Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य… आनंदाचा उत्सव

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Marathi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest Chapter 3 आयुष्य… आनंदाचा उत्सव Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य… आनंदाचा उत्सव

12th Marathi Guide Chapter 3 आयुष्य… आनंदाचा उत्सव Textbook Questions and Answers

कृती

1. अ. कृती करा.

प्रश्न अ.
कृती करा.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य आनंदाचा उत्सव 1
उत्तर :
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य आनंदाचा उत्सव 2
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य आनंदाचा उत्सव 3
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य आनंदाचा उत्सव 4

आ. खालील विधाने योग्य की अयोग्य ते लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.

  1. यश, वैभव ही आनंद अनुभवण्याची निमित्तं आहेत.
  2. पैशाने आनंद विकत घेता येऊ शकतो.
  3. शिकण्यातला आनंद तात्पुरता असतो.
  4. यशामुळे आत्मविश्वास वाढतो.
  5. ज्यात तुम्हांला खरा आनंद वाटतो, तेच काम करा.

उत्तर :

  1. योग्य
  2. अयोग्य
  3. अयोग्य
  4. योग्य
  5. योग्य

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य... आनंदाचा उत्सव

इ. हे केव्हा घडेल ते लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.

  1. माणसाला आनंद दुसऱ्याला वाटावासा वाटतो, जेव्हा …….
  2. माणूस दु:खातून बाहेर पडत नाही, जेव्हा …….
  3. आनंद हा तुमचा स्वभाव होईल, जेव्हा ……..
  4. एका वेगळ्या विश्वात वावरता येतं, जेव्हा ……

उत्तर :

  1. माणसाला आनंद दुसऱ्याला वाटावासा वाटतो, जेव्हा त्याच्या मनात आनंद मावेनासा होतो.
  2. माणूस दु:खातून बाहेर पडत नाही, जेव्हा तो दुःखाला स्वत:च्या मनाबाहेर जाऊ देत नाही.
  3. आनंद हा तुमचा स्वभाव होईल, जेव्हा आनंदातच राहायची सवय तुम्हांला पडते.
  4. एका वेगळ्या विश्वात वावरता येते, जेव्हा आपण एखाद्या कलेशी दोस्ती करतो.

2. अ. खालील शब्दसमूहांचा तुम्हांला समजलेला अर्थ लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.
मनाची कवाडं-
उत्तर :
मनाची कवाडं : मनाची कवाडं म्हणजे मनाची दारे. घराचे दार उघडल्यावर आपण बाहेरच्या जगात प्रवेश करतो. घरातले विश्व चार भिंतीच्या आतले असते. ते संकुचित असते. बाहेरचे जग अफाट असते. दार आपल्याला अफाट जगात नेते. मनाची दारे उघडली, तर म्हणजे मन मोकळे ठेवले, तर आपण व्यापक जगात प्रवेश करतो.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य... आनंदाचा उत्सव

प्रश्न 2.
आनंदाचा पाऊस-
उत्तर :
आनंदाचा पाऊस : मनात दुःख, चिंता असेल, तर आनंद मनात शिरत नाही. आनंदाचे खुल्या मनाने स्वागत करावे लागते. मन मोकळे ठेवले तर आनंद भरभरून मनात शिरतो. यालाच आनंदाचा पाऊस म्हटले आहे.

आ. खालील चौकटी पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 1.

  1. आनंदाला आकर्षित करणारा – [ ]
  2. शरीर आणि मन यांना जोडणारा सेतू – [ ]
  3. बाहेर दाराशी घुटमळणारा – [ ]
  4. आनंदाला प्रसवणारा – [ ]
  5. आनंद अनुभवण्याची निमित्तं – [ ] [ ]

उत्तर :

  1. आनंदाला आकर्षित करणारा – आनंद
  2. शरीर आणि मन यांना जोडणारा सेतू – श्वास
  3. बाहेर दाराशी घुटमळणारा – आनंद
  4. आनंदाला प्रसवणारा – आनंद
  5. आनंद अनुभवण्याची निमित्तं – यश वैभव

3. व्याकरण.

अ. खालील वाक्यांचा प्रकार ओळखून लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.

  1. एवढं मिळवूनही मी आनंदात का नाहीये? …………………….
  2. ‘गोडधोड’ हे सुद्धा पूर्णब्रह्मच असतं की! …………………….
  3. आनंदासाठी मन मोकळं असावं लागतं. …………………….

उत्तर :

  1. प्रश्नार्थी वाक्य
  2. उद्गारार्थी वाक्य
  3. विधानार्थी वाक्य.

आ. योग्य पर्याय निवडा व लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.
माणसं स्वत:चा छंद कसा विसरू शकतात? या वाक्याचे विधानार्थी वाक्य
(अ) माणसं स्वत:चा छंद नेहमी विसरतात.
(आ) माणसं स्वत:चा छंद लक्षात ठेवतात.
(इ) माणसं स्वत:चा छंद विसरू शकत नाहीत.
(ई) माणसं स्वत:चा छंद किती लक्षात ठेवतात.
उत्तर :
(इ) माणसं स्वत:चा छंद विसरू शकत नाहीत.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य... आनंदाचा उत्सव

प्रश्न 2.
हा आनंद सर्वत्र असतो. या वाक्याचे प्रश्नार्थी वाक्य
(अ) हा आनंद कुठे नसतो?
(आ) हा आनंद कुठे असतो?
(इ) हा आनंद सर्वत्र नसतो का?
(ई) हा आनंद सर्वत्र असतो का?
उत्तर :
(अ) हा आनंद कुठे नसतो?

प्रश्न 3.
किती आतून हसतात ती! या वाक्याचे विधानार्थी वाक्य
(अ) ती आतून हसतात.
(आ) ती फार हसतात आतून.
(इ) ती आतून हसत राहतात.
(ई) ती खूप आतून हसतात.
उत्तर :
(ई) ती खूप आतून हसतात.

इ. खालील तक्ता पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य आनंदाचा उत्सव 5
उत्तर :

सामासिक शब्द विग्रह समासाचे नाव
झुणका भाकर झुणका, भाकर वगैरे समाहार द्वंद्व
सूर्यास्त सूर्याचा अस्त विभक्ती तत्पुरुष
अक्षरानंद अक्षर असा आनंद कर्मधारय
प्रतिक्षण प्रत्येक क्षणाला अव्ययीभाव

ई. खालील वाक्यांतील प्रयोग ओळखा व लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.

  1. स्वत:च्या आवडीचे काम निवडा ………..
  2. लोकांना पेढे वाटणं वेगळं ………..
  3. कष्टाची भाकर गोड लागते ………..

उत्तर :

  1. स्वत:च्या आवडीचे काम निवडा. कर्तरी प्रयोग
  2. लोकांना पेढे वाटणं वेगळं. भावे प्रयोग
  3. कष्टाची भाकर गोड लागते. कर्तरी प्रयोग

उ. ‘आनंद’ या शब्दासाठी पाठात आलेली विशेषणे शोधा व लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.
‘आनंद’ या शब्दासाठी पाठात आलेली विशेषणे शोधा व लिहा.
…………. ………… ………….. ………… …………
उत्तर :

  1. खरा (आनंद)
  2. आत्मिक (आनंद)
  3. अनोखा (आनंद)
  4. वेगळा (आनंद)
  5. टिकाऊ (आनंद).

4. स्वमत.

प्रश्न अ
‘जे काम करायचचं आहे, त्यात आनंद घ्यायला शिकणं हेही शक्य असतं’, या विधानाबाबत तुमचे मत सविस्तर लिहा.
उत्तर :
शिक्षण घेताना आपण आपल्या आवडीचा विषय घेऊ शकतो, हे खरे आहे. काही वेळा आईवडिलांच्या आग्रहाला आपण बळी पडतो किंवा आपले सर्व मित्र जिकडे जातात, ती शाखा आपण निवडतो. कालांतराने आपली आपल्याला चूक उमगते. पण उशीर झालेला असतो. त्यानंतर काहीही करता येत नाही. निराश मनाने आपण शिक्षण घेतो अणि आयुष्यभर तशाच मन:स्थितीत जीवन जगत राहतो. त्यात सुख अजिबात नसते.

शिक्षणानंतर नोकरी-व्यवसाय निवडताना तसाच प्रश्न उद्भवतो. इथे मात्र आपल्याला निवड करण्याची बरीच संधी असते. या वेळी आपण आवडीचे क्षेत्र निवडायला हवे. क्षेत्र आवडीचे असल्यास आपण आनंदाने काम करू शकतो. मग काम कष्टाचे राहत नाही. आपल्या कामातून, कामाच्या कष्टातून आनंद मिळू शकतो.

मात्र इथेही एक अडचण असतेच. पण आवडीच्या विषयातील ज्ञान मिळवलेले असले, तरी नोकरी-व्यवसाय आवडीचाच मिळेल याची खात्री नसते. शिक्षण घेतलेले लाखो विद्यार्थी असतात. पण नोकऱ्या मात्र संख्येने खूप कमी असतात. त्यामुळे आपल्या आवडीची नोकरी आपल्याला मिळेल याची खात्री नसते. उपजीविका तर पार पाडायची असते. त्यामुळे मिळेल ती नोकरी स्वीकारावी लागते. अशा वेळी काय करायचे?

अशा वेळी वाट्याला आलेली नोकरी किंवा व्यवसाय आनंदाने केला पाहिजे. पण आनंदाने करायचा म्हणजे काय करायचे? कसे करायचे? तोपर्यंत आपण जे शिक्षण घेतलेले आहे, त्यातील सर्व ज्ञान, सर्व कौशल्ये पणाला लावली पाहिजेत. मग आपले काम आपल्याला अधिक जवळचे वाटू लागेल. तसेच, एवढे प्रयत्न अपुरे पडले तर आपले काम उत्तमातल्या उत्तम पद्धतीने करण्यासाठी गरज पडली, तर नवीन कौशल्ये शिकून घेतली पाहिजेत. काहीही करून आपले काम सर्वोत्कृष्ट झाले पाहिजे, असा आग्रह हवा. मग आपोआपच आपले काम सुंदर होईल. आपल्याला आनंद मिळेल आणि आपल्या कामाला प्रतिष्ठाही मिळेल.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य... आनंदाचा उत्सव

प्रश्न आ.
‘सौंदर्य जसं पाहणाऱ्याच्या दृष्टीत असतं, तसा आनंद घेणाऱ्याच्या वृत्तीत असतो’, या विधानाबाबत तुमचे मत स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर :
एखादी व्यक्ती काहीजणांना सुंदर दिसते. तर अन्य काहीजण ती सुंदर नाहीच, यावर पैज लावायला तयार होतात. हा व्यक्ति – व्यक्तींच्या दृष्टींतला फरक आहे. कोणत्या कारणांनी कोणती व्यक्ती कोणाला आवडेल हे काहीही सांगता येत नाही. त्याप्रमाणे कोणाला कशात आनंद मिळेल, हेही सांगता येत नाही. आनंदाच्या तऱ्हा वेगवेगळ्या असतात. प्रत्येकाचा आनंद वेगळा असतो. पोस्टाची तिकिटे किंवा नाणी गोळा करण्याचा नेहमीचा छंद असलेली माणसे आपल्याला ठाऊक असतात. पण एकाला लोकांकडची जुनी पत्रे गोळा करण्याचा छंद होता.

एकजण आठवड्यातून एकदा आसपासचा एकेक गाव पायी चालून यायचा. एकच सिनेमा एकाच महिन्यात सात-आठ वेळा पाहणारेही सापडतात. सिनेमातले सर्व संवाद त्यांना तोंडपाठ असतात. ते संवाद ते सिनेमाप्रेमी पुन्हा पुन्हा ऐकवतात. यातून त्याला कोणता आनंद मिळत असेल? यावरून एकच दिसते की, प्रत्येकाची आनंदाची ठिकाणे भिन्न असतात. आनंद शोधण्याची वृत्ती भिन्न असते.

व्यक्तिव्यक्तींमधला हा वेगळेपणा आपण लक्षात घेतला, तर समाजातील अनेक भांडणे संपतील; समाजासमोरच्या समस्यासुद्धा सुटतील. प्रत्येक व्यक्तीची प्रकृती भिन्न असते. आवडीनिवडी भिन्न असतात. हे वास्तव आपण ओळखले पाहिजे.

व्यक्तींची ही विविधता ओळखली पाहिजे. या विविधतेची बूज राखली पाहिजे. मग समाजात विविध प्रकारच्या रंगीबेरंगी वस्तू निर्माण होतील. रंगीबेरंगी घटना घडत राहतील. समाजजीवन अनेक रंगांनी बहरून जाईल.

प्रश्न इ.
‘आनंदाचं खुल्या दिलानं स्वागत करावं लागतं’, या विधानाचा तुम्हाला कळलेला अर्थ स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर :
एखादया दिवशी आपल्याला नको असलेला माणूस भेटतो. “कशाला भेटली ही ब्याद सकाळी सकाळी!” असे आपण मनातल्या मनात म्हणतो. तरीही आपण तोंड भरून हसत स्वागत करतो. आपल्या बोलण्यात, हसण्यात खोटेपणा भरलेला असतो. हे असे बऱ्याच वेळा होते. आपण खोटेपणाने जगतो. भेटलेल्या व्यक्तीमुळे आपल्याला आनंद होतच नाही.

आनंदाचा, सुखाचा अनुभव आपल्याला मिळतच नाही; कारण आपले मन आधीच राग, द्वेष, मत्सराच्या भावनांनी भरलेले. अशा भावनांच्या वातावरणात आनंद निर्माण होऊच शकत नाही. मन ढगाळलेले असले की तेथे स्वच्छ सूर्यप्रकाश येऊच शकत नाही.

आनंदाचा, सुखाचा अनुभव मिळण्यासाठी आपले मन निर्मळ असले पाहिजे. कुत्सितपणा, द्वेष, मत्सर, हेवा असल्या कुभावनांपासून मन मुक्त हवे. जेथे कुभावनांची वस्ती असते, तेथे निर्मळपणा अशक्य असतो. निर्मळपणा असला की मन मोकळे होते. स्वच्छ होते. अशा मनातच आनंदाचा पाऊस पडतो. आपल्याला खरे सुख, खरा आनंद हवा असेल, तर मन स्वच्छ, मोकळे असले पाहिजे; कुभावनांना तिथून हाकलले पाहिजे.

आमच्या शेजारी सिद्धा नावाची बाई राहते. सिद्धाच्या मनात समोरच राहणाऱ्या अमिताविषयी दाट किल्मिषे भरलेली आहेत. अमिताविषयी बोलताना ती सर्व किल्मिषे जळमटांसारखी सिद्धाच्या तोंडून बाहेर पडतात. सिद्धा निर्मळ मनाने अमिताकडे पाहूच शकत नाही. साहजिकच अमिताच्या सहवासाचा सिद्धाचा अनुभव कधीही सुखकारक, आनंददायक नसतो.

ज्या ज्या वेळी अमिताविषयी बोलणे निघते, त्या त्या वेळी सिद्धाचे मन कडवट होते. मनात कुभावनांचे ढग घेऊन वावरण्यामुळे सिद्धाला आनंद, खराखुरा आनंद मिळूच शकत नाही. लेखकांनी ‘आनंदाच खुल्या दिलानं स्वागत करावं लागतं,’ असे म्हटले आहे, ते खरेच आहे.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य... आनंदाचा उत्सव

प्रश्न ई.
‘प्रत्येक माणसाला आपल्या अस्तित्वाचे भान असणे अत्यंत गरजेचे आहे’, तुमचे मत लिहा.
उत्तर :
प्रत्येकाला आपल्या अस्तित्वाचे भान असणे आवश्यक आहे; हे अगदी खरे आहे. आपण हे भान बाळगत नाही. त्यामुळे आपले नुकसानही होते. आपल्या साध्या साध्या कृतींकडे लक्ष दिले, तरी हा मुद्दा लक्षात येईल. रस्ता ओलांडताना भरधाव येणाऱ्या गाड्यांना आपण लीलया चुकवत चुकवत जातो. खो-खोमध्ये किती चपळाई दाखवतो आपण! आपण सवयीने या हालचाली करतो.

त्यामुळे त्यांतली किमया आपल्या लक्षातच येत नाही. ‘चक दे इंडिया हा चित्रपट पाहताना है खूपदा लक्षात आले आहे. सर्व हालचाली करताना आपण आपल्या शरीराचा उपयोग करतो. ‘हे माझे शरीर आहे आणि या शरीराच्या आधाराने मी जगतो,’ ही भावना सतत जागी असली पाहिजे. मग आपल्या प्रत्येक हालचालीचा आपण बारकाईने विचार करू शकतो. शरीराला प्रशिक्षण देऊ शकतो. अनेकदा आपल्याला नाचण्याची लहर येते. पण पावले नीट पडत नाहीत. आपण मनातल्या मनात खटू होतो. पण शरीराची जाणीव असेल, तर नृत्यातल्या हालचाली शिकून घेता येतात. तिथेच आपली चूक होते.

खरे तर प्रत्येक पाऊल टाकताना आपण आपल्या शरीराचा डौल राखला पाहिजे. कोणाही समोर जातो, तेव्हा हेच लक्षात ठेवले पाहिजे. आपण इतरांसमोर स्वत:ला सादर करीत असतो. ते सादरीकरण सुंदर केले पाहिजे. आपल्याला लाभलेले अस्तित्व प्रत्येक क्षणाला साजरे केले पाहिजे. तर मग आपण जगण्याचा आनंद घेऊ शकतो.

अभिनेते, खेळाडू अनेक कसलेले सादरकर्ते डौलदार का दिसतात? एखादी अभिनेत्री फोटोसाठी उभी राहते, तेव्हा तीच लक्षणीय का दिसते? ही सगळी माणसे आपल्या देहाचे, आपल्या अस्तित्वाचे भान बाळगतात. आपले अस्तित्व देखणे करायचा प्रयत्न करतात. ती स्वत:च्या अस्तित्वाचा आनंद घेतात आणि दुसऱ्यांना देतातही. हेच सुख असते. त्यातच आनंद असतो.

5. अभिव्यक्ती.

प्रश्न अ.
खरा, टिकाऊ आनंद मिळवण्यासाठी करावे लागणारे प्रयत्न तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तर :
टिकाऊ आनंद मिळवण्यासाठी सर्वप्रथम टाकायचे पाऊल म्हणजे स्वत:च्या शरीरावर प्रेम करणे. आपण स्वत: असे प्रेम करायचेच; पण इतरांनाही तो मार्ग शिकवायचा.

स्वत:च्या शरीरावर प्रेम करायचे म्हणजे काय करायचे? शरीर नीटनेटके, स्वच्छ व प्रसन्न राखायचे. आपल्याला पाहताच कोणालाही आनंद झाला पाहिजे. त्याला प्रसन्न वाटले पाहिजे. त्यासाठी स्वच्छतेच्या सवयी अंगी बाणवल्या पाहिजेत. आहार विचारपूर्वक घ्यायचा, व्यसने करायची नाहीत, दरोज नियमितपणे योगासने किंवा अन्य व्यायाम किंवा रोज तीन-चार किमी चालणे. कामासाठी चालणे यात मोजायचे नाही. काहीही करण्यासाठी नव्हे, तर चालण्यासाठी चालायचे. चालणे हेच काम समजायचे.

मनात ईर्षा, असूया, हेवा, मत्सर, सूड अशा कुभावना बाळगायच्या नाहीत. आपले मन या भावनांपासून दूर ठेवण्यासाठी म्हणजे चांगले होण्यासाठी स्वत: कोणत्या तरी एका क्षेत्रात, एखाद्या कौशल्यात प्रभुत्व मिळवले पाहिजे. स्वतःच्या कर्तबगारीवर विश्वास ठेवायचा. त्यामुळे अन्य कोणाहीबद्दल मनात कुभावना बाळगण्याची इच्छाच होणार नाही.

यश, वैभव मिळवण्याचा प्रयत्न करण्यात गैर काहीच नाही. मात्र यश, वैभव या गोष्टी बाह्य असतात. आत्मिक समाधानाशी संबंध नसतो. म्हणून यश, वैभव मिळाल्यावरही मन अशांत, अस्वस्थ होऊ शकते. अशा वेळी आणखी यश, आणखी वैभव यांच्या मागे न लागता आपल्याला नेमके काय हवे आहे. याचा शोध घेतला पाहिजे.

मात्र, एक गोष्ट कायम लक्षात ठेवली पाहिजे. पैशाने खरा, टिकाऊ आनंद कधीही मिळवता येत नाही. आपल्या मनाच्या सोबत राहण्यासाठी आवडेल तेच काम करायला घ्यावे. आवडेल त्या क्षेत्रात नोकरी, व्यवसाय पत्करावा. अर्थात, प्रत्येकाला स्वत:च्या आवडीप्रमाणे नोकरी, व्यवसाय मिळेलच असे नसते. अशा वेळी मिळालेले काम आवडीने केले पाहिजे.

एवढी पथ्ये प्रामाणिकपणे पाळली तर आपण खऱ्या आनंदाच्या जवळ असू.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य... आनंदाचा उत्सव

प्रश्न आ.
तुमचे जीवन आनंदी होण्यासाठी तुम्ही काय काय कराल, ते लिहा.
उत्तर :
जीवन आनंदी होण्यासाठी आवश्यक असलेल्या अनेक गोष्टी मी करीन. त्यापैकी काही कृती शारीरिक पातळीवरील आहेत. तर काही मानसिक पातळीवरील आहेत.

शारीरिक पातळीवरील कृतींपैकी सर्वांत महत्त्वाची कृती म्हणजे स्वत:च्या शरीराची काळजी घेणे. स्वत:च्या शरीराची काळजी घेण्यासाठी प्रथम स्वत:च्या शरीरावर मनापासून प्रेम केले पाहिजे. स्वतःचे शरीर नीटनेटके, देखणे राखायचे, इतके की कोणालाही भेटल्यावर ती व्यक्ती आनंदित, प्रसन्न झाली पाहिजे. शरीर फक्त बाह्यतः सजवून ते देखणे होणार नाही. ते सतेज, सुदृढ व निरोगी राखले पाहिजे. त्या दृष्टीने मी योगासने किंवा व्यायाम सुरू करीन. नियमित व जीवनसत्त्वयुक्त आहाराचा अवलंब करीन. व्यसनांपासून चार हात दूरच राहीन.

शरीराबरोबरच मनाचे पोषण करण्यासाठी मी कलेचा आश्रय घेईन. मी अत्यंत चिकाटीने गायन, वादन, नर्तन, साहित्य, चित्रपट, नाट्य यांपैकी एका तरी कलेचा जाणतेपणाने आस्वाद घ्यायला शिकेन. शक्यतो एखादी कला आत्मसात करीन. माझी स्वत:ची बौद्धिक, शारीरिक व मानसिक क्षमता लक्षात घेऊन माझे यशाचे लक्ष्य निश्चित करीन आणि त्याचा पाठपुरावा करीन. अर्थात मला हेही ठाऊक आहे की केवळ यशामुळे उच्च पातळीवरचे मानसिक समाधान मिळू शकत नाही. साफल्याचा आनंद भौतिक यशाने पूर्णांशाने मिळत नाही. म्हणून कला क्रीडा-ज्ञान या क्षेत्रांत उच्च प्रतीचे कौशल्य मिळवायचा प्रयत्न करीन.

नोकरी-व्यवसायाच्या बाबतीत आवडीचेच क्षेत्र मिळेल असे सांगता येत नाही. मी माझ्या आवडीचे शिक्षण घेईन. आवडीच्या क्षेत्रात उपजीविकेचे साधन मिळवायचा प्रयत्न करीन. तसे नाही मिळाले, तर मिळालेले काम अत्यंत आवडीने करीन. मी घेतलेल्या शिक्षणातून मिळालेले ज्ञान माझ्या नोकरी-व्यवसायात वापरीन.

मला तर खात्रीने वाटते की माझा हा बेत यशस्वी झाला, तर मला सुखीसमाधानी आयुष्य मिळेल.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य... आनंदाचा उत्सव

उपक्रम :

प्रस्तुत पाठात आलेल्या इंग्रजी शब्दांची यादी करा. त्यांसाठी वापरले जाणारे मराठी शब्द लिहा.

तोंडी परीक्षा.

अ. खालील वाक्प्रचारांचा अर्थ सांगून वाक्यांत उपयोग करा.

1. आभाळाकडे डोळे लावणे.
2. विसर्ग देणे.

आ. ‘माझ्या जीवनातील आनंदाचे क्षण’ या विषयावर पाच मिनिटांचे भाषण सादर करा.

Marathi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest Chapter 3 आयुष्य… आनंदाचा उत्सव Additional Important Questions and Answers

कृती करा.

प्रश्न 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य आनंदाचा उत्सव 6
उत्तर :
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य आनंदाचा उत्सव 7

प्रश्न 2.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य आनंदाचा उत्सव 8
उत्तर :
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य आनंदाचा उत्सव 9

प्रश्न 3.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य आनंदाचा उत्सव 10
उत्तर :
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य आनंदाचा उत्सव 11

प्रश्न 4.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य आनंदाचा उत्सव 12
उत्तर :
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य आनंदाचा उत्सव 13

पुढील चौकटी पूर्ण करा :

प्रश्न 1.

  1. एक अद्भुत सत्य [ ]
  2. आनंदाच्या झऱ्याच्या उगमाचे ठिकाण : [ ]
  3. आनंदाच्या चक्रवाढीवर फिरणारे [ ]
  4. एखादया ध्येयाने, स्वप्नाने झपाटणे [ ]

उत्तर :

  1. एक अद्भुत सत्य – आपले अस्तित्व
  2. आनंदाच्या झऱ्याच्या उगमाचे ठिकाण – आपले मन
  3. आनंदाच्या चक्रवाढीवर फिरणारे – आयुष्याचे चक्र
  4. एखादया ध्येयाने, स्वप्नाने झपाटणे – माणसाचे जगणे

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य... आनंदाचा उत्सव

प्रश्न 2.

  1. मनाची कवाडं कायमची बंद करणारा [ ]
  2. निरागस, आनंदी वृत्तीची [ ]
  3. आनंदाची इस्टेट [ ]
  4. आयुष्यभर न संपणारा [ ]
  5. शहाणंसुरतं करणारा [ ]
  6. कलेच्या मस्तीत जगणारे [ ]

उत्तर :

  1. मनाची कवाडं कायमची बंद करणारा : – दुःखी माणूस
  2. निरागस, आनंदी वृत्तीची : – लहान मुले
  3. आनंदाची इस्टेट – शास्त्रीय संगीत
  4. आयुष्यभर न संपणारा – शिकण्यातला आनंद
  5. शहाणंसुरतं करणारा – वाचनाचा छंद
  6. कलेच्या मस्तीत जगणारे – कलावंत

योग्य की अयोग्य ते लिहा :

प्रश्न 1.

  1. मनावरचे ताण नाहीसे होणे हे आनंदाचे लक्षण [ ]
  2. आपल्याला दृष्टी लाभली आहे, हे आपण विसरतो [ ]
  3. आत्म्याच्या भाषेत गाता आले नाही तरी ऐकता येऊ शकते. [ ]
  4. वाचन माणसाला शहाणे करते. [ ]

उत्तर :

  1. योग्य
  2. अयोग्य
  3. योग्य
  4. योग्य

पुढील वाक्याचा तुम्हांला समजलेला अर्थ लिहा :

प्रश्न 1.
आपल्या अस्तित्वाच्या आनंदाचं भान हवं.
उत्तर :
आपला श्वास, आपला दिवस-रात्र, सूर्योदय-सूर्यास्त वगैरेंकडे आपण लक्षपूर्वक कधी बघतच नाही. म्हणजे आपले अनुभव आपण लक्षपूर्वक घेत नाही. आपण ते सर्व गृहीतच धरतो. आपल्याला दृष्टी आहे, याचेही आपल्याला भान नसते. त्यामुळे आपल्याभोवती पसरलेल्या सुंदर सृष्टीचे आपल्याला कौतुक वाटत नाही. ही सृष्टी जिच्यामुळे आपल्याला दिसते, त्या आपल्या दृष्टीचेही आपल्याला कौतुक वाटत नाही. साहजिक आपले अस्तित्व आणि त्या अस्तित्वामुळे लाभलेला आनंद हे दोन्ही दुर्लक्षित राहतात.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य... आनंदाचा उत्सव

चूक की बरोबर लिहा :

प्रश्न 1.
1. खरा आनंद दुसऱ्याच्या दुःखावर पोसला जात नाही. [ ]
2. खऱ्या आनंदात असलेल्या व्यक्तीला जग सुंदर दिसतं. [ ]
उत्तर :
1. बरोबर
2. बरोबर

हे केव्हा घडेल ते लिहा

प्रश्न 1.
दु:खासाठी आपण भरपूर कारणे शोधतो, जेव्हा …………..
उत्तर :
दुःखासाठी आपण भरपूर कारणे शोधतो, जेव्हा आपल्याला आनंद दयायला वेळच नसतो.

प्रश्न 2.

  1. माणसे स्वत:चा छंद कधीही विसरत नाहीत, जेव्हा …………
  2. तुम्ही स्वत:च्या अंत:करणात हलकेच डोकावू शकता, जेव्हा ……….
  3. तुम्ही वर्तमानात जगू शकता, जेव्हा ………….

उत्तर :

  1. माणसे स्वत:चा छंद कधीही विसरत नाहीत, जेव्हा त्याचा उद्देश केवळ आनंद मिळवणे हाच असतो.
  2. तुम्ही स्वत:च्या अंत:करणात हलकेच डोकावू शकता, जेव्हा तुम्ही एकटे असता.
  3. तुम्ही वर्तमानात जगू शकता, जेव्हा भूतकाळाची स्मृती व भविष्यकाळाची भीती या दोन्हींपासून मन मुक्त होते.

वाक्ये पूर्ण करा :

प्रश्न 1.
1. चिंता, टेन्शन यांच्या दाटीवाटीत आनंद कधीच घुसत नाही; कारण ……………..
2. लहान मुले आनंद घेण्यात तरबेज असतात; कारण ………….
उत्तर :
1. चिंता, टेन्शन यांच्या दाटीवाटीत आनंद कधीच घुसत नाही; कारण त्याला मोकळी जागा हवी असते.
2. लहान मुले आनंद घेण्यात तरबेज असतात; कारण ती निरागस व आनंदी वृत्तीची असतात.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य... आनंदाचा उत्सव

विधाने पूर्ण करा :

प्रश्न 1.

  1. आपल्याला काय हवे, हे शोधणे हेच ……..
  2. कष्टाचे गोड हे अधिक गोड लागते, जर त्यात …………
  3. मुळात आनंदच शून्य असेल, तर शून्याला ………..
  4. आनंद जर ‘मानता’ येत असेल, तर तो …………….

उत्तर :

  1. आपल्याला काय हवे, हे शोधणे हेच आपण आनंदी का नाही, या प्रश्नाचे उत्तर शोधणे होय.
  2. कष्टाचे गोड हे अधिक गोड लागते, जर त्यात स्वकर्तृत्वाची गोडी मिसळली असेल.
  3. मुळात आनंदच शून्य असेल, तर शून्याला कितीही मोठ्या यशाने किंवा पैशाने गुणले तरी गुणाकार शून्यच.
  4. आनंद जर ‘मानता’ येत असेल, तर तो ‘मिळवण्याचा’ प्रयत्न कशाला करायचा?

अलंकार :

पुढील ओळींमधील अलंकार ओळखा :

प्रश्न 1.
1. हे हृदय नसे, परि स्थंडिल धगधगलेले → [ ]
2. काव्य अगोदर झाले नंतर जग झाले सुंदर, रामायण आधी मग झाला राम जानकीवर → [ ]
उत्तर :
1. अपन्हुती अलंकार
2. अतिशयोक्ती अलंकार

आयुष्य… आनंदाचा उत्सव Summary in Marathi

पाठ परिचय :

प्रस्तुत पाठ म्हणजे ‘मजेत जगावं कसं?’ या गाजलेल्या पुस्तकातील एक लेख आहे. जीवन आनंदात कसे जगावे, हे सांगण्याचा या लेखात लेखकांनी प्रयत्न केला आहे.

आनंद हा यांत्रिकपणे, खूप प्रयत्न करून किंवा पैसे देऊन मिळत नाही. स्वतःचे मन, अंत:करण आनंदी ठेवले पाहिजे. तरच आनंद मिळतो. स्वत:च्या मनातील सर्व किल्मिषे, सर्व नकारात्मक भाव काढून टाकले, तर मन शुद्ध होते. शुद्ध मन हाच आनंदाचा स्रोत असतो.

कला, साहित्य व निसर्गसहवास यांच्या माध्यमातून आपण स्वत:चे मन शुद्ध करू शकतो. ही क्षेत्रे आनंदाला पूरक अशी मनोवृत्ती निर्माण करतात.

शब्दार्थ :

  1. शाश्वत – चिरकालिक, चिरंतन, अविनाशी.
  2. कळसा – नळ लावलेली मातीची घागर.
  3. निखळ – पवित्र, शुद्ध, निर्भेळ.
  4. ईर्षा – चुरस, चढाओढ, हेवा.
  5. असूया – द्वेष, मत्सर.
  6. वैषम्य – खेद, दुःख, विषमता.
  7. कवाडे – घराची किंवा खिडक्यांची दारे.
  8. जडणे – सांधणे, कोंदणात बसवणे.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य... आनंदाचा उत्सव

वाक्प्रचार व त्यांचे अर्थ :

  1. आटापिटा करणे – खटाटोप करणे, खूप कष्टाने प्रयत्न करणे.
  2. मनाची कवाडे बंद करणे – मन मोकळे न ठेवणे, पूर्वग्रहदूषित वृत्ती बाळगणे.
  3. (एखाद्या गोष्टीत) रंगून जाणे – विलीन होण, पूर्णपणे मिसळून जाणे.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2 रोज मातीत

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Marathi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest Chapter 2 रोज मातीत Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2 रोज मातीत

12th Marathi Guide Chapter 2 रोज मातीत Textbook Questions and Answers

कृती 

1. अ. कृती करा

प्रश्न अ.
कृती करा
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2 रोज मातीत 1.1
उत्तर :
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2 रोज मातीत 2

आ. संदर्भानुसार योग्य जोड्या लावा.

प्रश्न आ.

‘अ’ गट ‘ब’ गट
1. नाही कांदा गं जीव लावते (अ) गोंदणाच्या हिरव्या नक्षीप्रमाणे शेत पिकाने सजवते.
2. काळ्या आईला, हिरवे गोंदते (आ) अतोनात कष्टानंतर हिरव्या समृद्धीच्या स्वरूपात शिल्लक राहत.
3. हिरवी होऊन, मागं उरते (इ) स्वत:चा जीवच जणू कांद्याच्या रोपाच्या रूपात लावते.

उत्तर :

‘अ’ गट ‘ब’ गट
1. नाही कांदा गं जीव लावते (इ) स्वत:चा जीवच जणू कांद्याच्या रोपाच्या रूपात लावते.
2. काळ्या आईला, हिरवे गोंदते (अ) गोंदणाच्या हिरव्या नक्षीप्रमाणे शेत पिकाने सजवते.
3. हिरवी होऊन, मागं उरते (आ) अतोनात कष्टानंतर हिरव्या समृद्धीच्या स्वरूपात शिल्लक राहते.

2. खालील ओळींचा अर्थलिहा.

प्रश्न 1.
सरी-वाफ्यात, कांदं लावते
बाई लावते
नाही कांदं ग, जीव लावते
बाई लावते
उत्तर :
कष्टकरी शेतकरी स्त्री शेतमळ्यामध्ये खणलेल्या चरात कांद्याची रोपे लावते. ते कांदे नव्हतेच; जणू ती स्वत:चा जीव कांद्याच्या रोपाच्या रूपात लावते.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2 रोज मातीत

3. काव्यसौंदर्य.

प्रश्न अ.
‘काळ्या आईला, हिरवं गोंदते
बाई गोंदते’ या ओळींतील भावसौंदर्य स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर :
‘रोज मातीत’ या कवितेमध्ये कवयित्री कल्पना दुधाळ यांनी दिवसरात्र शेतात राबणाऱ्या कष्टकरी शेतकरी स्त्रीचे हृदय मनोगत आर्त शब्दांत व्यक्त केले आहे.

काळ्याभोर मातीचे शेत हे शेतकरी स्त्रीचे सर्वस्व आहे. शेतातल्या धान्याने शेतकऱ्यांचे जीवन पोसले जाते. म्हणून या काळ्या शिवाराला शेतकरी स्त्री ‘आई’ असे संबोधते. लेकरांचे संगोपन करणाऱ्या आईचा दर्जा ती शेतीला देते. ती तिची ‘काळी आई’ आहे. या काळ्या मातीवर स्वत:च्या घामाचे शिंपण करून जेव्हा त्यातून हिरवेगार पीक येते. तेव्हा या काळ्या-आईचे आपण पांग फेडले, अशी शेतकऱ्यांची श्रद्धा आहे. जणू ती गोंदणाऱ्या हिरव्या नक्षीप्रमाणे शेत पिकाने सजवते.

पिकाने फुलून आलेले शिवार म्हणजे धरतीच्या अंगावरचे हिरवे गोंदण अशी हृदय कल्पना कवयित्रींनी केली आहे. स्त्रीसुलभ नितळ, प्रेमळ भावना या ओळीतून कमालीच्या साधेपणाने व्यक्त झाली आहे. शेतकरी स्त्रीच्या मनातील हृदय भाव या ओळींतून समर्पकरीत्या प्रकट झाला आहे.

प्रश्न आ.
‘नाही बेणं ग, मन दाबते
बाई दाबते
कांड्या-कांड्यांनी, संसार सांधते
बाई सांधते’ या ओळींतील विचारसौंदर्य स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर :
कवयित्री कल्पना दुधाळ यांनी ‘रोज मातीत’ या कवितेमध्ये शेतकरी स्त्रीचे कष्टमय जीवन यथायोग्य शब्दांत चित्रित केले आहे.

शेतकरी स्त्री दिनरात शेतामधील अनेक कष्टांची कामे करते. ती जशी वाफ्याच्या सरीत कांद्याची रोपे लावते, तशी ती उसाची लागवडही करते. उसाचे पीक घेण्यासाठी आधी मातीमध्ये उसाची छोटी कांडे पेरावी लागतात. हे उसाचे बेणे रुजवणे हे जिकिरीचे व कष्टाचे काम असते. भविष्यकालीन उपजीविकेसाठी हे बेणे रोवण्याचे कष्टाचे काम ती करते. बेणे नव्हे तर ती स्वत:चे मन त्यात दाबते. स्वत:ला मातीत गाडून ती संसाराचा गाडा सावरते. अशा प्रकारे काडी-काडी जोडून ती तिचा संसार सावरते. शेतकरी स्त्री ही संसाराचा कणा आहे.

शेतकरी स्त्री जी अहोरात्र शेतात जीव ओतून काम करते, त्याचे वर्णन करताना ‘मन दाबणे’ हा वाक्यप्रयोग करून शेतकरी स्त्रीचे मनोगत समर्थपणे कवयित्रीने या ओळीत व्यक्त केले आहे. काडी-काडी जोडून संसार सांधणे यातून तिच्या अविरत कष्टाचे यथोचित चित्र साधले आहे.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2 रोज मातीत

4. रसग्रहण.

खालील ओळींचे रसग्रहण करा.

प्रश्न 1.
उन्हातान्हात, रोज मरते
बाई मरते
हिरवी होऊन, मागं उरते
बाई उरते
खोल विहिरीचं, पाणी शेंदते
बाई शेंदते
रोज मातीत, मी ग नांदते
बाई नांदते
उत्तर :
आशयसौंदर्य : ‘रोज मातीत’ या कवितेमध्ये कवयित्री कल्पना दुधाळ यांनी शेतकरी स्त्रीच्या कष्टाचे वर्णन यशोचित शब्दांत केले आहे. उपरोक्त ओळींमध्ये शेतात शेतकरी स्त्रीचे नांदणे कसे कष्टमय असते याचे चित्र हृदय शब्दांत केले आहे.

काव्यसौंदर्य : शेतकरी महिला आपल्या संसारासाठी शेतजमिनीत अहोरात्र खपत असते. ती वाफ्याच्या सरीने कांदा लावते. मन दाबून उसांची कांडे जमिनीत पुरते. हे कष्ट भर उन्हात, उन्हाची पर्वा न करता अविरत करीत असते. ती जमिनीत आपले आयुष्य समर्पित करते. पुढचे हिरवे स्वप्न पाहते. सुगीच्या हंगामात जेव्हा तरारलेले हिरवेगार शेत फुलते, तेव्हा जणू या हिरवेपणात तिचे कष्टच उगवून आलेले असतात. खोल विहिरीतून पोहऱ्याने ती पाणी उपसते व पिकांना पाजते. अशा प्रकारे संसार फुलवण्यासाठी शेतकरी स्त्री रोज मातीत नांदत असते.

भाषासौंदर्य : अतिशय साध्या, सोज्ज्वळ भाषेमध्ये कवितेतील शेतकरीण आपले मनोगत व्यक्त करते. तिच्या हृदयातील बोलांमधून ती सोसत असलेले कष्ट कळून येतात. तिच्या अभिव्यक्तीसाठी कवयित्रीने या कवितेत लोकगीतांसारखा सैल छंद वापरला आहे. नादयुक्त शब्दकळा हा कवितेचा घाट आहे. त्यातल्या ‘हिरवे होऊन मागे उरणे’, ‘रोज मातीत नांदणे’ या प्रतिमा काळीज हेलावून टाकणाऱ्या आहेत. या कवितेत प्रत्ययकारी शब्द रचनेतून शेतकरी स्त्रीचे कष्टमय जीवन डोळ्यांसमोर साकारत व उलगडत जाते.

5. अभिव्यक्ती.

प्रश्न अ.
शेतकरी स्त्रियांच्या कष्टमय जीवनाचे वर्णन कवितेच्या आधारे लिहा.
उत्तर :
‘रोज मातीत’ या कवितेमध्ये कवयित्री कल्पना दुधाळ यांनी शेतकरी स्त्रियांच्या कष्टमय जीवनाचे हृदयद्रावक चित्रण सार्थ शब्दांत केले आहे. कष्टकरी शेतकरी महिला शेतातल्या वाफ्यातील सरीत कांदे लावते. जीव ओतून काम करते. काळ्या मातीला हिरव्या गोंदणाने सजवते. सोन्यासारखी झेंडूची फुले तोडून, त्यांची माळ करून घरादाराला तोरण लावते.

उसाच्या पिकासाठी उसाची छोटी कांडे मातीत दाबते. जणू ती स्वत:चे मनच त्यात दाबते. काड्या-काड्या जमवून आपला संसार सांधते. उन्हातान्हात दिवसभर खपून भविष्यातले हिरवे सुगीचे स्वप्न पाहते. विहिरीचे पाणी शेंदन काढते. अशा प्रकारे अहोरात्र शेतात कष्ट करून शेतकरी स्त्री आपल्या संसारातील साऱ्या माणसांना आनंदी राखण्यासाठी झटत असते. काळ्या आईच्या कुशीत हिरवेगार पिकाचे स्वप्न पाहत मातीतच नांदत असते.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2 रोज मातीत

प्रश्न आ.
तुमच्या परिसरातील कष्टकरी स्त्रियांचे कुटुंबाच्या उदरनिर्वाहातील योगदान स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर :
आमच्या इमारतीच्या समोर रस्त्याच्या पलीकडे कामगारांची वस्ती आहे. या वस्तीतील काही स्त्रिया सकाळी इमारतीच्या बांधकामात मजुरीसाठी जातात. पहाटे पहाटे आपापल्या खोपटात चुलीवर जेवण करतात. जाळाचा धूर घरभर पसरलेला असतो. त्यातही त्या आपल्या लहानग्या मुलांना जोजवत भाजी-भाकरी करीत असतात. लगबगीने सर्व आवरून पटकुरात भाकरी गुंडाळून नि छोट्यांना कमरेवर घेऊन झपाझपा मजुरीसाठी निघतात.

कष्टकरी स्त्रिया घाईघाईने कामावर मजुरीच्या ठिकाणी पोहोचतात. ठेकेदाराचा आरडाओरडा सहन करीत लहानग्याला झोळीत ठेवतात अन् मग रेतीची घमेली डोईवर घेऊन त्यांची मजुरी सुरू होते. न थकता ओझे उचलून नि शारीरिक दुखण्याकडे दुर्लक्ष करून इमानेइतबारे दिवसभर उन्हातान्हात पायऱ्यांवरून चढ-उतार करून आपले काम नेटाने करतात.

दुपारी थोडा वेळ एकत्र जमून मीठ-भाकर खाऊन तिथल्याच एखादया नळाचे पाणी पितात आणि पुन्हा झटझटून त्यांचे ओझी उचलणे सुरू होते. दिवस सरून गेल्यावर जड पावलांनी घरी परततात. मिळालेल्या रोजगारातून रात्रीच्या जेवणाचे सामान खरेदी करून घरी येतात. पुन्हा त्यांच्या वाट्याला पेटलेली चूल, रडणारे मूल व ‘आ’वासलेली भुकेली तोंडे हेच येते. काहीही तक्रार न करता निमूटपणे ही कामगार स्त्री आपल्या संसारासाठी हाडाची काडे करून जगत असते.

उपक्रम :

प्रश्न अ.
शेतकरी महिलेची मुलाखत घेण्यासाठी प्रश्नावली तयार करा.

प्रश्न आ.
यू-ट्यूबवरील कवी विठ्ठल वाघ यांची ‘तिफण’ ही कविता ऐका.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2 रोज मातीत

तोंडी परीक्षा.

प्रश्न अ.
प्रस्तुत कवितेचे तालासुरात सादरीकरण करा.

प्रश्न आ.
प्रस्तुत कवितेचा सारांश तुमच्या शब्दांत सांगा.

Marathi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest Chapter 2 रोज मातीत Additional Important Questions and Answers

कृती 1:

चौकटी पूर्ण करा :

प्रश्न 1.

  1. हिरवं गोंदलेली जमीन → [ ]
  2. फुले कोणती → [ ]
  3. घरादाराला बांधलेले → [ ]
  4. काड्या-काड्यांनी सांधलेला → [ ]
  5. यातून पाणी शेंदते → [ ]

उत्तर :

  1. हिरवं गोंदलेली जमीन → काळी आई
  2. फुले कोणती → झेंडूची फुले
  3. घरादाराला बांधलेले → तोरण
  4. काड्या-काड्यांनी सांधलेला → संसार
  5. यातून पाणी शेंदते → विहिरीतून

व्याकरण

वाक्यप्रकार :

प्रश्न 1.
वाक्याच्या आशयानुसार पुढील वाक्यांचे प्रकार लिहा :
1. काल फार पाऊस पडला. → [ ]
2. तू बाहेर केव्हा जाणार आहेस? → [ ]
उत्तर :
1. विधानार्थी वाक्य
2. प्रश्नार्थी वाक्य

वाक्यरूपांतर :

प्रश्न 1.
कंसांतील सूचनांप्रमाणे वाक्यरूपांतर करा :
1. अपमान केल्यास कुणाला राग येत नाही? (विधानार्थी करा.)
2. ही इमारत फारच उंच आहे. (उद्गारार्थी करा.)
उत्तर :
1. अपमान केल्यास प्रत्येकाला राग येतो.
2. बापरे! केवढी उंच ही इमारत!

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2 रोज मातीत

समास :

प्रश्न 1.
पुढील सामासिक शब्दांचा विग्रह करा :
1. घरोघर → ……………..
2. अहोरात्र → ……………
उत्तर :
1. घरोघर → प्रत्येक घरी
2. अहोरात्र → (अह) दिवस आणि रात्र.

प्रयोग :

प्रश्न 1.
पुढील वाक्यांचे प्रयोग ओळखा :

  1. समीर चित्र रंगवतो. → [ ]
  2. कमलने बक्षीस मिळवले. → [ ]
  3. सैनिकाने शत्रूला पराभूत केले. → [ ]
  4. स्वाती गाणे म्हणते. → [ ]

उत्तर :

  1. कर्तरी प्रयोग
  2. कर्मणी प्रयोग।
  3. भावे प्रयोग
  4. कर्तरी प्रयोग

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2 रोज मातीत

अलंकार :

प्रश्न 1.
पुढील उदाहरणातील उपमेय व उपमाने ओळखा :

  1. ह्या आंब्यासारखा गोड आंबा हाच.
    उपमेय → [ ] उपमान → [ ]
  2. नयन नव्हे हे पाकळ्या कमळाच्या.
    उपमेय → [ ] उपमान → [ ]

उत्तर :

  1. उपमेय → [आंबा] उपमान → [आंबा[
  2. उपमेय → [नयन] उपमान → [कमळ-पाकळ्या]

रोज मातीत Summary in Marathi

कवितेचा भावार्थ :

शेतामध्ये कष्ट उपसणाऱ्या शेतकरी स्त्रीचे मनोगत व्यक्त करताना कवयित्री म्हणतात – शेतमळ्यामध्ये रोपे पेरण्यासाठी खोदलेल्या लांबलचक चरांमध्ये मी कांदयाची रोपे लावते आहे. हे कांदे नाहीत, तर मातीमध्ये पेरलेला हा माझा जीव आहे, प्राण आहे.

या माझ्या शेतातील काळ्या मातीला मी हिरव्या रोपांच्या रंगाने गोंदते आहे. गोंदणाच्या हिरव्या नक्षीप्रमाणे शेत पिकाने सजवते. काळ्या मातीत हिरवे स्वप्न उसवते आहे. या शेतजमिनीतच माझा संसार आहे. या मातीतच मी नांदते आहे. सोन्यासारखी पिवळीधमक झेंडूची फुले तोडून मी परडीत गोळा करते. ही फुले नाहीतच; जणू माझे शरीर मी त्या देठापासून फुलांच्या रूपाने तोडते आहे.

खुडलेल्या टपोऱ्या झेंडूच्या फुलाची मी पताका करून, ती फुले माळेत गुंफून मी त्याचे तोरण घराच्या दाराला शुभचिन्ह म्हणून बांधत आहे. घरादाराचा असा उत्सव मी प्राणपणाने साजरा करते. मी या काळ्याभोर मातीत रोजची नांदत आहे, वावरत आहे.

उसाचे पीक येण्यासाठी वाफ्यातील चरात मी उसाची बारीक कांडे बियाणे म्हणून दाबून बसवते. खरे म्हटले तर ही उसांची कांडे नाहीतच, माझे मन मी त्यात दाबून बसवते आहे. मनापासून माझे मी शेतीचे काम आवडीने करते आहे.

काडी-काडी जोडून मी माझा प्रपंच सांधते आहे. म्हणजे कष्ट करून संसाराचा गाडा इमानाने स्वत:च्या हिमतीने ओढते आहे. संसारातील खस्ता खाते आहे. मी रोज या माझ्या प्रिय काळ्याशार मातीत नांदत आहे.

उन्हातान्हाची पर्वा न करता, मरणाची वेदना सहन करून मी रोज राबते आहे. जेव्हा पीक हिरवेगार होऊन काळ्या जमिनीत लहरेल, समृद्धीच्या रूपात मागे उरेन, तेव्हा या कष्टाचे फळ मला मिळेल, असा माझा ठाम विश्वास आहे. पिके हिरवीगार राहावीत व दाण्यांनी लगडावीत म्हणून मी खोल विहिरीत पोहरा टाकून पाणी उपसते व ते शेतात सोडते. अशा प्रकारे माझे हिरवे स्वप्न साकार होण्यासाठी मी दररोज या मातीत काया झिजवत आहे; कष्ट करीत आहे.

शब्दार्थ :

  1. वाफा – शेतमळा.
  2. नांदते – वावरते, आनंदाने स्थाईक होते.
  3. देह – शरीर.
  4. बेणं – बी, बियाणे, बीज.
  5. सांधते – जोडते.
  6. उन्हातान्हात – भर उन्हात.
  7. शेंदते – (आडातील पाणी) पोहऱ्याने उपसून काढते.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2 रोज मातीत

टिपा :

  1. सरी – रोप लावण्यासाठी खणलेले लांब चर.
  2. हिरवं गोंदण – हिरव्या पिकांनी ठसवलेली (जमीन).
  3. काळी आई – शेतकऱ्याची काळीभोर शेतजमीन.
  4. तोरण – शुभपताकांची माळ.
  5. झेंडू – एक प्रकारचे फूल.

वाक्प्रचार व त्यांचे अर्थ :

  1. देह तोडणे – देह (शरीर) कष्टवणे.
  2. मन दाबणे – (मातीत) मन गाढणे, मनापासून कष्ट करणे.
  3. संसार सांधणे – प्रपंच सावरणे.
  4. पाणी शेंदणे – रहाटाद्वारे विहिरीचे पाणी उपसणे.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Marathi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest Chapter 1 वेगवशता Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता

12th Marathi Guide Chapter 1 वेगवशता Textbook Questions and Answers

कृती 

1. अ. पाठाच्या आधारे खालील चौकटी पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 1. अ
पाठाच्या आधारे खालील चौकटी पूर्ण करा.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता 2
उत्तर :

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता 3

आ. कृती करा.

प्रश्न 1. आ.
कृती करा
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता 4.1

उत्तर :
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता 5.1
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता 6.1
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता 7.1

इ. कारणे शोधा व लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.
अमेरिकेतील माणसांचे जीवन वेगवान असते, कारण ………………. .
उत्तर :
अमेरिकेतील माणसांचे जीवन वेगवान असते; कारण वेगवेगळ्या ठिकाणांमधील अंतर खूपच असते आणि दरडोई वाहन उपलब्ध असते

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता

प्रश्न 2.
लेखकांच्या मते, गरजेच्या वेळी वाहनांचा वापर करायला हवा; कारण ………………… .
उत्तर :
लेखकांच्या मते, गरजेच्या वेळी वाहनांचा वापर करायला हवा; कारण रस्त्यावर अडचणी निर्माण होणार नाहीत.

2. अ. योग्य पर्याय निवडून उत्तर लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.
जीवन अर्थ पूर्ण होईल, जर ………………….
अ. वाहन कामापुरतेच वापरले तर.
आ. वाहन आवश्यक कामासाठी वापरले तर
इ. वाहनाचा वेग आटोक्यात ठेवला तर.
ई. वरील तिन्ही गोष्टींचा अवलंब केला तर.
उत्तर :
ई. वरील तिन्ही गोष्टींचा अवलंब केला तर.

प्रश्न 2.
निसर्गविरोधी वर्तन नसणे, म्हणजे……………..
अ. स्वत:ला वाहनाशी सतत जखडून ठेवणे.
आ. वाहनाचा अतिवेग अंगीकारणे.
इ. तातडीचा भाग म्हणून कधीतरी वाहन वापरणे.
ई. गरज नसताना वाहन वापरणे.
उत्तर :
इ. तातडीचा भाग म्हणून कधीतरी वाहन वापरणे.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता

आ. वाहन वापरातील फरक स्पष्ट करा.

प्रश्न 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता 1
उत्तर :

अमेरिका भारत
घरोघर, दरडोई वाहन उपलब्ध असते. अंतरे कमी आहेत.
रस्ते रुंद, सरळ, निर्विघ्न व एकमार्गी माणसे खूप आहेत.
कामांची वेगवेगळी ठिकाणे किमान शंभर मैल अंतरावर असतात. कामे फारशी नसतात.
दूरदूरची ठिकाणे गाठण्यासाठी वेगाचा आश्रय घ्यावा लागतो. महानगरे रेल्वेने जोडलेली आहेत.

3. खालील वाक्यांचा अर्थ सोदाहरण स्पष्ट करा.

प्रश्न अ.
यथाप्रमाण गती ही गरज आहे ; पण अप्रमाण, अवास्तव आणि अनावश्यक गती ही एक विकृती आहे.
उत्तर :
योग्य त्या प्रमाणात, आवश्यक त्या प्रमाणात वाहन वापरणे ही माणसाची गरज आहे. योग्य त्या प्रमाणात वाहन न वापरणे, अव्यवहार्य रितीने वापरणे आणि गरज नसताना वापरणे हे अनैसर्गिक आहे.

प्रश्न आ.
आरंभी माणसे वाहनांवर स्वार होतात. मग वाहने माणसांवर स्वार होतात.
उत्तर :
सुरुवातीला लोक गाडी जपून चालवतात. थोड्या काळासाठीच जपून चालवतात. मात्र हळूहळू त्यांना गाडीची चटक लागते. मग ते गरज असतानाच नव्हे, तर केवळ मौजमजा करण्यासाठीसुद्धा गाडीचा वापर करतात. हळूहळू त्यांना गाडीशिवाय कुठे जाताही येत नाही. पूर्णपणे ते गाडीवरच अवलंबून राहतात. हे सिगारेटच्या व्यसनासारखेच आहे.

सुरुवातीला फक्त एकदाच, मग फक्त एकच. असे करता करता दिवसाला एक पाकीट कधी होते हे कळतच नाही. नंतर नंतर सिगारेट मिळाली नाही तर त्या व्यक्तीचे मनःस्वास्थ्यच नाहीसे होते. सिगारेटशिवाय ती राहू शकत नाही. ती व्यक्ती सिगारेटचा गुलाम होऊन जाते. तद्वतच माणसेही गाड्यांचे गुलाम होतात. त्यांच्या वापराबाबत माणसांना कोणतेही तारतम्य राहत नाही.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता

प्रश्न इ.
उगाच भावविवश होऊन वेगवश होऊ नये.
उत्तर :
वाहन हे सोयीसाठी असते. ते साधन आहे. आपला वेळ व आपले श्रम वाहनामुळे वाचतात. आपली कामे भराभर होतात. वाहनाचे हे स्थान ओळखले पाहिजे. यापलीकडे आपल्या भावना गुंतवू नयेत. वाऱ्यासोबत त्याच्या वेगाने धावू लागलो तर काही क्षण आनंद मिळतो. उत्साह, उल्हास शरीरात सळसळतो. म्हणजे आपल्या भावना उचंबळून येतात. या भावनांवर आपण आरूढ झालो, तर आपला वाहनावर ताबा राहत नाही आणि अपघातांची शक्यता निर्माण होते.

आपल्या वाहनाला धडकेल का, आपल्याला जिथे वळायचे आहे तिथे वळता येईल का, त्या वेळी बाकीच्या वाहनांची स्थिती कशी असेल, त्यांच्यापैकी कोणीही स्वत:ची दिशा बदलण्याचा संभव आहे का इत्यादी अनेक बाबींचा विचार काही क्षणांत करावा लागतो. त्या अनुषंगाने सतत विचार करीत राहावे लागते. वाहन आणि वाहनाची गती यांखेरीज अन्य कोणतेही विचार मनात आणता येत नाहीत.

एकाच विचाराला जखडले गेल्यामुळे डोळ्यांवर, शरीरावर व मनावर विलक्षण ताण येतो. अपघाताची भीती मनात सावलीसारखी वावरत असते. तासन्तास तणावाखाली राहावे लागल्याने मनावर विपरीत परिणाम होतात. वाहनाचा वेग जास्त असल्यामुळे अगदी बारीकशा खड्ड्यानेसुद्धा वाहनाला हादरे बसतात. सांधे दुखतात. ते कमकुवत होतात. अशा प्रकारे वाढता वेग म्हणजे ताण, हे समीकरण तयार होते.

4. व्याकरण.

अ. समानार्थी शब्द लिहा.

प्रश्न अ.
समानार्थी शब्द लिहा.

  1. निकड –
  2. उचित –
  3. उसंत –
  4. व्यग्न –

उत्तर :

  1. निकड – गरज
  2. उचित – योग्य
  3. उसंत – सवड
  4. व्यग्र – गर्क

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता

आ. खालील सामासिक शब्दांचा विग्रह करून समास ओळखा.

प्रश्न आ.
खालील सामासिक शब्दांचा विग्रह करून समास ओळखा.

  1. ताणतणाव –
  2. दरडोई –
  3. यथाप्रमाण –
  4. जीवनशैली –

उत्तर :

  1. ताणतणाव – ताण, तणाव वगैरे → समाहार व्वंद्व
  2. दरडोई – प्रत्येक डोईला → अव्ययीभाव
  3. यथाप्रमाण – प्रमाणाप्रमाणे → अव्ययीभाव
  4. जीवनशैली – जीवनाची शैली → विभक्ती तत्पुरुष

इ. कंसातील सूचनेनुसार वाक्यरूपांतर करा.

प्रश्न इ.
कंसातील सूचनेनुसार वाक्यरूपांतर करा.

  1. आजच्या जीवनात विलक्षण वेगवानता आढळते. (उद्गारार्थी करा.)
  2. आपल्याकडे कामाच्या ठिकाणाची अंतरे कमी आहेत. (नकारार्थी करा.)
  3. निसर्गरम्य स्थान किंवा मंदिर पाहण्यासाठी ही माणसे का जात नाहीत? (विधानार्थी करा.)

उत्तर :

  1. किती विलक्षण वेगवानता आढळते आजच्या जीवनात!
  2. आपल्याकडे कामाच्या ठिकाणांची अंतरे जास्त नाहीत.
  3. माणसांनी निसर्गरम्य स्थान किंवा मंदिर पाहण्यासाठी जायला हरकत नाही.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता

5. स्वमत.

प्रश्न अ.
‘वाहनांच्या अतिवापराने शरीर व्यापारात अडथळे निर्माण होतात’, तुमचे मत सोदाहरण स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर :
अलीकडच्या काळात जीवन विलक्षण गतिमान झाले आहे. एकाच माणसाला अनेक कामे पार पाडावी लागतात. तीसुद्धा कमी अवधीत. कामांशी संबंधित ठिकाणी अनेक माणसांना अनेक ठिकाणी गाठावे लागते. मोठमोठी अंतरे कापावी लागतात. चालत जाऊन ही कामे करता येणे शक्य नसते. साहजिकच वाहनांचा उपयोग अपरिहार्य ठरतो.

फक्त एका-दोघांना किंवा फक्त काहीजणांनाच वाहन वापरावे लागते असे नाही. सामान्य माणसांनाही वाहन वापरणे गरजेचे होऊन बसले आहे. सतत वाहन वापरण्याचे दुष्परिणाम खूप होतात. आपण चालत चालत जाऊन कामे करतो, तेव्हा शरीराच्या सर्व प्रकारच्या हालचाली होतात. इकडे-तिकडे वळणे, खाली वाकणे, वर पाहणे, मागे पाहणे, हात वर-खाली करणे, पाय दुमडून बसणे.

पाय लांब करून बसणे, उकिडवे बसणे अशा कितीतरी लहान लहान कृतींतून शारीरिक हालचाली घडत असतात. या हालचालींमुळे शरीराच्या सगळ्याच स्नायूंना आणि सांध्यांना भरपूर व्यायाम मिळतो. शरीर लवचीक बनते. आपण या हालचाली सहजगत्या, एका लयीत करू शकतो. एक सुंदर, नैसर्गिक लय शरीराला लाभते. मात्र, सतत वाहनांचा उपयोग करावा लागल्यामुळे हालचालींना आपण मुकतो.

शरीराला लवचिकता प्राप्त होत नाही. शरीराच्या अनेक व्याधींना सुरुवात होते. दुःखे, कटकटी भोगाव्या लागतात. पैसा, वेळ खर्च होतो. दैनंदिन जीवन विस्कळीत होते. जगण्यातला आनंद नाहीसा होतो. म्हणजे आपल्या शरीर व्यापारात अनेक अडथळे निर्माण होतात.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता

प्रश्न आ.
‘वाढता वेग म्हणजे ताण’, याविषयी तुमचे मत सविस्तर लिहा.
उत्तर :
माणसे वाहनात बसली की ते दृश्य पाहण्यासारखे असते. सर्वजण उल्हसित मन:स्थितीत असतात. सगळ्यांच्या बोलण्याच्या कोलाहलामुळे वातावरणात आनंद भरून जातो. वाहनचालकाला हळूहळू सुरसुरी येते. तो हळूहळू वेग वाढवू लागतो. सर्वजण उत्तेजित होतात. गाडीचा वेग वाढतच जातो. मागे पडत जाणाऱ्या वाहनांकडे सगळेजण विजयी मुद्रेने पाहू लागतात.

चालक हळूहळू बेभान होतो. अन्य गाडीवाले सामान्य आहेत, कमकुवत आहेत, आपण सम्राट आहोत, अशी भावना मनातून उसळी घेऊ लागते. अशा मन:स्थितीत माणूस विवेक गमावतो. गाडी सुरक्षितपणे चालवण्यासाठी ही मन:स्थिती अनुकूल नसते. गाडी सुरक्षितपणे चालवण्यासाठी चित्त एकवटून वाहनावर केंद्रित करावे लागते. हात आणि पाय यांच्या हालचाली अचूक जुळवून घेण्यासाठी सतत मनाची तयारी ठेवावी लागते.

क्लच, ब्रेक, अक्सलरेटर, यांच्याकडे बारीक लक्ष ठेवावे लागते. त्याच वेळी पाठीमागून व बाजूने येणारी वाहने आणि आपण यांच्यात सुरक्षित अंतर ठेवण्याचा कसोशीने प्रयत्न करावा लागतो. अन्य एखादे वाहन मध्येच आडवे येईल का, आपल्या वाहनाला धडकेल का, आपल्याला जिथे वळायचे आहे तिथे वळता येईल का, त्या वेळी बाकीच्या वाहनांची स्थिती कशी असेल, त्यांच्यापैकी कोणीही स्वत:ची दिशा बदलण्याचा संभव आहे का इत्यादी अनेक बाबींचा विचार काही क्षणांत करावा लागतो.

त्या अनुषंगाने सतत विचार करीत राहावे लागते. वाहन आणि वाहनाची गती यांखेरीज अन्य कोणतेही विचार मनात आणता येत नाहीत. एकाच विचाराला जखडले गेल्यामुळे डोळ्यांवर, शरीरावर व मनावर विलक्षण ताण येतो. अपघाताची भीती मनात सावलीसारखी वावरत असते. तासन्तास तणावाखाली राहावे लागल्याने मनावर विपरीत परिणाम होतात. वाहनाचा वेग जास्त असल्यामुळे अगदी बारीकशा खड्ड्यानेसुद्धा वाहनाला हादरे बसतात. सांधे दुखतात. ते कमकुवत होतात. अशा प्रकारे वाढता वेग म्हणजे ताण, हे समीकरण तयार होते.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता

प्रश्न इ.
‘वाहन हे वेळ वाचवण्यासाठी असते. ते वेळ घालवण्यासाठी नसते’, हे विधान तुमच्या शब्दांत स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर :
खरे तर प्राचीन काळापासून वाहन निर्माण करणे, हे माणसाचे स्वप्न होते. त्याच्या मनात खोलवर रुजलेले हे स्वप्न प्राचीन कथांमधून, देवदेवतांच्या कथांमधून सतत व्यक्त होत राहिले आहे. माणसाच्या मनातल्या या प्रबळ प्रेरणेतूनच वाहनाची निर्मिती झाली आहे. वेळ आणि श्रम वाचवणे हाच वाहनाच्या निर्मितीमागील हेतू आहे. अलीकडच्या काळात जीवनाचा वेग प्रचंड वाढला आहे. वेळ थोडा असतो. कामे भरपूर असतात. कामाची ठिकाणेसुद्धा दूर दूर असतात. अनेक ठिकाणी जावे लागते.

अनेक माणसांना भेटावे लागते. म्हणूनच वाहनांची निर्मिती झाली आहे. वाहनांमुळे माणसाची प्रचंड प्रगती झाली आहे. त्यामुळे वाहनाला माणसाच्या जीवनात फार मोठे स्थान मिळालेले आहे. अशी ही अत्यंत महत्त्वाची वस्तू आपल्याकडे असावी, असे सगळ्यांना वाटू लागते. माणसे धडपडून वाहने प्राप्त करतात. प्रतिष्ठा मिळवतात. पण वेळ व श्रम वाचवणे हा उद्देश मात्र त्यांच्या मनातून केव्हाच दूर होतो. वाहन हे साधन आहे.

ते आपला वेळ वाचवते यात शंकाच नाही. परंतु काहीही केले तरी किमान वेळ हा लागतोच. शून्य वेळामध्ये आपण कुठेही पोहोचू शकत नाही. वाहन ही अखेरीस एक वस्तू आहे. वस्तूला तिच्या मर्यादा असतात. हे लक्षात न घेता आपण जास्तीत जास्त वेग वाढवून कमीत कमी वेळात पोहोचण्याचा हव्यास बाळगतो. अतिवेगामुळे आपलेच नुकसान होते. अनेक शारीरिक व्याधी आपल्याला जडतात. शारीरिक क्षमता उणावते. जगण्यातला आनंद कमी होतो. हे सर्व आपण सतत लक्षात ठेवले पाहिजे.

पण हे कोणीही लक्षात घेत नाही. केवळ हौसेसाठी, गंमत-जंमत करण्यासाठी, आपल्याकडे गाडी आहे, ऐश्वर्य आहे हे दाखवण्यासाठी लोक गाडीचा उपयोग करतात. हळूहळू गाडीचे गुलाम बनतात. गाडी हे एक साधन आहे, हे आपण सतत लक्षात ठेवले पाहिजे.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता

प्रश्न ई.
‘वाहनाची अतिगती ही विकृती आहे’, स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर :
वाहनाची अतिगती ही विकृती आहे, हे विधान शंभर टक्के सत्य आहे. हे विधान मला पूर्णपणे मान्य आहे. विकृती म्हणजे जे सहज नाही, नैसर्गिक नाही ते. कल्पना करा. आपल्याला चॉकलेट खूप आवडते. सर्व जगात असे किती जण आहेत, जे सकाळी, दुपारी, संध्याकाळी व रात्री आवडते म्हणून फक्त चॉकलेटच खातात? समजा एखादयाला पांढरा रंग खूप आवडतो, म्हणून तो घरातल्या सर्व माणसांना फक्त पांढऱ्या रंगाचेच कपडे घेतो. घराला पांढरा रंग देतो. अंथरुणे-पांघरुणे पांढरी, खिडक्यांचे पडदे पांढरे, भांडीकुंडी, फर्निचर पांढऱ्या रंगाचे. हे असे करणारा जगामध्ये.

एक तरी माणूस असेल का? सर्वजण पायांनी चालतात. उलटे होऊन हातांवर तोल सावरत प्रयत्नपूर्वक चालता येऊ शकते. पण अशा त-हेने नियमितपणे जाणारा एक तरी माणूस सापडेल का? जे सहज आहे, नैसर्गिक आहे तेच साधारणपणे माणूस करतो. तीच खरे तर प्रकृती असते. याच्या विरुद्ध वागणे म्हणजे विकृती होय. रोजच्या जेवणात वरण-भात आणि भाजी-पोळी असणे, घरात विविध रंगसंगती योजणे, पायांनी चालणे हे सर्व सहज, नैसर्गिक आहे.

सर्व माणसे तसेच वागतात. हाच न्याय वाहनांनासुद्धा लागू पडतो. मर्यादित वेगाने वाहन चालवत, अपघाताची शक्यता निर्माण होऊ न देता, सुरक्षितपणे, वेळेत पोहोचणे हा वाहनाने प्रवास करण्याचा हेतू असतो. हा हेतू आपण अतिवेगाचा हव्यास बाळगला नाही तरच यशस्वी होतो. म्हणून अतिवेग ही विकृती होय, हेच खरे.

6. अभिव्यक्ती.

प्रश्न अ.
रस्त्यावरील वाहतूक कोंडीत सापडल्यावर तुमची भूमिका काय असेल ते लिहा.
उत्तर :
सध्या वाहनांची प्रचंड गर्दी झाली आहे. रस्ते मात्र पूर्वीएवढेच आहेत. रस्त्यांची संख्या पूर्वीइतकीच आणि त्यांची लांबी-रुंदीसुद्धा पूर्वीइतकीच. गाड्यांची संख्या मात्र प्रचंड वाढली आहे. कमी वेळात पोहोचण्याच्या इच्छेने वाहन खरेदी केले जाते खरे; पण वाहतूक कोंडीतच तासन्तास वाया जातात. या परिस्थितीमुळे मनाचा संताप होतो. वाहन आपल्या मालकीचे असते. पण रस्ता.

आपल्या मालकीचा नसतो. मग वाहतूक कोंडीच्या ठिकाणी प्रचंड गदारोळ माजतो. प्रत्येकजण स्वत:ची गाडी वाटेल तशी पुढे दामटत राहतो. सर्व गाड्या एकमेकांच्या वाटा अडवून उभ्या राहतात. कोणीही पुढे जाऊ शकत नाही की मागे परतू शकत नाही. गाड्यांचे हॉर्न कर्कश आवाजात मोठमोठ्याने कोकलत असतात. काही जणांची भांडणे सुरू होतात. पोलीस हतबल होतात.

अशा प्रसंगात मी सापडलो तर? सर्वप्रथम हे लक्षात घेईन की परिस्थिती माझ्या नियंत्रणात नाही. मी पूर्णपणे शांत राहीन. मनाची चिडचिड होऊ देणार नाही. अस्वस्थ होणार नाही. हॉर्न तर मुळीच वाजवणार नाही. मध्ये मध्ये घुसून पुढे जाण्याचा प्रयत्न करणार नाही. तसे करणाऱ्यांना समजावून सांगण्याचा प्रयत्न करीन. कारण अशा पद्धतीने कोणीही पुढे जाऊ शकत नाही.

उलट अडचणींमध्ये भर पडण्याची शक्यता जास्त. आपण स्वतः पुढे होऊन रहदारीचे नियंत्रण करू लागलो तर लोक आपले ऐकणार नाहीत. पण आणखी एका दोघांशी बोलून दोघे-तिघे जण तिथल्या पोलीस काकांना भेटू. आमची मदत करण्याची इच्छा बोलून दाखवू. त्यांच्याशी चर्चा करून काय काय करायचे ते ठरवून घेऊ. कामांची आपापसांत वाटणी करून घेऊ आणि पोलीस काकांच्या मार्गदर्शनाखाली वाहतूक नियंत्रण सुरू करू.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता

प्रश्न आ.
वाहन चालवत असताना कोणती काळजी घ्यावी, ते तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तर :
गाडी चालवताना काळजी घेतली आणि वाहतुकीचे नियम काटेकोरपणे पाळले तर प्रवास सुखाचा, सुरक्षित आणि कमीत कमी वेळेत पूर्ण होतो.

गाडी चालवायला बसण्यापूर्वीची पूर्वतयारी :

  • प्रत्येक वेळी गाडी चालवायला बसण्यापूर्वी वाहन चालवण्याचा परवाना (ड्रायव्हिंग लायसन्स), अन्य आवश्यक कागदपत्रे (विमा, पीयुसी इत्यादी) घेतल्याची खात्री करून घ्यावी.
  • टायरमधील हवा आणि गाडीतील इंधन पुरेपूर असल्याची खात्री करावी.
  • गाडीतील प्रवाशांना वाहतुकीच्या सामान्य नियमांची कल्पना दयावी. आणीबाणीच्या प्रसंगी काय करावे त्याची माहिती दयावी.

प्रत्यक्ष गाडी चालवताना घ्यायची काळजी :

  • गाडीवर पूर्ण लक्ष ठेवावे.
  • गाडीतील प्रवाशांच्या गप्पांत सामील होऊ नये.
  • गाडीचा वेग पन्नास-साठ किलोमीटरच्या पलीकडे जाऊ देऊ नये; कारण आपल्याकडील रस्ते अजूनही साठ किलोमीटरपेक्षा जास्त वेगाने जाण्यास योग्य बनवलेले नाहीत.
  • जास्त वेगामुळे सतत हादरे बसतात आणि सर्वांनाच त्रास होतो. शारीरिक व्याधी जडतात. म्हणून जास्त वेगाचा मोह टाळावा.
  • गाडीतील प्रवाशांना गप्पा मारण्यास बंदी घालता येत नाही. तरीही गप्पांच्या ओघात अचानक मोठ्याने ओरडणे किंवा हास्यस्फोटक विनोद करणे या गोष्टी टाळण्याच्या सूचना दयाव्यात.
  • स्वत:ची लेन सोडून जाऊ नये.
  • लेन बदलताना, वळण घेताना, रस्ता बदलताना खूप आधीपासून तयारी करावी. योग्य ते सिग्नल दयावेत.
  • वाटेत जागोजागी लावलेल्या वाहतुकीच्या सूचनांचे काटेकोर पालन करावे.
  • गाडीत धूम्रपान, मद्यपान करू नये. गाडी चालकाने तर मुळीच करू नये.

अशा प्रकारे काळजी घेतल्यास आपला प्रवास सुखाचा होतो.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता

उपक्रम :

‘वाहतूक नियंत्रण पोलीस कर्मचारी’ यांची अभिरूप मुलाखत तुमच्या वर्गमित्राच्या/मैत्रिणीच्या मदतीने वर्गात सादर करा.

तोंडी परीक्षा :

‘वाहतूक सुरक्षेची गरज’ या विषयावर पाच मिनिटांचे भाषण दया.

Marathi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest Chapter 1 वेगवशता Additional Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न. पुढील उतारा वाचा आणि दिलेल्या सूचनांनुसार कृती करा :

कृती 1 : (आकलन)

योग्य पर्याय निवडून उत्तर लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.
1. वाहनाचा वेग अनिवार झाला, तर …….
2. शरीर-मनावरील ताण नाहीसे होतात.
3. शरीरभर आनंदाची स्पंदने निर्माण होतात.
4. आरोग्याची हानी होते.
5. एकाच जागी तासन्तास जखडून बसण्याचे शारीरिक कौशल्य अवगत होते.
उत्तर :
4. आरोग्याची हानी होते.

पुढील वाक्यांचा अर्थ सोदाहरण स्पष्ट करा :

प्रश्न 1.
जीवन हे दशदिशांना विभागले आहे.
उत्तर :
आधुनिक काळात खूप प्रगती झाल्यामुळे माणसे पूर्वीच्या काळापेक्षा कमी वेळात जास्त कामे करतात. त्यामुळे कामांची ठिकाणे अनेक असतात. ही ठिकाणे दूर दूर पसरलेली असतात.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता

प्रश्न 2.
अंतरावरच्या गोष्टींशी जवळीक साधण्यासाठी दूरवर जावे लागते.
उत्तर :
अमेरिकेसारख्या देशामध्ये राहण्याची ठिकाणे, नोकरीव्यवसायाची ठिकाणे, अन्य कामाची ठिकाणे ही सर्व दूर दूर अंतरावर असतात. ही अंतरे पार करण्यासाठी खूप प्रवास करावा लागतो. भारतातील अनेक व्यक्तींची मुले अमेरिकेसारख्या दूरदूरच्या देशांमध्ये राहतात. ही सर्व माणसे एकमेकांना नियमितपणे व सहजपणे भेटू शकत नाहीत. साहजिकच अंतरामुळे त्यांच्यात दुरावा निर्माण होतो.

शकत नाही. गाड्यांचे हॉर्न कर्कश आवाजात मोठमोठ्याने कोकलत असतात. काही जणांची भांडणे सुरू होतात. पोलीस हतबल होतात. अशा प्रसंगात मी सापडलो तर? सर्वप्रथम हे लक्षात घेईन की परिस्थिती माझ्या नियंत्रणात नाही. मी पूर्णपणे शांत राहीन. मनाची चिडचिड होऊ देणार नाही. अस्वस्थ होणार नाही. हॉर्न तर मुळीच वाजवणार नाही.

मध्ये मध्ये घुसून पुढे जाण्याचा प्रयत्न करणार नाही. तसे करणाऱ्यांना समजावून सांगण्याचा प्रयत्न करीन. कारण अशा पद्धतीने कोणीही पुढे जाऊ शकत नाही. उलट अडचणींमध्ये भर पडण्याची शक्यता जास्त. आपण स्वतः पुढे होऊन रहदारीचे नियंत्रण करू लागलो तर लोक आपले ऐकणार नाहीत. पण आणखी एका दोघांशी बोलून दोघे-तिघे जण तिथल्या पोलीस काकांना भेटू. आमची मदत करण्याची इच्छा बोलून दाखवू. त्यांच्याशी चर्चा करून काय काय करायचे ते ठरवून घेऊ. कामांची आपापसांत वाटणी करून घेऊ आणि पोलीस काकांच्या मार्गदर्शनाखाली वाहतूक नियंत्रण सुरू करू.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता

प्रश्न 3.
रस्त्याने कोणी चालण्याऐवजी पळू लागला तर त्याचे कौतुक करावे का?
उत्तर :
रस्त्याने कोणीही चालण्याऐवजी पळू लागला, तर कोणीही कौतुक करणार नाही. रस्ते, वाटा या चालण्यासाठी असतात. माणसे सर्वसाधारणपणे जशा कृती करतात, जशी वागतात, तशी वागली तर लोकांना बरे वाटते. वेगळी वागली, तर काहीतरी विचित्र घडत आहे, असे वाटू लागते.

लिहा :

प्रश्न 1.

  1. घरोघर व दरडोई वाहन उपलब्ध असलेला देश : ………….
  2. वेगामुळे बेभान होणारी : ………….
  3. अमेरिकन जीवनशैली ज्यांनी पत्करू नये ते : ………….
  4. गाड्यांनी एकमेकांना जोडली जाणारी : ………….
  5. वाहनांमुळे वाचतात : ………….
  6. माणसांवर स्वार होणारी : ………….

उत्तर :

  1. अमेरिका
  2. माणसे
  3. भारतीय
  4. महानगरे
  5. वेळ, श्रम
  6. वाहने.

कृती करा :

प्रश्न 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता 8.1
उत्तर :
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता 9.1

प्रश्न 2.
Maharashtra-Board-Class-12-Marathi-Yuvakbharati-Solutions-Chapter-1-वेगवशता-11
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता 10.1
उत्तर :
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता 13.1
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता 11.1

प्रश्न 3.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता 14.1
उत्तर :
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता 15.1

रिकाम्या चौकटी भरा :

प्रश्न 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता 12.1
उत्तर :
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता 13.1

रिकाम्या जागा भरा :

प्रश्न 1.
वाई, सातारा अशा गावी वाहनाचा उपयोग होऊ शकतो, जर …
i. ………………….
ii. …………………
उत्तर :
वाई, सातारा अशा गावी वाहनाचा उपयोग होऊ शकतो, जर …
i. तातडीने शेतमळ्यावर जाण्याची वेळ आली.
ii. आपण गावाबाहेर राहत असू.

प्रश्न 2.
इतरांशी मानसिक स्पर्धा करण्यासाठी किंवा आपल्या ऐश्वर्याचे प्रदर्शन घडवण्यासाठी माणसे …..
उत्तर :
इतरांशी मानसिक स्पर्धा करण्यासाठी किंवा आपल्या ऐश्वर्याचे प्रदर्शन घडवण्यासाठी माणसे गरज नसताना कर्ज काढून वाहने खरेदी करतात.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता

सूचनेप्रमाणे उत्तरे लिहा : 

प्रश्न 1.
वाहनाचा वेग बेताचा हवा, असे लेखक सांगतात त्यामागील कारण लिहा.
उत्तर :
वाहनाचा वेग बेताचा हवा, असे लेखक सांगतात, त्यामागील कारण अतिघाई किंवा अतिवेग यांत कोणतेही औचित्य नसते.

प्रश्न 2.
अपघात होण्याची दोन कारणे लिहा.
उत्तर :

  • वेग वाढल्यामुळे वाहनावरचा ताबा सुटणे आणि
  • पुढच्या वाहनाला मागे टाकून पुढे जाण्याचा हव्यास या दोन कारणांनी अपघात होतात.

वाक्ये पूर्ण करा :

प्रश्न 1.

  1. जर वाहनाचा वेग वाढला, तर …………..
  2. पुढचे वाहन मागे टाकून पुढे जाण्याचा जर हव्यास बाळगला, तर …………
  3. रात्री भरधाव वेगाने प्रवास करू नये; कारण ………….

उत्तर :

  1. जर वाहनाचा वेग वाढला, तर त्यावरचा ताबा कमी होतो.
  2. पुढचे वाहन मागे टाकून पुढे जाण्याचा जर हव्यास बाळगला, तर अपघात होतो.
  3. रात्री भरधाव वेगाने प्रवास करू नये; कारण झटपट पार पडलीच पाहिजेत अशी महत्त्वाची कामे दरवेळी नसतात.

व्याकरण :

वाक्यप्रकार:

वाक्यांच्या आशयावरून वाक्यप्रकार ओळखा :

प्रश्न 1.

  1. वेग हे गतीचे रूप आहे. → [ ]
  2. जीवनाची ही टोके सांधणार कशी? → [ ]
  3. बापरे! किती हा जीवघेणा वेग! → [ ]

उत्तर :

  1. विधानार्थी वाक्य
  2. प्रश्नार्थी वाक्य
  3. उद्गारार्थी वाक्य

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता

प्रश्न 2.
क्रियापदाच्या रूपांवरून वाक्यप्रकार ओळखा :

  1. गतीला जेव्हा दिशा असते, तेव्हाच ती प्रगती या संज्ञेला पात्र ठरते. → [ ]
  2. सुसाट गतीला आवरा. → [ ]
  3. कामापुरते व कामासाठी वाहन काढावे. → [ ]
  4. वाहनांच्या वेगाची चिंता वाटते. → [ ]

उत्तर :

  1. संकेतार्थी वाक्य
  2. आज्ञार्थी वाक्य
  3. विध्यर्थी वाक्य
  4. स्वार्थी वाक्य

प्रयोग ओळखा :

प्रश्न 1.

  1. अचानक वेग वाढतो. → [ ]
  2. माणसाने वाहन चालविले. → [ ]
  3. माणसाने वेगाला आवरावे. → [ ]

उत्तर :

  1. कर्तरी प्रयोग
  2. कर्मणी प्रयोग
  3. भावे प्रयोग

अलंकार :

पुढील अलंकार ओळखा :

प्रश्न 1.
आईसारखे दैवत आईच होय!
उत्तर :
अनन्वय अलंकार

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता

शब्दार्थ :

  1. प्रगती – जीवनाचा स्तर, दर्जा उंचावणे.
  2. अगतिक – असहाय, केविलवाणे.
  3. अवखळ – खट्याळ, उपद्रवी.
  4. उरकणे – आटोपणे.
  5. यथाप्रमाण – आवश्यक तेवढे.
  6. त्वरा – घाई, जलदगती.
  7. कृतकृत्य – धन्य, यशस्वी.
  8. अनिवार – अतिशय.
  9. भावविवश – हळवा, भावनाप्रधान.
  10. यथासांग – (यथा + स + अंग) आवश्यक त्या सर्व बाजूंनी.

वाक्प्रचार व त्याचा अर्थ :

यथासांग पार पाडणे – सर्व बाजू पूर्ण करून पार पाडणे.

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Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Textbook Solutions

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 12 Biotechnology

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 12th Biology Textbook Solutions Chapter 12 Biotechnology Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Biology Solutions Chapter 12 Biotechnology

1. Multiple choice questions

Question 1.
MU The bacterium which causes a plant disease called crown gall is ………………..
(a) Helicobacter pylori
(b) Agrobacterium tumifaciens
(c) Thermophilus aquaticus
(d) Bacillus thuringienesis
Answer:
(b) Agrobacterium tumtfaciens

Question 2.
The enzyme nuclease hydrolyses ……………….. of polynucleotide chain of DNA.
(a) hydrogen bonds
(b) phosphodiester bonds
(c) glycosidic bonds
(d) peptide bonds
Answer:
(b) phosphodiester bonds

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 12 Biotechnology

Question 3.
In vitro amplification of DNA or RNA segment is known as ………………..
(a) chromatography
(b) southern blotting
(c) polymerase chain reaction
(d) gel electrophoresis
Answer:
(c) polymerase chain reaction

Question 4.
Which of the following is the correct recognition sequence of restriction enzyme hind III.
(a) 5′ —A-A-G-C-T-T— 3′
3′ —T-T-C-G-A-A—5′
(b) 5′ — G-A-A-T-T-C—3′
3′ — C-T-T-A-A-G—5′
(c) 5′ — C-G-A-T-T-C—3′
3′ — G-C-T-A-A-G—5′
(d) 5′ — G-G-C-C—3′
3′ — C-C-G-G—5′
Answer:
(a) 5’ —A-A-G-C-T-T—3’
3’ —T-T-C-G-A-A—5’

Question 5.
Recombinant protein ……………….. is used to dissolve blood clots present in the body.
(a) insulin
(b) tissue plasminogen activator
(c) relaxin
(d) erythropoietin
Answer:
(b) tissue plasminogen activator

Question 6.
Recognition sequence of restriction enzymes are generally ……………….. nucleotide long.
(a) 2 to 4
(b) 4 to 8
(c) 8 to 10
(d) 14 to 18
Answer:
(b) 4 to 8

2. Very short answer questions

Question 1.
Name the vector which is used in production of human insulin through recombinant DNA technology.
Answer:
PBR 322

Question 2.
Which cells from Langerhans of pancreas do produce a peptide hormone insulin?
Answer:
cells of islets of Langerhans of a peptide hormone insulin.

Question 3.
Give the role of Ca++ ions in the transfer of recombinant vector into bacterial host cell.
Answer:
Ca++ ions promotes binding of plasmid DNA to lipo polysaccharides on bacterial cell surface. Then plasmid can enter the cell on heat shock.

Question 4.
Expand the following acronyms which are used in the held of biotechnology:

  1. YAC
  2. RE
  3. dNTP
  4. PCR
  5. GMO
  6. MAC
  7. CCMB.

Answer:

  1. YAC : Yeast Artificial chromosome
  2. RE : Restriction Endonuclease
  3. dNTP : Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates
  4. PCR : Polymerase Chain Reaction
  5. GMO : Genetically Modified Organisms
  6. MAC : Mammalian Artificial Chromosome
  7. CCMB : Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology

Question 5.
Fill in the blanks and complete the chart.

GMO Purpose
(i) Bt cotton ———–
(ii) ———- Delay the softening of tomato during ripening
(iii) Golden rice ———–
(iv) Holstein cow ———–

Answer:

GMO Purpose
(i) Bt cotton Insect resistance
(ii) Flavr savr Tomato Delay the softening of tomato during ripening
(iii) Golden rice Rich in vitamin A
(iv) Holstein cow High milk productivity

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 12 Biotechnology

3. Short answer type questions.

Question 1.
Explain the properties of a good or ideal cloning vector for r-DNA technology.
Answer:
Desired characteristics of ideal cloning vector are as follows:

  1. Vector should be able to replicate independenly (through ori gene), so that as vector replicates, multiple copies of the DNA insert are also produced.
  2. It should be able to easily transferred into host cells.
  3. It should have suitable control elements like promoter, operator, ribosomal binding sites, etc.
  4. It should have marker genes for antibiotic resistance and restriction enzyme recognition sites within them.

Question 2.
A PCR machine can rise temperature up to 100 °C but after that it is not able to lower the temperature below 70 °C automatically. Which step of PCR will be hampered first in this faulty machine? Explain why?
Answer:

  1. If the faulty machine is not able to lower the temperature below 70 °C, then the primer annealing step will be hampered first.
  2. Each primer has a specific annealing temperature, depending upon its A, T, G, C content.
  3. For most of the primers annealing temperature is about 40-60 °C.
  4. Hence, if temperature is more than primers annealing temperature, it will be able to pair with its complementary sequence in ssDNA.

Question 3.
In the process of r-DNA technology, if two separate restriction enzymes are used to cut vector and donor DNA then which problem will arise in the formation of r-DNA or chimeric DNA? Explain.
Answer:
In the process of r-DNA technology, if two separate restriction enzymes are used to cut vector and donor DNA, then it will result in fragments with different sticky ends which will not be complementary to each other.

Question 4.

Recombinent protein Its use in or for
(1) Platelet derived growth factor (a) Anemia
(2) a-antitrypsin (b) Cystic fibrosis
(3) Relaxin (c) Haemophilia A
(4) Eryhthropoietin (d) Diabetes
(5) Factor VIII (e) Emphysema
(6) DNA ase (f) Parturition
(g) Atherosclerosis

Answer:

Recombinent protein Its use in or for
(1) Platelet derived growth factor (g) Atherosclerosis
(2) a-antitrypsin (e) Emphysema
(3) Relaxin (f) Parturition
(4) Eryhthropoietin (a) Anemia
(5) Factor VIII (c) Haemophilia A
(6) DNA ase (b) Cystic fibrosis

4. Long answer type questions.

Question 1.
(i) Define and explain the terms Bioethics.
Answer:

  1. Bioethics is the study of moral vision, decision and policies of human behaviour in relation to biological phenomena or events.
  2. Bioethics deals with wide range of reactions on new developments like cloning, transgenic, gene therapy, eugenics, r-DNA technology, in vitro fertilization, sperm bank, gene therapy, euthanasia, death, maintaining those who are in comatose state, prenatal genetic selection, etc.
  3. Bioethics also includes the discussion on subjects like what should and should not be done in using recombinant DNA techniques.

Ethical aspects pertaining to the use of biotechnology are:

  1. Use of animals cause great sufferings to them.
  2. Violation of integration of species caused due to transgenosis.
  3. Transfer of human genes into animals and vice versa.
  4. Indiscriminate use of biotechnology pose risk to the environment, health and biodiversity.
  5. The effects of GMO on non-target organisms, insect resistance crops, gene flow, the loss of diversity.
  6. Modification process disrupting the natural process of biological entities.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 12 Biotechnology

(ii) Define and explain the term Biopiracy.
Answer:

  1. Biopiracy is defined as ‘theft of various natural products and then selling them by getting patent without giving any benefits or compensation back to the host country’.
  2. It is unauthorized misappropriation of any biological resource and traditional knowledge.
  3. It is bio-patenting of bio-resource or traditional knowledge of another nation without proper permission of the concerned nation or unlawful exploitation and use of bioresources without giving compensation.

Following are the examples of biopiracy:
(a) Patenting of Neem (Azadirachta indica):

  1. Pirating India’s traditional knowledge about the properties and uses of neem, the USDA and an American MNC W.R. Grace sought a patent from the European Patent Office (EPO) on the “method for controlling on plants by the aid of hydrophobic extracted neem oil,” in the early 90s.
  2. The patenting of the fungicidal properties of Neem, was an example of biopiracy.

(b) Patenting of Basmati:

  1. Texmati is a trade name of “Basmati rice line and grains” for which Texas based American company Rice Tec Inc was awarded a patent by the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in 1997.
  2. This is a case of biopiracy as Basmati is a long-grained, aromatic variety of rice indigenous to the Indian subcontinent.
  3. Very broad claims about “Inventing” the said rice was the basis of patent application.
  4. The UPSTO has rejected all the claims due to people movement against Rice Tec in March 2001.

(c) Haldi (Turmeric) Biopiracy:

  1. A patent claim about the healing properties of Haldi was made by two American researchers of Indian origin of the University of Mississippi Medical Center, to the US Patent and Trademark Office.
  2. They were granted a patent in March 1995.
  3. This is an example of biopiracy because healing properties of Haldi is not a new discovery, but it is a traditional knowledge in ayurvedas for centuries.
  4. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) applied to the US Patent Office for a reexamination and they realized the mistake and cancelled the patent.

(iii) Define and explain the term Biopatent.
Answer:

  1. Biopatent is a biological patent awarded for strains of microorganisms, cell lines, genetically modified strains, DNA sequences, biotechnological processes, product processes, product and product applications.
  2. It allows the patent holder to exclude others from making, using, selling or importing protected invention for a limited period of time.
  3. Duration of biopatentis five years from the date of the grant or seven years from the date of filing the patent application, whichever is less.
  4. Awarding biopatents provides encouragement to innovations and promote development of scientific culture in society. It also emphasizes the role of biology in shaping human society.
  5. First biopatent was awarded for genetically engineered bacterium ‘Pseudomonas’ used for clearing oils spills.
  6. Patent jointly issued by Delta and Pineland company and US department of agriculture having title ‘control of plant gene expression’, is based on a gene that produces a protein toxic to plant and thus prevents seed germination.

This patent was not granted by Indian government. Such a patent is considered morally unacceptable and fundamentally unequitable. Such patents would pose a threat to global food security as financially powerful corporations would acquire monopoly over biotechnological process.

Question 2.
Explain the steps in process of r-DNA technology with suitable diagrams.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 12 Biotechnology 1
The steps involved in gene cloning are as follows:
(1) Isolation of DNA (gene) from the donor organism:

  • To obtain the desired gene to be cloned, the cells of the donor organism are sheared with the blender and treated with suitable detergent. Genetic material is then isolated and purified.
  • Isolated purified DNA is then cleaved using restriction Endonucleases.
  • Restriction fragment containing desired gene is isolated and selected for cloning. This is now called foreign DNA or passanger DNA.
  • A desired gene can also be obtained directly from genomic library or c-DNA library.

(2) Insertion of desired foreign gene into a cloning vector (vehicle DNA):

  • The foreign DNA or passanger DNA is inserted into a cloning vector (vehicle DNA) like bacterial plasmids and the bacteriophages like lamda phage and M13. The most commonly used plasmid is pBR 322.
  • Plasmids are isolated from the bacteria and are cleaved by using same RE which is used in the isolation of the desired gene from the donor.
  • Enzyme DNA ligase is used to join foreign DNA and the plasmid DNA.
  • Plasmid DNA containing foreign DNA is called recombinant DNA (r-DNA) or chimeric DNA.

(3) Transfer of r-DNA into suitable competent host or cloning organism:

  • The r-DNA is introduced into a competent host cell, which is mostly a bacterium.
  • Host cell takes up naked r-DNA by process of ‘transformation’ and incorporates it into its own chromosomal DNA which finally expresses the trait controlled by passenger DNA.
  • The transfer of r-DNA into a bacterial cell is assisted by divalent Ca++.
  • The cloning organisms are E.coli and Agrobacterium tumifaciens.
  • The competent host cells which have taken up r-DNA are called transformed cells.
  • By using techniques like electroporation, microinjection, lipofection, shot gun, ultrasonification, biolistic method, etc. Foreign DNA can also be transferred directly into the naked cell or protoplast of the competent host cell, without using vector.
  • In plant biotechnology the transformation is through Ti plasmids of A. tumifaciens.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 12 Biotechnology

(4) Selection of the transformed host cell:

  • For isolation of recombinant cell from non-recombinant cell, marker gene of plasmid vector is employed.
  • For example, pBR322 plasmid vector contains different marker genes like ampicillin resistant gene and tetracycline resistant gene. When pstl RE is used, it knocks out ampicillin resistant gene from the plasmid, so that the recombinant cells become sensitive to ampicillin.

(5) Multiplication of transformed host cell:

  • The transformed host cells are introduced into fresh culture media where they divide.
  • The recombinant DNA carried by them also multiplies.

(6) Expression of gene to obtain desired product. Then desired products like enzymes, antibiotiocs etc. separated and purified through down stream processing using bioreactors.

Question 3.
Explain the gene therapy. Give two types of it.
Answer:
Gene therapy is the treatment of genetic disorders by replacing, altering or supplementing a gene that is absent or abnormal and whose absence or abnormality is responsible for the disease.
Types of gene therapy:
(a) Germ line gene therapy:

  1. In this germ cells are modified genetically to correct a genetic defect.
  2. Normal gene is introduced into germ cells like sperms, eggs, early embryos.
  3. It allows transmission of the modified genetic information to the next generation.
  4. Although it is highly effective in treatment of the genetic disorders, its use is not preferred in human beings because of various technical and ethical reasons.

(b) Somatic cell gene therapy:

  1. In this somatic cells are modified genetically to correct a genetic defect.
  2. Healthy genes are introduced in somatic cells like bone marrow cells, hepatic cells, fibroblasts endothelium and pulmonary epithelial cells, central nervous system, endocrine cells and smooth muscle cells of blood vessel walls.
  3. Modification of somatic cells only affects the person being treated and the modified chromosomes cannot be passed on the future generations.
  4. Somatic cell gene therapy is the only feasible option and the clinical trials have already employed for the treatment of disorders like cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, SCID, Gaucher’s disease, familial hypercholesterolemia, haemophilia, phenylketonuria, cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anaemia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, emphysema, thalassemia, etc.

Question 4.
How are the transgenic mice used in cancer research?
Answer:

  1. Transgenic mice are used in various research areas of cancer research.
  2. Transgenic mice containing a particular oncogene (cancer causing gene) develop specific cancer.
  3. They are used to study the relationship between oncogenes and cancer development, cancer treatment and prevention of malignancy.
  4. The transgenic mouse model for the investigation of the breast cancer was developed in the laboratory of Philip Leder in Harvard (USA).
  5. Transgenic mice containing oncogenes myc and ras were analyzed to find out role of these genes in the development of breast cancer.

Question 5.
Give the steps in PCR or polymerase chain reaction with suitable diagrams.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 12 Biotechnology 2

(1) The DNA segment and excess of two primer molecules, four types of dNTPs, the thermostable DNA polymerase are mixed together in ‘eppendorf tube’.

(2) One PCR cycle is of 3-4 minutes duration and it involves following steps:

  • Denaturation : The reaction mixture is heated at 90-98°C. Due to this hydrogen bonds in the DNA break and two strands of DNA separate. This is called denaturation.
  • Annealing of primer : When the reaction mixture is cooled to 40-60°C, the primer pairs with its complementary sequences in ssDNA. This is called annealing.
  • Extension of primer : In this step, the temperature is increased to 70-75°C. At this temperature thermostable Taq DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to 3’end of primer using single-stranded DNA as template. This is called primer extension. Duration of this step is about two minutes.

(3) In an automatic thermal cycler, the above three steps are automatically repeated 20-30 times.
(4) Thus, at the end of ‘n’ cycles 2n copies of DNA segments, get synthesized.

Question 6.
What is a vaccine? Give advantages of oral vaccines or edible vaccines.
Answer:

  1. A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity against a certain disease.
  2. Vaccine is often made from a weakened or killed form of the microorganism, its toxins or one of its surface protein antigens.
  3. Edible vaccine is an edible plant part engineered to produce an immunogenic protein, which when consumed gets recognized by immune system.
  4. Immunogenic protein of certain pathogens are active when’administered orally.
  5. When animals or mainly humans consume these plant parts, they get vaccinated against certain pathogen.
  6. Oral or edible vaccines have low cost, they are easy to administer and store.

Question 7.
Enlist different types of restriction enzymes commonly used in r-DNA technology? Write on their role.
Answer:

  1. Different restriction enzymes commonly used in r-DNA technology are Alu I, Bam HI, Eco RI, Hind II, Hind III, Pst I, Sal I, Taq I, Mbo II, Hpa I, Bgl I, Not I, Kpn I, etc.
  2. They are the molecular scissors which recognize and cut the phosphodiester back bone of DNA on both strands, at highly specific sequences.
  3. The sites recognized by them are called recognition sequences or recognition sites.
  4. Different restriction enzymes found in different organisms recognize different nucleotide sequences and therefore cut DNA at different sites.
  5. Restriction cutting may result in DNA fragments with blunt ends or cohesive or sticky ends or staggered ends (having short, single stranded projections).
  6. Restriction endonucleases like Bam HI and EcoRI produce fragments with sticky ends.
  7. Restriction endonucleases like Alu I, Hind III produce fragments with blunt ends.
  8. Type I restriction endonucleases fuction simultaneously as endonuclease and methylase e.g. EcoK.
  9. Type II restriction endonucleases have separate cleaving and methylation activities. They are more stable and are used in r-DNA technology e.g. EcoRI, Bgll. They cut DNA at specific sites within the palindrome.
  10. Type III restriction endonucleases cut DNA at specific non-palindromic sequences e.g. Hpal, MboII.
  11. In bacterial cells, REs destroy various viral DNAs that might enter the cell, thus restricting the potential growth of the virus.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 12 Biotechnology

Question 8.
Enlist and write in brief about the different biological tools required in r-DNA technology.
Answer:
The biological tools used in r-DNA technology are various enzymes, cloning vectors and competent hosts.
(1) Enzymes:

  • Enzymes like lysozymes, nucleases (exonucleases and endonucleases), DNA ligase, reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase, alkaline phosphatases, etc. are used in r-DNA technology.
  • The restriction endonucleases are used as biological or molecular scissors. They are able to cut a DNA molecule at a specific recognition site.

(2) Vectors:

  • Vectors are DNA molecules which carry foreign DNA segment and replicate inside the host cell.
  • Vectors may be plasmids, bacteriophages (M13, lambda virus), cosmid, phagemids, BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome), YAC (yeast artificial chromosome), transposons, baculoviruses and mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACs).
  • Most commonly used vectors are plasmid vectors (pBR 322, pUC, Ti plasmid) and bacteriophages (lamda phage, M13 phage).

(3) Competent host cells:

  1. They are bacteria like Bacillus haemophilus, Helicobacter pyroliand E. coli.
  2. Mostly E. coli is used for the transformation with recombinant DNA.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 11 Enhancement of Food Production

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 12th Biology Textbook Solutions Chapter 11 Enhancement of Food Production Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Biology Solutions Chapter 11 Enhancement of Food Production

1. Multiple choice questions

Question 1.
Antibiotic Chloromycetin is obtained from ………………….
(a) Streptomyces erythreus
(b) Penicillium chrysogenum
(c) Streptomyces venezuelae
(d) Streptomyces griseus
Answer:
(c) Streptomyces venezuelae

Question 2.
Removal of large pieces of floating debris, oily substances, etc. during sewage treatment is called ………………….
(a) primary treatment
(b) secondary treatment
(c) final treatment
(d) amplification
Answer:
(a) primary treatment

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 11 Enhancement of Food Production

Question 3.
Which one of the following is free living bacterial biofertilizer?
(a) Azotobacter
(b) Rhizobium
(c) Nostoc
(d) Bacillus thuringiensis
Answer:
(a) Azotobacter

Question 4.
Most commonly used substrate for industrial production of beer is ………………….
(a) barley
(b) wheat
(c) corn
(d) sugar cane molasses
Answer:
(a) barley

Question 5.
Ethanol is commercially produced through a particular species of ………………….
(a) Aspergillus
(b) Saccharomyces
(c) Clostridium
(d) Trichoderma
Answer:
(b) Saccharomyces

Question 6.
One of the free-living anaerobic nitrogen- fixers is ………………….
(a) Azotobacter
(b) Beijerinckia
(c) Rhodospirillum
(d) Rhizobium
Answer:
(c) Rhodospirillum

Question 7.
Microorganisms also help in production of food like ………………….
(a) bread
(b) alcoholic beverages
(c) vegetables
(d) pulses
Answer:
(a) bread

Question 8.
MOET technique is used for ………………….
(a) production of hybrids
(b) inbreeding
(c) outbreeding
(d) outcrossing
Answer:
(a) production of hybrids

Question 9.
Mule is the outcome of ………………….
(a) inbreeding
(b) artificial insemination
(c) interspecific hybridization
(d) outbreeding
Answer:
(c) interspecific hybridization

2. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What makes idlis puffy?
Answer:
During preparation of idlis, rice and black gram flour is fermented by air borne Leuconostoc and Streptococcus bacteria. CO2 produced during fermentation makes them puffy.

Question 2.
Bacterial biofertilizers.
Answer:
Rhizobium, Frankia, Pseudomonas striata, Bacillus polymyxa, Agrobacterium, Microccocus, Azotobacter, Costridium, Beijerinkia, Klebsiella.

Question 3.
What is the microbial source of vitamin B12?
Answer:
The microbial source of vitamin B12 is Pseudomonas denitrificans.

Question 4.
What is the microbial source of enzyme invertase?
Answer:
The microbial source of enzyme invertase is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Question 5.
Milk starts to coagulate when Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are added to warm milk as a starter. Mention any two other benefits of LAB.
Answer:
Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) check the growth of disease causing microbes and produce vitamin B.

Question 6.
Name the enzyme produced by Streptococcus bacterium. Explain its importance in medical sciences.
Answer:
The enzyme produced by Streptococcus spp. is streptokinase. It is used as a ‘clot buster’ for clearing blood clots in the blood vessels in heart patients.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 11 Enhancement of Food Production

Question 7.
What is breed?
Answer:
Breed is a group of animals related by descent and similar in most characters like general appearance, features, size, configuration, etc.

Question 8.
Estuary
Answer:
Estuary is a place where river meets the sea.

Question 9.
What is shellac?
Answer:
Shellac is the pure form of lac obtained by washing and filtering.

3. Short Answer Questions.

Question 1.
Many microbes are used at home during preparation of food items. Comment on such useful ones with examples.
Answer:

  1. Many food preparations made at home involves the use of microorganisms.
  2. The microbes Lactobacilli are used in the preparation of dhokla from gram flour and buttermilk by the process of fermentation.
  3. Dosa and idlis are prepared by using batter of rice and black gram which is fermented by air borne Leuconostoc and Streptococcus bacteria.
  4. Large, fleshy fruiting bodies of some mushrooms and truffles are directly used as food. It is sugar free, fat free food rich in proteins, vitamins, minerals and amino acids. It is food with low calories.
  5. Curd is prepared by inoculating milk with Lactobacillus acidophilus. Lactic acid produced during fermentation causes coagulation and partial digestion of milk protein casein and milk turns into curd.
  6. Buttermilk is the acidulated liquid left after churning of butter from curd, is called buttermilk.

Question 2.
What is biogas? Write in brief about the production process.
Answer:
Biogas is a mixture of methane CH4 (50-60%), CO2 (30-40%), H2S (0-3%) and other gases (CO, N2, H2) in traces.

Biogas production process:
a. A typical biogas plant consists of digester (made up of concrete bricks and cement or steel and is partly buried in the soil) and gas holder (a cylindrical gas tank to collect gases).
b. Raw materials like cow dung is mixed with water in equal proportion to make slurry which is fed into the digester’ through a side opening (charge pit).

Anaerobic digestion involves following processes:
i. Hydrolysis or solubilization:
Anaerobic hydrolyzing bacteria like Clostridium and Pseudomonas hydrolyse carbohydrates into simple sugars, proteins into amino acids and lipids into fatty acids.

ii. Acidogenesis:
Facultative and obligate anaerobic, acidogenic bacteria convert simple organic substances into acids like formic acid, acetic acid, H2 and CO2

iii. Methanogenesis:
Anaerobic methanogenic bacteria like Methanobacterium, Methanococcus convert acetate, H2 and CO2 into Methane, CO2 and H2O and other products.
12 mol CH3COOH → 12CH4 + 12CO2 4mol H.COOH → CH4 + 3CO2 + 2H2O CO2 + 4H2 → CH4 + 2H2O

Question 3.
Biocontrol agents.
Answer:
(1) Biocontrol agents are the organisms like (bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoans) act which are employed for controlling pathogens, pests and weeds.

(2) They cause the disease to the pest or compete or kill them.

(3) The use of biocontrol measures greatly reduces use of toxic chemicals and pesticides that are harmful to human beings and also pollute our environment.

(4) Biocontrol agents and their hosts.

  • Bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis, B. papilliae and B. lentimorbus Hosts : Caterpillars, cabbage worms, adult beetles
  • Fungi (Beauveria bassiana, Entomophothora, pallidaroseum, Zoophthora radicans) Host : Aphid crocci, A. unguicilata, mealy bugs, mites, white flies, etc.
  • Protozoans (Nosema locustae) Host: Grasshoppers, caterpillars, crickets
  • Viruses (Nucleopolyhedro virus-NPV, Granulovirus-GV) Host : Caterpillars, Gypsy moth, ants and beetles.

(5) Some examples:

  • Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a microbiai pesticide used to get rid of butterfly, caterpillars.
  • Trichoderma fungus is an effective biocontrol agent against soil borne fungal plant pathogens which infect roots and rhizomes.
  • Phytophthora palmiuora is a mycoherbicide that controls milk weed in orchards.
  • Pseudomonas spp. is a bacterial herbicide that attacks several weeds.
  • Tyrea moth controls the weed Senecio jacobeac.

Question 4.
Name any two enzymes and antibiotics with their microbial source.
Answer:

  1. Microbial source of Chloromycetin. – Streptomyces venezuelae
  2. Microbial source of Erythromycin. – Streptomyces erythreus
  3. Microbial source of Penicillin. – Penicillium chrysogenum
  4. Microbial source of Streptomycin. – Streptomyces griseus
  5. Microbial source of Griseofulvin. – Penicillium griseojulvum
  6. Microbial source of Bacitracin. – Bacillus licheniformis
  7. Microbial source of Oxytetracyclin / Terramycin. – Streptomyces aurifaciens
  8. The enzyme produced by Streptococcus bacterium. – Streptokinase
  9. Microbial source of Invertase. – Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  10. Microbial source of Pectinase. – Sclerotinia libertine, Aspergillus niger
  11. Microbial source of Lipase. – Candida lipolytica
  12. Microbial source of Cellulase. – Trichoderma konigii

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 11 Enhancement of Food Production

Question 5.
Write the principles of farm management.
Answer:
The principles of farm management are as follows:

  1. Selection of high-yielding breeds.
  2. Understanding the feed requirements of farm animals.
  3. Supply of adequate nutritional sources for the animals.
  4. Maintaining the cleanliness of environment.
  5. Maintenance of health with the help of veterinary supervision.
  6. Undertaking vaccination programmes.
  7. Development of high-yielding cross-bred varieties.
  8. Making various products and their preservation.
  9. Distribution and marketing of the farm produce.

Question 6.
Give the economic importance of fisheries.
Answer:
Economic importance of fisheries is as follows:

  1. Fish is a nutritious food and thus is a source of many vitamins, minerals and nutrients.
  2. Commercial products such as fish oil, fish meal and fertilizers, fish guano, fish glue, isinglass are prepared from fish.
  3. These by-products are used in paints, soaps, oils and medicines.
  4. Some organisms like prawns and lobsters have high export value and market price.
  5. Fish farming and other fishery trades provide job opportunity and self-employment
  6. Productivity and national economy is improved through fishery practices.

Question 7.
Enlist the species of honey bee mentioning their specific uses.
Answer:
(1) The four species of honey bees commonly found in India : Apis dorsata (rock bee, or wild bee), Apis jlorea (little bee), Apis mellifera (European bee) and Apis indica (Indian bee).

(2) Uses:

  • Rock bee : They produce 36 kg of honey per comb per year. They produce bee wax.
  • Little bee : They produce half kg of honey per hive per year.
  • European bee : The average production per colony per year is 25 to 40 kg.
  • Indian bee : The average production per colony per year is 6 to 8 kg.

Question 8.
What are A, B, C, D in the table given below.

Types of microbe Name Commercial Product
Fungus A Penicillin
Bacterium Acetobacter aceti B
C Aspergillus niger Citric acid
Yeast D Ethanol

Answer:
A : Penicillium chrysogenum
B : Vinegar (Acetic acid)
C : Fungus
D : Sachharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoidis

4. Long Answer Questions.

Question 1.
Explain the process of sewage water treatment before it can be discharged into natural bodies. Why is this treatment essential?
Answer:
Sewage treatment includes following steps:
(1) Preliminary Treatment:

  • Screening: The larger suspended or floating objects are filtered and removed in screening chambers by passing the sewage through screens or net in the chambers.
  • Grit Chamber : Filtered sewage is passed into series of grit chambers which contain large stones (pebbles) and brick-ballast. Coarse particles which settle down by gravity are removed.

(2) Primary treatment (physical treatment):

  • The sewage water is pumped into the primary sedimentation tank where 50-70% of the suspended solid or organic matter get sedimented and about 30-40% (in number) of coliform organisms are removed.
  • The organic matter which is settled down is called primary sludge.
  • Primary sludge is removed by mechanically operated devices.
  • Dissolved organic matter and micro-organisms in the supernatant (effluent) are then removed by the secondary treatment.

(3) Secondary treatment (biological treatment):

  • The primary effluent is passed into large aeration tanks where it is constantly agitated mechanically and air is pumped into it.
  • The mesh like masses of aerobic bacteria, slime and fungal hyphae, known as floes are formed.
  • Aerobic microbes consume most of the organic matter and this reduces BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) of the effluent.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 11 Enhancement of Food Production

(4) Tertiary treatment:

  • Once the BOD is sufficiently reduced, waste water is passed into a settling tank where the floes are allowed to sediment.
  • The sediment is called activated sludge.
  • Small part of activated sludge is transferred to aeration tank and the major part is pumped in to large anaerobic sludge digesters.
  • In these tanks, anaerobic bacteria grow and digest the bacteria and fungi in the sludge and gases like methane, hydrogen sulphide, CO2, etc. are released.
  • Effluents from these digesters are released in natural water bodies like rivers and streams after chlorination which kills pathogenic bacteria.
  • Digested sludge is then disposed.

Question 2.
Lac culture.
Answer:

  1. Lac is a pink coloured resin secreted by dermal glands of female lac insect (Trachardia lacca) that hardens on coming in contact with air forming lac.
  2. Lac is a complex substance having resin, sugar, water, minerals and alkaline substances.
  3. Lac insect is colonial in habit and it feeds on succulent twigs like ber, peepal, palas, kusum, babool,
  4. These plants are artificially inoculated in order to get better and regular supply of good quality and quantity of lac.
  5. Natural lac is always contaminated and pure form of lac obtained by washing and filtering is called as shellac.
  6. Lac is used to make bangles, toys, woodwork, inks, mirrors, etc.
  7. India’s share is 85% of total lac produced in the world.

Question 3.
Describe various methods of fish preservation.
Answer:

  1. Fish is a highly perishable commodity.
  2. After catching the fish it immediately starts spoilage process.
  3. In order to prevent this process, the fish preservation is done.

The different methods of fish preservation are as follows:

  1. Chilling : This involves covering the fish with layers of ice. Ice is effective for short term preservation. It inhibits the activity of autolytic enzymes.
  2. Freezing : It is a long duration preservation method. Fish are freezed at 0°C to -20°C. This also inhibit autolytic enzyme activities and slows down bacterial growth.
  3. Freeze drying : The deep frozen -fish at -20°C are dried by direct sublimation of ice to water vapour with any melting into liquid water. This is achieved by exposing the frozen fish to 140°C in a vacuum chamber. The fish is then packed or canned in dried condition.
  4. Sun drying : This inhibits the growth of microorganisms that spoil the fish.
  5. Smoke drying : Smoke is prepared by burning woods with less resinous matter. Bacteria are destroyed by the acid content of the smoke. Smoking also give the characteristic colour, taste and odour to fish.
  6. Salting : Salt removes the moisture from the fish tissues by osmosis. High salt concentration destroys autolytic enzymes and halts bacterial activity.
  7. Canning : Canning involves sealing the food in a container, heat ‘sterilising’ the sealed unit and cooling it to ambient temperature for subsequent storage.

Question 4.
Give an account of poultry diseases.
Answer:
Various poultry diseases are as follows:

  1. Viral diseases : Ranikhet, Bronchitis, Avian influenza (bird flu), etc. Bird flu had serious impact on poultry farming and also caused human infection.
  2. Bacterial diseases : Pullorum, Cholera, Typhoid, TB, CRD (chronic respiratory disease), Enteritis, etc.
  3. Fungal diseases : Aspergillosis, Favus and Thrush.
  4. Parasitic diseases : Lice infection, round worm, caecal worm infections, etc.
  5. Protozoan diseases : Coccidiosis.

Question 5.
Give an account of mutation breeding with examples.
Answer:

  1. Mutations are sudden heritable changes in the genotype.
  2. Natural mutations occur at a very slow rate.
  3. Natural physical mutagens include exposure to high temperature, high concentration of C02, X-rays, UV rays.
  4. Mutations can be induced by using various mutagens.
  5. Mutagens cause gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations.
  6. Chemical mutagens include nitrous acid, EMS (Ethyl – Methyl – Sulphonate), mustard gas, colchicine, etc.
  7. Seedlings or seeds are irradiated by using CO60 or UV bulbs or X-ray machines.
  8. The mutated seedlings are then screened for resistance to diseases/pests, high yield, etc.
  9. Examples of mutant varieties in different crops are Jagannath (rice), NP 836 (rust resistant wheat variety), Indore-2 (cotton variety resistant to bollworm), Regina-II (cabbage variety resistant to bacterial rot).

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 11 Enhancement of Food Production

Question 6.
Describe briefly various steps of plant breeding methods.
Answer:
The main steps of the plant breeding program (Hybridization) are as follows:

(1) Collection of variability:

  • Germplasm collection is the entire collection of all the diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop.
  • Wild species and relatives of the cultivated species having desired traits are collected and preserved.
  • Forests and natural reserves are the means of in situ conservation of germplasm.
  • Botanical gardens, seed banks, etc. are means of ex situ conservation of germplasm.

(2) Evaluation and selection of parents:

  • The collected germplasm is evaluated to identify healthy and vigorous plants with desirable and complementary characters.
  • Selected parents are selfed for three to four generations to increase homozygosity.
  • Only pure lines are selected, multiplied and used in the hybridization.

(3) Hybridization:

  • The variety showing maximum desirable features is selected as female (recurrent) parent and the other variety which lacks good characters found in recurrent parent is selected as male parent (donor).
  • The pollen grains from anthers of male parent are artificially dusted over stigmas of emasculated flowers of female parent.
  • Hybrid seeds are collected and sown to grow F1 geneartion.

(4) Selection and Testing of Superior Recombinants:

  • The F1 hybrid plants which are superior to both the parents and having high hybrid vigour, are selected and selfed for few generations to make them homozygous for the said desirable characters.
  • This ensures that there is no further segregation of the characters.

(5) Testing, release and commercialization of new cultivars:

  • The newly selected lines are evaluated for the productivity and desirable features like disease resistance, pest resistance, quality, etc.
  • They are initially grown under controlled conditions of water, fertilizers, etc. and their performance is recorded.
  • The selected lines are then grown for at least three generations in natural field, in different agroclimatic zones.
  • Finally variety is released as new variety for use by the farmers.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 16 Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 12th Chemistry Textbook Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 16 Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry

1. Choose the most correct option.

Question i.
The development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own need is known as
a. Continuous development
b. Sustainable development
c. True development
d. Irrational development
Answer:
b. Sustainable development

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 16 Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry

Question ii.
Which of the following is ϒ-isomer of BHC?
a. DDT
b. lindane
c. Chloroform
d. Chlorobenzene
Answer:
b. lindane

Question iii.
The prefix ‘nano’ comes from
a. French word meaning billion
b. Greek word meaning dwarf
c. Spanish word meaning particle
d. Latin word meaning invisible
Answer:
(b) Greek word meaning dwarf

Question iv.
Which of the following information is given by FTIR technique?
a. Absorption of functional groups
b. Particle size
c. Confirmation of formation of nanoparticles
d. Crystal structure
Answer:
(a) Absorption of functional groups

Question v.
The concept of green chemistry was coined by
a. Born Haber
b. Nario Taniguchi
c. Richard Feynman
d. Paul T. Anastas
Answer:
(d) Paul T. Anastas

2. Answer the following

Question i.
Write the formula to calculate % atom economy.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 16 Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry 9

Question ii.
Name the ϒ-isomer of BHC.
Answer:
Lindane

Question iii.
Ridhima wants to detect structure of surface of materials. Name the technique she has to use.
Answer:
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

Question iv.
Which nanomaterial is used for tyres of car to increase the life of tyres?
Answer:
Carbon black

Question v.
Name the scientist who discovered scanning tunneling microscope (STM) in 1980.
Answer:
Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer. (Nobel prize 1986)

Question vi.
1 nm = …..m?
Answer:
1 nm = 109 m

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 16 Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry

3. Answer the following

Question i.
Define
(i) Green chemistry
(ii) sustainable development.
Answer:
(i) Green chemistry : Green chemistry is the use of chemistry for pollution prevention and it designs the use of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances.

(ii) Sustainable development : Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Question ii.
Explain the role of green chemistry.
Answer:
When the waste and pollution that society generates exceeds the Earth’s natural capacity for dealing with it, the green chemistry approach plays an important role.

  • To reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and use of chemical products by promoting innovative chemical technologies.
  • Capital expenditure required for prevention of pollution is controlled by the use of green chemistry.
  • Since green chemistry incorporates and promotes pollution prevention practices in the manufacturing process of chemicals it helps industrial ecology.
  • Green chemistry helps to protect the presence of ozone in the stratosphere. Ozone layer is essential for the survival of life on the earth.
  • Global warming (Greenhouse effect) is controlled by green chemistry. At present it is the beginning of the green revolution.
  • It is an exciting time with the new challenges for chemist involved with the discovery, manufacturing and use of chemicals. Green chemistry helps us to save environment and save earth, which is important for our future.

Question iii.
Give the full form (long form) of the names for the following instruments.
a. XRD
b. TEM.
c. STM
d. FTIR
e. SEM
Answer:
a. XRD-X-ray diffraction
b. TEM-Tunneling Electron Microscope
c. STM – Scanning Tunneling Microscope
d. FTIR-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope
e. SEM-Scanning Electron Microscope

Question iv.
Define the following terms :
a. Nanoscience
b. Nanotechnology
c. Nanomaterial
d. Nanochemistry
Answer:
a. Nanoscience : The study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale is called nanoscience.

b. Nanotechnology : The design, characterization, production and application of structures, device and system by controlling shape and size at nanometer scale is called nanotechnology.

c. Nanomaterial : A material having structural components with at least one dimension in the nanometer scale that is 1 -100 nm is called the nanomaterial. Nanomaterials are larger than single atoms but smaller than bacteria and cells.

d. Nanochemistry : It is the combination of chemistry and nanoscience. It deals with designing and synthesis of materials of nanoscale with different size and shape, structure and composition and their organization into functional architectures.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 16 Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry

Question v.
How nanotechnology plays an important role in water purification techniques?
Answer:

  1. Water purification is an important issue as 1.1 billion people do not have access to improved water supply. Water contains water bom pathogens like viruses, bacteria.
  2. Silver nanoparticles are highly effective bacterial disinfectant to remove E. Coli from water. Hence, filter materials coated with silver nanoparticles is used to clean water.
  3. Silver nanoparticles (AgNps) is a cost effective alternative technology (for e.g. water purifier).

Question vi.
Which nanomaterial is used in sunscreen lotion? Write its use.
Answer:
Zinc oxide (ZnO) and Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are used sunscreen lotions. The chemicals protect the skin against harmful u.v (ultraviolet) rays by absorbing or reflecting the light and prevent the skin from damage.

Question vii.
How will you illustrate the use of safer solvent and auxiliaries?
Answer:

  • Use of safer solvents and auxiliaries – is a principle of green chemistry it states that safer solvent like water, supercritical CO2 should be used in place of volatile halogenated organic solvents, like CH2CI2, CHCI3, CCI4 for chemical synthesis and other purposes.
  • Solvents dissolve solutes and form solutions, they facilitate many reactions. Water is a safer benign solvent while solvents like dichloromethane (CH2CI2), chloroform (CHCI3) etc are hazardous.
  • Use of toxic solvents affect millions of workers every year and have implications for consumers and the environment. A large amount of waste is created by their use and they also have huge environmental and health impacts.
  • Finding safer solvents or designing processes which are solvent free is the best way to improve the process and the product.

Question viii.
Define catalyst. Give two examples.
Answer:
A substance which speeds up the rate of a reaction without itself being changed chemically in the reaction is called a catalyst. It helps to increase selectivity, minimise waste and reduce reaction time and energy demands. For example : Hydrogenation of oil the catalyst used are platinum or palladium, Raney nickel.

4. Answer the following

Question i.
Explain any three principles of green chemistry.
Answer:

  1. Environment protection is the prime concern which has lead to the need for designing chemicals that degrade and can be discarded easily. These chemicals and their degradation products should be non-toxic, non-bioaccumulative or should not be environmentally persistent.
  2. This principle aims at waste product being automatically degradable to clean the environment. Thus the preference for biodegradable polymers and pesticides.
  3. To make the separation and segregation easier for the consumer an international plastic recycle mark is printed on larger items.
  4. There is a dire need to develop improvised analytical methods to allow for real time, in process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances.
  5. It is very much important for the chemical industries and nuclear reactors to develop or modify analytical
    methodologies so that continuous monitoring of the manufacturing and processing unit is possible.
  6. It is needed to develop chemical processes that are safer and minimize the risk of accidents. It is important to select chemical substances used in a chemical reaction in such a way that they can minimize the occurrence of chemical accidents, explosions, fire and emissions.
  7. For example : Chemical process that works with the gaseous substances can lead to relatively higher possibilities of accidents including explosion as compared to the system working with nonvolatile liquid and solid substances.

Question ii.
Explain atom economy with suitable example.
Answer:
(1) Atom economy is a measure of the amount of atoms from the starting material that are present in the final product at the end of a chemical process. Good atom economy means most of the atoms of the reactants are incorporated in the desired products. Only small amount of waste is produced, hence lesser problem of waste disposal.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 16 Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry

(2) The atom economy of a process can be calculated using the following formula.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 16 Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry 1

The atom economy of the above reacijon is less than 50% and waste produced is higher.

Question iii.
How will you illustrate the principle, minimization of steps?
Answer:
(1) The technique of protecting or blocking group is commonly used in organic synthesis. Finally on completion of reaction deprotection of the group is required. This leads to unnecessary increase in the number of steps and decreased atom economy.

(2) The green chemistry principle aims to develop processes to avoid necessary steps i.e. (minimization of steps). When biocatalyst is used very often there is no need for protection of selective group. For example, conversion of m-hydroxyl benzaldehyde to m-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 16 Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry 6

Question iv.
What do you mean by sol and gel? Describe the sol-gel method of preparation for nanoparticles.
Answer:
(1) Sol : Sols are dispersions of colloidal particles in a liquid. Colloids are solid particles with diameter of 1-100 nm.

(2) Gel : A gel is interconnected rigid network with pores of submicrometer dimensions and polymeric chains whose average length is greater than a micrometer.

(3) Sol-gel Process : A sol-gel process is an inorganic polymerisation reaction. It is generally carried out at room temperature, it includes four steps : Hydrolysis, polycondensation, drying and thermal decomposition. This method is widely used to prepare oxide materials.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 16 Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry 8

The reactions involved in the sol-gel process are as follows :
MOR + H2O → MOH + ROH (hydrolysis)
metal alkoxide
MOH + ROM → M-O-M + ROH (condensation)

  • Formation of different stable solution of the alkoxide or solvated metal precursor.
  • Gelation involves the formation of an oxide or alcohol-bridged network (gel) by a polycondensation reaction.
  • Aging of the gel means during that period gel transforms into a solid mass.
  • Drying of the gel involves removal of water and other volatile liquids from the gel network.
  • Dehydration is achieved when the material is heated at temperatures up to 800°C.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 16 Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry

Question v.
Which flower is an example of self-cleaning?
Answer:

  • Lotus is an example of self cleansing.
  • Nanostructures on the lotus plant leaves are super hydrophobic, they repel water which carries dirt as it rolls off.
    Thus though lotus plant (Nelumbonucifera) grows in muddy water, its leaves always appear clean.

Activity :
Collect information about the application of nanochemistry in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals

12th Chemistry Digest Chapter 16 Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry Intext Questions and Answers

Do you know? (Textbook page 343)

Question 1.
Does plastic packaging impact the food they wrap ?
Answer:
Phthalates leach into food through packaging so you should avoid microwaving food or drinks in plastic and not use plastic cling wrap and store your food in glass container whenever possible. Try to avoid prepackaging, processed food so that you will reduce exposure to the harmful effects of plastic.

Used Catalyst (Textbook page 342)

Question 18.
Complete the chart:

Reaction Name of Catalyst used
1. Hydrogenation of oil (Hardening) …………………………………
2. Haber’s process of manufacture of ammonia …………………………………
3. Manufacture of HDPE polymer …………………………………
4. Manufacture of H2S04 by contact process …………………………………
5. Fischer-Tropsch process (synthesis of gasoline) …………………………………

Answer:

Reaction Name of Catalyst used
1. Hydrogenation of oil (Hardening) Nickel (Ni)
2. Haber’s process of manufacture of ammonia Iron
3. Manufacture of HDPE polymer Zeigler-Natta catalyst
4. Manufacture of H2S04 by contact process Vanadium oxide (V205)
5. Fischer-Tropsch process (synthesis of gasoline) Cobalt-based or Iron based

 

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 12th Chemistry Textbook Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives

1. Choose the most correct option.

Question i.
The correct order of increasing reactivity of C-X bond towards nucleophile in the following compounds is
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 268
a. I < II < III < IV
b. II < I < III < IV
c. III < IV < II < I
d. IV < III < I < II
Answer:
(d) IV < III < I < II

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives

Question ii.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 269
The major product of the above reaction is,
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 270
Answer:
(c)

Question iii.
Which of the following is likely to undergo racemization during alkaline hydrolysis?
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 271
Answer:
(a) Only I

Question iv.
The best method for preparation of alkyl fluorides is
a. Finkelstein reaction
b. Swartz reaction
c. Free radical fluorination
d. Sandmeyer’s reaction
Answer:
b. Swartz reaction

Question v.
Identify the chiral molecule from the following.
a. 1-Bromobutane
b. 1,1- Dibromobutane
c. 2,3- Dibromobutane
d. 2-Bromobutane
Answer:
(d) 2-Bromobutane

Question vi.
An alkyl chloride on Wurtz reaction gives 2,2,5,5-tetramethylhexane. The same alkyl chloride on reduction with zinc-copper couple in alchol give hydrocarbon with molecular formula C5H12. What is the structure of alkyl chloride
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 272
Answer:
(a)

Question vii.
Butanenitrile may be prepared by heating
a. propanol with KCN
b. butanol with KCN
c. n-butyl chloride with KCN
d. n-propyl chloride with KCN
Answer:
(d) n-propyl chloride with KCN

Question viii.
Choose the compound from the following that will react fastest by SN1 mechanism.
a. 1-iodobutane
b. 1-iodopropane
c. 2-iodo-2 methylbutane
d. 2-iodo-3-methylbutane
Answer:
(c) 2-iodo-2 methylbutane

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives

Question ix.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 273
The product ‘B’ in the above reaction sequence is,
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 274
Answer:
(d)

Question x.
Which of the following is used as source of dichlorocarbene
a. tetrachloromethane
b. chloroform
c. iodoform
d. DDT
Answer:
(b) chloroform

2. Do as directed.

Question i.
Write IUPAC name of the following compounds
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 275
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 23
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 24

Question ii.
Write structure and IUPAC name of the major product in each of the following reaction.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 276
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 277
Answer:
Structure and IUPAC name
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 126
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 127

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives

Question iii.
Identify chiral molecule/s from the following.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 278
Answer:
Chiral molecule
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 88

Question iv.
Which one compound from the following pairs would undergo SN2 faster from the?
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 279
Answer:
(1) Sincey Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 157 is a primary halide it undergoes SN2 reaction faster than Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 158.
(2) Since iodine is a better leaving group than chloride, 1-iodo propane (CH3CH2CH2I) undergoes SN2 reaction faster than l-chloropropane (CH3CH2CH2CI).

Question v.
Complete the following reactions giving major product.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 280
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 214

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 215
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 216

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 217
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 218

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 219
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 266

Question vi.
Name the reagent used to bring about the following conversions.
a. Bromoethane to ethoxyethane
b. 1-Chloropropane to 1 nitropropane
c. Ethyl bromide to ethyl isocyanide
d. Chlorobenzene to biphenyl
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 220

Question vii.
Arrange the following in the increase order of boiling points
a. 1-Bromopropane
b. 2- Bromopropane
c. 1- Bromobutane
d. 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane
Answer:
l-Bromo-2-methylpropane, 2-Bromopropane, 1-Bromopropane, 1-Bromo butane

Question viii.
Match the pairs.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 283
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 246

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives

3. Give reasons

Question i.
Haloarenes are less reactive than haloalkanes.
Answer:
Haloarenes (Aryl halides) are less reactive than (alkyl halides) haloalkanes due to the following reasons :

(1) Resonance effect : In haloarenes, the electron pairs on halogen atom are in conjugation with 7r-electrons of the benzene ring. The delocalization of these electrons C-Cl bond acquires partial double bond character.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 208

Due to partial double bond character of C-Cl bond in aryl halides, the bond cleavage in haloarene is difficult and are less reactive. On the other hand, in alkyl halides, carbon is attached to chlorine by a single bond and it can be easily broken.

(2) Aryl halides are stabilized by resonance but alkyl halides are not. Hence, the energy of activation for the displacement of halogen from aryl halides is much greater than that of alkyl halides.

(3) Different hybridization state of carbon atom in C-X bond :
(i) In alkyl halides, the carbon of C-X bond is sp3-hybridized with less 5-character and greater bond length of 178 pm, which requires less energy to break the C-X bond.

(ii) In aryl halides, the carbon of C-X bond is sp3-hybridized with more 5-character and shorter bond length which requires more energy to break C-X bond. Therefore, aryl halides are less reactive than alkyl halides.

(iii) Polarity of the C-X bond : In aryl halide C-X bond is less polar than in alkyl halides. Because sp3-hybrid carbon of C-X bond has less tendency to release electrons to the halogen than a sp3-hybrid carbon in alkyl halides. Thus halogen atom in aryl halides cannot be easily displaced by nucleophile.

(2) Aryl halides are extremely less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reactions.
Answer:
Aryl halides are extremely less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction due to the following reasons : (1) Resonance effect : In haloarenes, the electron pairs on halogen atom are in conjugation with 7r-electrons of the benzene ring. The delocalization of these electrons C-Cl bond acquires partial double bond character.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 209

Due to partial double bond character of C-Cl bond in aryl halides, the bond cleavage in haloarene is difficult and are less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution.

(2) Sp2 hybrid state of C : Different hybridization state of carbon atom in C-X bond : In aryl halides, the carbon of C-X bond is sp2-hybridized with more 5-character and shorter bond length of 169 pm which requires more energy to break C-X bond. It is difficult to break a shorter bond than a longer bond, in alkyl chloride (bond length 178 pm) therefore, aryl halides are less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction.

(3) Instability of phenyl cation : In aryl halides, the phenyl cation formed due to self ionisation will not be stabilized by resonance which rules out possibility of SN1 mechanism. Also backside attack of nucleophile is blocked by the aromatic ring which rules out SN2 mechanism. Thus cations are not formed and hence aryl halides do not undergo nucleophilic substitution reaction easily.

(4) As any halides are electron rich molecules due to the presence of re-bond, they repel electron rich nucleophilic, attack. Hence, aryl halides are less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reactions. However, the presence of electron withdrawing groups at o/p position activates the halogen of aryl halides towards substitution.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 210

(3) Aryl halides undergo electrophilic substitution reactions slowly.
Answer:
Aryl halides undergo electrophilic substitution reactions slowly and it can be explained as follows :

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives

(1) Inductive effect : The strongly electronegative halogen atom withdraws the electrons from carbon, atom of the ring, hence aryl halides show reactivity towards electrophilic attack.

(2) Resonance effect : The resonating structures of aryl halides show increase in electron density at ortho and para position, hence it is o, p directing.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 211

The inductive effect and resonance effect compete with each other. The inductive effect is stronger than resonance effect. The reactivity of aryl halides is controlled by stronger inductive effect and o, p orientation is controlled by weaker resonating effect.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 212

The attack of electrophile (Y) on haloarenes at ortho and para positions are more stable due to formation of chloronium ion. The chloronium ion formed is comparatively more stable than other hybrid structures of carbonium ion.

(4) Reactions involving Grignard reagent must be carried out under anhydrous condition.
Answer:
(1) Grignard reagent (R Mg X) is an organometallic compound. The carbon-magnesium bond is highly polar and magnesium halogen bond is in ionic in nature. Grignard reagent is highly reactive.

(2) The reactions of Grignard reagent are carried out in dry conditions because traces of moisture may spoil the reaction and Grignard reagent reacts with water to produce alkane. Hence, reactions involving Grignard reagent must be carried out under anhydrous condition.

(5) Alkyl halides are generally not prepared by free radical halogenation of alkane.
Answer:
(1) Free radical halogenation of alkane gives a mixture of all different possible Monohaloalkanes as well as polyhalogen alkanes.
(2) In this method, by changing the quantity of halogen the desired product can be made to predominate over the other
products. Hence, alkyl halides are generally not prepared by free radical halogenation of alkane.

Question ii.
Alkyl halides though polar are immiscible with water.
Answer:
(1) In alkyl halide, the halogen atom is more electronegative than carbon atom, the C – X bond is polar.
(2) Though alkyl halide is polar, it is insoluble in water because alkyl halide is not able to form hydrogen bonds with water. Attraction between alkyl halide molecule is stronger than attraction between alkyl halide and water.

(2) C-F bond in CH3F is the strongest bond and C-I bond in CH3I is the weakest bond. Explain.
Answer:
(1) Methyl fluoride (CH3F) is highly polar molecule and has the shortest C-F bond length (139 pm) and the strongest C-F bond due to greater overlap of orbitals of the same principal quantum number i.e., overlap of 2sp3 orbital of carbon with 2pz orbital of fluorine.
(2) Methyl iodide (CH3I) is much less polar and has the longest (C-I) bond length (214 pm) and the weakest C-I bond due to poor overlap of 2sp3 orbital carbon with 5pz orbital of iodine i.e., 2sp3 orbital of carbon cannot penetrate into larger p-orbitals.

(3) The boiling point of alkyl iodide is higher than that of alkyl fluoride.
Answer:
For a given alkyl group, the boiling point increases with increasing atomic mass of the halogen, because magnitude of van der Waals force increases with increase in size and mass of halogen. Therefore, boiling point of alkyl iodide is higher than that of alkyl fluoride.

(4) The boiling point of isopropyl bromide is lower than that of it-propyl bromide.
Answer:
For isomeric alkyl halides (isopropyl bromide and n-propyl bromide), the boiling point decreases as the branching increases, surface area decreases on branching and van der Waals forces decrease, therefore, the boiling point of isopropyl bromide is lower than that of n-propyl bromide.

(5) p-Dichlorobenzene Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 75 has mp. higher than those of o-and rn-isomers.
Answer:
p-Dichlorobenzene has higher melting point than those of o-and m-isomers. This is because of its symmetrical structure which can easily fits in crystal lattice. As a result intermolecular forces of attraction are stronger and therefore greater energy is required to overcome its lattice energy.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives

Question iii.
Reactions involving Grignard reagent must be carried out under anhydrous conditions.

Question iv.
Alkyl halides are generally not prepared by free radical halogenation of alkanes.
Answer:
(1) Direct fluorination of alkanes is highly exothermic, explosive and invariably leads to polyfluorination and decomposition of the alkanes. It is difficult to control the reaction.
(2) Direct iodination of alkanes is highly reversible and difficult to carry out.
(3) In direct chlorination and bromination, the reaction is not selective. It can lead to different isomeric monohalogenated alkanes (alkyl halides) as well as polyhalogenated alkanes.
Hence, halogenation of alkanes is not a good method of preparation of alkyl halides.

4. Distinguish between – SN1 and SN2 mechanism of substitution reaction ?
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 152

5. Explain – Optical isomerism in 2-chlorobutane.
Answer:
(1) 2-Chlorobutane contains an asymmetric. Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 265 carbon atom (the starred carbon atom) which is attached to four different groups, i.e., ethyl (-CH2 – CH3), methyl (CH3), chloro (Cl) and hydrogen (H) groups.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 83
(2) Two different arrangements of these groups around the carbon atom are possible as shown in the figure. Hence, it exists as a pair of enanti¬omers. The two enantiomers are mirror images of each other and are not superimposable.

(3) One of the enantiomers will rotate the plane of plane-polarized light to the left hand side and is called the laevorotatory isomer (/-isomer). The other enantiomer will rotate the plane of plane-polarized light to the right hand side and is called the dextrorotatory isomer (d-isomer).

(4) Equimolar mixture of the d- and the 1-isomers is optically inactive and is called the racemic mixture or the racemate (dl-mixture). The optical inactivity of the racemic mixture is due to external compensation.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives

6. Convert the following.

Question i.
Propene to propan-1-ol
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 177

Question ii.
Benzyl alcohol to benzyl cyanide
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 178

Question iii.
Ethanol to propane nitrile
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 179

Question iv.
But-1-ene to n-butyl iodide
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 180

Question v.
2-Chloropropane to propan-1-ol
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 181

Question vi.
tert-Butyl bromide to isobutyl bromide
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 182

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives

Question vii.
Aniline to chlorobenzene
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 183

Question viii.
Propene to 1-nitropropane
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 184

7. Answer the following

Question i.
HCl is added to a hydrocarbon ‘A’ (C4H8) to give a compound ‘B’ which on hydrolysis with aqueous alkali forms tertiary alcohol ‘C’ (C4H10O). Identify ‘A’ , ‘B’ and ‘C’.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 173

Question ii.
Complete the following reaction sequences by writing the structural formulae of the organic compounds ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 281
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 175
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 176

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives

Question iii.
Observe the following and answer the questions given below.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 282
a. Name the type of halogen derivative
b. Comment on the bond length of C-X bond in it
c. Can react by SN1 mechanism? Justify your answer.
Answer:
a. Vinyl halide
b. C – X bond length shorter in vinyl halide than alkyl halide. Vinyl halide has partial double bond character due to resonance.

In vinyl halide, carbon is sp hybridised. The bond is shorter and stronger and the molecule is more stable.

c. Yes, It reacts by SN1 mechanism. SN1 mechanism involves formation of carbocation intermediate. The vinylic carbocation intermediate formed is resonance stabilized, hence SN1 mechanism is favoured.

Activity :
1. Collect detailed information about Freons and their uses.
2. Collect information about DDT as a persistent pesticide.
Reference books
i. Organic chemistry by Morrison, Boyd, Bhattacharjee, 7th edition, Pearson
ii. Organic chemistry by Finar, Vol 1, 6th edition, Pearson

12th Chemistry Digest Chapter 9 Halogen Derivatives Intext Questions and Answers

Use your brain power….. (Textbook page 212)

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 284

Question 1.
Write IUPAC names of the following:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 29
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 30

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives

Question 10.1 : (Textbook page 213)

How will you obtain 1.bromo.1-methylcyclohexane from alkene? Write possible structures of alkene and the reaction involved.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 285
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 64

Use your brain power ….. (Textbook page 213)

Question 1.
Rewrite the following reaction by filling the blanks:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 65
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 66
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 67

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives

Question 10.2 : (Textbook page 216)

Arrange the following compounds in order of increasing boiling points : bromoform, chloromethane, dibromomethane, bromomethane.
Answer:
The comparative boiling points of halogen derivatives are mainly related with van der Waals forces of attraction which depend upon the molecular size. In the present case all the compounds contain only one carbon. Thus the molecular size depends upon the size of halogen and number of halogen atoms present.

Thus increasing order of boiling point is, CH3CI < CH3Br < CH2Br2 < CHBr3

Try this ….. (Textbook page 2016)

Question 1.
(1) Make a three-dimensional model of 2-chlorobutane.
(2) Make another model which is a mirror image of the first model.
(3) Try to superimpose the two models on each other.
(4) Do they superimpose on each other exactly ?
(5) Comment on whether the two models are identical or not.
Answer:
(1) (2) and (3)
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 76
(4) Two models are non-superimposable mir ror images of each other called enantiomers.

(5) Two enantiomers are identical. Theyhave the same physical properties (such as melting points, boiling points, densities refractive index). They also have identical chemical properties. The magnitude of their optical rotation is equal but the sign of optical rotation is opposite.

Try this ….. (Textbook page 219)

Question 1.
1. Draw structares of enantiomers of lactic acid Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 91 using Fischer projection formulae.
2. Draw structures of enantiomers of 2-bromobutane using wedge formula.
Answer:
(1)
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 92

(2) Wedge formula : 2-brornobutane
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 93

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives

Can you tell? (Textbook page 220)

Question 1.
Alkyl halides, when treated with alcoholic solution of silver nitrite, give nitroalkanes whereas with sodium nitrite they give alkyl nitrites. Explain.
Answer:
Nitrite ion is an ambident nucleophile, which can attack through ‘O’ or ‘N’.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 124
Both nitrogen and oxygen are capable of donating electron pair. C – N bond, being stronger than N – O bond, attack occurs through C atom from alkyl halide forming nitroalkane.

However, sodium nitrite (NaNO2) is an ionic compound and oxygen is free to donate pair of electrons. Hence, attack occurs through oxygen resulting in the formation of alkyl nitrite.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 125

Use your brain power! (Textbook page 222)

Question 1.
Draw the Fischer projection formulae of two products obtained when compound (A) reacts with OHe by SN1 mechanis.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 144
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 145

Question 2.
Draw the Fischer projection formula of the product formed when compound (B) reacts with OHΘ by SN2 mechanism.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 146
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 147

Question 10.4 : (Textbook page 223)

Allylic and benzylic halides show high reactivity towards the SN1 mechanism than other primary alkyl halides. Explain.
Answer:
In allylic and benzylic halide, the carbocation formed undergoes stabilization through the resonance. Hence, allylic and benzylic halides show high reactivity towards the SN1 reaction. The resonating structures are
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 149

Resonance stabilization of allylic carbocation
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 150
Resonance stabilization of benzylic carbocation

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives

Question 10.5 : (Textbook page 224)

Which of the following two compounds would react faster by SN2 mechanism and Why?
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 151
Answer :
In SN2 mechanism, a pentacoordinate T.S. is involved. The order of reactivity of alkyl halides towards SN2 mechanism is.
Primary > Secondary > Tertiary, (due to increasing crowding in T.S. from primary to tertiary halides.
1- Chlorobutane being primary halide will react faster by SN2 mechanism, than the secondary halide 2- chlorobutane.)

Can you tell? (Textbook page 227)

Question 1.
Conversion of chlorobenzene to phenol by aqueous sodium hydroxide requires a high temperature of about 623K and high pressure. Explain.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives 199
Answer:
Due to the partial double bond character in chlorobenzene, the bond cleavage in chlorobenzene is difficult and is less reactive. Hence, during the conversion of chlorobenzene to phenol by a question NaOH requires high temperature & high pressure.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 12th Chemistry Textbook Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds

1. Choose the most correct option.

Question i.
The oxidation state of cobalt ion in the complex [Co(NH3)5Br]SO4 is ……………………….
a. + 2
b. + 3
c. + 1
d. + 4
Answer:
(b) + 3

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds

Question ii.
IUPAC name of the complex [Pt(en)2(SCN)2]2+ is ………………………
a. bis (ethylenediamine dithiocyanatoplatinum (IV) ion
b. bis (ethylenediamine) dithiocyantoplatinate (IV) ion
c. dicyanatobis (ethylenediamine) platinate IV ion
d. bis (ethylenediammine)dithiocynato platinate (IV) ion
Answer:
(a) bis(ethylenediamine dithiocyanatoplatinum (IV) ion

Question iii.
Formula for the compound sodium hexacynoferrate (III) is
a. [NaFe(CN)6]
b. Na2[Fe(CN)6]
c. Na[Fe(CN)6]
d. Na3[Fe(CN)6]
Answer:
(d) Na3[Fe(CN)6]

Question iv.
Which of the following complexes exist as cis and trans isomers?
1. [Cr(NH2)2Cl4]
2. [Co(NH3)5Br]2⊕
3. [PtCl2Br2]2⊕ (square planar)
4. [FeCl2(NCS)2]2⊕ (tetrahedral)
a. 1 and 3
b. 2 and 3
c. 1 and 3
d. 4 only
Answer:
(a) 1 and 3

Question v.
Which of the following complexes are chiral?
1. [Co(en)2Cl2]
2. [Pt(en)Cl2]
3. [Cr(C2O4)3]3⊕
4. [Co(NH3)4CI2]
a. 1 and 3
b. 2 and 3
c. 1 and 4
d. 2 and 4
Answer:
(a) 1 and 3

Question vi.
On the basis of CFT predict the number of unpaired electrons in [CrF6]3.
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
Answer:
(c) 3

Question vii.
When an excess of AgNO3 is added to the complex one mole of AgCl is precipitated. The formula of the complex is ……………..
a. [CoCl2(NH3)4]Cl
b. [CoCl(NH3)4] Cl2
c. [CoCl3(NH3)3]
d. [Co(NH3)4]Cl3
Answer:
(a) [COCI3(NH3)4]CI

Question viii.
The sum of coordination number and oxidation number of M in [M(en)2C2O4]Cl is
a. 6
b. 7
c. 9
d. 8
Answer:
(c) 9

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds

2. Answer the following in one or two sentences.

Question i.
Write the formula for tetraammineplatinum (II) chloride.
Answer:
Formula of tetraamineplatinum(II) chloride : [Pt(NH3)4]CI2

Table 9.1 : IUPAC names of anionic and neutral ligands
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 3
Table 9.2: IUPAC names of anionic complexes

Metal Name
A1
Cr
Cu
Co
Au(Gold)
Fe
Pb
Mn
Mo
Ni
Zn
Ag
Sn
Aluminate
Chromate
Cuprate
Cobaltate
Aurate
Ferrate
Plumbate
Manganate
Molybdate
Nickelate
Zincate
Argentate
Stannate

Table 9.3 : IUPAC names of some complexes

Complex IUPAC name
(i) Anionic complexes :
(a) [Ni(CN)J2-
(b) [Co(C204)3]3-
(c) [Fe(CN)6]4-
Tetracyanonickelate(II) ion Trioxalatocobaltate(III) ion
Hexacyanoferrate(II) ion
(ii) Compounds containing complex anions and metal cations :
(a) Na3[Co(N02)6]
(b) K3[A1(C204)3]
(c) Na3[AIF6]
Sodium hexanitrocobaltate(III)
Potassium trioxalatoaluminate(III)
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate(III)
(iii) Cationic complexes :
(a) [Cu(NH3)4]2+
(b) [Fe(H20)5(NCS)]2+
(c) [Pt(en)2(SCN)2]2+
Tetraamminecopper(II) ion
Pentaaquai sothiocyanatoiron(III) ionBis(ethylenediamine)dithiocyanatoplatinum(IV)
(iv) Compounds containing complex cation and anion :
(a) [PtBr2(NH3)4]Br2
(b) [Co(NH3)5C03]CI
(c) [Co(H20)(NH3)5]I3
Tetraamminedibromoplatinum(IV) bromide, Pentaamminecarbonatocobalt(III) chloride, Pentaammineaquacobalt(III) iodide
(v) Neutral complexes :
(a) Co(N02)3(NH3)3
(b) Fe(CO)5
(c) Rh(NH3) 3(SCN) 3
Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III) Pentacarbonyliron(0) Triamminetrithiocyanatorhodium(III)

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds

Question ii.
Predict whether the [Cr(en)2(H2O)2]3+ complex is chiral. Write structure of its enantiomer.
Answer:
(i) Complex is chiral.
(ii) The following are its enantiomers
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 19

Question iv.
Name the Lewis acids and bases in the complex [PtCl2(NH3)2].
Answer:
Lewis acid : Pt2+
Lewis bases : Cl and NF3

Question v.
What is the shape of a complex in which the coordination number of central metal ion is 4?
Answer:
A complex with the coordination number of central metal ion equal to 4 may be tetrahedral or square planar.

Question vi.
Is the complex [CoF6] cationic or anionic if the oxidation state of cobalt ion is +3?
Answer:
In the complex, Co carries + 3 charge while 6F carry – 6 charge. Hence the net charge on the complex is – 3.
Therefore it is an anionic complex.

Question vii.
Consider the complexes [Cu(NH3)4][PtCl4] and [Pt(NH3)4] [CuCl4]. What type of isomerism these two complexes exhibit?
Answer:
Since in these two given complexes, there is an exchange of ligands between cationic and anionic constituents, they exhibit coordination isomerism.

Question viii.
Mention two applications of coordination compounds.
Answer:
(1) In biology : Several biologically important natural compounds are metal complexes which play an important role in number of processes occurring in plants and animals.

For example, chlorophyll in plants is a complex of Mg2+ ions, haemoglobin in blood is a complex of iron, vitamin B12 is a complex of cobalt.

(2) In medicine : The complexes are used on a large scale in medicine. Many medicines in the complex form are more stable, more effective and can be assimilated easily.

For example, platinum complex [Pt(NH3)2CI2] known as cisplatin is effectively used in cancer treatment. EDTA is used to treat poisoning by heavy metals like lead.

(3) To estimate hardness of water :

  • The hardness of water is due to the presence Mg2+ and Ca2+ ion in water.
  • The strong field ligand EDTA forms stable complexes with Mg2+ and Ca2+. Hence these ions can be removed by adding EDTA to hard water.

Similarly these ions can be selectively estimated due to the difference in their stability constants.

(4) Electroplating : This involves deposition of a metal on the other metal. For smooth plating, it is necessary to supply continuously the metal ions in small amounts.
For this purpose, a solution of a coordination compound is used which dissociates to a very less extent. For example, for uniform and thin plating of silver and gold, the complexes K[Ag(CN)2] and K[Au(CN)2] are used.

3. Answer in brief.

Question i.
What are bidentate ligands? Give one example.
Answer:
Bidentate ligand : This ligand has two donor atoms in the molecule or ion. For example, ethylenediamine, H2N – (CH2)2 – NH2.

Question ii.
What is the coordination number and oxidation state of metal ion in the complex [Pt(NH3)Cl5]2?
Answer:
Coordination number = 6
Oxidation state of Pt = +4.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds

Question iii.
What is the difference between a double salt and a complex? Give an example.
Answer:

Double salt Coordination compound (complex)
(1) Double salts exist only in the solid state and dissociate into their constituent ions in the aqueous solutions. (1) Coordination compounds exist in the solid-state as well as in the aqueous or non-aqueous solutions.
(2) Double salts lose their identity in the solution. (2) They do not lose their identity completely.
(3) The properties of double salts are same as those of their constituents. (3) The properties of coordination compounds are different from their constituents.
(4) Metal ions in the double salts show their normal valence. (4) Metal ions in the coordination compounds show two valences namely primary valence and second­ary valence satisfied by anions or neutral molecules called ligands.
(5) For example in K2SO4. K2SO4. A12(SO4)3. 24H2O. The ions K+, Al3 + and SO4 show their properties. (5) In K4[Fe(CN)6], ions K+ and [Fe(CN)6]4‘~ ions show their properties.

Question iv.
Classify the following complexes as homoleptic and heteroleptic
[Cu(NH3)4]SO4, [Cu(en)2(H2O)Cl]3⊕, [Fe(H2O)5(NCS)]2⊕, tetraammine zinc (II) nitrate.
Answer:
Homoleptic complex :
(a) [Cu(NH3)4]SO4
(d) Tetraaminezinc (II) nitrate : [Zn(NH3)4](NO3)2

Heteroleptic Complex :
(b) [Cu(en)2(H2O)CI]2+
(c) [Fe(H2O)5(NCS)]2+

Question v.
Write formulae of the following complexes
a. Potassium ammine-tri chloroplatinate (II)
b. Dicyanoaurate (I) ion
Answer:
(a) Potassium amminetrichloroplatinate(II) K[Pt(NH3)CI3]
(b) Dicyanoaurate (I) ion [AU(CN)2]

Question vi.
What are ionization isomers? Give an example.
Answer:
Ionisation isomers : The coordination compounds having same molecular composition but differ in the compositions of coordination (or inner) sphere and outer sphere and produce different ions on ionisation in the solution are called ionisation isomers. For example, Pentaamminesulphatocobalt (III) bromide [Co(NH3)5SO4] Br, Pentaamminebromocobalt(III) sulphate [Co(NH3)5Br] SO4.

Question vii.
What are the high-spin and low-spin complexes?
Answer:
(1) High spin complex (HS) :

  • The complex which has greater iwmher of unpaired electrons and hence a higher value of resultant spin and magnetic moment is called high spin (or spin free) or IlS complex.
  • It is formed with weak field ligands and the complexes have lower values for crystal field splitting energy (CFSE). Δ0
  • The paramagnetism of HS complex is larger.

(2) Low spin complex (LS) :

  • The complex which has the Icasi number of unpaired electrons or all electrons paired and hence the lowest
    (or no) resultant spin or magnetic moment is called low spin (or spin paired) or LS complex.
  • It is formed with strong tickl ligands and the complexes have higher values of crystal field splitting energy (Δ0).
  • Low spin complex is diamagnetic or has low paramagnetism.

Table 9.5 : d-orbitai diagrams fir high spin and low spin complexes
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 60

(Only the electronic configurations c4 to d1 render the high spin and low spin complexes)

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds

Question viii.
[CoCl4]2⊕ is a tetrahedral complex. Draw its box orbital diagram. State which orbitals participate in hybridization.
Answer:
27Co [Ar] 3d74s2
Oxidation state of Co = +2 Co2+ [Ar] 3d7 4s°
Since CI is a weak ligand, there is no pairing of electrons. Since C.N. is 4, there is sp3 hybridisation.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 30

Question ix.
What are strong field and weak field ligands? Give one example of each.
Answer:
The ligands are then classified as (a) strong field and (b) weak field ligands. Strong field ligands are those in which donor atoms are C,N or P. Thus CN, NC, CO, HN3, EDTA, en (ethylenediammine) are considered to be strong ligands. They cause larger splitting of d orbitals and pairing of electrons is favoured. These ligands tend to form low spin complexes. Weak field ligands are those in which donor atoms are halogens, oxygen or sulphur.

For example, F, CI, Br, I, SCN, C2O42-. In case of these ligands the A0 parameter is smaller compared to the energy required for the pairing of electrons, which is called as electron pairing energy. The ligands then can be arranged in order of their increasing field strength as
I < Br < CI < S2- < F < OH < C2O42- < H2O < NCS < EDTA < NH3 < en < CN < CO.

Question x.
With the help of a crystal field energy-level diagram explain why the complex [Cr(en)3]3⊕ is coloured?
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 31

Since (en) is a strong field ligand there is pairing of electrons. The electrons occupy the t2g orbitals of lower energy. It has one unpaired electron. Due to d-d transition, it is coloured.

4. Answer the following questions.

Question i.
Give valence bond description for the hybrid orbitals are used by the metal? State the number of unpaired electrons.
Answer:
Since CI is a weak ligand, there is no pairing of electrons.
Number of unpaired electrons = 2
Type of hybridisation = sp3

Geometry of complex ion = Tetrahedral
The complex ion is paramagnetic.

Question ii.
Draw a qualitatively energy-level diagram showing d-orbital splitting in the octahedral environment. Predict the number of unpaired electrons in the complex [Fe(CN)6]4⊕. Is the complex diamagnetic or paramagnetic? Is it coloured? Explain.
Answer:
(A) r-orbital splitting in the octahedral environment :
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 65
(B) [Fe (CN)6]4- is an octahedral complex.
(C) Since CN is a strong ligand, there is pairing of electrons and the complex is diamagnetic.
(D) The complex exists as lemon yellow crystals.
(In the complex all electrons in t2g are paired and requires high radiation energy for excitation.)

Question iii.
Draw isomers in each of the following
a. [Pt(NH3)2ClNO2]
b. [Ru(NH3)4Cl2]
c. [Cr(en2)Br2]
Answer:
(a) [Pt(NH3)2CINO2]
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 20
(b) [RU(NH3)4CI2]
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 21
(c) [Cr(en2)Br2]+
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 22

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds

Question iv.
Draw geometric isomers and enantiomers of the following complexes.
a. [Pt(en)3]4⊕
b. [Pt(en)2ClBr]2⊕
Answer:
The complex [Pt(en)3]4+ has two optical isomers.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 23
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 24

Question v.
What are ligands? What are their types? Give one example of each type.
Answer:
Ligands : The neutral molecules or negatively charged anions (or rarely positive ions) which are bonded by coordinate bonds to the central metal atom or metal ion in a coordination compound are called ligands or donor groups. For example in [Cu(CN)4]2-, four CN ions are ligands coordinated to central metal ion Cu2+. Ligands can be classified on the basis of number of electron donor atoms in the ligand i.e. denticity.

(1) Monodentate or unidentate ligand : A ligand molecule or an ion which has only one donor atom with a lone pair of electrons forming only one coordinate bond with metal atom or ion in the complex is called monodentate or unidentate ligand. For example NH3, Cl, OH, H2O, etc.

(2) Polydentate or multidentate ligand : A ligand molecule or an ion which has two or more donor atoms with the lone pairs of electrons forming two or more coordinate bonds with the central metal atom or ion in the complex is called polydentate or multidentate ligand. For example, ethylene diamine, H2N – (CH2)2 – NH2.
According to the number of donor atoms they are classified as follows :

  • Bidentate ligand : This ligand has two donor atoms in the molecule or ion. For example, ethylenediamine, H2N – (CH2)2 – NH2.
  • Tridentate ligand : This ligand molecule has three donor atoms or three sites of attachment.
    E.g. Diethelene triamine, H2N – CH2 – CH2 – NH – CH2 – CH2 – NH2. This has three N donor atoms.
  • Tetradentate (or quadridentate) ligand : This ligand molecule has four donor atoms.
    Eg. Triethylene tetraamine which has four N donor atoms.
  • Hexdentate ligand : This ligand molecule has six donor atoms. E.g. Ethylenediamine tetracetato.

(3) Ambidentate ligand : A ligand molecule or an ion which has two or more donor atoms, however in the formation of a complex, only one donor atom is attached to the metal atom or an ion is called ambidentate ligand. For example, NO2 which has two donor atoms N and O forming a coordinate bond, M ← ONO (nitrito) or M ← NO2 (nitro).

(4) Bridging ligand : A monodentate ligand having more than one lone pairs of electrons, hence can attach to two or more metal atoms or ions and hence acts as a bridge between different metal atoms is called bridging ligand. For example : OH, F, SO4-2, etc.

Question vi.
What are cationic, anionic and neutral complexes? Give one example of each.
Answer:
(1) Cationic sphere complexes : A positively charged coordination sphere or a coordination compound having a positively charged coordination sphere is called cationic sphere complex.

For example : [Zn(NH3)4]2+ and [Co(NH3)5CI] SO4 are cationic complexes. The latter has coordination sphere [Co(NH3)5CI]2+, the anion SO42+ makes it electrically neutral.

(2) Anionic sphere complexes : A negatively charged coordination sphere or a coordination compound having negatively charged coordination sphere is called anionic sphere complex. For example, [Ni(CN)4]2+ and K3[Fe(CN)6] have anionic coordination sphere; [Fe(CN)6]3- and three K+ ions make the latter electrically neutral.

(3) Neutral sphere complexes : A neutral coordination complex does not possess cationic or anionic sphere.

[Pt(NH3)2CI2] or [Ni(CO)4] are neither cation nor anion but are neutral sphere complexes.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds

Question vii.
How stability of the coordination compounds can be explained in terms of equilibrium constants?
Answer:
Stability of the coordination compounds : The stability of coordination compounds can be explained on the basis of their stability constants. The stability of coordination compounds depends on metal-ligand interactions. In the complex, metal serves as electron-pair acceptor (Lewis acid) while the ligand as Lewis base (since it is electron
donor). The metal-ligand interaction can be realized as the Lewis acid-Lewis base interaction. Stronger the interaction greater is stability of the complex.

Consider the equilibrium for the metal-ligand interaction :
Ma+ + nLx- ⇌ [MLn]a+(-nx)
where a, x, [a + ( – nx)] denote the charge on the metal, ligand and the complex, respectively. Now, the equilibrium constant K is given by
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 28

Stability of the complex can be explained in terms of K. Higher the value of K larger is the thermodynamic stability of the complex hence K is called stability constant, and denoted by Kstah. The equilibria for the complex formation with the corresponding K values are given below.

Ag+ + 2CN ⇌ [Ag(CN)2] K = 5.5 x 1018
Cu2+ + 4CN ⇌ [CU(CN)4]2- K = 2.0 x 1027
Co3+ + 6NH3 ⇌ [CO(NH3)6]3+ K = 5.0 x 1033

From the above data, the stability of the complexes is [Co(NH3)6]3+ > [Cu(CN)4]2- > [Ag(CN)2].

Question viii.
Name the factors governing the equilibrium constants of the coordination compounds.
Answer:
The equilibrium constant of the complex depends on the following factors :

(a) Charge to size ratio of the metal ion : Higher the ratio greater is the stability. For the divalent metal ion complexes their stability shows the trend : Cu2+ > Ni2+ > Co2+ > Fe2+ > Mn2+ > Cd2+. The above stability order is called the Irving-William order. In the above list both Cu and Cd have the charge + 2, however, the ionic radius of Cu2 + is 69 pm and that of Cd2 + is 97 pm. The charge to size ratio of Cu2+ is greater than that of Cd2+. Therefore the Cu2+ forms stable complexes than Cd2+.

(b) Nature of the ligand : A second factor that governs stability of the complexes is related to how easily the ligand can donate its lone pair of electrons to the central metal ion that is, the basicity of the ligand. The ligands those are stronger bases tend to form more stable complexes.

Activity :
1. The reaction of chromium metal with H 2SO4 in the absence of air gives blue solution of chromium ion.
Cr(s) + 2H(aq) → Cr2⊕(aq) + H2(s)
Cr2⊕ forms octahedral complex with H2O ligands.
a. Write formula of the complex
b. Describe bonding in the complex using CFT and VBT.
Draw crystal field splitting and valence bond orbital diagrams.

2. Reaction of complex [Co(NH3)3(NO2)3 with HCl gives a complex [Co(NH3)3H2OCl2] in which two chloride ligands are trans to one another.
a. Draw possible stereoisomers of starting material
b. Assuming that NH3 groups remain in place, which of two starting isomers would give the observed product?

12th Chemistry Digest Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds Intext Questions and Answers

Use your brain power ……. (Textbook page 192)

Question 1.
Draw Lewis structures of the following ligands and identify the donor atom in them :
NH3, H2O.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 1

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds

Try this ………. (Textbook page 193)

Question 1.
Can you write ionisation of [Ni (NH3)6] CI2?
Answer:
[Ni (NH3)6] CI2 → [Ni(NH3)6]2+ + 2CI

Question 2.
Identify coordination sphere and counter ions.
Answer:
Coordination sphere : [Ni(NH3)6]2+
Counter ions : CI

Can you tell ? (Textbook page 193)

Question 1.
A complex is made of Co (III) and consists of four NH3 molecules and two CI ions as ligands. What is the charge number and formula of complexion?
Answer:
The complex ion has formula, [Co(NH3)4CI2]+.
The charge number is + 1.

Use vour brain power ……………… (Textbook page 193)

Question 1.
Coordination number used in coordination of compounds is somewhat different than that used in solid state. Explain.
Answer:

  • In a coordination compound the coordination number is the number of donor atoms of ligands directly attached to metal atom or ion.
  • In a solid state, the number of closest constituent atoms or ions in contact with a particular atom in the crystal lattice is called coordination number.
  • In a coordination compound, coordination number depends upon nature of metal atom or ion, and its electronic configuration.
  • In a solid state, the coordination number depends upon the crystalline structure of the unit cell.

Can you tell? ………………. (Textbook page 194)

Question 1.
What is the coordination number of
(a) Co in [CoCl2(en)2]+ = 6
(b) Ir in [Ir(C2O4)2Cl2]3+ and
(c) Pt in [Pt(NO2)2(NH3)2] ?
Answer:
(a) Coordination number of Co in [CoCl2(en)2]+ = 6
(b) Coordination number of Ir in [Ir(C2O4)2Cl2]3+ = 6
(c) Coordination number of Pt in [Pt(NO2)2(NH3)2] = 4

Use your brain power ……… (Textbook page 195)

Question 1.
Classify the complexes as homoleptic and heteroleptic:
(a) [Co (NH3)5CI]SO4,
(b) [CO(ONO)(NH3)5]CI2,
(c) [CoCl(NH3)(en)2]2+ and
(d) [Cu(C2O4)3]3-
Answer:
Homoleptic Complexes : (d) [Cu(C2O4)3]3-
Heteroleptic Complexes : (a) [CO(NH3)5CI]SO4
(b) [CO(ONO)(NH3)5]CI2,
(C) [CoCl(NH3)(en)2]2+

Use your brain power ……… (Textbook page 195)

Question 1.
Classify the complexes as cationic, anionic or Cr(H2O)2(C2O4)23-, PtCI2(en)2 and Cr(CO)6.
Answer:
Cationic complexes : [CO(NH3)6]CI2
Anionic complexes : Na4[Fe(CN)6], [Cr(H2O)2 (C2O4)2]3-
Neutral complexes : Cr(CO)6, Pt CI2(en)2

Try this ……. (Textbook page 197)

Question 1.
Write the representation of the following :
(i) Tricarbonatocobaltate(III) ion.
(ii) Sodium hexacyanoferrate(III).
(iii) Potassium hexacyafioferrate(II).
(iv) Aquachlorobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III).
(v) Tetraaquadichlorochromium(III) chloride.
(vi) Diamminedichloroplatinum(II).
Answer:
(i) [Co(C03)3]3-
(ii) Na3[Fe(CN)6]
(iii) K4[Fe(CN)6]
(iv) Co(en)2(H2O)(Cl)
(v) [Cr(H2O)4CI2]CI
(vi) Pt(NH3)2CI2

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds

Try this …… (Textbook page 196)

Question 1.
Find out the EAN of
(a) [Zn(NH3)4]2+
(b) [Fe(CN)6]4+
Answer:
(a) For the complex ion, [Zn(NH3)4]2+ :
Atomic number of Zn = Z = 30
Charge on metal ion = + 2
∴ Number of electrons lost by Zn atom = X = 2 Total number of electrons donated by 4NH23
ligands = Y = 2 x 4 = 8
EAN = Z – X + Y
= 30 – 2 + 8
= 36

(Note : This is atomic number of the nearest inert element 36Kr.)

(b) For the complex ion, [Fe(CN)J4- :
For Fe, Z = 26 (Atomic number)
X = 2 (Due to + 2 charge on Fe)
Y = 12 (Due to 6 CN ligands)
∴ EAN = Z – X + Y
= 26 – 2 + 12
= 36

Use your brain power …… (Textbook page 197)

Question 1.
Do the following complexes follow the EAN rule
(a) Cr(CO)4,
(b) Ni(CO)4,
(c) Mn(CO)5,
(d) Fe(CO)5?
Answer:
(a) Cr(CO)4 : EAN = Z – X + Y
(b) Ni(C0)4 : EAN = Z – X + Y
= 24 – 0 + 8
= 28 – 0 + 8
= 32
= 36
(c) Mn(CO)5 : EAN = Z – X + Y
= 25 – 0 + 10
= 35

(d) Fe(CO)5 : EAN = Z – X + Y
= 26 – 0 + 10
= 36

Conclusion :
(a) Cr(CO)4 and (c) Mn(CO)5 do not follow EAN Rule.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds

Try this ….. (Textbook page 199)

Question 1.
Draw structures of ci,c and trans isomers of [Fe(NH3)2(CN)4]
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 9

Remember ….. (Textbook page 199)

Our hands are non-superimposable mirror images. When you hold your left hand up to a mirror the image looks like right hand.

Try this ….. (Textbook page 199)

Question 1.
Draw enantiomers of [Cr(OX)2]3 where OX = C2O4 :
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 16

Question 2.
Draw (A) enantiomers and (B) cis and trans isomers of [Cr(H2O)2(OX)2] :
Answer:
(A) Enantiomers :
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 17

(B) as and trans isomers :
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 18

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds

Can you tell ? ….. (Textbook page 200)

Question 1.
Can you write IUPAC names of isomers (I) [Co(NH3)5SO4]Br and (II) [Co(NH3)5Br]SO4?
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 25

Question 2.
Write linkage isomers of [Fe(H2O)5SCN]+. Write their IUPAC names.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 26

Use your brain power …..(Textbook page 201)

Question 1.
The stability constant K of the [Ag(CN)2] is 5.5 x 10 while that for the corresponding [Ag(NH3)2]+ is 1.6 x 107. Explain why [Ag(CN)2]2- is more stable.
Answer:
Stability constant of [Ag(CN)2]2- is larger than that of [Ag(NH3)2]+ and hence [Ag(CN)2]2- is more stable. Also, CN is a stronger ligand than NH3.

Remember …… (Textbook Page 202)

Question 1.
Complete the missing entries.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 71
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 51

(Note : The missing entries are underlined.)

Table 9.3: Type of hybridisation and geometry of a complex
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 52

Try this ….. (Textbook page 204)

Question 1.
Based on the VBT predict structure and magnetic behaviour of the [Ni(NH3)6]
Answer:
28Ni [Ar] 3d8 4s2
Ni3+ [Ar] 3d7 4s°
Hybridisation : sp3d2
Geometry : Octahedral
Magnetic property : Paramagnetic

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds

Try this …… (Textbook page 202)

Question 1.
Give VBT description of bonding in each of following complexes. Predict their magnetic behaviour.
(a) [ZnCI4]2+
(b) [CO(H2O)6]2- (high spin)
(c) [Pt(CN)4]2- (square planar)
(d) [CoCI4]2- (tetrahedral)
(e) [Cr(NH3)6]3+

Try this ……. (Textbook page 206)

Question 1.
Sketch qualitatively crystal field d orbital energy level diagrams for each of the following complexes :
(a) [Ni(en)3]2+ (b) [Mn(CN)6]3- (c) [Fe(H2O)6]2+
Predict whether each of the complexes is diamagnetic or paramagnetic.
Answer:
(a) The complex ion, [Ni(en)3]2+ is octahedral.
28Ni [Ar] 3d8 4s2
Ni2+ [Ar] 3d8 4s°.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 61

Since en is a strong ligand there is pairing of electrons.
Number of unpaired electrons = n = 2 in t2g, orbitals
Magnetic moment = \(\mu=\sqrt{n(n+2)}\)
\(=\sqrt{2(2+2)}=2.83 \mathrm{~B} . \mathrm{M} .\)

The complex ion is paramagnetic.

(b) The complex ion [Mn(CN)6]3- is octahedral.
25Mn [Ar] 3d5 4s2
Mn3+ [Ar] 3d4 4s°

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 62

Since CN is a strong ligand there is pairing of electrons.
Number of unpaired electrons = n = 2 in t2g, orbitals
Magnetic moment = \(\mu=\sqrt{n(n+2)}\)
\(=\sqrt{2(2+2)}=2.83 \mathrm{~B} . \mathrm{M}\).

The complex ion is paramagnetic.

(c) The complex ion [Fe(H2O)6]2+ is octahedral.
26Fe [Ar] 3d6 4s2
Fe2+ [Ar] 3d6 45°

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds 63

Since H2O is a weak ligand, there is no pairing of electrons.
Number of unpaired electrons = n = 4 in t2g and eg orbitals.
Magnetic moment
\(\begin{aligned}
=\mu &=\sqrt{n(n+2)} \\
&=\sqrt{4(4+2)} \\
&=4.90 \mathrm{~B} . \mathrm{M} .
\end{aligned}\)
The complex ion is paramagnetic.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 12th Chemistry Textbook Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria

1. Choose the most correct answer:

Question i.
The pH of 10-8 M of HCl is
(a) 8
(b) 7
(c) less than 7
(d) greater than 7
Answer:
(c) less than 7

Question ii.
Which of the following solution will have pH value equal to 1.0?
(a) 50 mL of 0.1M HCl + 50mL of 0.1 M NaOH
(b) 60 mL of 0.1M HCl + 40mL of 0.1 M NaOH
(c) 20 mL of 0.1M HCl + 80mL of 0.1 M NaOH
(d) 75 mL of 0.2M HCl + 25mL of 0.2 M NaOH
Answer:
(d) 75 mL of 0.2M HCl + 25mL of 0.2 M NaOH

Question iii.
Which of the following is a buffer solution ?
(a) CH3COONa + NaCl in water
(b) CH3COOH + HCl in water
(c) CH3COOH + CH3COONa in water
(d) HCl + NH4Cl in water
Answer:
(c) CH3COOH + CH3COONa in water

Question iv.
The solubility product of a sparingly soluble salt AX is 5.2 x 10-13. Its solubility in mol dm-3 is
(a) 7.2 × 10-7
(b) 1.35 × 10-4
(c) 7.2 × 10-8
(d) 13.5 × 10-8
Answer:
(a) 7.2 × 10-7

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria

Question v.
Blood in human body is highly buffered at pH of
(a) 7.4
(b) 7.0
(c) 6.9
(d) 8.1
Answer:
(a) 7.4

Question vi.
The conjugate base of [Zn(H2O)4]2+ is
(a) [Zn(H2O)4]2+ NH3
(b) [Zn(H2O)3]2+
(c) [Zn(H2O)3OH]+
(d) [Zn(H2O)H]3+
Answer:
(c) [Zn(H2O)3OH]+

Question vii.
For pH > 7 the hydronium ion concentration would be
(a) 10-7 M
(b) < 10-7 M
(c) > 10-7 M
(d) ≥ 10-7 M
Answer:
(b) < 10-7 M

2. Answer the following in one sentence :

Question i.
Why cations are Lewis acids ?
Answer:
Since cations are deficient of electrons they accept a pair of electrons, hence they are Lewis acids.

Question ii.
Why is KCl solution neutral to litmus?
Answer:

  1. Since KCl is a salt of strong base KOH and strong acid HCl, it does not undergo hydrolysis in its aqueous solution.
  2. Due to strong acid and strong base, concentrations [H3O+] = [OH] and the solution is neutral.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria

Question iii.
How are basic buffer solutions prepared?
Answer:

  1. Basic buffer solution is prepared by mixing aqueous solutions of a weak base like NH4OH and its salt of a strong acid like NH4Cl.
  2. A weak base is selected according to the required pH or pOH of the solution and dissociation constant of the weak base.

Question iv.
Dissociation constant of acetic acid is 1.8 × 10-5. Calculate percent dissociation of acetic acid in 0.01 M solution.
Answer:
Given : Ka = 1.8 x 10-5; C = 0.01 M
Percent dissociation = ?
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria 1
∴ Percent dissociation = α × 100
= 4.242 × 10-2 × 102
= 4.242%
Percent dissociation = 4.242%

Question v.
Write one property of a buffer solution.
Answer:
Properties (or advantages) of a buffer solution :

  • The pH of a buffer solution is maintained appreciably constant.
  • By addition of a small amount of an acid or a base pH does not change.
  • On dilution with water, pH of the solution doesn’t change.

Question vi.
The pH of a solution is 6.06. Calculate its H+ ion concentration.

Question vii.
Calculate the pH of 0.01 M sulphuric acid.
Answer:
Given : C = 0.01 M H2SO4, pH = ?
\(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4(\mathrm{aq})} \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{H}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{+}+\mathrm{SO}_{4(\mathrm{aq})}^{2-}\)
∴ [H3O+] = 2 × 0.01 = 0.02 M
PH = -log10 [H3O+]
= -log10 0.02
= –\((\overline{2} .3010)\)
= 2 – 0.3010
= 1.6990
pH = 1.6990.

Question viii.
The dissociation of H2S is suppressed in the presence of HCl. Name the phenomenon.
Answer:
The weak dibasic acid H2S is dissociated as follows :
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria 2
When HCl is added, it increases the concentration of common ion H3O+.
\(\mathrm{HCl}_{(\mathrm{aq})}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{(\mathrm{l})} \rightarrow \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{+}+\mathrm{Cl}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{-}\)
Hence by Le Chaterlier’s principle, the equilibrium is shifted from right to left, suppressing the dissociation of weak electrolyte H2S.

Question ix.
Why is it necessary to add H2SO4 while preparing the solution of CuSO4?
Answer:
CuSO4 is a salt of strong acid H2SO4 and weak base Cu(OH)2. CuSO4 in aqueous solution undergoes hydrolysis and forms a precipitate of Cu(OH)2 and solution becomes turbid.
CuSO4 + 2H2O ⇌ CU(OH)2↓ + H2SO4
OR
CuSO4 + 4H2O ⇌ Cu(OH)2 + 2H3O+ + \(\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}\)
When H2SO4 is added, the hydrolysis equilibrium is shifted to left hand side and Cu(OH)2 dissolves giving clear solution.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria

Question x.
Classify the following buffers into different types :
a. CH3COOH + CH3COONa
b. NH4OH + NH4Cl
c. Sodium benzoate + benzoic acid
d. Cu(OH)2 + CuCl2
Answer:
(a) Acidic buffer (CH3COOH + CH3COONa)
(b) Basic buffer (NH4OH + NH4Cl)
(c) Acidic buffer (Sodium benzoate + benzoic acid)
(d) Basic buffer (Cu(OH)2 + CuCl2)
[Note : Cu(OH)2 being insoluble is not used to prepare a buffer solution.]

3. Answer the following in brief :

Question i.
What are acids and bases according to Arrhenius theory ?
Answer:
According to Arrhenius theory :
Acid : It is a substance which contains hydrogen and on dissolving in water produces hydrogen ions (H+) E.g. HCl
\(\mathrm{HCl}_{(\mathrm{aq})} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{H}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{+}+\mathrm{Cl}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{-}\)

Base : It is a substance which contains OH group and on dissolving in water produces hydroxyl ions (OH). E.g. NaOH
\(\mathrm{NaOH}_{(\mathrm{aq})} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{Na}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{+}+\mathrm{OH}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{-}\)

Question ii.
What is meant by conjugate acid-base pair?
Answer:
Conjugate acid-base pair : A pair of an acid and a base differing by a proton is called a conjugate acid-base pair.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria 3

Question iii.
Label the conjugate acid-base pair in the following reactions
a. HCl + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + Cl
b. \(\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}\) + H2O ⇌ OH + \(\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}\)
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria 4

Question iv.
Write a reaction in which water acts as a base.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria 5
Since water accepts a proton, it acts as a base.

Question v.
Ammonia serves as a Lewis base whereas AlCl3 is Lewis acid. Explain.
Answer:

  • Since ammonia molecule, NH3 has a lone pair of electrons to donate it acts as a Lewis base.
  • AlCl3 is a molecule with incomplete octet hence it is electron deficient and acts as a Lewis acid.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria

Question vi.
Acetic acid is 5% ionised in its decimolar solution. Calculate the dissociation constant of acid.
Answer:
Given : C = 0.1 M; Dissociation = 5%, Ka=2 Percent dissociation
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria 6
Dissociation constant of acid = Ka = 2.63 × 10-4

Question vii.
Derive the relation pH + pOH = 14.
Answer:
The ionic product of water, Kw is given by,
Kw = [H3O+] × [OH]
At 298 K, Kw = 1 × 10-14
∴ pKw = -log10Kw = log10 1 x 10-14 = 14
∵ [H3O+] × [OH] = 1 × 10-14
Taking logarithm to base 10 of both sides,
log10 [H3O+] + log10 [OH] = log10 1 x 10-14
Multiplying both the sides by -1,
-log10 [H3O+] -log10 [OH] = -log10 1 x 10-14
∵ pH = -log10 [H3O+]; pOH = -log10 [OH];
pKw = – log10 Kw
∴ pH + pOH = pKw
OR pH + pOH =14

Question viii.
Aqueous solution of sodium carbonate is alkaline whereas aqueous solution of ammonium chloride is acidic. Explain.
Answer:
(A) (i) Sodium carbonate is a salt of weak acid and strong base.
(ii) In aqueous solution it undergoes hydrolysis.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria 7
(iii) Strong base dissociates completely while weak acid dissociates partially since [OH] > [H3O+], the solution is basic.

(B) (i) Ammonium chloride is a salt of strong acid and weak base.
(ii) In aqueous solution it undergoes hydrolysis
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria 8
(iii) Since [H+] or [H3O+ ] > [OH] the solution is acidic.

Question ix.
pH of a weak monobasic acid is 3.2 in its 0.02 M solution. Calculate its dissociation constant.
Answer:
Given : pH = 3.2; C = 0.02 M; Ka = ?
pH = -log10 [H+]
∴ [H+] = Antilog – pH
= Antilog – 3.2
= Antilog \(\overline{4} .8\)
= 6.31 × 10-4M
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria 9
Ka = cα2
= 0.02 × (0.0315)2
= 1.984 × 10-5
Dissociation constant = Ka = 1.984 × 10-5

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria

Question x.
In NaOH solution [OH] is 2.87 × 10-4. Calculate the pH of solution.
Answer:
Given : [OH] = 2.87 × 10-4 M, pH = ?
pOH = -log10 [OH]
= -log10 2.87 × 10-4
= –\((\overline{4} .4579)\)
= (4 – 0.4579)
= 3.5421
∵ pH + pOH = 14
∴ pH = 14 – pOH = 14 – 3.5421 = 10.4579
pH = 10.4579.

4. Answer the following :

Question i.
Define degree of dissociation. Derive Ostwald’s dilution law for the CH3COOH.
Answer:
(A) Degree of dissociation :
It is defined as a fraction of total number of moles of an electrolyte that dissociate into its ions at equilibrium.
It is denoted by a and represented by,
α = \(\frac{\text { number of moles dissociated }}{\text { total number of moles of an electrolyte }}\)
Or α = \(\frac{\text { Per cent dissociation }}{100}\)
∴ Per cent dissociation = α × 100

(B) Consider V dm3 of a solution containing one mole of CH3COOH. Then the concentration of acid is, C = \(\frac{1}{V}\) mol dm3. Let α be the degree of dissociation
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria 10
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria 11
This is Ostwald’s dilution law.

Question ii.
Define pH and pOH. Derive relationship between pH and pOH.
Answer:
(1) pH : The negative logarithm, to the base 10, of the molar concentration of hydrogen ions, H+ is known as the pH of a solution.
pH = -log10 [H+]

(2) pOH : The negative logarithm, to the base 10, of the molar concentration of hydroxyl ions, OH is known as the pOH of a solution.
pOH = -log10 [OH]

Relationship between pH and pOH:
The ionic product of water, Kw is given by,
Kw = [H3O+] × [OH]
At 298 K, Kw = 1 × 10-14
∴ pKw = -log10Kw = log10 1 x 10-14 = 14
∵ [H3O+] × [OH] = 1 × 10-14
Taking logarithm to base 10 of both sides,
log10 [H3O+] + log10 [OH] = log10 1 x 10-14
Multiplying both the sides by -1,
-log10 [H3O+] – log10 [OH] = -log10 1 x 10-14
∵ pH = -log10 [H3O+]; pOH = -log10 [OH];
pKw = – log10 Kw
∴ pH + pOH = pKw
OR pH + pOH =14

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria

Question iii.
What is meant by hydrolysis ? A solution of CH3COONH4 is neutral. why ?
Answer:
Hydrolysis : A reaction in which the cations or anions or both the ions of a salt react with water to produce acidity or basicity or sometimes neutrality is called hydrolysis.

A salt of weak acid and weak base for which Ka = Kb:
Consider hydrolysis of CH3COONH4.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria 12
Since Ka = Kb, the weak acid CH3COOH and weak base NH4OH dissociate to the same extent, hence, [H3O+] = [OH] and the solution reacts neutral after hydrolysis.

Question iv.
Dissociation of HCN is suppressed by the addition of HCl. Explain.
Answer:
The weak acid HCN is dissociated as follows :
\(\mathrm{HCN}_{(\mathrm{aq})}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{(\mathrm{l})} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{+}+\mathrm{CN}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{-}\)
The dissociation constant Ka is represented as,
Ka = \(\frac{\left[\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}\right] \times\left[\mathrm{CN}^{-}\right]}{[\mathrm{HCN}]}\)
When HCl is added, it increases the concentration of H3O+, hence in order to keep the ratio constant, then by Le Chatelier’s principle, the equilibrium is shifted from right to left, suppressing the dissociation of HCN.

Question v.
Derive the relationship between degree of dissociation and dissociation constant in weak electrolytes.
Answer:
Expression of Ostwald’s dilution law in the case of a weak electrolyte : Consider the dissociation of a weak electrolyte BA. Let V dm3 of a solution contain one mole of the electrolyte. Then the concentration of a solution is, C = \(\frac{1}{V}\)mol dm-3. Let α be the degree of dissociation of the electrolyte.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria 13
Applying the law of mass action to this dissociation equilibrium, we have,
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria 14
As the electrolyte is weak, α is very small as compared to unity, ∴ (1 – α) ≈ 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria 15
This is the expression of Ostwald’s dilution law. Thus, the degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte is directly proportional to the square root of the volume of the solution containing 1 mole of an electrolyte.

Question vi.
Sulfides of cation of group II are precipitated in acidic solution (H2S + HCl) whereas sulfides of cations of group IIIB are precipitated in ammoniacal solution of H2S. Comment on the relative values of solubility product of sulfides of these.
Answer:
(1) In qualitative analysis, the cations of group II are precipitated as sulphides, namely HgS, CuS, PbS, etc., while cations of group IIIB are precipitated as sulphides, namely, CoS, NiS, ZnS.

(2) The sulphides of group II have extremely low solubility product (Ksp) about 10-29 to 10-53 while the sulphides of group IIIB have slightly higher Ksp values about 10-20 to 10-23.

(3) In group II, sulphides are precipitated by adding H2S in acidic solution while in IIIB group they are precipitated in a basic solution like ammonical solution.

(4) In acidic medium due to common ion H+, H2S is dissociated to very less extent but gives sufficient S2- ion to exceed solubility product of group II sulphides of cations and precipitate them.
\(\mathrm{HCl}_{(\mathrm{aq})} \longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{+}+\mathrm{Cl}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{-} ; \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{~S}_{(\mathrm{aq})} \rightleftharpoons 2 \mathrm{H}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{+}+\mathrm{S}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{2-}\)

(5) In basic medium, H+ from H2S are removed by OH in solution, or by NH4OH, increasing the dissociation of H2S and concentration of S2-, so that IP > Ksp.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria 16
(6) Therefore group II cations are precipitated in an acidic medium while cations of group IIIB are precipitated in ammonical solution.

Question vii.
Solubility of a sparingly soluble salt get affected in presence of a soluble salt having one common ion. Explain.
Answer:
Consider the solubility equilibrium of a sparingly soluble salt, AgCl.
\(\mathrm{AgCl}_{(\mathrm{s})} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{Ag}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{+}+\mathrm{Cl}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{-}\)
The solubility product, Ksp is given by,
Ksp = [Ag+] × [Cl]
Consider addition of a strong electrolyte AgNO3 with a common ion Ag+.
\(\mathrm{AgNO}_{3(\mathrm{aq})} \longrightarrow \mathrm{Ag}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{+}+\mathrm{NO}_{3(\mathrm{aq})}^{-}\)
The concentration Ag+ in the solution is increased, hence by Le Chatelier’s principle the equilibrium of AgCl is shifted to left hand side since the value of Ksp is constant.
Thus in the presence of a common ion, the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt is suppressed.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria

Question viii.
The pH of rain water collected in a certain region of Maharashtra on particular day was 5.1. Calculate the H3O+ ion concentration of the rain water and its percent dissociation.
Answer:
Given : pH = 5.1, [H3O+] = ?
PH = -log10 [H3O+]
∴ log10 [H3O+] = -pH
∴ [H3O+] = Antilog – pH
= Antilog – 5.1
= Antilog \(\overline{6} .9\)
= 7.943 × 10-6 M
(H3O+ in rainwater is due to dissolved gases, CO2, SO2, etc. forming acids which dissociate giving H3O+ and acidity to rainwater.)
[H3O+] = 7.943 × 10-4 M

Question ix.
Explain the relation between ionic product and solubility product to predict whether a precipitate will form when two solutions are mixed?
Answer:
If ionic product and solubility product are indicated by IP and Ksp respectively then,
(I) When IP = Ksp, the solution is saturated.
(II) When IP > Ksp, the solution is supersaturated and hence precipitation will occur, when two solutions are mixed.
(Ill) When IP < Ksp, the solution is unsaturated and precipitation will not occur, when two solutions are mixed.

12th Chemistry Digest Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria Intext Questions and Answers

Use your brain power (Textbook Page No. 47)

Question 1.
Which of the following is a strong electrolyte ?
HF, AgCl, CuSO4, CH3COONH4, H3PO4.
Answer:
CH3COONH4 is a strong electrolyte since in aqueous solution it dissociates completely. Sparingly soluble salts AgCl, CuSO4 are also strong electrolytes.

Use your brain power (Textbook Page No. 49)

Question 1.
All Bronsted bases are also Lewis bases, but all Bronsted acids are not Lewis acids. Explain.
Answer:
NH3 is a Bronsted base since it can accept a proton while it is also a Lewis base since it has a lone pair of electrons to donate.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria 17
(2) HCl is a Bronsted acid since it can donate a proton but it is not a Lewis acid since it can’t accept a pair of electrons.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria 18

Use your brain power (Textbook Page No. 53)

Question 1.
Suppose that pH of monobasic and dibasic acid is the same. Does this mean that the molar concentrations of both acids are identical ?
Answer:
Even if monobasic acid and dibasic acid give same pH, their molar concentrations are different. One mole of monobasic acid like HCl gives 1 mol of H+ while one mole of dibasic acid gives 2 mol of H+ in solution. Hence the concentration of dibasic acid will be half of the concentration of monobasic acid. For example, for same pH. [Monobasic acid] = [Dibasic acid]/2

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria

Question 2.
How does pH of pure water vary with temperature ? Explain.
Answer:
Since the increase in temperature, increases the dissociation of water, its pH decreases.

Can you tell ? (Textbook Page No. 54)

Question 1.
Why (i) an aqueous solution of NH4Cl is acidic.
(ii) while that of HCOOK basic ?
Answer:
(i) (i) Ammonium chloride is a salt of strong acid and weak base.
(ii) In aqueous solution it undergoes hydrolysis
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria 19
(iii) Since [H+] or [H3O+] > [OH] the solution is acidic.

(ii) HCOOK is a salt of weak acid HCOOH and strong base KOH. In aqueous solution it undergoes hydrolysis giving weak acid and strong base KOH which dissociates completely,
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria 20
∴ [OH] > [H3O+], and the solution reacts basic.

Can you think ? (Textbook Page No. 56)

Question 1.
Home made jams and jellies without any added chemical preservative additives spoil in a few days whereas commercial jams and jellies have a long shelf life. Explain. What role does added sodium benzoate play ?
Answer:
Sodium benzoate added to jams and jellies in commercial products maintains the pH constant and acts as a preservative. Hence jams and jellies are not spoiled for a very long time unlike homemade products.

Can you tell ? (Textbook Page No. 56)

Question 1.
It is enough to add a few mL of a buffer solution to maintain its pH. Which property of buffer is used here ?
Answer:
The important property of reserve acidity and reserve basicity of a buffer solution is used to maintain constant pH. Weak acid or weak base along with ions (cations or anions) from salt react with excess of added acid (H+) or base [OH] and maintain pH constant.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria

Use your brain power (Textbook Page No. 59)

Question 1.
What is the relationship between molar solubility and solubility product for salts given below : (i) Ag2CrO4 (ii) Ca3(PO4)2 (iii) Cr(OH)3.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria 21
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria 22

Can you tell ? (Textbook Page No. 60)

Question 1.
How is the ionization of NH4OH suppressed by addition of NH4Cl to the solution of NH4OH ?
Answer:
Ionisation of NH4OH is represented as follows :
\(\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{OH}_{(\mathrm{aq})} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{NH}_{4(\mathrm{aq})}^{+}+\mathrm{OH}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{-}\)
It has ionisation constant,
Kb = \(\frac{\left[\mathrm{NH}^{4+}\right] \times\left[\mathrm{OH}^{-}\right]}{\left[\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{OH}\right]}\)
Kb has constant value at constant temperature. When strong electrolyte NH4Cl is added to its solution, it dissociates completely.
\(\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{Cl}_{(\mathrm{aq})} \longrightarrow \mathrm{NH}_{4(\mathrm{aq})}^{+}+\mathrm{Cl}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{-}\)
Due to common ion \(\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}\), by Le Chatelier’s principle, the equilibrium is shifted from right to left, suppressing the ionisation of NH4OH.