Class 9

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 History Solutions Chapter 2 India: Events After 1960 Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 History Solutions Chapter 2 India: Events After 1960

Class 9 History Chapter 2 India: Events After 1960 Textbook Questions and Answers

1. A. Choose the correct option from the given option and rewrite the statements:
Question 1.
The Prime Minister of India who took an initiative in resolving the question of the Tamil minority in Sri Lanka was
(a) Rajiv Gandhi
(b) Indira Gandhi
(c) H. D. Deve Gowda
(d) P. V. Narasimha Rao
Answer:
(a) Rajiv Gandhi

Question 2.
is the father of the Green Revolution in India.
(a) Dr. Verghese Kurien
(b) Homi Bhabha
(c) Dr. M. S. Swaminathan
(d) Dr. Norman Borlaug
Answer:
(c) Dr. M. S. Swaminathan

B. Identify and write the wrong pair in the following sets:

Question 1.
(1) Indira Gandhi – Emergency
(2) Rajiv Gandhi – Developments of Science and Technology
(3) P. V. Narasimha Rao – Economic improvements
(4) Chandrashekhar – Mandal Commission
Answer:
Chandrashekhar – Mandal Commission

Question 2A.
Based on the information in the chapter, prepare a chronological chart of Prime Ministers and their tenure.
Answer:

1. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru -1947 to 1964
2. Lai Bahadur Shastri -1964 to 1966
3. Indira Gandhi -1966 to 1977
4. Morarji Desai -1977 to 1979
5. Charan Singh -1979 to 1980
6. Indira Gandhi -1980 to 1984
7. Rajiv Gandhi -1984 to 1989
8. Vishwanath Pratap Singh – 1989 to 1990
9. Chandra Shekhar -1990 to 1991
10. P. V. Narasimha Rao -1991 to 1996
11. Atal Bihari Vajpayee -1996
12. H.D. Deve Gowda -1996 to 1997
13. Inder Kumar Gujral -1997 to 1998
14. Atal Bihari Vajpayee – 1998 to 2004

2B. Write Short Notes on:

Question 1.
Globalisation
Answer:
(i) Globalisation brought about many changes in different fields like economy, politics, science and technology, society and culture.
(ii) India has emerged as an important country on the global scene in different spheres.
(iii) India is an important member of international organisations like G-20 and ‘BRICS’ (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa).
(iv) India has experienced an important revolution in the field of telecommunication technology.
(v) Mobile phones, internet and the communication facilities based on satellite have spread all across the country.
(vi) It has resulted in a total transformation in the lifestyle of Indians and especially the youth.
(vii) These changes are visible from their dietary habits, clothing, language and beliefs.

Question 2.
White Revolution
Answer:
(i) White Revolution is a major event of India’s efforts towards self-reliance.
(ii) The experiment in co-operative dairy movement by Dr. Verghese Kurien led to the increase of milk production in India.
(iii) This is called as ‘White Revolution’.

3A. Give reasons:

Question 1.
The Morarji Desai government lasted for a short while.
Answer:
(i) On the backdrop of the emergency, many opposition parties came together and formed a party called the Janata Party.
(ii) The Congress party led by Indira Gandhi was roundly defeated by this newly formed ‘Janata Party’.
(iii) Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister, but under his leadership the Janata Party government couldn’t last long due to its internal differences.
(iv) Hence, the Morarji Desai government lasted for a short while.

Question 2.
The army had to be sent into the Golden Temple in Amritsar.
Answer:
(i) The Sikhs in Punjab demanded an independent state of Khalistan and began a movement which went on to become violent and destructive.
(ii) Pakistan had lent its support to this movement.
(iii) Some terrorists had allegedly taken shelter inside the Golden Temple at Amritsar, a holy shrine of the Sikhs in 1984.
(iv) Hence, the Indian army was sent into the Golden Temple in Amritsar to evict the terrorists who had taken shelter there.

Question 3.
The National Planning Commission was set up in India.
Answer:
(i) India wanted to acquire modernity and self-reliance by establishing industries.
(ii) India wanted to establish an economy based on social justice through planning.
(iii) For this, the National Planning Commission was established. This would coordinate development through the policy of Five Year Plans.

B. Answer the following questions in 25 to 30 words.

Question 1.
How was 1991 a year of important changes in the history of the world and of India?
Answer:
(i) The year 1991 is held to be very important in the history of the world as well as India.
(ii) The Soviet Union disintegrated into several different small countries and the Cold War came to an end.
(iii) During this period, the Ram Janmabhumi and Babri Mosque issue at Ayodhya came to the forefront.
(iv) In India, the Government under the leadership of Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao initiated many changes in the Indian economy.
(v) These economic reforms are called as economic liberalisation. The Indian economy flourished as a result of the implementation of this policy.
(vi) Skilled Indian professionals helped reform the Indian economy. The field of information technology opened several avenues of employment in the country.
(vii) The changes after 1991 are also described as ‘globalisation’.

Question 2.
What are the characteristics of the Indian economy?
Answer:
(i) Right from independence, the modernisation of economy, economic self-sufficiency and social justice have been the characteristics of Indian economy.
(ii) India wanted to acquire modernity and self-reliance by establishing industries.
(iii) It wanted to establish an economy based on social justice through planning.
(iv) For this, the National Planning Commission was established that would coordinate development through the policy of Five Year Plans.

4. With the help of the information in the chapter, complete the list of the challenges before India and the strengths of India.
Question 1.

The Challenges In Front of India	Strengths
For Example: India-Pakistan war	Unity in diversity
…………………………..	……………………..
…………………………….	Nuclear preparedness
Separatism	……………………………..

Answer:

The Challenges In Front of India	Strengths
India-Pakistan war	Unity in diversity
Cross – Border Terrorism	Membership in G20 and BRICS
Corruption	Nuclear preparedness
Separatism	Establishment of National Planning Commission

Class 9 History Chapter 2 India: Events After 1960 Additional Important Questions and Answers

Choose the correct option from the given option and rewrite the statements:

Question 1.
The war between India and China took place in the year ________.
(a) 1952
(b) 1962
(c) 1972
(d) 1982
Answer:
(b) 1962

Question 2.
The Indo – China war was fought in the region of the _______ line.
(a)
MacMahon
(b) Kashmir
(c) St Lawrence
(d) Me Kinley
Answer:
MacMahon

Question 3.
Jawaharlal Nehru passed away in _________.
(a) 1944
(b) 1974
(c) 1984
(d) 1964
Answer:
(d) 1964

Question 4.
After Jawaharlal Nehru _______ became Prime Minister of India.
(a) Indira Gandhi
(b) Rajiv Gandhi
(c) Lal Bahadur Shastri
(d) Morarji Desai
Answer:
(c) Lal Bahadur Shastri

Question 5.
India and Pakistan went to war over the ________ issue in 1965.
(a) Kashmir
(b) Goa
(c) Hyderabad
(d) Kerala
Answer:
(a) Kashmir

Question 6.
The ______ mediated between the conflicting countries of India and Pakistan.
(a) Soviet Union
(b) USA
(c) Japan
(d) China
Answer:
(a) Soviet Union
(a) Soviet Union

Question 7.
_____ gave the slogan ‘Jai Jawan Jai Kisan’.
(a) Indira Gandhi
(b) Lai Bahadur Shastri
(c) Morarji Desai
(d) Rajiv Gandhi
Answer:
(b) Lai Bahadur Shastri

Question 8.
Lai Bahadur Shastri breathed his last at ______in 1966.
(a) Gorakhpur
(b) Kuala Lumpur
(c) Tashkent
(d) Varanasi
Answer:
(c) Tashkent

Question 9.
A Freedom Movement was led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his organisation, ______.
(a) Mukti Bahini
(b) Bangla Bahini
(c) Aamar Sonar Bangla
(d) East Bengal Front
Answer:
(a) Mukti Bahini

Question 10.
The 1971 war between India and Pakistan led to the creation of an independent country called _______.
(a) Bangladesh
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) Sikkim
(d) Telangana
Answer:
(a) Bangladesh

Question 11.
India successfully carried out an underground test of an atomic device at ______ in Rajasthan.
(a) Dispur
(b) Mannapattam
(c) Sriharikota
(d) Pokhran
Answer:
(d) Pokhran

Question 12.
The ______ High Court gave the verdict in 1974 that Indira Gandhi the then Prime Minister had misused the government machinery during her election campaign.
(a) Allahabad
(b) Bombay
(c) Delhi
(d) Panaji
Answer:
(a) Allahabad

Question 13.
The situation set against Indira Gandhi became more complicated due to the movement led by _________.
(a) Dadabhai Naoroji
(b) Jayprakash Narayan
(c) G. D. Agarkar
(d) Ramanand Tirth
Answer:
(b) Jayprakash Narayan

Question 14.
The period of National Emergency lasted from _______ and after that general elections were conducted.
(a) 1922-24
(b) 1984-87
(c) 1975 – 77
(d) 1987-99
Answer:
(c) 1975 – 77

Question 15.
On the backdrop of the emergency, many opposition parties came together and formed a party called the _______.
(a) Republican Party
(b) Congress Party
(c) Janata Party
(d) Samaj Party
Answer:
(c) Janata Party

Question 16.
________ became Prime Minister on behalf of the Janata Party.
(a) Morarji Desai
(b) Indira Gandhi
(c) Rajiv Gandhi
(d) Lai Bahadur Shastri
Answer:
(a) Morarji Desai

Question 17.
The Sikhs in Punjab demanded an independent state of ______.
(a) Khalistan
(b) Pakistan
(c) Kazakhstan
(d) Baluchistan
Answer:
(a) Khalistan

Question 18.
______ had lent its support to the Khalistan movement.
(a) China
(b) Pakistan
(c) England
(d) Baluchistan
Answer:
(b) Pakistan

Question 19.
An organisation called ________ carried on a major movement in north-east India.
(a) United Liberation Front of Assam
(b) United Communist Group
(c) United India Front
(d) United Assam Federation
Answer:
(a) United Liberation Front of Assam

Question 20.
______ laid the foundation of Indian atomic power programme.
(a) Satish Dhawan
(b) Homi Bhabha
(c) A.P.J. Kalam
(d) Vikram Sarabhai
Answer:
(b) Homi Bhabha

Question 21.
______, a terrorist organisation assassinated Rajiv Gandhi.
(a) LTTE
(b) ASEAN
(c) LTEN
(d) LTTA
Answer:
(a) LTTE

Question 22.
India wanted to acquire modernity and self-reliance by establishing _______.
(a) Nuclear reactor
(b) Industries
(c) Electricity grids
(d) Telephonic infrastructure
Answer:
(b) Industries

Question 23.
The _______ government started economic reforms from 1991.
(a) Moraq’i Desai
(b) Indira Gandhi
(c) Narasimha Rao
(d) Lai Bahadur Shastri
Answer:
(c) Narasimha Rao

Question 24.
In 1999, ________ came to power under the flag of Bharatiya Janata Party.
(a) United Progressive Alliance
(b) League of Indian Politics
(c) India’s Administrative Assemblage
(d) National Democratic Alliance
Answer:
(d) National Democratic Alliance

Question 25.
________ is known as the father of the White Revolution.
(a) Dr. Verghese Kurien
(b) Dr. Dayaram Sahni
(c) Dr. Homi Bhabha
(d) Dr. M. S. Swaminathan
Answer:
(a) Dr. Verghese Kurien

Question 26.
In 1975, the first satellite, ________ was launched by India.
(a) Sputnik 1
(b) Apollo 1
(c) Aryabhatta
(d) Agni
Answer:
(c) Aryabhatta

Question 27.
The _________ Commission was set up in 1953 to make recommendations, so as to improve condition of the lower castes.
(a) Ganesh Agarkar
(b) Appasaheb Mayekar
(c) Tarabai Shinde
(d) Kakasaheb Kalelkar
Answer:
(d) Kakasaheb Kalelkar

Write Short Notes on:

Question 1.
Atomic Energy and Space Research.
Answer:
(i) Dr. Homi Bhabha laid the foundation of the Indian atomic power programme.
(ii) India insisted on using atomic energy for peaceful purposes like generation of electricity, pharmaceuticals and defence.
(iii) India has achieved considerable success in space technology as well. In 1975, the first satellite ‘Aryabhatta’ was launched.
(iv) Today, India has a successful space programme and many satellites have been launched under this programme. India has also made considerable advancement in the telecom sector.

Explain the statements with reason:

Question 1.
Globalisation brought about many changes in different fields.
Answer:
(i) India has emerged as an important country on the global scene in different spheres.
(ii) India is an important member of international organisations like G-20 and ‘BRICS’ (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa).
(iii) India has experienced an important revolution in the field of telecommunication technology.
(iv) Mobile phones, internet and the communication facilities based on satellite have spread all across the country.
(v) In the political field, India has demonstrated to the world how a stable democracy can function successfully.
(vi) All this has resulted in a total transformation in the lifestyle of Indians, especially the youth. These changes are visible from their dietary habits, clothing, language and beliefs.

Question 2.
There were several major changes in the social field in India for upliftment of women.
Answer:
(i) To promote the all-round development of women and children many constructive steps were taken.
(ii) A separate ‘Department of Women and. Child Development’ was created in 1985 under the Ministry of Human Resource Development.
(iii) Some laws were made to ensure social justice to women and to help the implementation of various schemes in this direction.
(iv) They include the Prohibition of Dowry Act, Equal Remuneration Act. As per the 73rd and 74th Constitution Amendments, seats are reserved for women in the local self¬government bodies.

Read the passage and answer the questions.

As a part of India’s policy to use atomic energy for peaceful purposes, India successfully carried out an underground test of an atomic device at Pokharan in Rajasthan in 1974. In 1975, the people of Sikkim voted for joining the Indian republic and Sikkim became a full-fledged State in the Indian federation. During this decade, the political situation in India grew unstable. The Allahabad High Court gave the verdict in 1974 that Indira Gandhi; the then Prime Minister had misused the government machinery during her election campaign. It led to nationwide strikes and protest. During this period, the situation became more complicated due to the movement led by Jayprakash Narayan. The situation of law and order in the country worsened and the government declared a state of National Emergency on the basis of the constitutional provisions relating to Emergency. During this turbulent period, the fundamental rights of Indian citizens were suspended. Due to the emergency, the Indian administration became disciplined, but the human rights were restricted. The period of national emergency lasted from 1975 to 1977 and after that general elections were conducted. On the backdrop of the emergency, many opposition parties came together and formed a party called the Janata Party. The Congress party led by Indira Gandhi was roundly defeated by this newly formed ‘Janata Party’. Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister, but under his leadership the Janata Party government couldn’t last long due to internal differences. Charan Singh succeeded him, but even his government was a short-lived one. Elections were conducted once again in 1980 and the Congress party under the leadership of Indira Gandhi came to power again.

Question 1.
Enlist incidents that culminated in Indira Gandhi’s rise to power post the verdict of Allahabad High Court.
Answer:
Following incidents paved the way of Indira Gandhi back to power:

• Allahabad High Court verdict against Indira Gandhi
• Nation – wide strikes and protest led by Jai Prakash Narayan
• Imposition of National Emergency (1975-77) fundamental rights suspended
• Opposition parties came together to form Janata Party.
• Short lived governments of Morarji Desai and Charan Singh.
• Elections conducted in 1980 – Congress back to power.

Question 2.
Which state became a constituent state of India in 1975?
Answer:
Sikkim voted to join the Indian Republic and it became a full – fledged state of Indian Republic in 1975.

Question 3.
Why do you think India conducted a nuclear test in Pokhran in 1974?
Answer:
India conducted Nuclear tests for two reasons:
(i) to keep Pakistan’s aggression under check post 1971 war.
(ii) To initiate peaceful and constructive use of atomic energy.

Answer the following questions in detail:

Question 1.
What were the contributions of Lai Bahadur Shastri?
Answer:
(i) Lai Bahadur Shastri succeeded Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and became the next Prime Minister of India.
(ii) During his tenure, India and Pakistan went to war over the Kashmir issue in 1965.
(iii) The Soviet Union tried to mediate between the two countries.
(iv) Lai Bahadur Shastri gave the slogan ‘Jai Jawan Jai Kisan’ with which he highlighted the importance of Indian soldiers and Indian farmers.
(v) Lai Bahadur Shastri breathed his last at Tashkent in 1966.

Question 2.
Write a note on Rajiv Gandhi.
Answer:
(i) Right after Indira Gandhi’s assassination in 1984, Rajiv Gandhi became the Prime Minister of India.
(ii) He tried to make several reforms in the field of Indian economy and that of science and technology.
(iii) He took the lead in solving the issues of the Tamil minority in Sri Lanka. He promoted the idea of a united Sri Lanka with internal autonomy to the Tamil community, but his efforts in this regard proved to be in vain.
(iv) He faced a lot of criticism in the context of corruption that took place during a defence equipment deal, especially the purchase of long-range canons from a foreign company called Bofors.
(v) Political corruption became a crucial issue in the general elections that followed and the Congress party was defeated.
(vi) In 1991, during the election campaign, the terrorist organisation in Sri Lanka, Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), assassinated Rajiv Gandhi.

Question 3.
Write a note on Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
Answer:
(i) In 1999 the ‘National Democratic Alliance’ came to power under the flag of Bharatiya Janata Party and Atal Bihari Vajpayee became India’s Prime Minister (1998-2004).
(ii) Atal Bihari Vajpayee tried to establish a dialogue with Pakistan but was not successful.
(iii) India conducted a number of nuclear tests in 1998 and declared herself as an atomic power.
(iv) In 1999, there was another war between India and Pakistan in Kargil region over the Kashmir issue
(v) India defeated Pakistan in this war as well.

Question 4.
What is economic liberalisation? What are its benefits?
Answer:
(i) The Narasimha Rao Government started economic reforms from 1991. These economic reforms are known as economic liberalisation.
(ii) The Indian economy flourished as a result of the implementation of this policy.
(iii) The foreign investment in India increased. Skilled Indian professionals helped reform the Indian economy.
(iv) The field of information technology opened several avenues of employment in the country.
(v) The changes after 1991 are also described as ‘globalisation’.

Question 5.
What do you mean by
(i) Green Revolution and
(ii) White revolution?
Answer:
(i) Dr. M. S. Swaminathan is known as the father of the Green Revolution in 1965. He implemented new scientific agricultural techniques and increased the production of foodgrains.
(ii) The experiment in co-operative dairy movement by Dr. Verghese Kurien led to increase of milk production in India. This is called as ‘White Revolution’.

Question 6.
What is the progress of India in the fields of atomic energy and space research?
Answer:
(i) India had also made a lot of progress in the fields of atomic energy and space research.
(ii) Dr. Homi Bhabha laid the foundation of the Indian atomic power programme.
(iii) India insisted on using atomic energy for peaceful purposes like generation of electricity, pharmaceuticals and defence.
(iv) India has achieved considerable success in space technology as well. In 1975, the first satellite ‘Aryabhatta’ was launched.
(v) Today, India has a successful space programme and many satellites have been launched under this programme.
(vi) India has also made considerable advancement in the telecom sector.

Question 7.
Describe the changes in India due to globalisation.
Answer:
(i) Globalisation brought about many changes in different fields like economy, politics, science and technology and society and culture.
(ii) India has emerged as an important country on the global scene in different spheres. India is an important member of international organisations like G-20 and ‘BRICS’ (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa).
(iii) India has experienced an important revolution in the field of telecommunication technology. Mobile phones, internet and the communication facilities based on satellite have spread all across the country.
(iv) In the political field, India has demonstrated to the world how a stable democracy can function successfully.
(v) All this has resulted in a total transformation in the lifestyle of Indians and especially the
youth. These changes are visible from their dietary habits, clothing, language and beliefs.

Question 8.
How was an independent country of Bangladesh created?
Answer:
(i) Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister of India in 1966.
(ii) During her tenure, Pakistan’s oppressive I policies in East Pakistan resulted in a big movement there. This movement was led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his organisation, ‘Mukti Bahini.’
(iii) This crisis in East Pakistan affected India as well, because millions of refugees came to India.
(iv) The 1971 war between India and Pakistan led to the creation of an independent country called Bangladesh.

Question 9.
What policies were made to uplift the deprived sections of the society?
Answer:
(i) The ‘Kakasaheb Kalelkar Commission’ was set up in 1953 to make recommendations so as to improve their condition.
(ii) In 1978, a Commission was constituted under the chairmanship of B. P. Mandal to study the issue of the backward classes.
(iii) The policy of reservation was adopted in order to strengthen the representation of backward sections in various services and institutions.
(iv) The Government passed the Prevention of Atrocities Act in 1989 to enable those belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Tribes to live with dignity and respect, free from fear, violence and oppression of the upper classes.

Question 10.
Identify the picture and give relevant information.

Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister of India in the year 1966.
Indira Gandhi’s strong leadership was prominent in the war between India and Pakistan in 1971.
The first atomic test at Pokharan was carried out under her leadership.
The Allahabad High Court gave the verdict in 1974, that Indira Gandhi had misused the government machinery during her election campaign.
She declared a’state of National Emergency in 1975.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 6 Properties of Sea Water Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 6 Properties of Sea Water

Class 9 Geography Chapter 6 Properties of Sea Water Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Tick the correct box according to the salinity of the ocean water ✓

Answer:
(a) Low
(b) Low
(c) High
(d) High
(e) Low
(f) High.

2. Give reasons.

(a) Salinity is low in the land-locked Baltic Sea.
Answer:

• The Baltic Sea lies in the temperate region.
• In temperate regions, the sunrays are slanting and therefore, the temperatures are lower.
• The supply of fresh water is also more, as numerous rivers empty their waters into the Baltic sea.
• Therefore, in spite of being landlocked, due to low rate of evaporation and ample supply of fresh water, the salinity of the Baltic Sea is low.

(b) There is higher salinity in the northern Red Sea while lower in the southern.
Answer:

• The Red Sea is one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world, owing to high evaporation.
• The salinity is 36%o in the southern part because of the effect of the Gulf of Aden.
• It reaches 41 %o in the northern part, owing mainly to the Gulf of Suez and the high evaporation as well as very little precipitation.
• Hence, there is more salinity in the northern Red Sea while lesser in the south.

(c) Oceans located at the same latitude do not have same salinity.
Answer:

• The salinity of the oceans depends on factors like rate of evaporation and supply of fresh water.
• In Oceans where rate of evaporation is more than the supply of fresh water, the salinity is higher.
• In Oceans where supply of freshwater exceeds the rate of evaporation, salinity is low.
• Salinity is not affected much in areas where supply of freshwater and the evaporation of water is low.
• Thus, oceans located on the same latitude do not have the same salinity.

(d) With increasing depth, the temperature of sea water decreases to a certain limit.
Answer:
With increasing depth, the temperature of sea water decreases to a certain limit because –

• While most of the sunrays radiate back from the surface of the sea, some of them penetrate to certain depths in the water.
• As a result, the intensity of sunrays decreases with the increasing depth.
• The temperature decreases up to 2000m depth.
• After 2000m, the temperature of the seawater is uniform everywhere.

(e) There are more salt-pans on the Western coast of India than its eastern coast.
Answer:

• The Arabian Sea lies lying to the west and Bay of Bengal lies to the east of India.
• Many large peninsular rivers drain their waters in the Bay of Bengal and on the contrary, only small seasonal coastal rivers drain in the Arabian Sea.
• Hence, the salinity of the eastern coast is 34%, while it is 35% in the Arabian Sea.
• Thus, there are more salt-pans on the Western coast of India than its Eastern coast.

(f) Salinity increases in the mid-latitudinal zones.
Answer:

• Mid-latitudinal zones lies between 25° to 35° north and south of the equator.
• In this zone, the rainfall is less and the supply of fresh water from rivers is also low.
• This region experiences high-temperature conditions which are marked by the presence of hot deserts of the world. These high-temperature conditions lead to a high rate of evaporation.
• Thus, the salinity of the seas is found to be higher in mid-latitudinal zones.

3. Answer the following questions.

(a) What are the factors affecting the salinity of the sea water?
Answer:

1. The uneven distribution of temperature on earth and uneven supply of freshwater affects the salinity of seawater.
2. In the tropical zone, temperature is higher. Rate of evaporation is also higher and therefore, the salinity is higher.
3. Around 5° N and S of the equator, in the equatorial calm belt, the sky is cloudy for a long period of time and convectional rainfall occurs every day.
4. Large rivers like Congo and Amazon in the equatorial regions meet the sea. Therefore, supply of freshwater is abundant, too. But because of higher temperatures, rate of evaporation is more and therefore, the seas in these areas are more saline.
5. In mid-latitudinal zones (25° to 35° N and S), rainfall is lesser and the supply of freshwater from rivers is also low. This zone has the hot deserts of the world. Thus, the salinity of the seas is found to be higher here.
6. In temperate regions, the sunrays are slanting and therefore, the temperatures are lower. Because of the melting of the snow, the supply of water is also more, and therefore, in this zone, salinity decreases with increasing latitudes.
7. In the polar areas, temperatures are very low. Evaporation is also very less in polar areas. So, salinity is low.
8. Landlocked seas have higher salinity than open seas as the rate of evaporation is more. There is a lack of supply of fresh water from large rivers. Thus, there is a difference in the salinities of open and closed seas.

(b) Explain the distribution of salinity around the Tropic of Cancer and tropic of Capricorn.
Answer:

• The uneven distribution of temperature on earth, and uneven supply of freshwater affects the salinity of sea water.
• Region, between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn is called as the Tropical zone.
• In the tropical zone, temperature is higher.
• Hence, the rate of evaporation is also higher, and therefore, salinity is higher.

(c) What are the factors affecting the temperature of the sea water?
Answer:

1. Temperature is a major property of the sea water.
2. Sea water upto the depth of 500m is called as surface water. The surface temperature of the sea water is not uniform everywhere. This is dependent on different factors. .
3. Latitudinally, the surface temperature of the seawater decreases from the equatorial areas towards the poles.
4. The average temperature in equatorial areas is around 25° C, while it is about 2° C near the poles.
5. Besides this, cyclones, rainfall, sea waves, ocean currents, salinity, pollution, convectional currents, and seasons also affect the surface temperature.
6. Regions where cold ocean currents flow, the surface temperature of ocean water is less, while the regions where the warm currents move, the temperature increase.

(d) Explain the changes occurring in the temperature of sea water according to the depth.
Answer:

• While most of the sunrays radiate back from the surface of the sea, some of them penetrate to certain depths in the water.
• As a result, the intensity of sunrays decreases with the increasing depth.
• The temperature decreases up to 2000m depth.
• After 2000m, the temperature of the seawater is uniform everywhere.
• It is around 4°C everywhere from the equatorial regions to the polar areas.
• Temperature reduces only up to 4° C according to depth, and therefore, the water at greater depths does not freeze.
• The temperature of the seawater changes rapidly with depth at the equatorial areas. The difference in temperature is lesser in polar areas.
• There is also a difference in open seas and landlocked seas. In low latitudes, because the salinity of the landlocked seas is more, the temperature of the landlocked seas is higher than the open seas.

(e) Name the factors affecting salinity.
Answer:
Due to the sun’s heat, evaporation happens at a faster rate. Evaporated water turns into water vapour and reduces in quantity. But amount of salt remains the same in the remaining water and therefore the salinity of water increases.

• In seas where the rate of evaporation is high than the supply of fresh water, salinity is high.
• In seas where the supply of freshwater exceeds the rate of evaporation, salinity is low.
• Salinity is not affected much in seas where both the supply of freshwater and evaporation of water is low.

4. Explain how temperature affects the following.

(a) the density of sea water
Answer:

• If temperature reduces, density of water increases.
• Hence, cold water is denser than hot water.

(b) the salinity of sea water
Answer:

• If the salinity of water is high, the density of water increases.

Activity:

Complete the table showing the salinity of open and land-locked seas.

Answer:

Class 9 Geography Chapter 6 Properties of Sea Water Intext Questions and Answers

Observe the following Map and answer the questions:

Question 1.
What is the salinity around the tropics?
Answer:
The salinity around the tropics is 36%o.

Question 2.
Which region has the least salinity?
Answer:
The Bay of Bengal has the least salinity of 32%o.

Question 3.
Which ocean has salinity more than 37%o?
Answer:
Atlantic ocean has salinity of more than 37%o.

Question 4.
What are the reasons of differences in salinity on a global level?
Answer:
The uneven distribution of temperature on earth, and uneven supply of freshwater, etc. are the reasons for differences in salinity on a global level.

Observe the Graph and answer the questions:

Question 1.
What is the maximum temperature of seawater in equatorial areas? How much is this temperature at a depth of 500 m?
Answer:
The maximum temperature of sea water in equatorial areas is 18° C. The temperature at the depth of 500 m is 11° C.

Question 2.
What is the temperature of seawater at the sea level in the mid-latitudes?
Answer:
The temperature of seawater at the sea level in the mid-latitudes is 14° C approximately.

Question 3.
How much has this temperature changed at 1500 m depth?
Answer:
The temperature is about 5° C at the depth of 1500 m. Thus the temperature of sea water at mid-latitudes has changed from 14°C at the sea level to about 5°C at the depth of 1500 m i.e. temperature has changed (reduced) by 9°C.

Question 4.
What does the thermal graph for the high latitude say? What is its temperature at 500, 1000 and 1500 m depths?
Answer:
In high latitudes the temperature of sea water at all depths remains constant at 4° C.

Question 5.
After what depth does the seawater temperature remain stable everywhere?
Answer:
After 2000 m, the temperature of the sea water is uniform everywhere.

Question 6.
With increasing depth, what decreases: temperature, salinity or density?
Answer:
Temperature and salinity decreases with increasing depth.

Question 7.
After what depth does the change in these factor become almost zero?
Answer:
After the depth of 1000 m there is no change in all these factors.

Question 8.
Till what depth is the change in these factors higher?
Answer:
The higher change can be seen up to a depth of about 500m.

Question 9.
Explain the correlation between all the three factors.
Answer:
If the temperature is less, density is more. If the salinity is less, then density is also less. However temperature affects the density more as compared to the salinity. If the temperature is less, then the density is more despite less salinity.

Let’s Recall.

Question 1.
Which is the largest water storage of the world?
Answer:
Oceans are the largest water storage of the world.

Question 2.
Why is the seawater salty?
Answer:

• Salt in the ocean comes from rocks on land.
• Rivers carry dissolved salts to the ocean.
• Water evaporates from the oceans to fall again as rain and to feed the rivers, but the salts remain in the ocean.

Question 3.
What are the reasons for high salinity in the oceans?
Answer:
High rate of evaporation and low supply of fresh water leads to high salinity in the oceans:

Question 4.
How can we obtain the salts from the ocean water?
Answer:

• Sea water contains a large amount of common salt and the salts of other metals dissolved in it.
• Near the sea-shore, the sea water is collected in shallow pits (salt pans) and allowed to evaporate in the sunshine.
• In a few days, the water evaporates, leaving behind salt.
• The salt so obtained is collected and transported to factories, where it is purified and packed for consumption.

Question 5.
What is the use of the salts in the oceans to us?
Answer:

• The salts is used in the food we eat.
• It is used for making various chemicals and medicines.
• Salt is also used to preserve things for longer periods. It is also used in ice factories.

Can You Tell?

Question 1.
What is the difference in the temperatures of the land and the sea?
Answer:
During the daytime land is hotter than the sea whereas, during the night time land is cooler than the sea.

Question 2.
What would be the difference in the temperature of the seawater from the equatorial region to the polar areas?
Answer:
Latitudinally, the surface temperature of the seawater decreases from the equatorial areas towards the poles. The average temperature in equatorial areas is around 25° C while it is about 2° C near the poles.

Think about it.

Question 1.
If you think about India there is the Arabian sea to the west and the Bay of Bengal to the east. The salinity of the eastern coast is 34%o while it is 35%o in the Arabian sea. What could be the reason of higher salinity in the western coastal region?
Answer:
Many large peninsular rivers drain their waters in the Bay of Bengal and on the contrary only small seasonal coastal rivers drain in the Arabian sea. Hence the salinity of Arabian sea is more than the Bay of Bengal.

Try this.

Question 1.
In which container has the water increased or decreased?
Answer:

• The water has increased in the container which is in the classroom in which freshwater was added.
• The water has decreased in the container which was kept in the sun outside.

Question 2.
What could be the reasons behind the decrease or increase?
Answer:

• Since freshwater was added to one of the containers in the classroom the water level increased.
• The water has decreased in the container which was kept outside in the sun due to evaporation.

Question 3.
What could be the reason behind the low and high salinity of the water in the container?
Answer:

• In the container which as kept outside in the sun, due to high rate of evaporation, the salinity is high.
• As we kept on adding fresh water to the container kept in the classroom the salinity is low.

Class 9 Geography Chapter 6 Properties of Sea Water Additional Important Questions and Answers

Select the correct option:

Question 1.
The average temperature in equatorial areas is
(a) 25° C
(b) 35° C
(c) 15° C
(d) 5° C
Answer:
(a) 25°C

Question 2.
The average temperature in mid-latitudes is
(a) 25° C
(b) 10° C
(c) 16° C
(d) 5° C
Answer:
(c) 16°C

Question 3.
The average temperature near poles is about
(a) 10° C
(b) 20° C
(c) 15° C
(d) 2° C
Answer:
(d) 2°C

Question 4.
With the increasing depth of sea, the intensity of sunrays
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) remains constant
(d) is uneven
Answer:
(b) decreases

Question 5.
Seawater upto the depth of 500m is called
(a) ground water
(b) surface water
(c) deep water
(d) saline water
Answer:
(b) surface water

Question 6.
ocean is the most saline ocean in the world.
(a) Pacific
(b) Arctic
(c) Indian
(d) Atlantic
Answer:
(d) Atlantic

Question 7.
The sea lying on the border of Israel and Jordan has a salinity of %o.
(a) 37
(b) 50
(c) 256
(d) 332
Answer:
(d) 332

Question 8.
The buoyancy of the sea water increases because of its
(a) evaporation
(b) salinity
(c) density
(d) high temperature
Answer:
(b) salinity

Question 9.
has an altitude of – 400m.
(a) Baltic Sea
(b) Arabian Sea
(c) Dead Sea
(d) the Mediterranean Sea
Answer:
(c) Dead sea

Question 10.
act as temperature controllers at a global level.
(a) Ocean currents
(b) Sea breeze
(c) Land breeze
(d) Trade winds
Answer:
(a) Ocean currents

Question 11.
is a major porperty of the sea water.
(a) Temperature
(b) Uniform salinity
(c) Buoyancy
(d) Equal Density
Answer:
(a) Temperature

Question 12.
have higher salinity than open seas.
(a) Equatorial seas
(b) Landlocked seas
(c) Freshwater lakes
(d) Seas in polar regions
Answer:
(b) landlocked seas

Question 13.
Temperature decreases upto depth.
(a) 500 m
(b) 1000 m
(c) 1500 m
(d) 2000 m
Answer:
(d) 2000m

Question 14.
In regions where cold currents flow, the surface temperature of ocean water is
(a) high
(b) less
(c) uniform
(d) uneven
Answer:
(b) less

Question 15.
Temperature of seawater changes rapidly with depth in areas.
(a) equatorial
(b) mid latitudinal
(c) temperate
(d) polar
Answer:
(a) equatorial

Question 16.
In seas where the rate of evaporation is than the supply of fresh water, salinity is high.
(a) less
(b) high
(c) same
(d) low
Answer:
(b) high

Question 17.
The salinity of Bay of Bengal is than that of Arabian sea.
(a) less
(b) more
(c) same
(d) equal
Answer:
(a) less

Question 18.
In areas the salinity of sea water is low.
(a) equatorial
(b) mid-latitudinal
(c) temperate
(d) polar
Answer:
(d) polar

Question 19.
The salinity of Battic sea is %.
(a) 332
(b) 32
(c) 37
(d) 7
Answer:
(d) 7

Match the Column:

Column A	Column B
(1) Equatorial areas (2) Mid-latitudinal areas (3) Temperate regions	(a) Salinity of 332%o (b) Slanting sunrays, melting of snow (c) Cloudy sky and convectional rainfall (d) Hot deserts

Answer:
(1-c),
(2- d),
(3 – b)

Answer in one sentence:

Question 1.
What is the major property of seawater?
Answer:
Temperature is a major property of seawater.

Question 2.
What is the average surface temperature of seawater in equatorial areas, mid-latitudes & poles?
Answer:
The average surface temperature of seawater is equatorial areas is around 25°C in mid-latitude it is around 16°C & 2°C near the poles.

Question 3.
After what depth is the seawater temperature uniform everywhere?
Answer:
After 2000m, the temperature of seawater is uniform everywhere

Question 4.
Name the instruments used to measure salinity?
Answer:
Hydrometer, Refractometer and salinometer are used to measure salinity.

Question 5.
Which is the most saline ocean?
Answer:
The Atlantic ocean is the most saline ocean.

Give geographical reasons:

Question 1.
The climate of the earth gets affected by ocean currents.
Answer:

• The ocean currents are generated because of the difference in the properties of seawater.
• They act as temperature controllers at the global level.
• The distribution of temperature gets controlled due to the ocean currents.
• Thus, the climate of the earth gets affected by ocean currents.

Question 2.
Dead Sea has a salinity of 332%0.
Answer:

• The sea lying on the border of Israel and Jordan has a salinity of 332%0.
• The average salinity of ocean is 35%o.
• Jordan is the only large river meeting this sea.
• Low rainfall, low supply of freshwater and high evaporation is the reason of high salinity.

Question 3.
The surface temperature of the sea is not uniform everywhere.
Answer:

• The surface temperature of sea water is not uniform everywhere and it changes with latitudes.
• The surface temperature of the seawater decreases from the equatorial areas towards the poles.
• The average temperature in equatorial areas is around 25° C, it is 16° C in mid-latitudes while it is about 2° C near the poles.
• Besides this, cyclones, rainfall, sea waves, ocean currents, salinity, pollution, convergence flow, seasons, etc. also affect the surface temperature.
• Thus the surface temperature of the sea is not uniform everywhere.

Question 4.
The seas in equatorial calm belt are more saline.
Answer:

• Around 5° N and S of the equator, in the equatorial calm belt, the sky is cloudy for a long period of time and convectional rainfall occurs every day.
• Large rivers like Congo and Amazon in the equatorial regions meet the sea.
• Therefore, supply of freshwater abundant too.
• But because of higher temperatures, rate of evaporation is more and therefore, the seas in these areas are more saline.

Explain

Question 1.
Factors affecting surface water temperature
Answer:

• Temperature is a major property of the seawater. The surface temperature of the seawater is not uniform everywhere. This is dependent on different factors.
• Latitudinally, the surface temperature of the seawater decreases from the equatorial areas towards the poles.
• Besides this, cyclones, rainfall, sea waves, ocean currents, salinity, pollution, convergence flow and seasons also affect the surface temperature.
• Regions where cold ocean currents flow, the surface temperature of ocean water is less. The regions where the warm currents move, the temperature increase.

Question 2.
Density of sea water
Answer:

• Temperature and salinity are the two properties of sea water that control the density of the sea water.
• If temperature reduces, density of water increases.
• Cold water is denser, and so is saline water.
• As compared to salinity, temperature affects the density more. Hence, sometimes, more saline water has lower temperature at the surface.
• Sea water having higher temperature and low salinity, can have lower density.

Question 3.
Measurement of salinity of sea water.
Answer:

• The weight of all dissolved salts in water in ratio of parts per thousand of water is called the salinity of seawater.
• For example, if the weight of dissolved salts in 1000g (1 kg) of seawater is 40g, then the salinity is 40%o i.e. 40 per thousand parts.
• Hydrometer, refractometer and salinometer are also used to measure salinity.

Question 4.
Factors affecting salinity of sea water.
Answer:

Latitudes	Temperature / Rate of evaporation	Supply of fresh water	Salinity
Tropical Zone 5°N – 5°Sof equator	High	Abundant from (River Congo / Amazon)	High
Mid­latitudes (25° – 35° N and S)	High (hot desert are found here)	low	High
Temperate regions	Temperature is lower due to slanting sunrays	The supply of water is more due to melting snow	low
Polar regions	Very low	low	low

 

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 3 Exogenetic Movements Part 1 Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 3 Exogenetic Movements Part 1

Class 9 Geography Chapter 3 Exogenetic Movements Part 1 Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Answer in brief.
(a) What is mechanical weathering?
Answer:

1. The disintegration of rocks without any change in their chemical composition is called mechanical weathering.
2. The minerals in the rocks expand because of heat and contract when the temperature decreases. Due to such continuous contracting and expansion, tension develops in the rock particles.
3. Each mineral reacts differently to the temperature; some minerals expand more, while others do not expand as much. Consequently, the tension formed in the rocks also increases and decreases. As a result, cracks develop in the rocks and they break.
4. In areas where the temperatures drop below 0°C for quite some time, the water accumulated in the cracks and crevices in the rocks freezes. Its volume increases which leads to tension in the rocks and they shatter.
5. When the alkaline water of the sea fills in the cracks of the rocks, the soluble minerals in the rock get dissolved leading to the formation of small holes in the rocks.
6. Because of the heat, this water turns into water vapour and only crystals of alkaline materials remain in the rocks. Crystals occupy more space which causes tension in the rock.
7. Sometimes the outer layers of the rocks exert pressure on the inner or lower layers. When this pressure ceases to exist, the lower or inner layers get freed from the pressure. This also leads to weathering.
8. In areas of heavy rainfall soaking of rock water also causes weathering of some rocks like sandstone and conglomerate. When water penetrates such rocks, the particles get loose and separate from the main rock.

(b) What are the main types of chemical weathering?
Answer:
The process of decomposition of rocks due to changes in their chemical composition is called chemical weathering.
Its main types are:
(i) Carbonation

• When the rain water mixes with the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere it leads to the formation of dilute carbonic acid.
• Many rocks like limestone get easily dissolved in such acids.

(ii) Solution

• Some minerals in the rock get dissolved in water.
• Because of this solution, alkalis in the rock dissolve and make them brittle.

(iii) Oxidation

• This process occurs in rocks which have iron present in them. The iron in the rock comes in contact with water and a chemical reaction takes place between iron and oxygen.
• Hence, a reddish coloured layer forms on the rocks. This is called rust.
• It occurs in rocks in areas with high rainfall.

(c) How does biological weathering occur?
Answer:

• It is the process by which rocks are broken into small fragments and fine particles due to the action of plants, animals and human beings.
• The roots of the plants enter the points and ! cracks of the rocks in search of moisture.
• As the roots grow bigger, they create tension in the rocks and start breaking them.
• Animals such as mice, rabbits and rats dig I holes, anthills etc. and weaken the rock, which makes them loose and break into pieces.
• Besides these, algae, moss1, lichen2, other flora grow in the rocks. They also help in weathering.
• Thus, the weathering caused by living organisms is called biological weathering,

(d) Distinguish between weathering and mass wasting.
Answer:

Weathering	Mass Wasting
(i) Breaking or weakening of rocks is called as weathering.	(i) When weathered rock material moves down the slopes due to gravity and accumulate near the foothills or gentle slopes, it is mass wasting.
(ii) Weathering is of three types – Mechanical, Chemical and Biological.	(ii) Mass wasting is of two types – Rapid and Slow.

2. Write whether the statements are true or false. Correct the incorrect ones.

(a) Climate affects earthquakes.
Answer:
False – Internal movements affect (leads to) earthquakes.

(b) Mechanical weathering is less effective in humid climates.
Answer:
True

(c) Mechanical weathering happens on a large scale in dry climates.
Answer:
True

(d) The breaking down of rocks into smaller particles is called weathering.
Answer:
True

(e) Lateritic rocks are formed through exfoliation.
Answer:
False – Lateritic rocks are formed due to oxidation.

3. Complete the flowchart below.

Answer:

4. Identify the type of weathering from the given description.

(a) Some animals live inside the grounds by making burrows.
(b) The rock rusts.
(c) Water which has accumulated in the crevices of the rocks freezes. Consequently, the rock breaks.
(d) The pipes supplying water in colder regions break.
(e) Sand formation occurs in deserts
Answer:
(a) Biological weathering
(b) Chemical weathering
(c) Mechanical weathering
(d) Mechanical weathering
(e) Mechanical weathering

Class 9 Geography Chapter 3 Exogenetic Movements Part 1 Intext Questions and Answers

Can You Tell?
(1) See the given pictures. Observe the physical appearance of the rocks in each picture. You can see that rocks are broken, fractured and have holes in them. In a picture you can also see that the statue has been deformed. Why are the rocks in such a condition? Think about them and briefly tell the reasons you can think of. Discuss the reasons. Check with the teachers if your reasons are relevant.
Answer:

• At some places the day temperatures are very high and the night temperatures are very low. In the given pictures the rocks may have broken due to temperature variation during day time and night time.
• In coastal areas when the sea waves hit the rocks, the rocks fracture and break down.
• Due to the roots of trees, and activities of burrowing animals like ant, rats etc. in the soft rocks, the rocks break down.
• The statues might be deformed due to heat and humidity.

Lets Recall

Question 1.
Have you seen the process of biological weathering3 around you?
Answer:
I have seen process of biological weathering3 around me. Many plants and trees have grown in an old dilapidated building which is located near my house. The roots of the trees have broken the walls and slabs of the building at many places.

Class 9 Geography Chapter 3 Exogenetic Movements Part 1 Additional Important Questions and Answers

Complete the statements choosing the correct option from the bracket:

Question 1.
…………………… is formed due to chemical precipitation between water and alkalis.
(a) Limestone
(b) Sandstone
(c) Coal
(d) Iron
Answer:
(a) Limestone

Question 2.
…………………… process occurs in rocks which have iron present in them.
(a) Shattering
(b) Oxidation
(c) Carbonation
(d) Granular
Answer:
(b) Oxidation

Question 3.
Sometimes the weathered materials do not move downward but sink ‘in situ’. This is called ………………….. .
(a) carbonation
(b) exfoliation
(c) precipitation
(d) slumping
Answer:
(d) slumping

Question 4.
periglacial regions along the slopes, small layers of soil accumulate because of the movement of soil. This is called ………………….. .
(a) soil erosion
(b) solifluction
(c) shattering
(d) block disintegration
Answer:
(b) solifluction

Question 5.
Biological weathering occurs because of ………………….. .
(a) high temperatures
(b) frost
(c) crystal growth
(d) living organisms
Answer:
(d) living organisms

Question 6.
come minerals in the rock get dissolved in the water and undergo chemical weathering. This process is called ………………….. .
(a) solution
(b) carbonation
(c) exfoliation
(d) precipitation
Answer:
(a) solution

Question 7.
When dilute carbonic acids reacts with the minerals in the rocks the process is called as ………………….. .
(a) carbonation
(b) exfoliation
(c) precipitation
(d) slumping
Answer:
(a) carbonation

Question 8.
When the outer layers of the rock fall apart from the main rock due to difference in temperatures, the process is called ………………….. .
(a) shattering
(b) oxidation
(c) exfoliation
(d) carbonation
Answer:
(c) exfoliation

Question 9.
…………………… is a universal solvent¹.
(a) Soil
(b) Water
(c) Carbon
(d) Oxygen
Answer:
(b) Water

Question 10.
Alkalis in the rock dissolve because of the solution and make them ………………….. .
(a) even
(b) sturdy
(c) brittle
(d) crusty
Answer:
(c) brittle

Match the Column:

I.

(I) Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1) Mechanical weathering (2) Chemical weathering (3) Biological weathering	(a) burrowing (b) frost (c) carbonation (d) erosion

Answer:
(1-b),
(2- c),
(3 – a)

II.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1) Oxidation (2) Slumping (3) Solifluction	(a) Mass movement occurring slowly (b) Carbon dioxide gets mixed with air (c) Chemical reaction between iron and oxygen (d) Weathered material which sink in situ

Answer:
(1 – c),
(2 – d),
(3 – a)

Answer in one sentence each;

Question 1.
What are the Exogenetic processes?
Answer:
Exogenetic processes are external processes 1 that occur on or above the earth’s surface, E.g. weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition etc.

Question 2.
Explain the Process of weathering
Answer:
Breaking or weakening of rocks is called as weathering.

Question 3.
What is Mechanical Weathering?
Answer:
The disintegration of rocks without any change in their chemical composition is called mechanical weathering.

Question 4.
What is Chemical Weathering (Salt Weathering)?
Answer:
The process of decomposition of rocks due to changes in their chemical composition is called chemical weathering.

Question 5.
What do you mean by Biological Weathering?
Answer:
The weathering process caused by human beings, animals and plants is called biological weathering.

Question 6.
What is Slumping?
Answer:
Sometimes the weathered materials do not move downward but sink ‘in situ’ (where they ! are). This is called slumping. ;

Question 7.
What is Solifluction?
Answer:
In periglacial regions along the slopes, small layers of soil accumulate because of the movement of soil. This is called solifluction.

Question 8.
Explain Granular Weathering.
Answer:
When water penetrates in rocks like sandstones and conglomerates1, the particles get loose and separate from the main rock. This is called granular weathering.

Question 9.
What is Block Disintegration?
Answer:
When water accumulates in wide points and big blocks of rocks separate from each other, this is called block disintegration.

Question 10.
What is Exfoliation?
Answer:
When the outer layer of the racks fall apart from the main rock due to temperature, the process is called exfoliation.

Question 11.
What does the term ‘diurnal Range’ mean
Answer:
The difference between the daily maximum and minimum temperature is diurnal Range.

Question 12.
What is Solution?
Answer:
The minerals in rocks which dissolve in water leads to the formation of solutions.

Question 13.
Name the two types of mass movements.
Answer:
The two types of mass movements are:
(a) Rapid Mass Movement and
(b) Show Mass movement.

Question 14.
What are the types of Mechanical weathering?
Answer:
The types of Mechanical weathering are
(a) Temperatures
(b) Frost
(c) Crystal growth
(d) Release of pressure and
(c) water

Question 15.
Types of chemical weathering.
Answer:
The types of chemical weathering are:
(a) Carbonation
(b) Solution and
(c) Oxidation

Question 16.
Where does Mechanical weathering occur?
Answer:
Mechanical weathering occurs mainly in the arid climates.

Question 17.
Chemical weathering can be seen in which climates?
Answer:
In humid conditions, one can see chemical weathering.

Write whether the statements are TRUE or FALSE. Correct the incorrect statements.

Question 1.
Soil creep is uncommon in areas with dry climates and gentle slopes.
Answer:
False – It is a common phenomenon in such areas.

Question 2.
Shattering is a type of mechanical weathering
Answer:
True.

Question 3.
Granular weathering occurs in areas of heavy rainfall.
Answer:
True.

Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Mechanical Weathering and Chemical Weathering.
Answer:

Mechanical Weathering	Chemical Weathering
(i) In this type of weathering, rocks get disintegrated but the chemical composition of the rocks does not change.	(i) It is a process where rocks get disintegrated and the chemical composition of the rocks change.
(ii) It is caused due to differences in the day and night temperature.	(ii) It is caused due to the reaction of oxygen, carbon dioxide and water with certain rock minerals.
(iii) It is more common in an extremely cold climates and hot dry desert climates.	(iii) It is more common in hot and humid climates.

Fill the map with the given information and make a legend.
(1) Area affected by a landslide (mudslide) in Maharashtra.
(2) Wadgaon Darya

Give geographical reasons:

Question 1.
Oxidation process occurs in heavy rainfall areas.
Answer:

• The oxidation process occurs in rocks which have iron present in them.
• The iron in the rock comes in contact with water and a chemical reaction takes place between iron and oxygen.
• A reddish coloured layer forms on the rocks.
• Thus, the oxidation process occurs in heavy rainfall areas.

Question 2.
Chemical weathering occurs in areas of heavy rainfall.
Answer:

• The rain water travels through the atmosphere before reaching the ground. Carbon dioxide in the air gets mixed in the water in this process.
• Dilute carbonic acid gets formed. Materials like limestone get easily dissolved in such acids leading to weathering of rocks.
• Some minerals in the rock gets dissolved in water. Limestone is formed due to chemical precipitation between water and alkalis.
  Similarly, because of the solution, alkalis in the rock dissolves and make them brittle.
• Oxidation process occurs in rocks which have iron present in them. The iron in the rock comes in contact with water and a chemical reaction takes place between iron and oxygen.
• Hence, a reddish coloured layer forms on the rocks. This is called rust.

Question 3.
Mechanical weathering3 takes place in the cold regions.
Answer:

• In the cold regions, the temperature drops below 0°C for a period of time.
• The water that has percolated through the cracks in the rocks freezes and turns into ice.
• Ice requires greater space than water. Tension is developed when the ice tries to acquire greater space.
• The continuous process of freezing and melting finally leads to the breaking of the rock mass.

Question 4.
Rapid mass movements occurs along the steep slopes.
Answer:

• A thick layer of weathered material forms on the steep slopes.
• When it rains in such areas, the rainwater penetrates the weathered materials and their weight increases.
• Due to this the weathered materials move very rapidly and come down the steep slopes.

Question 5.
Mechanical weathering is seen in areas where the diurnal range of temperature is high.
OR
Change in temperature leads to Mechanical weathering.
Answer:

• The minerals in the rocks expand because of heat and contract when the temperature decreases.
• Due to such continuous contracting and expanding, tension develops in the rock particles.
• Each mineral reacts differently to the temperature. Some minerals expand more, while others do not expand as much.
• Consequently, the tension formed in the rocks also increases and decreases. As a result, cracks develop in the rocks and they break.
• Thus in areas, where the diurnal range of temperature is higher, mechanical weathering is seen.

Question 6.
Water plays an important role in chemical weathering.
Answer:

• Rock is a mixture of many minerals.
• Since many things get dissolved easily in water, it is considered a universal solvent.
• The solubility1 of the solution increases because the matter gets dissolved in water.
• Water speeds up the process of carbonation, solution and oxidation. These processes lead to the weathering of rocks.
• Thus water plays an important role in chemical weathering.

Question 7.
Frost leads to mechanical weathering.
Answer:

• In areas where the temperatures drop below 0°C for quite some time, the water accumulated in the cracks and crevices in the rocks freezes.
• The volume of water increases on freezing.
• This leads to tension in the rocks and they shatter.
• In this way frost leads to mechanical weathering.

Answer in brief:

Question 1.
What is a mass movement? What are the types of mass movements?
Answer:
The weathered rock materials move along the slopes due to gravity and accumulate near the foothills or the gentler slopes. When the weathered particles move down due to gravity alone, the process is called mass movements.

Types of Mass movements:
(i) Rapid mass movements:

• A thick layer of weathered material forms on the slope. When it rains in such areas, the rain water penetrates the weathered materials and their weight increases.
• The weathered materials move very rapidly and come down the slope.
• Sometimes the weathered materials sink in situ. (Where they are)
• Rockfalls, landslides, land subsidence are ; termed as rapid mass movements.

(ii) Slower mass movements:

• Soil creep is the most common phenomenon in areas with dry climate and gentler slopes.
• In periglacial regions along the soil. This is called as solifluction.

Question 2.
How does external processes occur?
Answer:

• External processes occur because of the forces working on the earth’s surface.
• They are mainly solar energy, gravitational force and kinetic energy associated with the moving objects on the earth’s surface.

Question 3.
What is exfoliation?
Answer:

• In regions of high temperatures, the exposed part of the rock heats more while the inner part is comparatively cooler.
• As a result, the outer layers of the rocks fall apart from the main rock.
• This is called the exfoliation of the rock.

Question 4.
Explain the process of oxidation.
Answer:

• The oxidation process occurs in rocks which have iron present in them.
• The iron in the rock comes in contact with water and a chemical reaction takes place between iron and oxygen.
• Hence, a reddish coloured layer forms on the rocks. This is called rust.

Explain:

Question 1.
Block Disintegration
Answer:

• Sometimes both temperature and water are responsible for weathering.
• The difference in temperature cause contraction and expansion of minerals in the rocks. This leads to widening theoints or cracks in the rocks.
• Water accumulates in such wideouts and big blocks of rocks separate from each other.
• This is called Block Disintegration.

Question 2.
Carbonation
Answer:

• Carbonation is a type of chemical weathering.
• The rainwater travels through the atmosphere before reaching the ground.
• Carbon dioxide in the air gets mixed in the water in this process and dilute carbonic acid gets formed.
• For e.g Water + Carbon Dioxide = Carbonic Acid (H₂O +CO₂ = H₂CO₃)
• Materials like limestone get easily dissolved in such acids.

Question 3.
Solution
Answer:

• Some minerals in the rock get dissolved in water.
• Limestone is formed due to chemical precipitation between water and alkalis.
• At Wadgaon Darya in Ahmadnagar district, limestone gets precipitated chemically i.e. undergoes chemical weathering again.
• Similarly, because of solution, alkalis in the rock dissolve and make them brittle.

Question 4.
Make a record of few landslides that have occured in India and write about them briefly.
Answer:
Landslide is a rapid mass movement which is caused majorly due to heavy rains, floods, earthquakes etc. The following are some fatal landsides in India.

1. Guwahati landslide, Assam:- The landslide took place in the year 1948 due to heavy rains & over 500 people died in this landslide.
2. Darjeeling landslide, West Negal:- This landslide happened in the year of 1968. It was triggered by floods and thousands of people died due to this landslide.
3. Malpa landslide, Uttarkhand:- Consecutive landslides occured in August 1998 in village of Mapla due to which 380 people died as an entire village was destroyed in the landslide.
4. Kedarnath landslide, Uttarakhand:- This landslide took place onune 16, 2013 & was the result of Uttar Khand floods. Over 5700 people were reported dead and over 4200 villages were affected by floods and post-flood landslide.
5. Malin landslide, Maharashtra:- This landslide occured onuly 30, 2014, in a village in Malin. The landslide occured due to heavy rainfall and around 151 people died and 100 people went missing after the disaster.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Anand Chapter 3 किं मिथ्या ? किं वास्तवम् ? Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Sanskrit Anand Solutions Chapter 3 किं मिथ्या ? किं वास्तवम् ?

Sanskrit Anand Std 9 Digest Chapter 3 किं मिथ्या ? किं वास्तवम् ? Textbook Questions and Answers

भाषाभ्यासः

1. एकवाक्येन उत्तरत।

प्रश्न अ.
चलभाषे काः क्रीडा: सन्ति ?
उत्तरम् :
चलभाषे यष्टिकन्दुकक्रीडा, पादकन्दुकक्रीडा वाहनक्रीडा, पत्रक्रीडा, चतुरङ्गक्रीडा इत्येता: क्रीडाः सन्ति।

प्रश्न आ.
चलभाषे कीदृशं विश्वम् ?
उत्तरम् :
चलभाषणस्य योग्य: उपयोग: करणीयः।

प्रश्न इ.
किं किं दृष्ट्रा तनयायाः मुखं लालायितम् ?
उत्तरम् :
पिझ्झा, पावभाजी, सिजलर्स इत्यादीनि खाद्यानि दृष्ट्वा तनायाया मुखं लालायितम्।

प्रश्न ई.
स्वास्थ्यरक्षणाय किं किम् आवश्यकम् ?
उत्तरम् :
स्वास्थ्यरक्षणाय सम्यक् क्रीडा, पौष्टिकम् अन्नं, रात्रौ निद्रा आवश्यकम्।

2. माध्यमभाषया उत्तरत।

प्रश्न अ.
माता तनयायाः विचारपरिवर्तनं कथं करोति ?
उत्तरम् :
“किं मिथ्या? किं वास्तव्यम्।” ह्या पाठात तनया व तिची आई यांच्या संवादातून तंत्रज्ञानाधारित काल्पनिक जग आणि वास्तव यांच्यातील फरक दाखवला आहे.

तनया नावाची मुलगी मोबाईलमध्ये आणि कुरकुरे खाण्यात मग्न असताना तिच्या मैत्रिणी खेळण्यासाठी तिला बोलवायला येतात. तनयाला मात्र घरात बसून मोबाईलवर गेम्स खेळणेच जास्त आवडते. ती तसे तिच्या मैत्रिणींना सांगते आणि घरातच बसून राहते. तिच्यामते मोबाईलवरच क्रिकेट, फुटबॉल ह्यासारखे खेळ खेळणे शक्य असताना बाहेर जायची काय गरज? असे म्हणून ती फोनमध्येच खेळण्यात मग्न होते.

थोड्यावेळाने जेव्हा तनयाला भूक लागते तेव्हाती आईकडे खायला मागते. आई तिला मोबाईल मधील पिझ्झा, पावभाजी इ. स्वादिष्ट खाद्यपदार्थाचे फोटो दाखवते. ते पाहून तनयाच्या तोंडाला पाणी सुटते. ती आईला काहीतरी खायला दे म्हणून हट्ट करते.

तेव्हा आई म्हणते की फोटो पाहिलेसना आत्ताच, मग आता खायची काय गरज? पण तनया हट्टाने म्हणते, “मोबाईवर फोटो बघून भूक कशी भागेल? तेव्हा तिची आई उत्तर देते, हे कळतंय तर मग मोबाइल वर खेळून व्यायाम होत नाही.

हे नाही कळलं तुला? पण तनयाचे असे म्हणणे होते की तिला मोबाईलवर खेळायला आवडते, आई म्हणते जे जे आवडते जे आरोग्यासाठी चांगले असतेच असे नाही. योग्य खेळ, पौष्टिक अन्न आणि रात्रीची झोप आरोग्यासाठी आवश्यक असते आणि ह्या सगळ्या गोष्टी प्रत्यक्षात करणे गरजेचे आहे, मोबाईलच्या आभासात्मक जगात नाही.

तंत्रज्ञानाचा वापर करावा, पण त्याची गरज ओळखून. ‘अति तेथे मती’ ह्या म्हणीनुसार तंत्रज्ञाचाही अतिवापर वाईटच. आईने तिच्याच शब्दांत समजवल्यामुळे तनयाला तिचे म्हणणे पटले. अशा प्रकारे आईने तनयाला तिचेच उदाहरण देऊन तिचे मतपरिवर्तन केले.

In this mother – daughter conversation “किं मिथ्या? कि वास्तवम्।” written by Smt. Mugdha Risbud, we see how mother cleverly teaches her daughter a valuable lesson of what is real and what is virtual in a very subtle manner.

The girl Tanaya refused to go out and play with her friends and instead preferred to play games on the cellphone. After playing mobile games when Tanaya entered the kitchen saying that she was hungry, her mother asked her to look at some pictures of food items on her mobile phone.

Looking at the pictures of pizza, pav bhaji and sizzlers Tanaya’s mouth watered and she asked for food. Her mother told her that after looking at the pictures there was no need to eat food. Yet Tanaya insistead to give her food.

Then her mother made her realise that if her hunger is not pacified with the pictures of food then how exercise can be done by playing games on the phone? So, for good health, playing games, nutritious food and regular sleep is necessary. The use of gadgets must be according to the requirement.

In this way mother changed Tanaya’s approach about being blindly reliable on gadgets.

प्रश्न आ.
किं मिथ्या ? किं वास्तवम् ? इति पाठस्य तात्पर्य लिखत ।
उत्तरम् :
“किं मिथ्या? किं वास्तवम्।” ह्या पाठात तनया आणि आई यांच्या संवादातून तंत्रज्ञानावर मयदिपेक्षा जास्त विसंबून राहणे कसे हानिकारक आहे हे सांगितले आहे.

तनया ही शाळेत जाणारी मुलगी आहे. ज्या वयात मैदानार जाऊन खेळणे, मित्रमैत्रिणींबरोबर गप्पा मारणे अशा गोष्टी करायच्या त्या वयात ती दिवसभर मोबाइलवरच ह्या सगळ्या गोष्टी करते.

घरी आरामात बसून हातात मोबाइल घेऊन जर खेळता येत असेल, चॅटींग करता येत असेल तर बाहेर जायची काय गरज असे तिला वाटते. मोबाइलवरचे आभासात्मक जग आणि वास्तवातील जग यांच्यातील भेद तिला कळत नाही.

हा केवळ तनयाचा नाही तिच्या वयाच्या व त्याहून मोठ्या सगळ्या मुलांचासुद्धा प्रश्न आहे. तंत्रज्ञानामुळे घरी राहून सगळ्या गोष्टी शक्य असताना बाहेर जाण्याची गरज कोणालाच भासत नाही. त्यामुळेच व्हर्चुअल / आभासात्मक जग आणि वास्तवातील जग यांच्यातील भेद पुसट होत चालला आहे.

पण चांगले आरोग्यदायी आयुष्य जगण्यासाठी शरीराच्या वास्तवादी गरजा ओळखून त्या प्रकारची जीवनशैली आचारणात आणणे गरजेचे आहे. हेच तनयाची आई तनयाला समजावून सांगत आहे.

या पाठामध्ये तंत्रज्ञानावर आधारित आभासात्मक जग आणि वास्तवातील जग यांच्यातील भेद प्रत्यक्ष उदाहरणातून दाखवला
आहे.

Through the conversation “कि मिथ्या? किं वास्तवम्।” between a mother and her thirteen – year old daughter, Smt. Mugdha Risbud, tells us how excessive dependence on technology can be harmful.

Playing on the ground is the best exercise and it is necessary for good health while on the other hand games played on the cellphone are virtual. They don’t provide any benefit to the body.

So by showing the pictures of food and not actully giving food to Tanaya, her mother taught her how the vitural world and real world are different. Playing on the phone virtually, is not beneficial as playing on the ground.

Tanaya believes that when we can do everything just with a cellphone then why do we need to go out. This is not just Tanaya’s problem but that of the whole generation. Children like Tanaya have the same attitude.

Hence, the difference between real and virtual world has become difficult to identify In this lesson author tries to show this difference through the conversation between a mother and daughter and conveys the message that use of anything must be according to the requirement.

3. अ. सन्धिविग्रहं कुरुत।

प्रश्न 1.
क. तदेव = + …………. एव।
ख. नास्ति = न + …………. ।
उत्तरम् :
क. तदेव – तत् + एव।
ख. नास्ति – न + अस्ति ।

आ. कालवचनपरिवर्तनं कुरुत।

प्रश्न 1.

1. अहं न आगच्छामि । (लङ्लकारे परिवर्तयत।)
2. बुभुक्षिता अस्मि। (बहुवचने परिवर्तयत ।)
3. सख्यौ क्रीडार्थं प्रतिगच्छतः। (एकवचने लिखत ।)
4. एतानि छायाचित्राणि पश्य । (उत्तमपुरुषे परिवर्तयत ।)

उत्तरम् :

1. अहं न आगच्छम्।
2. बुभुक्षिताः स्मः।
3. सखी क्रीडार्थ प्रतिगच्छति।
4. एतानि छायाचित्राणि पश्यानि।

इ. शब्दस्य वर्णविग्रहं कुरुत।

प्रश्न 1.

1. द्वारम्
2. स्वास्थ्यम्
3. बुभुक्षा
4. पौष्टिकम्

उत्तरम् :

1. द्वारम् – द् + व् + आ + र् + अ + म्।
2. स्वास्थ्य म् – स् + व् + आ +स् + थ् + य् + अ + म् ।
3. बुभुक्षा – ब् + उ + भ + उ + क् + ष् + आ।
4. पौष्टिकम् – प् + औ + ष् + ट् + इ + क् + अ + म्।

ई. मेलनं करुत।

प्रश्न 1.

उत्तरम् :

विशेषणम्	विशेष्यम्
बुभुक्षा	शान्ता
सैनिकाः	मृताः
खेल:	समाप्तः
अन्नम्	पौष्टिकम्
विश्वम	आभासात्मकम्

उ. पाठात् त्वान्त-ल्यबन्त-अव्ययानि चिनुत लिखत च।

प्रश्न 1.
पाठात् त्वान्त-ल्यबन्त-अव्ययानि चिनुत लिखत च।
उत्तरम् :

त्वान्त अव्यय धातु + त्वा / ध्वा / ट्वा / ढ्वा / इत्वा अयित्वा	ल्यबन्त अव्यय उपसर्ग + धातु + य / त्य	तुमन्त अव्यय   थातु + तुम् / धुम् / टुम् / ढुम् / इतुम् / अयितुम्
स्थित्वा, दर्शयित्वा	आकर्ण्य, उपविश्य	–
दृष्ट्वा, क्रीडित्वा	–	–

4. अ. समानार्थकशब्दं चिनुत ।
भटः, क्रीडा, जननी, क्षुधा, स्वापः।

प्रश्न 1.
समानार्थकशब्दं चिनुत ।
भटः, क्रीडा, जननी, क्षुधा, स्वापः।
उत्तरम् :

• सैनिक – योद्धा, भटः।
• क्रीडा – खेलः।
• माता – जननी, अम्बा, जन्मदात्री।
• बुभुक्षा – अशना, क्षुध् ।
• स्वापः – निद्रा, शयनम्, स्वापः, स्वप्नः, संवेशः।

आ. विरुद्धार्थकशब्दं लिखत ।
समाप्तः, स्वास्थ्यम्, आभासात्मकम्, मृतः ।

प्रश्न 1.
विरुद्धार्थकशब्दं लिखत ।
समाप्तः, स्वास्थ्यम्, आभासात्मकम्, मृतः ।
उत्तरम् :

• प्रारम्भः × समाप्तः।
• अस्वास्थ्यम् × स्वास्थ्यम्।
• आभासात्मकम् × वास्तवम्।
• मृतः × जीवितः।

Sanskrit Anand Class 9 Textbook Solutions Chapter 3 किं मिथ्या ? किं वास्तवम् ? Additional Important Questions and Answers

उचितं पर्यायं चिनुत।

प्रश्न 1.
तनया कस्मिन् मग्ना?
(अ) चलभाषे
(आ) पुस्तके
(इ) चित्रपटे
(ई) अध्ययने
उत्तरम् :
(अ) चलभाषे

प्रश्न 2.
द्वारघण्टिकाम् आकर्ण्य का द्वारम् उद्घाटयति?
(अ) माता
(आ) तनया
(इ) सखी
(ई) पिता
उत्तरम् :
(अ) माता

एकवाक्येन उत्तरत।

प्रश्न 1.
श्रुतिः किमर्थं तनायाम् आह्वयति?
उत्तरम् :
श्रुतिः बहिः क्रीडनाय तनायाम् आह्वयति।

प्रश्न 2.
तनया किं पश्यति ?
उत्तरम् :
तनया खाद्यपदार्थानां छायाचित्राणि पश्यति ।

सत्यं वा असत्यं लिखत।

प्रश्न 1.

1. माता सुखासन्दे उपविश्य हस्तेन कुकुंरिकां खादति।
2. तनया चलभाषे युद्धक्रीडायां मग्ना अस्ति।
3. तनया द्वारम् उद्घाटयति।

उत्तरम् :

1. असत्यम्
2. सत्यम्
3. असत्यम्

प्रश्न 2.
1. चलभाषे भोजनं दृष्ट्वा बुभुक्षा शान्ता भवेत् ।
2. सिजलर्स दृष्ट्वा मुखं लालयितम् ।
उत्तरम् :
1. असत्यम्
2. सत्यम्

प्रश्न 3.
1. चलभाषे आभासात्मकं विश्वं न वास्तवम्।
2. सम्यक् क्रीडा, पौष्टिकम् अन्न, रात्रौ निद्रा अनारोग्याय भवति ।
उत्तरम् :
1. सत्यम्
2. असत्यम्

कः कं वदति।

प्रश्न 1.
1. सत्वरं कीडनाय आगच्छ, बहिः खेलामः।
2. किं खेलसि?
उत्तरम् :
1. श्रुति : तनयां वदति।
2. राजसी तनयां वदति।

प्रश्न 2.

1. अम्ब बुभुक्षिता अस्मि ।
2. एतानि छायाचित्राणि पश्य ।
3. चलभाषे दृष्टवती खलु ।

उत्तरम् :

1. तनया मातरं वदति ।
2. माता तनयां वदति ।
3. माता तनयां वदति ।

प्रश्न 3.
आवश्यकतानुसारं योग्य: उपयोग: करणीयः एव।
उत्तरम् :
माता तनयां वदति।

उचितं कारणं चित्वा वाक्यं पुनर्लिखत।

प्रश्न 1.
द्वारघण्टिकाम् आकर्ण्य माता द्वारम् उद्घाटयति यतः ……..।
a. तनया चलभाषे मग्ना अस्ति।
b. तनया गृहकार्ये मग्ना अस्ति।
उत्तरम् :
द्वारघण्टिकाम् आकर्ण्य माता द्वारम् उद्घाटयति यतः तनया चलभाषे मग्ना अस्ति।

प्रश्न 2.
क्रीडाङ्गणं गत्वा खेलनस्य आवश्यकता नास्ति यतः ……..।
a. चलभाषे क्रीडाः सन्ति।
b. व्यायमस्य आवश्यकता नास्ति।
उत्तरम् :
क्रीडाङ्गणं गत्वा खेलनस्य आवश्यकता नास्ति यतः चलभाषे क्रीडा: सन्ति।

विशेषण-विशेष्य-सम्बन्धः। (स्तम्भमेलनं कुरुत)।

प्रश्न 1.

विशेषणम्	विशेष्यम्
1. अपरेण	अ. तनया
2. सर्वाः	ब. हस्तेन
3. मग्ना	क. क्रीडाः
4. योग्यः	इ. उपयोग:

उत्तरम् :

विशेषणम्	विशेष्यम्
1. अपरेण	ब. हस्तेन
2. सर्वाः	क. क्रीडाः
3. मग्ना	अ. तनया
4. योग्यः	इ. उपयोग:

शब्दस्य वर्णविग्रहं कुरुत।

• कुकुरिकाम् – क् + उ + र् + क् + उ + र् + इ + क + आ + म्।
• द्वारघण्टिकाम् – द् + व् + आ + र् + अ + घ् + अ + ण् + ट् + इ + क् + आ + म्।
• आह्वयतः – आ + ह् + व् + अ + य् + अ + त् + अः।
• क्रीडाङ्गणम् – क् + र् + ई + ड + आ + इ + ग् + अ + ण् + अ + म्।
• समाप्तः – स् + अ + म् + आ + + त् + अः।
• पिडा – प् + इ + अ + अ + आ ।
• सिजलर्स – स् + इ + ज् + अ + ल् + अ + र + स् + ।
• नास्ति – न् + आ + स् + त् + इ।
• स्वास्थ्य करम् – स् + व् + आ + स् + थ् + य् + अ + क् + अ + र + अ + म् ।
• सम्यक् – स् + अ + म् + य् + अ + क्।
• निद्रा – न् + इ + द् + र् + आ।
• योग्यः – य + आ + ग् + य् + अः।

प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत।

प्रश्न 1.

1. पिझ्झा, पावभाजी, सिजलर्स इत्यादीनि खाद्यानि दृष्ट्वा लालायितं मुखम्।
2. तनया खाद्यपदार्थानां छायाचित्राणि पश्यति।
3. तनया सुखासन्दे उपविशति ।
4. खेलनस्य आवश्यकता एव नास्ति ।

उत्तरम् :

1. किं किं दृष्ट्वा लालायितं मुखम्?
2. तनया केषां छायाचित्राणि पश्यति?
3. तनया कुत्र / कस्मिन् उपविशति?
4. कस्य आवश्यकता एव नास्ति?

विभक्त्यन्तरूपाणि।

• प्रथमा – अहम्, माता, क्रीडाः, तनया, यष्टिकन्दुकक्रीडा, पादुकन्दुकक्रीडा, वाहनक्रीडा, पत्रक्रीडा, चतुरङ्गक्रीडा, खेल:,
  सर्वे, सैनिकाः, सर्वाः, एषः, सैनिकः, स्वास्थरक्षणम्, सर्वे, सैनिकाः, खेल: अहम्, व्यायामः, उपयोगः, क्रीडनम्, हितकरम्, आरोग्यपूर्णम् , पौष्टिकम्, अन्नम्, आभासात्मकम, विश्वम्।
• द्वितीया – द्वारम्, चलभाषम्, पाकगृहम्, द्वारघण्टिकाम, ताम, क्रीडाङ्गणम्, स्वास्थ्यरक्षणम्, भोजनम्, पाकगृहम्, एतानि, छायाचित्राणि, उपयोगम्।
• तृतीया – हस्तेन, अपरेण, चलभाषेण।
• चतुर्थी – कीडनाय, मह्यम्, आरोग्याय।
• षष्ठी – खेलनस्य, तनयायाः, खाद्यपदार्थानाम्, चलभाषस्य।
• सप्तमी – सुखासन्दे, द्वारे, गृहे, एतस्मिन्, चलभाषे, युद्धक्रीडायाम्, एतस्याम, क्रीडायाम, चलभाषे, रात्रौ।
• सम्बोधन – अम्ब, तनये, मातः, तनये, मातः।

लकारं लिखत।

• खादति – खाद् धातुः प्रथमगण: परस्मैपदं लट्लकार: प्रथमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• आह्वयतः – आ + ह्वे धातुः प्रथमगण: परस्मैपदं लट्लकार: प्रथमपुरुष: द्विवचनम्।
• खेलामः – खेल् धातुः प्रथमगण: परस्मैपदं लट्लकार: उत्तमपुरुष: बहुवचनम्।
• आगच्छामि – आ + गम् – गच्छ धातुः प्रथमगणः परस्मैपदं लट्लकार : उत्तमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• पश्य : दृश् – पश्य् धातुः प्रथमगणः परस्मैपदं लोट्लकार: मध्यमपुरुषः एकवचनम्।
• अस्मि – अस् धातुः द्वितीयगणः परस्मैपदं लट्लकार: उत्तमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• यच्छामि – दा-यच्छ् धातुः प्रथमगणः परस्मैपदं लट्लकारः उत्तमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• भवेत् – भू-भव् धातुः प्रथमगण: परस्मैपदं विधिलिङ्लकार: उत्तमपुरुषः एकवचनम्।
• रोचते – रुच् – रोचधातुः प्रथमगण: आत्मनेपदं लट्लकार: प्रथमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• वर्जयेत् – वृज् – वर्जु धातुः दशमगण: उभयपदं अत्र परस्मैपदं विधिलिङ्लकारः प्रथमपुरुषः एकवचनम्।
• करोमि – कृ धातुः अष्टमगण: उभयपदं अत्र परस्मैपदं लट्लकार : उत्तमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।

समानार्थकशब्दं योजयित्वा वाक्यं पुनर्लिखत।

प्रश्न 1.
सैनिक; – क्रीडायां सर्वे सैनिका: मृताः।
उत्तरम् :
क्रीडायां सर्वे योद्धार:/भटाः मृताः ।

व्याकरणम् :

शब्दानां पृथक्करणम्

समासाः।

समासनाम	अर्थ:	समासविग्रहः	समासनाम्
सुखासन्दे	seat for pleasure	सुखाय आसन्दः, तस्मिन् ।	चतुर्थी तत्पुरुष समास
द्वारघण्टिकाम्	bell of door	द्वारस्य घण्टिका, ताम् ।	षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समास
पाकगृहम्	place for cooking	पाका य गृहम् ।	चतुर्थी तत्पुरुष समास

किं मिथ्या ? किं वास्तवम् ? Summary in Marathi and English

प्रस्तावना :

आधुनिक तंत्रज्ञानाने मानवाच्या भौतिकविकासासाठी विस्तीर्ण क्षेत्र खुले केले आहे यात शंकाच नाही. परंतु, तंत्रज्ञानयुक्त साधनांच्या अत्याधुनिक वापरामुळे नवीन प्रश्न, विघ्ने आणि सामाजिक समस्या निर्माण होतात. आभासात्मक आणि वास्तव यामधील फरक आपण जाणून घेतला पाहिजे. आधुनिक काळाची हीच आवश्यकता आहे.

भ्रमणध्वनीचा आवश्यक तेवढाच वापर करावा हा महत्त्वपूर्ण संदेश लेखिका श्रीमती मुग्धा रिसबूड यांनी यांनी तेरा वर्षांची मुलगी आणि तिची आई या दोघींच्या सहज संवादातून पटवून दिला आहे. ‘अति तेथे माती’ या म्हणीनुसार तंत्रज्ञानाचा अति वापर वाईटच हा महत्वाचा विचार संवादरूपाने मांडला आहे.

It is indeed true that modern technology has opened the wide field of materialistic development for humans. Nevertheless, due to the excess usage of technological gadgets new questions and several new social problems have been created.

Yet technology is the necessity of the modern age. This beautiful conversation between a thirteen year old girl and her mother is presented to us by the author Shrimati Mugdha Risbud, where the difference between the real and virtual world is communicated. It tells us that though technology is an important part of our life today, excess should always be avoided.

परिच्छेद : 1

त्रयोदशवर्षीया ……………… युद्धक्रीडायां मग्ना।) (त्रयोदशवर्षीया तनया सुखासन्दे उपविश्य एकेन हस्तेन कुर्कुरिका खादति । अपरेण हस्तेन चलभाषं चालयति। तदानीं द्वारघण्टिकाम् आकर्य
माता द्वारम् उद्घाटयति। तनयाया: सख्यौ द्वारे एव स्थित्वा ताम् आह्वयतः ।)
श्रुतिः – तनये, सत्वरं क्रीडनाय आगच्छ, बहिः खेलामः।
तनया – अहं गृहे एव खेलामि।
राजसी – किं खेलसि?
तनया – (चलभाषं दर्शयित्वा) एतस्मिन् चलभाषे यष्टिकन्दुकक्रीडा, पादकन्दुकक्रीडा, वाहनक्रीडा, पत्रक्रीडा, चतुरङ्गक्रीडा, इत्यादयः सर्वाः क्रीडाः सन्ति। क्रीडाङ्गणं गत्वा खेलनस्य आवश्यकता एव नास्ति। अहं न आगच्छामि। (सख्यौ क्रीडा निर्गच्छतः। माता पाकगृहं गच्छति । तनया चलभाषे युद्धक्रीडायां मग्ना।

अनुवादः

(तेरा वर्षांची मुलगी तनया सोफ्यावर बसून एका हाताने कुरकुरे खात आहे. आणि दुसऱ्या हाताने भ्रमणध्वनी चालवत आहे. तेव्हाच दाराची घंटी (बेल) ऐकून आई दरवाजा उघडते. तनयाच्या दोन मैत्रिणी दारात उभ्या राहून तिला बोलावतात.)
श्रुती – तनया, लवकर खेळायला ये, बाहेर खेळूया.
तनया – मी घरीच खेळते.
राजसी – काय खेळतेस?
तनया – (भ्रमणध्वनी दाखवून) या भ्रमणध्वनीवर हॉकी, फुटबॉल, गाड्यांचा खेळ, पत्त्यांचा खेळ, बुद्धिबळ इ. खेळ आहेत. मैदानावर जाऊन खेळण्याची आवश्यकताच नाही.
मी येणार नाही.
(मैत्रिणी खेळण्यासाठी निघून जातात.
आई स्वयंपाकघरात जाते.
तनया भ्रमणध्वनीवर युद्धाचा खेळ खेळण्यात मग्न होते.)

(Thirteen-year-old Tanaya sitting on the sofa is eating Kurkure with one hand. She is operating the mobile with the other hand.
Then hearing the doorbell ring, her mother opens the door. Standing at the door itself, Tanaya’s friends call out to her.)
Shruti – Tanaya, come to play quickly. We shall play outside.
Tanaya – I shall play at home itself.
Rajasi – What are you playing?
Tanaya – (Showing the mobile) there are many games on this mobile-hockey, football, car games, card games, chess etc.
There is no need to go to the playground to play.
I am not coming
(The friends go to play
The mother goes to the kitchen.
Tanaya is engrossed playing a war game.)

परिच्छेद: 2

तनया – (स्वगतम्) …………………. स्वास्थ्यरक्षणं न भवति?

• तनया – (स्वगतम्) एतस्यां क्रीडायाम् एषः सैनिक: मृत: अपर: च मारणीयः। …… सर्वे सैनिकाः मता:। हेड ……. जितं मया। खेलः
• समाप्तः । (तनया पाकगृहं गच्छति ।) अम्ब, बुभुक्षिता अस्मि।
• माता – तनये, मम चलभाषे एतानि छायाचित्राणि पश्य। (तनया खाद्यपदार्थानां छायाचित्राणि पश्यति।)
• तनया – मातः, पिझ्झा, पावभाजी, सिजलर्स इत्यादीनि खाद्यानि दृष्ट्वा लालायितं मे मुखम्। कृपया किमपि यच्छतु।
• माता – चलभाष दृष्टवती खलु? अधुना खाद्यपदार्थानाम् आवश्यकता एव नास्ति। अहं न बच्छामि।
• तनया – चलभाषे भोजनं दृष्ट्वा बुभुक्षा शान्ता कथं भवेत्? .
• माता – यदि एतत् सत्यं, तर्हि कथं न जानासि यत् चलभाषेण क्रीडित्वा व्यायामः न भवति? स्वास्थ्यरक्षणं न भवति?

अनुवादः

तनया – (स्वत:शीच) या खेळात हा सैनिक मेला आता दुसऱ्याला मारूया…. सगळे सैनिक मेले. हे ………… मी जिंकले.
खेळ संपला.
(तनया स्वयंपाकघरात जाते.)
आई, मला भूक लागली आहे.
माता – तनया, माझ्या भ्रमणध्वनीवर ही छायाचित्रे (फोटो) बघ.
(तनया खाद्यपदार्थांची छायाचित्रे पाहते.)
तनया – आई, पिझ्झा, पावभाजी, सिजलर्स इत्यादी खाद्यपदार्थ पाहून माझ्या तोंडाला पाणी सुटले आहे.
कृपया (प्लीज) काहीतरी दे.
माता – भ्रमणध्वनीवर पाहिलेस ना?
आता खाद्यपदार्थांची आवश्यकताच नाही.
मी देणार नाही:
तनया – भ्रमणध्वनीवर जेवणाचे पदार्थ पाहून भूक कशी भागेल?
माता – जे हे खरे असेल, तर मग तुला हे माहीत नाही का की, भ्रमणध्वनीवर खेळून व्यायाम होत नाही? आरोग्याची काळजी घेतली जात नाही?

Tanaya – (to herself) In this game, this soldier is dead and the other should be killed……all soldiers are dead… hey…I have won. . The game is over.
(Tanaya goes to the kitchen).
Mother, I am hungry.
Mother – Tanaya, see these images on my mobile.
(Tanaya sees the images of the foodstuff).
Tanaya – Mother, my mouth is watering seeing the pizza, pavbhaji, Sizzlers etc.
Please give me something
Mother – You saw them on the mobile right?
Now there is no need of the foodstuff.
I shan’t give.
Tanaya – How will hunger be pacified by seeing the food on the mobile?
Mother – If this is true, then how do you not know that by playing on the mobile you don’t exercise?
Health is not taken care off?

परिच्छेद : 3

तनया – परं मात :………………. करोमि?

• तनया – परं मातः मह्यं रोचते तत् चलभाषण कीडनम्।
• माता – तनये, यद् यद् रोचते तत् तत् सर्व स्वास्थ्यकरं, हितकरम्, आरोग्यपूर्ण न भवति । सम्यक् क्रीडा, पौष्टिकम् अन्न, रात्री
• निद्रा आरोग्याय भवति। चलभाषे आभासात्मकं विश्वं न वास्तवम्।
• तनया – तर्हि किं चलभाषस्य उपयोगः एव न करणीयः ।
• माता – तथा न। आवश्यकतानुसार योग्य: उपयोग: करणीयः एव। किन्तु अति सर्वत्र वर्जयेत्।
• तनया – आम् मातः । इतः परं चलभाषस्य योग्यम् उपयोगं करोमि।

अनुवादः

• तनया – परंतु माता, मला ते भ्रमणध्वनीवर खेळणे आवडते.
• माता – तनया, जे जे आवडते ते ते सर्व स्वास्थकारक, हितकारक, आरोग्यदायी नसते.
• योग्य प्रकारे खेळणे, पौष्टिक अन्न, रात्रीची झोप आरोग्यासाठी महत्त्वपूर्ण आहे. भ्रमणध्वनीवरील आभासात्मक विश्व वास्तव नाही.
• तनया – तर मग काय भ्रमणध्वनीचा उपयोगच करायचा नाही?
• माता – तसे नव्हे.
• आवश्यकतेनुसार योग्य उपयोग करावाच.
• परंतु अतिरेक सर्वथा टाव्यवा.
• तनया – ठीक आहे आई.
• यापुढे (मी) भ्रमणध्वनीचा योग्य उपयोग करेन.
• Tanaya – But mother, I like that-playing with the mobile.
• Mother – Tanaya, all that you like is not healthy, beneficial and healthy. Proper games, nutritious food,
• sleep at night will make you healthy. The virtual world on the mobile is not reality.
• Tanaya – Then should the mobile not be used at all?
• Mother – Not so.
• Certainly it should be properly used as required. But excess should be avoided everywhere.
• Tanaya – Yes mother.
• Henceforth, I shall use the mobile appropriately.

सन्धिविग्रहः

• इत्यादयः – इति + आदयः
• किमपि – किम् + अपि।
• इत्यादीनि – इति + आदीनि ।

समानार्थकशब्दाः

1. मग्ना – रता, निमग्ना, लीना।
2. हस्तः – करः, पाणिः।
3. गृहम् – गेहम, सदनम्, आलयः।
4. आकर्ण्य – श्रुत्वा, निशम्य।
5. सत्वरम् – शीघ्रम्, झटिति ।
6. अधुना – सम्प्रति, इदानीम्।
7. मुखम् – वदनम्, आननम्, आस्यम्।
8. चलभाष: – भ्रमणध्वनिः।
9. लोक: – जगत्, भुवनम्, विश्वम्।
10. निशाः – रजनी, रात्रिः, शर्वरी, यामिनी।

विरुद्धार्थकशब्दाः

• निर्गच्छति × प्रविशति, आगच्छति।
• सत्वरम् × शनैः शनैः।
• अनावश्यकता × आवश्यकता।
• हितकरम् × अहितकरम्।
• उपयोगः × निरुपयोगः।
• आरोग्यम् × अनारोग्यम्।

शब्दार्थाः

1. उपविश्य – after stitting – बसून
2. चलभाष: – mobile – भ्रमणध्वनी
3. आकर्य – after listening – ऐकून
4. उद्घाटयति – opens – उघडते
5. यष्टिकन्दुकक्रीडा – hockey – हॉकी
6. सुखासन्दः – sofa – कोच
7. पादकन्दुकक्रीडा – football – फुटबॉल
8. वाहनक्रीडा – car games – वाहनक्रीडा
9. पत्रक्रीडा – cards – पत्ते
10. चतुरङ्गक्रीडा – chess – बुद्धिबळ
11. आह्वयत: – invite – बोलावतात
12. द्वारघण्टिका – door bell – दरवाजाची घंटी
13. बुभुक्षिता – hungry – भुकेलेली
14. लालयितम् – watering – पाणी सुटले
15. दृष्टवती – saw – पाहिले
16. स्वास्थ्यरक्षणम् – care of health – आरोग्याची काळजी
17. मृतः – dead – मृत झालेलेc
18. अपर: – another – दुसरा
19. मारणीयः – worth killing – मारण्याजोगा
20. बुभुक्षा – hunger – भूक
21. हितकरम् – beneficial – हितावह
22. आरोग्यपूर्णम् – healthy – आरोग्यपूर्ण
23. आभासात्मकम् – virtual – काल्पनिक
24. वर्जयेत् – should avoid – वयं करावे
25. पौष्टिकम् – healthy – पौष्टिक