer:
A huge dockyard was discovered at Lothal.

Question 13.
What was the reasons for the decline of the Harappan civilization?
Answer:
Frequent floods, invasions by foreign tribes, decline in trade were some of the reasons for the decline of Harappan civilization.

Question 14.
Why did the people migrate to other places?
Answer:
Some regions became arid due to weakening of monsoon, drying up of river basins, earthquakes, changes in sea-level, etc. This led the people to migrate to other places.

Answer the following questions in short:

Question 1.
Which similar characteristics are seen in all the places of Harappan civilization?
Answer:
Similar characteristics that are seen in all the places of Harappan civilization are town planning, roads, construction of houses, drainage system, seals, pots, toys and burial customs.

Question 2.
Describe the houses built in Harappa.
Answer:

The houses in Harappa had rooms built around a central courtyard.
The houses had wells, bathrooms and toilets.

Question 3.
Explain why the drainage system excelled in Harappa.
Answer:

The Harappans had an excellent drainage system in which baked earthen conduits were used.
The streets had covered drains built with bricks.
All these shows great concern regarding public health.

Question 4.
Describe the streets in Harappan town planning.
Answer:

The streets in Harappan towns were broad and laid out in a grid pattern.
The streets had covered drains on either sides.

Question 5.
What ritual did the people in Harappa follow for their burial?
Answer:

The Harappan buried their dead.
They used to bury earthern pots along with the dead during their burial.

Question 6.
Describe the Great Bath of Mohen-jo-daro.
Answer:

A spacious bath has been discovered at Mohen-jo-daro.
The tank in the Great Bath was nearly 2.5 metres deep, 12 metres long and 7 metres wide.
It was lined with baked bricks to prevent seepage of water.
There were steps leading down to the tank.
There was also a provision for draining, cleaning and re-filling the tank at regular intervals.

Question 7.
Describe the statue found at a Harappan site.
Answer:

A statue found at Harappan site presents an excellent specimen of their art.
It shows the man’s facial features very clearly.
A clock with a beautiful trefoil pattern is draped across his shoulder.

Question 8.
Comparison between today’s modem town planning with that of the Harappan periods.
Answer:
Harappan houses were built in rectangular blocks and had excellent roads and drainage system.
In comparison, the older cities in India do not have the Harappan style of town planning. There are places in these older cities where hutmen live in congested areas with open drainages. But today, changes are being made.

Open drainages are being replaced by underground drainage system. Rain water is diverted to avoid floods and hutmen’s areas are getting transformed into tall high-rise buildings. Cities now in India are getting transformed with broad roads, well interstate connecting highways, bridges, railway, metro, airports, etc.

6th Std History Questions And Answers:

Sources of History Question Answer Class 6 History Chapter 2 Maharashtra Board

February 11, 2025February 10, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 6 History Solutions Chapter 2 Sources of History Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Std 6 History Chapter 2 Question Answer Sources of History Maharashtra Board

Class 6 History Chapter 2 Sources of History Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Sources of History Class 6 Questions And Answers

1. Answer in one sentence:

Question 1.
In the past, what materials were used for writing?
Answer:
In the past, materials like potsherds, unbaked bricks, bark of birch trees and copper plates were used for writing.

Question 2.
What information is obtained from Vedic literature?
Answer:
We come to know of life of man and ancient Indian History from the Vedic literature.

Question 3.
Which literature is preserved by oral tradition?
Answer:
Owis, folk songs, folk tales and similar literature is preserved by oral tradition.

2. Classify the following sources as material, written and oral sources.
Copper-plate, folk tales, pottery, beads, travelogues, owis, inscriptions, Vedic literature, stupa, coin, Puranas

Material sources	Written sources	Oral sources

Answer:

Material sources	Written sources	Oral sources
pottery	copper-plate	folk tales
beads	travelogues	owis
stupa	inscriptions
coins	vedic literatures
	puranas

3. Observe the picture of earthen pots and try to make similar ones.

4. Observe any coin and note the following things.
Answer:

Inscription on the coin: Picture of Queen Victoria
Metal used: Gold
Year of the coin: 1862
Symbol on the coin: Queen Victoria
Picture, language, shape, and denomination of the coin: Queen Victoria, English, round, denomination as per size of the coin.

5. Do you know a few things by heart? Present them in your group

Activity:

Collect pictures /photos of material and written sources and exhibit them.

Class 6 History Chapter 2 Sources of History Additional Important Questions and Answers

Complete the sentence by choosing the correct option:

Question 1.
A number of objects used by our ancestors still _____.
(a) exist
(b) diminish
(c) exhausted
Answer:
exist

Question 2.
______ can also be learnt through customs and traditions, folk arts, folk literature as well as historical documents.
(a) Science
(b) History
(c) Astrology
Answer:
History

Question 3.
______ used by human in the past, provide us with valuable information about life in the ancient times.
(a) Clothes
(b) Cows
(c) Artefacts
Answer:
Artefacts

Question 4.
The ornaments and other artefacts throw light on ______ interaction.
(a) political
(b) social
(c) historical
Answer:
social

Question 5.
We get information about the __________ of the people from the remains of foodgrains, seeds and bones of animals found in excavations.
(a) diet
(b) health
(c) illness
Answer:
diet

Question 6.
Artefacts, articles, monuments or their ruins are called the ______ ‘sources’ of history.
(a) oral
(b) written
(c) material
Answer:
material

Question 7.
The Stone Age people have recorded many events and expressed their _______ in paintings on rocks.
(a) emotions
(b) opinion
(c) views
Answer:
emotions

Question 8.
In the beginning, man wrote on potsherds, unbaked bricks using ________ objects.
(a) blunt
(b) pointed
(c) zigzag
Answer:
pointed

Question 9.
Man began to record the _______ that took place around him.
(a) competitions
(b) points
(c) events
Answer:
events

Question 10.
Many rulers had their orders, judicial decisions, donations, etc., inscribed on stone or _______.
(a) gold-plates
(b) copper-plates
(c) press plates
Answer:
copper-plates

Question 11.
________ means writing sheets made from the bark of a birch tree.
(a) Bhurjapatra
(b) Paper
(c) Book
Answer:
Bhurjapatra

Question 12.
Birch trees are found in _______.
(a) Jammu
(b) Delhi
(c) Kashmir
Answer:
Kashmir

Question 13.
We learn about the Stone Age period of Indian history through _____ excavations.
(a) physical
(b) archaeological
(c) astrological
Answer:
archaeological

Question 14.
In the beginning, the vedas were not in the ________ form.
(a) oral
(b) written
(c) material
Answer:
written

Question 15.
The vedas and the post Vedic literature form an ______ source of ancient Indian History.
(a) important
(b) unimportant
(c) written
Answer:
important

Match the following:

Column (A)

Column (B)

(1) Material

(2) Written

(3) Oral

(4) Pillar inscriptions

(a) Upanishad

(b) Folk tales

(d) The vedas

Answer:
1 – c
2 – a
3 – b
4 – d

Answer in one sentence:

Question 1.
What are ‘sources of History’?
Answer:
History can be learnt through customs and traditions, folk arts, folk literature as well as historical documents. All these are known as ‘Sources of History’.

Question 2.
How are artefacts useful?
Answer:
Artefacts are useful as they provide us with valuable information about life in the ancient times.

Question 3.
What are artefacts?
Answer:
Things used by man in his day-to-day life are known as artefacts.

Question 4.
What throws light on the social interaction of ancient man?
Answer:
The ornaments and other artefacts throw light on the social interaction of ancient man.

Question 5.
How do we get information about the diet of the ancient people?
Answer:
We get information about the diet of the ancient people from the remains of foodgrains, seeds and bones of animals found in excavation.

Question 6.
What are ‘material sources’ of History?
Answer:
Artefacts, articles, monuments or their ruins are called the ‘material sources’ of history.

Question 7.
What are copper-plates?
Answer:
Copper plates are actual plates made of copper which the rulers used to inscribe their orders, judicial decisions, donations, etc.

Question 8.
What are ‘oral sources’ of history?
Answer:
Owis, folk songs, folk tales and similar literature that is not written but passed on from generation to generation by word of mouth are oral sources of history.

Question 9.
How were vedas preserved before it was put in written form?
Answer:
Before the vedas were written, the ancient Indian had developed the technique of memorizing and reciting them.

Answer the following questions in short:

Question 1.
How did man record events before the art of writing?
Answer:

The stone age people have recorded many events and expressed their emotions in paintings on rocks
It was only after thousands of years that man learnt the art of writing.

Question 2.
Write a short note on ‘written sources’ of history.
Answer:

Man began to record the events that took place around him.
Over a period of time, many forms of literature developed like books on religious and social subjects, plays, poetry, travelogues and scientific works
All this literature helps us to understand the history of the various historical periods.
These sources are known as ‘written sources of history’.

Question 3.
Why should precautions be taken while writing history?
Answer:

A written document cannot be said to be authentic just because it is old.
It needs to be examined critically as to who wrote it, why and when it was written
The conclusions drawn on the basis of various genuine documents have to be cross-checked and corroborated with one another
Such a critical analysis is very important in the writing of authentic history.

Can you tell?

Structures such as forts, rock-cut caves, stupa etc. are known as material sources of history.
Try to guess what other structures can be called material sources.
Answer:
Coins, potsherd, earthern pot, ornaments or any kind of ancient artefacts can also be called material source.

6th Std History Questions And Answers:

States after the Maurya Empire Question Answer Class 6 History Chapter 8 Maharashtra Board

February 11, 2025February 10, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 6 History Solutions Chapter 8 States after the Maurya Empire Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Std 6 History Chapter 8 Question Answer States after the Maurya Empire Maharashtra Board

Class 6 History Chapter 8 States after the Maurya Empire Question Answer Maharashtra Board

States after the Maurya Empire Class 6 Questions And Answers

1. Can you tell ?

Question 1.
The kings who started the minting of gold coins in India.
Answer:
The Kushana kings

Question 2.
The city established by Kanishka in Kashmir.
Answer:
Kanishkapur

Question 3.
The king who played the veena.
Answer:
Samudragupta

Question 4.
Another name for Kamrup.
Answer:
Pragjyotish

2. Observe the map in the lesson. List the names of the modern cities which were part of the Gupta Empire.

3. Discuss and write:

Question 1.
Emperor Kanishka
Answer:

Kanishka’s Empire extended from Kabul in the west to Varanasi in the east.
Gold and copper coins minted by him have been found in North India.
The fourth Buddhist council was held in Kashmir during his reign.
He established the city of Kanishkapur in Kashmir.

Question 2.
Iron pillar at Mehrauli
Answer:

There is an iron pillar at Mehrauli near Delhi.
It has not rusted even in the course of the last fifteen hundred years. It is an excellent specimen of the metallurgical skill of the ancient Indian people.
The inscription on the pillar bears the names of a king called ‘Chandra’. It is on this basis that the iron pillar is assumed to be of the period of Chandragupta II.

4. Make a list of the various books and authors mentioned in the lesson:
Answer:

‘Milind Panha’ – questions discussed between Milinda and Bikkhu Nagarsena.
‘Buddhacharita and Vajrasuchi’ – Ashvaghosh
‘Harshacharita’ – Banabhatta.
‘Periplus of the Erythrean sea’.

5. Make a comparative chart of the Vardhan and Gupta dynasties based on the following points.
Answer:

Points	Gupta Dynastry	Vardhan Dynastry
Founder	Shrigupta	Prabhakar Vardhan
Expansion of the kingdom/ empire	The Gupta empire spread from Assam upto the Punjab. He also conquered the eastern coastal region up to Kanchi Tamil Nadu.	Harshavardhan, expanded the Vardhan Empire up to Nepal in the north, up to the river Narmada in the south, Assam in the east and Gujarat in the west.
Achievements	(i) A pillar inscription at Prayag describes Samudragupta conquest and victories. (ii) He minted coins. (iii) There is an iron pillar at Mehrauli near Delhi which has not rusted even after a course of last fifteen hundred years.	(i) Trade flourished. (ii) Knowledge also flourished, we know this as the famous Nalanda University existed during this time. (iii) He wrote three Sanskrit plays Ratnavali, Naganand and Priyadarshika.

6. What would you do if you met foreign travellers like Yuan Chwang?
Answer:
If I were to meet a foreign traveller, I would extend my friendship, try to grasp information from his vast knowledge. Probably I would also have accompanied him to Nalanda University. I would also have emulated his virtues, learnt Chinese (Mandarin) and helped him translate Buddhist manuscripts.

7. Solve the Puzzle:
Maharashtra Board Class 6 History Solutions Chapter 8 States after the Maurya Empire 1
Down:

A Chinese traveller to India.
A famous Indo-Greek King had discussions with this Buddha Bhikkhu.
A poet at the court of Emperor Harshavardhan, who also wrote his biography.
Chandragupta II conquered this state in neighbouring Gujarat.
Across:
The most famous Indo-Greek King
A Pali word that means question.
Kanishka was the first Emperor to make this from gold.
An ancient Indian University where the Chinese traveller Yuan Chwang stayed for two years.

Answer:

Down:

Fa-Hien
Milind
Banabhatta
Malwa
Across:
Panhai
Menander
Coin
Nalanda

Activity:

Obtain more information about the rulers of the period following the Maurya period in India. Enact the role of a ruler of your choice.

Class 6 History Chapter 8 States after the Maurya Empire Additional Important Questions and Answers

Complete the sentence by choosing the correct option:

Question 1.
The last Mauryan emperor was _______.
(a) Chandragupta
(b) Brihadratha
(c) Ashoka
Answer:
(b) Brihadratha

Question 2.
The Indo-Greek kings had a tradition of putting the ,______ of the king on one side and that of a deity on the other side of the coin
(a) map
(b) picture
(c) family
Answer:
(b) picture

Question 3.
One of the famous Indo-Greek kings was _________.
(a) Menander
(b) Alexander
(c) Nagasena
Answer:
(a) Menander

Question 4.
Menander disussed Buddhist philosophy with the Buddhist bhikkhu _____.
(a) Fa-Hein
(b) Ashoka
(c) Nagasena
Answer:
(c) Nagasena

Question 5.
Menander is also referred to as ________.
(a) Pushyamitra
(b) Panha
(c) Milinda
Answer:
(c) Milinda

Question 6.
The Kushanas established their________ in the northwestern region and in Kashmir in the first century CE.
(a) family
(b) friends
(c) rule
Answer:
(c) rule

Question 7.
The Kushan kings were the first to start minting ________ coins in India.
(a) iron
(b) copper
(c) gold
Answer:
(c) gold

Question 8.
The ________ kings started the custom of putting the images of Gautam Buddha and different Indian deities on the coins.
(a) Kushana
(b) Gupta
(c) Vardhaman
Answer:
(a) Kushana

Question 9.
Gold and copper coins minted by Kanishka have been found in ________ India.
(a) south
(b) north
(c) east
Answer:
(b) north

Question 10.
The ________ Buddhist council was held in Kashmir during Kanishka’s reign.
(a) fourth
(b) fifth
(c) sixth
Answer:
(a) fourth

Question 11.
Kanishka established the city of _______ in Kashmir.
(a) Saurashtra
(b) Malwa
(c) Kanishkapur
Answer:
(c) Kanishkapur

Question 12.
The well-known poet _________ lived during the reign of Kanishka.
(a) Ashvaghosh
(b) Charaka
(c) Nagasena
Answer:
(a) Ashvaghosh

Question 13.
The famous vaidya ______ was also in Kanishka’s court.
(a) Chandra
(b) Charaka
(c) Shrigupta
Answer:
(b) Charaka

Question 14.
The Guptas remained in power for nearly _____ centuries.
(a) one
(c) two
(c) three
Answer:
(c) three

Question 15.
_____ was the founder of the Gupta dynasty.
(a) Shrigupta
(b) Samudragupta
(c) Brihadratha
Answer:
(a) Shrigupta

Question 16.
Samudragupta and Chandragupta II were the notable kings of the ________ dynasty.
(a) Maurya
(b) Gupta
(c) Nanda
Answer:
(b) Gupta

Question 17.
A pillar inscription at Prayag describes _________ conquests and victories.
(a) Samudragupta’s
(b) Chandragupta’s
(c) Ashoka’s
Answer:
(a) Samudragupta’s

Question 18.
Samudragupta was an excellent ______ player.
(a) drum
(b) guitar
(c) veena
Answer:
(c) veena

Question 19.
In the Gupta period, the Bauddha bhikkhu Fa-Hien came to ______ from China.
(a) Sri Lanka
(b) India
(c) Nepal
Answer:
(b) India

Question 20.
______ has written an account of his travels in India.
(a) Harshavardhan
(b) Yuan Chwang
(c) Fa-Hien
Answer:
(c) Fa-Hien

Question 21.
Prabhakar Vardhan was the _______ of Thanesar, near Delhi.
(a) general
(b) minister
(c) king
Answer:
(c) king

Question 22.
The Vardhan dynasty was founded by ______.
(a) Prabhakar Vardhan
(b) Harshavardhan
(c) Kamrup
Answer:
(a) Prabhakar Vardhan

Question 23.
Harshavardhan established friendly relations with the emperor of ________.
(a) Sri Lanka
(b) China
(c) Tamil Nadu
Answer:
(b) China

Question 24.
The capital of Harshavardhan’s Empire was ________.
(a) Kanauj
(b) Kamrup
(c) Nalanda
Answer:
(a) Kanauj

Question 25.
Harshavardhan spent a large portion of his ________ for the welfare of the people.
(a) kingdom
(b) revenue
(c) mines
Answer:
(b) revenue

Question 26.
The court poet ______ wrote Harshacharita a biography of Emperor Harshavardhan.
(a) Fa-Hien
(b) Banabhatta
(c) Nalanda
Answer:
(b) Banabhatta

Question 27.
Harshavardhan had become a follower of ________.
(a) Buddhism
(b) Jainism
(c) Judaism
Answer:
(a) Buddhism

Question 28.
The Buddhist Bhikkhu ________ had come to India from China during the regime of Harshavardhan.
(a) Yuan Chwang
(b) Fa-Hien
(c) Magasthenes
Answer:
(a) Yuan Chwang

Question 29.
Yuan Chwang stayed at the ________ University for two years.
(a) Mumbai
(b) Oxford
(c) Nalanda
Answer:
(c) Nalanda

Question 30.
Yuan Chwang translated many Buddhist manuscripts into _________.
(a) Hindi
(b) Chinese
(c) Pali
Answer:
(b) Chinese

Question 31.
The state of ______ emerged in the fourth century CE.
(a) Harappa
(b) Mohen-jo-daro
(c) Kamrup
Answer:
(c) Kamrup

Question 32.
The epics Mahabharta and Ramayana use the name Tragjyotish’ for ________.
(a) Kamrup
(b) Magdha
(c) Avanti
Answer:
(a) Kamrup

Question 33.
The capital of Pragjyotish state was _______.
(a) Kashmir
(b) Pragjyotishpur
(c) Manipur
Answer:
(b) Pragjyotishpur

Question 34.
During the reign of King Bhaskar Varman, Yuan Chwang had visited _________.
(a) Kamrup
(b) Nalanda
(c) Manipur
Answer:
(a) Kamrup

Match the following:

Question 1.

Column A	Column B
(1) Brihadratha	(a) Vaidya at Kanishka’s court
(2) Menander	(b) First to mint gold coins in India
(3) Charaka	(c) Last Maurya king
(4) Kushana kings	(d) Stayed at Nalanda university
(5) Yuan Chwang	(e) Famous Indo-Greek kings

Answer:
1 – c
2 – e
3 – a
4 – b
5 – d

Answer in one sentence:

Question 1.
Who was the last Mauryan Emperor?
Answer:
The last Mauryan emperor was Brihadratha.

Question 2.
How did Pushyamitra become a king?
Answer:
The Mauryan general Pushyamitra Shunga revolted against Brihadratha, killed him and became the king himself.

Question 3.
Which kings are known as Indo-Greek kings?
Answer:
There were several small kingdoms in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent, ruled by Greek kings also known as Indo-Greek kings.

Question 4.
Which Indo-Greek tradition took root in India?
Answer:
The Indo-Greek had a tradition of putting the picture of the king on one side and that of a deity on the other of the coin. This tradition later took root in India.

Question 5.
Name of famous Indo-Greek king.
Answer:
One of the famous Indo-Greek king was Menander.

Question 6.
What is the content of Milind-Panha?
Answer:
The questions that were discussed between Bhikkhu Nagasena and Milinda is the content of the book ‘Milind-Panha’.

Question 7.
In which region did the Kushana tribe establish their rule in India?
Answer:
The Kushana tribe established their rule in the northwestern region and in Kashmir in the first century C.E.

Question 8.
Which custom was started by the Kushana kings?
Answer:
The Kushana kings started a custom of putting the images of Gautam Buddha and different Indian deities on the coins.

Question 9.
Where was the fourth Buddhist council held?
Answer:
The fourth Buddhist council was held in Kashmir during Kanishka’s reign.

Question 10.
Which poet and vaidya were well-known during the time of Kanishka?
Answer:
During the time of Kaniska, poet Ashvagosh and vaidya Charaka were well-known.

Question 11.
Who was the founder of the Gupta dynasty?
Answer:
Shrigupta was the founder of the Gupta dynasty.

Question 12.
Name two notable kings of the Gupta Dynasty.
Answer:
Samudragupta and Chandragupta II were the two notable kings of the Gupta Dynasty.

Question 13.
Why did Sri Lanka make treaties of friendship with Samudragupta?
Answer:
Due to Samudragupta’s victories, Sri Lanka came to be recognised everywhere. So Sri Lanka made a treaty of friendship with him.

Question 14.
Which Bhikkhu from China visited India during Chandragupta’s reign?
Answer:
The Buddha Bhikkhu Fa-Hein came to India from China during Chandragupta’s reign.

Question 15.
What do we learn from Fa-Hien’s account of his travels in India?
Answer:
From Fa-Hien’s account of his travels in India we learn about the efficient administration of the Gupta emperors.

Question 16.
Who was the founder of the Vardhan Dynasty?
Answer:
Prabhakar Vardhan was the founder of the . Vardhan Dynasty.

Question 17.
Where was the capital of Harshavardhan’s Empire?
Answer:
The capital of Harshavardhan’s Empire was Kanauj.

Question 18.
Which Chinese bhikkhu came to India during the reign of Harshavardhan?
Answer:
The Buddhist bhikkhu Yuan Chwang had come to India from China during Harshavardhan’s reign.

Question 19.
Why did Yuan Chwang stay at Nalanda?
Answer:
Yuan Chwang stayed at the Nalanda University for two years to learn and gain more knowledge about the Buddhist manuscripts.

Question 20.
Which state in ancient India is the present city of Guwahati?
Answer:
The ancient state of Pragjyotish is the present city of Guwahati in Assam.

Question 21
During whose reign did Yuan Chwang visit ‘Kamrup’?
Answer:
During the reign of king Bhaskar Varman, Yuan Chwang visited ‘Kamrup’.

6th Std History Questions And Answers:

The World Since 1945 – II Question Answer Class 11 Political Science Chapter 10 Maharashtra Board

February 11, 2025February 10, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 10 The World Since 1945 – II Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 11 Political Science Chapter 10 Question Answer The World Since 1945 – II Maharashtra Board

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 10 The World Since 1945 – II Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Political Science Class 11 Chapter 10 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
The __________ Missile Crisis took place in 1962. (American, Cuban, Russian, Chinese)
Answer:
Cuban

Question 2.
In 1978, the United States held a conference at __________ to resolve the Arab-Israel dispute. (Camp David, Helsinki, Paris, Geneva)
Answer:
Camp David

1B. Identify the incorrect pair in every set, correct it and rewrite.

Question 1.
(a) Iran – Ayatollah Khomeini
(b) Afghanistan – Babrak Karmal
(c) Soviet Union – Richard Nixon
Answer:
(c) USA – Richard Nixon

1C. State the appropriate concept for the given statement.

Question 1.
Prohibiting ships from entering the port of a country.
Answer:
Naval Blockade

Question 2.
Reconstruction of the political and economic system was established in the Soviet Union.
Answer:
Perestroika

2A. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 10 The World Since 1945 - II 2A Q1
Answer:

2B. Observe the given map and answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Map of East Europe today.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 10 The World Since 1945 - II 2B Q1

Question i.
Name any 4 countries formed after the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
Answer:
Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, Georgia Latvia, Estonia, Moldova, Lithuania, Azerbaijan.

Question ii.
Name two neighbouring countries of Hungary.
Answer:
Austria, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Slovakia.

3. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Non-aligned countries put forth the demand for NAFTA.
Answer:
This statement is False.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was set up as a ‘trade bloc’ in January 1994.
It was signed between the USA, Canada, and Mexico to encourage free trade between the three North American Nations (trilateral trade bloc).

Question 2.
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was the founder of ASEAN.
Answer:
This statement is False.

Association of South-East Asian Nations was established in 1967 by the Bangkok declaration.
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was one of the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961 at Belgrade.

4. Explain the co-relation between the following.

Question 1.
Cold War and Non-aligned movement.
Answer:
The Cold War began after the end of the Second World War in 1945. It refers to a period of intense ideological hostility, build-up of armaments, the establishment of military alliances e.g., NATO, WARSAW Pact, etc., and even proxy wars such as in Korea and Vietnam. There were many efforts from 1945 – 1991 on the part of both superpowers to bring about detente i.e., reduction of hostilities and tensions e.g., Moscow Summit (1972). However, for most of this period, the world was divided into the Capitalist bloc (led by the USA and including England, France, etc.) and Communist bloc (led by USSR and including East European nations).

There were a number of newly independent countries as well as some other Third World countries who did not want to join the military alliances of any power bloc. Through the initiative of Jawaharlal Nehru (India) and Marshall Tito (Yugoslavia), the NAM was formally established in 1961 at Belgrade. Other member countries included Ghana, Egypt, Sri Lanka. Indonesia, etc. Non-alignment is based on two main principles:

independent understanding of world affairs
peace approach.

It does not mean political neutrality or passivity but active participation in world affairs without joining any power bloc or military alliance.

5. Answer the following.

Question 1.
Explain the term – New Cold War.
Answer:
Two events that occurred in 1979 change the course of detente.

Islamic Revolution in Iran under leader Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the rule of M.R. Shah Pahlavi. The new government withdrew from the CENTO alliance.
The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979 and installed Babrak Karmal as the President. The insurgent groups in Afghanistan (mujahideen) fought against this government (1979 – 1989). The new Cold War refers to the end of the period of detente and return of tensions between the USA and the USSR.

Question 2.
What is a trade bloc?
Answer:
A trade bloc is created when a group of nations makes special agreements regarding their economic relationships with each other. The agreements generally focus on the relaxation or even elimination of trade barriers. The most common types of trade barriers are tariffs (taxes on imports) and quotas (limits on the quantities of various imports).

6. Express your opinion on the following.

Question 1.
India played an important role in the Cold War.
Answer:
India was a non-aligned member during the cold war. It means India was neither on the side of the USA nor the Soviet Union. This was for official purposes, which enabled us to avoid giving away our land or resources to the Soviets or Americans (which they could use as a military base and eventually also make India their vassal). Having said that, unofficially India fully supported the Soviet Union.

Soviet Union protected India from the onslaught of the USA, during the India Pakistan war of 1971. The indo-soviet pact during 1971 was spearheaded by PM Indira Gandhi. Further, India cooperated and collaborated greatly with the Soviet Union in the fields of defense, manufacturing industries, medicine, nuclear energy, science among others, however, India was never a direct party to the cold war standoff between the USA and the Soviet Union.

7. Answer the following in detail with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Elaborate on the period of Detente.
(a) Meaning
(b) Initiatives are taken by superpowers to reduce tensions
Answer:
(a) Meaning of detente: Detente refers to efforts to bring about a reduction in tensions between the USA and the USSR. This was an attempt by the two ‘superpowers’ themselves. The Cuban Missile Crises brought in a realization of a possible nuclear confrontation and the need to deescalate the tensions.

(b) Initiatives taken by the superpowers to reduce tensions: After the Cuban Missile Crisis, both the USA and USSR made several efforts at reducing bilateral tensions (detente).
This included:

a hotline was set up between the main leaders of the two nations
the signing of agreements such as NNPT, LTBT to reduce nuclear weapons
1972, Moscow Summit between President Nixon (USA) and Brezhnev (USSR).

Other initiatives were-

Conference at Paris (1973) to bring the Vietnam crisis to an end.
Helsinki conference on security in Europe (1975) was attended by 35 nations including the USA and USSR. It aimed to reduce the tensions between eastern and western European countries.
The first joint US-Soviet space flight was the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (1975)
The USA held a conference at Camp David in 1978 to resolve the long-pending Arab-Israel dispute. The ‘Framework for Peace in the Middle East was signed between President Carter (USA) President Sadat (Egypt) and Prime Minister Begin (Israel).

Find out! (Text Book Page No. 86)

Can you find out some of the summit meetings that have taken place between leaders of India and Pakistan in recent years? Who were the leaders who participated and when and where did the meetings take place?
Answer:

The Delhi Pact (Liaquat-Nehru Pact) was signed on 8th April 1950 as a bilateral treaty between India and Pakistan. It was signed in New Delhi by the then Indian, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistan, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan.
Tashkent Declaration (10th January 1966) was a peace agreement after the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war signed between Mohammed Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan) and Lai Bahadur Shastri (Prime Minister of India) in Tashkent.
Shimla Agreement was signed on 2nd September 1972 after the 1971 Indo-Pakistan war. Signatories were Indian Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi and Pakistan Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.
The non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement was signed on 21st December 1988 in is Islamabad by Rajiv Gandhi (Prime Minister of India) and Benazir Bhutto (Prime Minister of Pakistan).
Lahore Agreement – Signed on 21st February 1999. Signatories were Shri. Atal Bihari Vajpayee (India) and Nawaz Sharif (Pakistan).
Agra Agreement (2001). The Negotiators were Shri. Vajpayee and Pervez Musharaf (Pakistan) but negotiators broke down.

Activity (Text Book Page No. 92)

Make a list of all summit meetings of SAARC.
Answer:

Summit year	Place
1st – 1985	Dhaka (Bangladesh)
2nd – 1986	Bangalore (India)
3rd – 1987	Kathmandu (Nepal)
4th – 1988	Islamabad (Pakistan)
5th – 1990	Male (Maldives)
6th – 1991	Colombo (Sri Lanka)
7th – 1993	Dhaka (Bangladesh)
8th – 1995	New Delhi (India)
9th – 1997	Male (Maldives)
10th – 1998	Colombo (Sri Lanka)
11th – 2002	Kathmandu (Nepal)
12th – 2004	Islamabad (Pakistan)
13th – 2005	Dhaka (Bangladesh)
14th – 2007	New Delhi (India)
15th – 2008	Colombo (Sri Lanka)
16th – 2010	Thimphu (Bhutan)
17th – 2011	Addu City (Maldives)
18th – 2014	Kathmandu (Nepal)
19th – 2016	Islamabad (Pakistan) (event canceled)

11th Std Political Science Questions And Answers:

The World Since 1945 – I Question Answer Class 11 Political Science Chapter 9 Maharashtra Board

February 11, 2025February 10, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 9 The World Since 1945 – I Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 11 Political Science Chapter 9 Question Answer The World Since 1945 – I Maharashtra Board

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 9 The World Since 1945 – I Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Political Science Class 11 Chapter 9 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
In 1949, China became a communist country under the leadership of ___________ (Khrushchev, Mao Zedong, Joseph Stalin, Ho Chi Minh)
Answer:
Mao Zedong

Question 2.
The principle of peaceful co-existence was put forth by ___________ (Eisenhower, Joseph Stalin, Khrushchev, Jawaharlal Nehru)
Answer:
Khrushchev

1B. State the appropriate concept for the given statement.

Question 1.
Period of the dominance of European powers.
Answer:
Eurocentric

Question 2.
The conflict between America and the Soviet Union.
Answer:
Cold War

1C. Find the odd word in the given set.

Question 1.
Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, France.
Answer:
France (not from the soviet bloc)

Question 2.
Italy, Poland, Spain, Greece.
Answer:
Poland (Not from the capitalist bloc nations)

2A. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 9 The World Since 1945 - I 2A Q1
Answer:

2B. Observe the given map and answer the following questions.

See a map of the Division of Europe after World War II.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 9 The World Since 1945 - I 2B Q1

Question i.
Name two East European countries under influence of the Soviet Union.
Answer:
Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania.

Question 2.
Name two West European countries under the influence of the United States.
Answer:
France, Spain, Italy, Belgium, England.

3. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
After the Bolshevik Revolution, Soviet Russia became a capitalist nation.
Answer:
This statement is False.

After the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Vladimir Lenin established Socialism based on Marxist doctrine in Russia.
Thus, Russia became the first communist nation in the world. The USA is an example of a capitalist nation.

Question 2.
The Bandung Conference brought Cold War in Asia.
Answer:
This statement is False.

In 1955, the Bandung conference had 24 participating countries and sought to broad base the concept of regionalism to Asia and Africa.
The Bandung conference tried to bring cooperation and stability to the regions.

4. Answer the following.

Question 1.
Explain the term regionalism.
Answer:
Regional organisations are created by countries from a particular geographic region. They form groups to promote their national interest in a cooperative manner. They try to establish their independent identity. This process of regional level cooperation is also called regionalism.

While geographic linkages are important, sometimes some functional issues become the basis of regional cooperation. These can be in areas like transport and communication, energy, health, etc.

The process of regionalism usually begins with a political dialogue amongst the participants. Such a dialogue may lead to the creation of an organisation. Organisations like the European Union (EU), Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), or South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) are examples of such regional groupings.

Question 2.
Discuss the role of the United Nations (UNO).
Answer:
The UNO was established in 1945. Its main functions include to
(i) Maintain International Peace and Security: The United Nations came into being with one main purpose i.e., the maintenance of international peace and security. The UN does this by working to prevent conflict, helping parties in conflict to make peace, peacekeeping activities, and creating the conditions to allow peace to hold and flourish.

(ii) Protect Human Rights: The promotion and protection of human rights is a key purpose and guiding principle of the UN. On 10th December 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted.

(iii) Deliver Humanitarian Aid: One of the purposes of the United Nations is “to achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural or humanitarian character.” The international community relies on the UN to coordinate humanitarian relief operations in times of natural and man-made disasters.

(iv) Promote Sustainable Development: The global understanding of development has changed over the years. The UN seeks to promote sustainable development, that is, a development that promotes prosperity and economic opportunity, greater social well-being, and protection of the environment.

(v) Uphold International Law: The development of and respect for international law has been a key part of the work of the UNO. This work is carried out in many ways – by courts, tribunals, multilateral treaties, and by the Security Council and ICJ.

5. Answer the following in detail with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Elaborate on the dimensions of the Cold War.
(a) political
(b) ideological
(c) economic
(d) security
Answer:
The hostile relations between the USA and its’ allies and the USSR and its allies along with ideological conflict between them is called the ‘Cold War’ or Bipolarity. Its dimensions are
(a) Political dimension: was the aspect of the struggle for political influence over the areas under the control of the two countries. Areas under Soviet influence included East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania. Areas under the United States’ influence included Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, West Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Greece, and United Kingdom. Finland was forced to opt for neutrality to ensure that both the United States and the Soviet Union did not clash in the region.

(b) Ideological dimension: Eastern Europe adopted Socialist ideology under the influence of the Soviet Union and followed a Socialist form of government. Western Europe adopted capitalist ideology under the leadership of the United States. These countries had democratic governments.

(c) Economic dimension: East European countries with socialist governments followed the socialist economic system. This meant that the government or the public sector would play a dominant role in the economic system. West European countries that followed the democratic system of government had a capitalist form of economy. Here the private sector played a dominant role in the economic system.

(d) Security dimension: Military alliances were created in Europe to protect these countries. The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) was created in 1949 as a military alliance to defend West European countries and the United States from the threat of invasion from the Soviet Union and East Europe. Warsaw Pact was created in 1955 to defend East European countries and the Soviet Union from the threat from Western Europe and the United States.

11th Std Political Science Questions And Answers:

Public Administration Question Answer Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Maharashtra Board

February 11, 2025February 10, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 7 Public Administration Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Question Answer Public Administration Maharashtra Board

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Public Administration Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Political Science Class 11 Chapter 7 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
The backbone of any administrative system is _____________ (material resource, human resource, natural resource, geographic resource)
Answer:
human resource

Question 2.
Gullick and _____________ put forth the acronym POSDCORB. (Woodrow Wilson, Herbert Simon, Urwick, Dwight Waldo)
Answer:
Urwick

1B. Identify the incorrect pair in every set, correct it and rewrite.

Question 1.
(a) Kautilya – Arthashastra
(b) Aristotle – The Politics
(c) Machiavelli – Republic
Answer:
Machiavelli – The Prince or Plato – Republic

1C. State the appropriate concept for the given statements.

Question 1.
The systematic management of governmental affairs in 18th century Germany and Austria.
Answer:
Cameralism

Question 2.
Efforts of companies to integrate social and environmental concerns.
Answer:
Corporate Social Responsibility

2. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
The first step in administration is staffing.
Answer:
This statement is False.

According to Gullick and Urwick, public administration should focus on aspects related to the executive branch of government.
It is explained by the acronym POSDCORB. Thus, the first step in administration is Planning, followed by Organisation and then Staffing.

Question 2.
Public Administration as an academic discipline was born in India.
Answer:
This statement is False.

Public Administration as an academic discipline originated in the USA and Woodrow Wilson was the first person to emphasize the need to study it.
However, Kautilya’s ‘Arthashastra’ was a text on administration and political economy in ancient India.

3. Explain the co-relation between the following.

Question 1.
Narrow and Broad perspective of Public Administration (Private administration and Public administration).
Answer:
Private administration is concerned with achieving the goals of private business organizations. The similarities between private and public administration are that both aim to serve the people, have similar types of hierarchy and management systems, and rely on common skills, techniques, and procedures.

The differences between private and public administration relate to aspects like scope, motive, responsibility, weakness, and financial control. Private administration is business-like with a narrower scope, wealth creation as the motive, responsibility to the owners, fewer chances of red-tapism, and internal financial control.

Public administration is bureaucratic with a very wide scope and motive as public service, responsibility to the ministers, intrinsic weakness of red-tapism, and external financial controls.

Question 2.
National Administration and State Administration (Rural administration and Urban administration).
Answer:
At the local level, the administration is either urban or rural. Urban administration includes political and administrative dimensions. For cities, there are Municipal Corporations (with a population of 3 lakhs and more) headed by the Mayor, Municipal Councils (Nagar Palika), City Councils (Nagar Panchayats), and Cantonment Boards. There is also a Municipal Commissioner who performs administrative functions and a Collector who looks after revenue, law, and order, land records, etc.

Rural administration includes three tiers i.e., Zilla Parishad, Panchayat Samiti, and Gram Panchayat. Developmental administration includes Chief Executive Officer, Block Development Officer, and Gram Sevak. There is also the Collector and Tehsildar.

4. Answer the following.

Question 1.
Explain the functioning of the administration.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 7 Public Administration 4 Q1

(i) At the national level, the work of the Central Government is conducted by various ministries (departments). For example, there are ministries of Agriculture, Health, Home, Defence, etc. Each ministry (or department) is headed by a Minister. Below the Minister is the bureaucracy or the administrative machinery. Besides the ministries, there are such institutions as the Election Commission, Union Public Service Commission. NITI Aayog, etc. These also require administrators or a bureaucracy.

(ii) At the State level also, there are various ministries and commissions that do the work of the government. The ministries of the State are also headed by a Minister and staffed by the bureaucracy.

(iii) At the local level, the administration is of two types: urban and rural administration. At the district level_ the highest administrative officer is the collector. In large cities, the Municipal Commissioner is in charge of the Municipality or Municipal Corporation. In rural areas, at the level of the Tehsil, the Tehsildar looks after the administration.

(iv) There is a close link between political leadership and administrative machinery. At the national, state levels and local levels, the political leaders are closely linked to the administrative machinery.

(v) The recruitment for all administrative posts at all levels is done through competitive examinations conducted by the government. At the central government level, the UPSC and Staff Selection Commission are the bodies that conduct these examinations.

Question 2.
Explain the steps in public policymaking.
Answer:
Public Policy refers to the new approach to understanding aspects of government activities for public welfare ‘ that is beyond simple administrative activities for e.g., Ayushman Bharat which aims to provide universal access to good quality health care in India.

Public policy can be understood in three steps.

Policy Choice: Elected representatives, bureaucrats, and others decide the on which concerns of citizens to deal with, various options available about how to deal with it, and the formulation of a programme are then decided for e.g., anti-malaria programme (its objectives and implementation).
Policy Output: Actual implementation of the policy takes place and policy output is determined
Policy Impact (evaluation stage): This involves assessment of the objectives to determine policy impact and any improvements if required.

5. Answer the following in detail with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Define public administration and explain its scope with reference to the following points.
(a) narrow perspective
(b) wider perspective
Answer:
Public Administration is a sub-discipline of Political Science. It focuses on ‘government in action’ i.e., implementation of government decisions, policies, and programmes in fields of social security and welfare, law and order, transport and communication, health and sanitation, etc.

The executive branch of government consists of the Political Executive (council of ministers) and Permanent/ Non-political Executive or Bureaucracy. Public Administration as a subject studies the activity and process of the government. According to Waldo, ‘Public Administration is the art and science of management as applied to the affairs of the state’.

Public Administration broadly includes the following:

Activities of all three branches of government, especially that of the executive branch.
Non-political public bureaucracy operating in a political system.
Management of public affairs and policy execution.
Concerned with public welfare and hence provides service and regulatory functions to the people to attain a good life.

Scope of public Administration.
Public Administration can be studied as two categories.
(a) Narrow perspective – It focuses on aspects related only to the executive branch of government. Gullick and Urwick sum this view in the acronym POSDCORB to denote Planning, Organisation, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, Budgeting.

Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 7 Public Administration 5 Q1

Planning – working out in broad outline/ blueprint of what is to be done and methods to be adopted for it. e.g., NITI Aayog has adopted the approach of grassroots – national level.
Organising – establishing the formal structure of authority through which work is delegated, defined, and coordinated e.g. All India services.
Staffing – recruitment, training, and working conditions of personal e.g., in India this is through UPSC.
Directing – making decisions and issuing instructions and orders as the administration is a continuous activity.
Coordinating – interrelating the work of various selections and parts of the organization. eliminate overlapping of work or conflict over responsibility
Reporting – reporting to superiors/higher authorities any information about ongoing/completed tasks. This ensures responsibility and accountability.
Budgeting – refers to fiscal planning, control, and accounting.

(b) Broad perspective – This differs from the narrow, managerial view of public administration. It includes activities of all three branches of the government, their interrelationships. Specialized government functions such as defense, finance, health care, etc. as well as collaborations with private groups e.g., NGO’s in providing services to the community. This view is concerned with techniques of administration (POSDCORB) as well as with substantive matters of administration.

According to Woodrow Wilson, ‘Administration is the most obvious part of the government- it is a government inaction, the most visible, operative side of the government.’

Activity (Text Book Page No.63)

Question 1.
Look at the latest Annual Report of the Ministry of Home, Government of India. Make a list of the main activities of the ministry.
Answer:
The main activities of the Ministry of Home, GOI include the maintenance of internal security and domestic policy.
The departments included under this Ministry are-

Intelligence Bureau (IB)
Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
Border Security Force (BSF)
Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
National Security Guards (NSG)
National Investigation Agency (NIA)
Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB).

11th Std Political Science Questions And Answers:

Role of the Judiciary Question Answer Class 11 Political Science Chapter 6 Maharashtra Board

February 11, 2025February 10, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 6 Role of the Judiciary Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 11 Political Science Chapter 6 Question Answer Role of the Judiciary Maharashtra Board

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 6 Role of the Judiciary Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Political Science Class 11 Chapter 6 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
___________ is the first country to create independent judiciary. (India, United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union)
Answer:
United States

Question 2.
The primary function of the judiciary is ___________ (making laws, executing laws, adjudication, make appointments)
Answer:
adjudication

1B. Identify the incorrect pair in every set, correct it and rewrite.

Question 1.
(a) Written Consitution – India
(b) Judicial Review – United Kingdom
(c) Independent Judiciary – United States
Answer:
(b) Judicial Review – USA

1C. State the appropriate concept for the given statement.

Question 1.
Petition regarding important public concerns.
Answer:
Public Interest Litigation (PIL)

Question 2.
The process of removal of judges.
Answer:
Impeachment

Question 3.
Cases can be heard for the first time only in certain courts.
Answer:
Original Jurisdiction

2. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 6 Role of the Judiciary 2 Q1
Answer:

3. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
There is no need to approve the appointment of judges by the Senate in the United States.
Answer:
This statement is False.

The Judges of the Supreme Court of America and the courts subordinate to it are appointed by the President of the USA.
These appointments can be confirmed only after the Senate gives its approval.

Question 2.
In India judiciary is independent.
Answer:
This statement is True.

Provisions for judicial independence are provided in the Indian Constitution.
This includes provisions related to appointment, tenure, salary, and allowances, removal from office, etc., of judges so that the judiciary acts in a free and fair manner.

4. Explain the co-relation between the following.

Question 1.
Judiciary and Executive.
Answer:
The judiciary and executive are both organs of the government. The main function of the executive is the implementation of laws and policies while the functions of the judiciary include interpretation of law and adjudication. In India, judges are appointed by the President (nominal executive). Traditionally, these appointments were made after consulting with the existing government (ministry). However, to maintain judicial independence, the collegium of judges recommends names for appointment to the President.

There are many instances where the executive is a party to a dispute either as the plaintiff or as the defendant. Given the power of the Government, any legal dispute between it and one or more citizens is usually unequal. There is a possibility that the Government would use its powers to secure a favourable decision. This is where the independence of the Judiciary becomes important. An independent judiciary ensures that all those who appear before it is treated on an equal plane, and thus makes sure that decisions are in accordance with the law.

Question 2.
Supreme Court and High Court.
Answer:
India has a single integrated judicial system, with the Supreme Court at the apex and followed by the High Courts in the States. The Supreme Court controls all courts and tribunals in the territory of India. The High Court controls and supervises the functioning of the subordinate courts e.g., District Courts, in its territorial jurisdiction. The High Courts have Appellate jurisdiction, regarding decisions of the lower courts while Supreme Court can hear appeals in civil, criminal, and constitutional cases against decisions of the High Courts.

Supreme Court has original Jurisdiction such as in disputes about the election of the President or Vice¬President which are its exclusive jurisdiction. Both, Supreme Court and High Court have Writ Jurisdiction i.e., they can issue directives or writs such as Habeas Corpus in case of violation of a person’s fundamental rights. In case of appointment of judges of High Courts, the President also consults the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

5. Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
Judiciary must have a leading role in the appointment of judges.
Answer:
One of the main ways to secure judicial independence relates to the appointment of the judges. A judiciary that works under government favour, fear, or pressure i.e., a ‘committed judiciary’ can never give impartial, fair decisions especially when the government is a party in any dispute. The judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts are appointed by the President of India who is expected to be politically neutral.

However, according to the 42nd Amendment Act, the President acts on the aid and advice of the Union Ministry, Hence, executive interference in judicial appointments is a real possibility. Since the 1990s, the Supreme Court ruled that the Judiciary must play a leading role in its judicial appointments.

The Supreme Court set up a Collegium consisting of the Chief Justice of India and the four senior-most judges of the court which would recommend names to the President for appointment to the Supreme Court and the High Courts. The Government’s role in this process has now been minimized.

Question 2.
Judicial activism is significant today.
Answer:
Judiciary in India has started taking a wider view of its functions. For instance, the courts have allowed individuals to file petitions on matters of important public concern. Such cases are known as Public Interest Litigation (PILs). There have been instances where the courts of their own accord, without anyone complaining or filing a petition, have taken note of matters of public concern (Suo moto). This wider view taken by the Judiciary of its functions has been termed as ‘Judicial Activism’.

In recent years, Judicial Activism has led to the courts examining the legality of the decision of the executive over a wide variety of issues including the ones referred to above. Moreover, in many instances, they have also either issued orders on what should be done over many issues or have directed the executive to take action about the same in a specified time period.

There has been much debate over Judicial Activism. Some feel that the judiciary was compelled to intervene because the executive was not discharging its functions properly, while others believe that the courts are exceeding their powers by looking into matters which fall within the jurisdiction of the executive or legislative.

6. Answer the following in detail with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Explain the process of Judicial Review?
(a) Meaning
(b) Need
(c) When and where it started
(d) Indian context
Answer:
(a) Meaning: Judicial Review means the power of the Judiciary to examine if any law passed by the legislature or any executive policy or action is consistent with the Constitution or not, and if it is not then to declare it as unconstitutional and hence null and void.

(b) Need: It becomes necessary to have an institution that would examine whether the laws are consistent with the Constitution or not. That institution should also have the power to declare any law found inconsistent with the Constitution to be invalid and therefore not to be implemented. This would prevent the Legislature from making laws that violate the Constitution. In democracies with written Constitutions, this power is vested in the Judiciary. The Judiciary is not involved in any way in the law-making process. It is an independent body. Hence it has been assigned this power.

(c) When and where it started: The origins of the power of Judicial Review can be traced to a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States of America given in 1803 in a case known as the Marbury vs Madison case. This was for the first time that the American Supreme Court declared a law passed by the United States Congress to be invalid on the grounds that it was inconsistent with the Constitution of the United States. However, it must be noted that the American Constitution does not have an explicit provision that gives the Judiciary the power of Judicial Review. It is an implied power. To date, the American Supreme Court’s power of Judicial Review has been unchallenged. This is so because it is accepted that such a power is necessary to retain the supremacy of the Constitution.

(d) Indian Context: The Constitution of India does not explicitly provide the judiciary with the power of Judicial Review. However, like in the United States, these powers are implied. The Supreme Court of India has on many occasions declared laws passed by the Legislature as being inconsistent with the Constitution and therefore unconstitutional. In the Indian context, the real issue has been whether the amendments to the Constitution can be held unconstitutional. The issue was settled by the Supreme Court in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973). In its judgment, the Court stated that the Constitution of India had a ‘Basic Structure’. The Constitutional Amendments passed by the Parliament have to be consistent with this ‘Basic Structure’, and if they are found to be not, then the Supreme Court would declare them unconstitutional. The power to declare any Amendments as unconstitutional rests only with the Supreme Court.

Activity (Text Book Page No. 52)

Make a list of examples of Judicial Activism in India.
Answer:
Judicial Activism refers to the active role of the judiciary in upholding the rights of citizens and preserving constitutional provisions and the legal system of the country. The judiciary takes an active part wherever the legislature of executive fails to perform its duty, especially to dispense social justice.
Some areas of judicial activism include:

Reforming the BCCI even though it is a private body.
The Supreme Court insisting on a collegium of judges to suggest names for elevation as judges to the High/Supreme courts.
Protection of the ecosystem and environmental jurisprudence.
In regard to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984).
Conduct NEET exam all over the country.
The right to privacy is a part of a fundamental right.
Improving conditions of undertrials.

11th Std Political Science Questions And Answers:

Concept of Representation Question Answer Class 11 Political Science Chapter 5 Maharashtra Board

February 11, 2025February 10, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 5 Concept of Representation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 11 Political Science Chapter 5 Question Answer Concept of Representation Maharashtra Board

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 5 Concept of Representation Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Political Science Class 11 Chapter 5 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
Ancient Greece had ___________ (dictatorship, direct democracy, indirect democracy, monarchy)
Answer:
Direct democracy

Question 2.
The oldest representative assembly in the world is ___________ (House of Commons, House of Lords, Senate, House of Representative)
Answer:
House of Commons

1B. State the appropriate concept for the given statements.

Question 1.
The political system is where people elect representatives to govern themselves.
Answer:
Representative Democracy

1C. Find the odd word in the given set.

Question 1.
The Indian National Trade Union Congress, All India Kisan Sabha, National Students Union of India, Indian National Congress
Answer:
Indian National Congress (it is a political party)

2. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 5 Concept of Representation 2 Q1
Answer:

3. Explain the correlation between the following.

Question 1.
Governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations.
Answer:
Governmental organizations are public organizations that have a formalized structure. They are formed by election or nomination. They have legal status in terms of their jurisdiction. They are more concerned with political and administrative aspects.

However, such organizations due to their structure and scope may not be able to satisfy the concerns of different sections of the population or to represent various interests and causes. This leads to people who are devoted to the cause coming together as non-profit groups and further their cause. NGO’s work in the field of political and environmental awareness, the welfare of the elderly/women/children/disabled, etc., for e.g., Green Peace (environment), Help Age (senior citizens), CRY (children), AGNI (Political awareness), PFA (animals).

4. Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
Pressure groups are different from political parties.
Answer:
I agree with the statement.

The political parties are part of the governmental system. They seek to influence government policy from the inside. A pressure group tries to influence the government from the outside. They do not stand for elections or aim to become members of the legislature/ government.
Political parties have a broad agenda. They seek to represent the people for political, social, economic, cultural, and other concerns. Pressure groups usually have a narrow focus. They focus on specific issues or agitations for a specific cause e.g., the environment.

5. Answer the following in detail with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
What is meant by representation? Explain the various methods of representation?
(a) Meaning
(b) Electoral
(c) Non-electoral
(d) Non-official
Answer:
(a) Meaning: The concept of representation is important in any democracy.
Today, most countries have large territories and populations. Hence, direct democracy is not possible. The form of democracy today is indirect democracy or representative democracy. People elect representatives among themselves to govern the country for e.g., in India, Members of Parliament (MP’s), Members of State Legislative Assemblies/ Councils (MLA’s, MLC’s), of corporations, etc., are all our representatives.

(b) Electoral Method: Persons are directly or indirectly elected by the citizens to govern them as members of representative assemblies e.g., General elections to Lok Sabha, Assembly elections.

(c) Non-electoral Method: Representatives occupy their position through nomination or appointment for e.g., President of India appoints 12 Members to the Rajya Sabha.

(d) Non-official Method: Civil society represents the people through various pressure groups like trade unions, student groups, peasant organizations.

6. Suggest ways by which you can encourage people to vote in elections.
Answer:

NGO’s such as AGNI have special programmes designed to encourage people to exercise their franchise.
Street plays, flash mobs at railway stations, talks in colleges about the importance of voting.
Voter enrollment drives to encourage youngsters to vote.
Advertisements, especially involving celebrities as ‘ambassadors’ for the franchise.
In some countries of the world, the franchise is compulsory.

Activity (Text Book Page No. 44)

Question 1.
Write the history of anyone national political party in India.
Answer:
Indian National Congress
Indian National Congress was founded on 28th December 1885 due to the efforts of A.O. Hume, to act as a platform for civil and political dialogue among educated Indians. The first session, held in Bombay with 72 delegates in attendance, elected W.C. Banerjee as its first President. Members were mainly from the Bombay and Madras Presidencies such as Dadabhai Naoroji, Dinshaw Wacha, Pherozshah Mehta, and others. During its early phase, the Congress was led by the Moderates.

The party first split at the Surat session (1907) into two groups i.e., Moderates and Extremists (led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak). The party began to endorse the policy of “Swaraj” (Self-rule) and “Swadeshi” (of our own country), After the death of Lokmanya Tilak, the leadership of the Congress passed into the hands of Mahatma Gandhi. His philosophy was based on the ideals of Satyagraha and Ahimsa. Various movements were organized by Gandhiji such as Non-Cooperation Movement (1920’s), Civil Disobedience (1930’s), and Quit India Movement (1942).

The INC has dominated most of India’s political landscape since Independence. The period 1947-1967 is described as the One-Party Dominant System (OPDS) of the INC. However, Congress dominance has declined. In the UPA government (2004 – 2014) the INC was one of the major parties. At present, it is the main opposition party (2019).

11th Std Political Science Questions And Answers:

Constitutional Government Question Answer Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Maharashtra Board

February 11, 2025February 10, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 4 Constitutional Government Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Question Answer Constitutional Government Maharashtra Board

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Constitutional Government Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Political Science Class 11 Chapter 4 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
Unwritten Constitution exists in _____________ (United Kingdom, India .South Africa, United States)
Answer:
United Kingdom

Question 2.
In a parliamentary system there is a _____________ of legislative and executive powers. (separation, coordination, merger, centralisation)
Answer:
merger

Question 3.
The ten amendments to the American Constitution are collectively referred to as _____________ (Bills of Rights, Magna Carta, Basic Structure Doctrine, Fundamental Rights)
Answer:
Bill of Rights

1B. Identify the incorrect pair in every set, correct it and rewrite.

Question 1.
(a) Magna Carta – England
(b) Veto – United Kingdom
(c) Kesavananda Bharati Case – Basic structure doctrine
Answer:
(b) Veto – USA

1C. Find the odd word out in the given set.

Question 1.
England, Scotland, Wales, Republic of Ireland.
Answer:
The Republic of Ireland (not part of UK)

Question 2.
India, Australia, Canada, Argentina.
Answer:
Argentina (not a parliamentary system)

2. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Indian Federation can be described as a ‘quasi-federation’.
Answer:
This statement is True.

The Indian Constitution provides for dual set of governments i.e Union State governments. There is a distribution of powers on the basis of three lists viz. Union list, State list, and Concurrent list.
However, India has a federal structure with a powerful central government. The constitution framers felt that a strong Union government was needed to ensure the balanced development of the country.

Question 2.
The parliamentary system exists in the United States.
Answer:
This statement is False.

In a Parliamentary system, there is a merger of legislative and executive functioning. There are two executives, i.e., real and normal executives. This is noticed in India, United Kingdom, etc.
the United States follows the Presidential system based on separation of government powers. Here, there is only one executive i.e., President who is directly elected by citizens.

3. Explain the co-relation between the following.

Question 1.
Legislature and Executive in a parliamentary system.
Answer:
In a parliamentary system, there is a fusion of legislative and executive functions. The real executive i.e. the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers is drawn from the Legislature. There are no separate elections for the post of Prime Minister and other Ministers. The Prime Minister and the Ministers play a dual role i.e., they are part of both Legislature and Executive. Thus, they also attend Parliamentary sessions.

The leader of the party or group which commands a majority in the legislature is invited by the nominal executive (President) to form the government and assume the post of Prime Minister. The Ministry stays in power only as long as it enjoys majority support in Parliament. The lower house of the Parliament in England (House of Commons) and in India (Lok Sabha) can pass a vote of no-confidence against the Ministry which means that the Prime Minister and his/her Council of Ministers must resign. This is due to parliamentary sovereignty. Thus, the executive is subordinate to and responsible to the Parliament (legislature).

Question 2.
President and Legislature in a presidential system.
Answer:
In a Presidential system, there is a separation of government powers and a system of checks and balances. The President i.e., head of the executive is directly elected by the citizens for a fixed tenure. He/she enjoys powers granted to the office by the constitution and must conduct his/her administration in accordance with laws passed by the legislature. Members of the executive are prohibited from being members of the legislature.

The legislature is also popularly elected. Its powers are not absolute since the President can exercise ‘Veto Power’ to reject a law passed by the legislature. Similarly, the legislature can also impeach the President if it is proved that the constitution has been violated by him/her. The President continues in office irrespective of whether he/she enjoys majority support in the legislature. However such lack of support may lead to a breakdown or impasse in government functioning.

4. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Explain constitutionalism and constitutional morality.
Answer:
Constitutionalism refers to the idea that there should be limitations on the powers of the government which may be specified in the constitution or may arise due to historical developments. The Magna Carta (Great Charter) (1215) and Bill of Rights (1689) in England were attempts to restrict the powers of the Monarchs. As the concept of separation of legislative, executive, judicial powers became popular, so also, the idea of restricting powers of the government as a whole emerged. The origins of constitutionalism can be traced to the Social Contract Theory propounded by John Locke. He believed that people should have the right to change the government if it committed any wrongdoings.

The first ten amendments to the American Constitution (collectively called the Bill of Rights) imposed restrictions on the government. The Indian Constitution also restricts government jurisdiction so that it doesn’t violate Fundamental Rights.
Any constitution is subject to amendments. Thus, it is possible that certain governments may use their amendment powers to remove restrictions, on their policies and actions.

In any democracy, Constitutionalism refers to restrictions on the power of the government and adherence to the spirit of the constitution. It refers to the values which form its foundations and the manner in which those who hold power are expected to behave. This can be described by the term ‘Constitutional Monarchy’.

5. Answer the following in detail with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Explain Constitution and its three distinct interrelated components.
(i) What is a Constitution?
(ii) set of rules
(iii) set of rights
(iv) set of objectives and values
Answer:
(i) The constitution is the highest law of the country. It reflects the objectives of the state and the rights and aspirations of its citizens. It establishes the rule of law and sets limits on government authority. A constitution is a living document that indicates the way in which a country is governed. The primary function of the constitution is to lay out the basic structure of the government according to which the people are to be governed. A constitution has three distinct but interrelated components.

(ii) Set of Rules – A constitution is a set of rules that describes the structure, powers, and functions of the three organs of government to ensure that each organ functions without its jurisdiction. It lays down the limitations on what the government can do or cannot do.

(iii) Set of Rights – A constitution lists the rights of the citizens, means for the protection of these rights, and the duties of citizens. It also lists the means of protecting the rights e.g., in India, the judiciary is entrusted with protecting the rights. The rights guaranteed by the constitution are not unlimited i.e. they are subject to reasonable limitations.

(iv) Set of Objectives and Values – A constitution enumerates the values and objectives that it seeks to fulfill. For e.g., the Indian Constitution seeks to ensure the values of justice, liberty, and equality.

11th Political Science Digest Chapter 4 Constitutional Government Intext Questions and Answers

Find out! (Text Book Page No. 30)

How many times has the Indian Constitution been amended? What was the latest amendment?
Answer:
Amendments refer to changes in certain provisions of the constitution. In India, Article 368 deals with the amendment procedure. Till March 2019, the Indian Constitution has been amended 103 times. The 101st amendment (July 2017) introduced GST, the 102nd amendment gave constitutional status to National Commission for Backward Classes, and the 103rd amendment provided for a maximum of 10% reservation for economically weaker sections (EWS) by amending Articles 15,16. (Right to Equality)

Find out! (Text Book Page No.32)

Make a list of all Prime Ministers of India with their tenure.
Answer:

Jawaharlal Nehru (August 1947 – May 1964)
Gulzarilal Nanda – Acting Prime Minister (27 May 1964 – 9 June 1964, 11 January 1966 – 24 January 1966)
Lai Bahadur Shastri (June 1964 – January 1966)
Indira Gandhi (January 1966 – March 1977, January 1980 – October 1984)
Morarji Desai (March 1977 – July 1979)
Charan Singh (July 1979 – January 1980)
Rajiv Gandhi (October 1984 – December 1989)
V. P. Singh (December 1989 – November 1990)
Chandra Shekar (November 1990 – June 1991)
P. V. Narsimha Rao (June 1991 – May 1996)
A. B. Vajpayee (May 1996 – June 1996, March 1998 – May 2004)
H. D. Deve Gowda (June 1996 – April 1997)
I. K. Gujral (April 1997 – March 1998)
Dr. Manmohan Singh (May 2004 – May 2014)
Narendra Modi (May 2014 – till date)

Find out! (Text Book Page No. 34)

Name any four American Presidents who belonged to the Republican Party and for who belonged to the Democratic Party
Answer:

Republican Party – Abraham Lincoln, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush.
Democratic Party – F. D. Roosevelt, J. F. Kennedy, Bill Clinton, Barack Obama, Donald Trump.

Do this. (Text Book Page No. 35)

Look at the following subjects (Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution):

Law and Order
Atomic Energy
Banking
Agriculture
Police
Electricity
Education
Railways
Public health
Foreign affairs
Forests.

Find out which of these subjects is in Union, state, or concurrent list.
Answer:

Union List	State List	Concurrent List
Atomic Energy	Police	Education
Foreign Affairs	Agriculture	Electricity
Banking	Law and order	Forest
Railways	Public Health

Activity (Text Book Page No. 36)

What are the rights mentioned in the Bill of Rights of the American Constitution?
Answer:
The Bill of Rights refers to the first ten amendments of the US constitution. Some of the rights include.

First Amendment prohibits the making of any law impeding the free exercise of religion or restricting the freedom of speech or of the press or to assemble peacefully.
The Second Amendment protects the individual right to keep arms.
The Fifth Amendment protects against double jeopardy and self-incrimination.
The sixth amendment establishes a number of rights of the defendant in a criminal trial such as speedy, public trial by an impartial jury, the assistance of counsel, etc.
The Tenth amendment reinforces the principles of separation of powers and of federalism.

11th Std Political Science Questions And Answers:

Equality and Justice Question Answer Class 11 Political Science Chapter 3 Maharashtra Board

February 11, 2025February 10, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 3 Equality and Justice Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 11 Equality and Justice Chapter 3 Question Answer The State Maharashtra Board

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 3 Equality and Justice Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Political Science Class 11 Chapter 3 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
The base of political equality is __________ (democracy, dictatorship, military rule, monarchy)
Answer:
democracy

Question 2.
John Rawls was an advocate of __________ justice. (distributive, political, economic, gender-based)
Answer:
distributive

1B. State the appropriate concept for the given statement.

Question 1.
The principle of equality states that each one should get an opportunity for the development of their individual personality.
Answer:
Equality of opportunity

Question 2.
Type of equality which says that every citizen has an equal right to participate in affairs of the State.
Answer:
Political equality

Question 3.
Absence of economic exploitation.
Answer:
Economic equality

1C. Complete the following sentence using appropriate reason.

Question 1.
In India, laws were made regarding the abolition of untouchability. Because
(a) untouchability is a political concept
(b) untouchability is a legal concept
(c) social inequality can be controlled by State legislation
Answer:
(c) social inequality can be controlled by State legislation

2. Complete the concept map/maps.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 3 Equality and Justice 2 Q1
Answer:

3. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Democracy denies equality.
Answer:
This statement is False.

A democratic government is based on the pillars of liberty, equality, justice, and fraternity.
Equality signifies equality of opportunity, political participation, and equal protection of the law which can be ensured only in a democracy.

Question 2.
Equality is a political goal.
Answer:
This statement is True.

Equality signifies that all human beings have an equal worth irrespective of their race, religion, caste, etc. It, however, does not mean uniformity.
In modern times, equality includes aspects like tolerance and empathy i.e., a moral and collective dimension. It is also the basis of liberty and justice and is thus considered a political goal.

Question 3.
Social democracy is the foundation of political democracy.
Answer:
This statement is True.

Social democracy means that there is equality i.e., no distinction among individuals merely on basis of ethnicity, creed, gender, etc. It ensures the dignity of the individual.
Political democracy is expressed in political rights such as the right to vote, to criticize the government, etc. In the absence of social democratic political democracy will be less worthwhile.

4. Explain the co-relation between the following.

Question 1.
Equality and justice.
Answer:
Equality refers to equal rights and opportunities for all persons irrespective of their race, creed, gender, etc. It means no person or group will be discriminated against socially, economically, or politically. Similarly, no person or group will have special privileges that are denied to the vast majority in society.

Justice refers to that state of affairs in which every individual gets exactly those burdens and benefits that are due to him. It refers to the absence of socio-economic, political, and legal injustices.

In the absence of equality, there will be a denial of justice and the progress of society will be hindered. Justice aims at the reconciliation of individual rights and larger social interests.

Question 2.
Legal Justice and Social Justice
Answer:
Legal justice is the application of the abstract concept of justice through the implementation of the law. Justice is a precondition to the law as, without it, the law may become an instrument of tyranny and suppression. Austin considers law as a means to suppress injustice as well as to establish justice. Legal justice signifies an independent and impartial judiciary that observes specific rules for judicial proceedings. Any accused should be charged keeping in mind his/her human rights.

Social justice is both reformative and distributive. It aims at a revision of the social order by doing away with socio-economic evils for e.g. to eradicate untouchability, there is Article 17 of the constitution as well as laws passed by Parliament.

Procedural justice demands equality before the law as well as correct interpretation and application of the law. Social justice is also reformative i.e., equitable distribution of goods and services so that underprivileged sections can get an adequate share in this distribution.

5. Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
Casteism is a barrier to social equality.
Answer:
The caste system is one of the basic features of Indian society. It implies divisions in society based merely on one’s birth into a particular section of society. There was a caste hierarchy in which the upper castes enjoyed privileges that were denied to the lower castes. Even, within the four main Chaturvaranas, hierarchies began to develop.

Casteism began to become a social evil, as it resulted in untouchability as well as the exploitation and segregation of lower castes. They were denied equal opportunities to have socio-economic and political rights. Casteism did not permit upward mobility in the caste hierarchy due to marriage or achievement. The intermingling of castes was prohibited. Lower castes were often discriminated against in educational, political, and employment facilities. In some cases, they were denied access to public places like water bodies, hospitals, etc.

Social equality means that there has to be no favouring of or discrimination against any person/group on irrelevant aspects like caste and creed. It means that the dignity and intrinsic worth of every person must be recognized. Thus, the rigid hierarchies and discrimination perpetuated by casteism hinder social equality.

6. Answer the following.

Question 1.
Explain the Indian concept of Justice.
Answer:
There exist different kinds of inequalities in India, such as those created through the caste system, through the patriarchal system, etc. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar argued that justice would be achieved when the structure and values associated with these systems undergo a change. He also related the concept of justice to the concept of the distribution of resources. The Constitution of India ensures justice through both, procedural justice and social justice. This can be achieved through the educational and economic development of the backward classes.

Justice is implemented through the following policies:

The policy of reservation.
Granting of scholarships, grants, loans, health services, etc. for weaker sections of the society.
Eradication of unjust social and economic practices which exploit the backward classes.

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