Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Political Science Solutions Chapter 1 Working of the Constitution Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Std 10 Political Science Chapter 1 Question Answer Working of the Constitution Maharashtra Board

Class 10 Political Science Chapter 1 Working of the Constitution Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Political Science Class 10 Chapter 1 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Question 1.
Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the sentences.
(1) In Maharashtra …………………… seats are reserved for women in local self-governing institutions.
(a) 25%
(b) 30%
(c) 40%
(d) 50%
Answer:
(d) 50%

(2) Which of the following laws created a favorable environment for women to secure freedom and self-development?
(a) Right to Information Act
(b) Dowry Prohibition Act
(c) Food Security Act
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Dowry Prohibition Act

(3) The essence of democracy is ……………………
(a) universal adult franchise.
(b) decentralisation of power.
(c) policy of reservation of seats.
(d) judicial decisions.
(d) Judicial decisions
Answer:
(b) decentralization of power

Question 2.
State whether the following statements are true or false. Give reasons for your answer.

(1) Indian democracy is considered the largest democracy in the world.
Answer:
The above statement is True.

• Indian Constitution cancelled all the conditions which were put for voting before independence thereby increasing the number of voters.
• The Constitution adopted adult suffrage which has facilitated all adult men and women to cast their vote.
• The age limit to vote was reduced to 18 years from 21 years which gave opportunity of political participation to the young generation. No other democratic country in the world has voters- in such large numbers.

Hence, Indian democracy is the largest democracy in the world.

(2) Secrecy in the working of Government has increased due to the Right to Information.
Answer:
The above statement is False.

• To strengthen democracy and increase mutual trust between the government and the people, it is very important that the people should know about ‘the functioning of the government.
• Transparency and accountability are the hallmarks of good governance.
• With Right to Information given to the citizens, Government became more transparent. Thus, the Right to Information has reduced element of secrecy in administration.

(3) The nature of the Constitution is seen as a living document.
Answer:
The above statement is True.

• Parliament has the powers to make changes in the Constitution according to the changing circumstances and conditions.
• However, it should be done without tampering or changing the basic structure of the Constitution.
• As it has kept itself abreast with the changes, S the Constitution became a live and dynamic document instead of a rigid one

Question 3.
Explain the following concepts.

(1) Right based approach
Answer:

• India adopted democracy after independence. Each government which came to power took efforts to make the democratisation process more profound.
• In the initial stages, these governments considered citizens as ‘beneficiaries’.
• After the year 2000, the approach towards citizens changed. Democratic reforms were considered as ‘rights’ of citizens.
• Hence, the Right to Information, Education and Food Security was granted not as beneficiaries but as rights of the citizens. This approach is known as Rights Based Approach.

(2) Right to information
Answer:

• In order to bring transparency in the administration and make it accountable, Indian citizens are given Right to Information.
• Right to Information helped in promoting harmony between government and people and empowered the citizens.
• It brought transparency in administration, made the government realise that they are answerable to people.
• It has helped to reduce the element of secrecy which surrounded the functioning of the government. It made the government open and transparent.

(3) Women representation in the Loksabha.
Answer:

• The Constitution of India empowers women by granting them equal status with men and equal political rights.
• 22 women were elected in the Lok Sabha elections held in 1951-52. Their number increased to 66 in 2014 elections.
• Reservation has been increased to 50% in local self-governing institutions in Maharashtra and in many other states.
• If the number of women representative increased in Lok Sabha, it will help in reducing incidents of violence against women and increase their involvement in the decision-making process.

Question 4.
Answer in brief.
(1) What are the effects of reducing the voting age from 21 years to 18 years?
Answer:

• Earlier the Indian Constitution had fixed the voting age of 21 years.
• The voting age was lowered to 18 years.
• The young voters secured the right to vote and the increased number of voters was unparalleled. ‘
• They got the right to decide how their representative should be. ,
• Moreover, it provided to the unrepresented youth an opportunity to become part of political process being literate and politically conscious.
• It increased the scope of democracy by including the youth of the country thus making it the largest democracy in the world.

(2) What is meant by establishment of social justice?
Answer:
Establishing social justice means:

• To eliminate the practices and beliefs which are responsible for injustice towards a person or a community and which hampers collective progress of society should be eliminated.
• Government policies should be all inclusive which means it should aim at accommodating different sections of society.
• There should not be any discrimination based on caste, creed, religion, gender, language, property, region or place of birth.
• All should get equal opportunities for development.

(3) Which decision of the Court has resulted in protection of honour and dignity of women?
Answer:

• The apex court has given several judgments which have helped in protection of honour and prestige of women.
• Court gave judgement on Right to alimony as well as Right to equal remuneration.
• Women have an equal share in the property of husband and father. This gave them financial security. Dowry prohibition Act was a measure for women empowerment.
• The Act against sexual harrassment. Domestic Violence Prohibition Act are also very important in the direction of women empowerment.
• All these acts emphasised the need to protect women and protect their self-esteem and dignity rejecting the traditional forms of domination and authoritarianism.

Project
(1) Which information can be secured with the help of the right to information? Find out with the help of your teachers.
(2) Make a list of concessions given by the Government for the students of minority communities?
(3) Visit the official website of the National election commission and collect more information about it.
(4) Take an interview of women representations from local self-governing institutions from your area.

Memory Map

Q. Complete the sentences by choosing the correct option:

1. Right to Information came into force from
(a) 2002
(b) 2004
(c) 2005
(d) 2006
Answer:
(c) 2005

2. The Indian government has been working in accordance with principle of the
(a) Parliament
(b) President
(c) Constitution
(d) Party
Answer:
(c) Constitution

3. Men and women above years of age can vote in India.
(a) 15
(b) 18
(c) 21
(d) 25
Answer:
(b) 18

4. can make amendments to the Constitution.
(a) President
(b) Prime Minister
(c) Council of Ministers
(d) Parliament
Answer:
(d) Parliament

5. got recognition because of 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution.
(a) Parliament
(b) Local self-governing institutions
(c) Legislative council
(d) Cooperative societies
Answer:
(b) Local self- governing institutions

6. ………………….. has made the government more transparent.
(a) Equality
(b) Freedom
(c) Right to Information
(d) Social Justice
Answer:
(c) Right to Information

7. and are two features of good governance.
(a) Popular, populist
(b) Efficient, democratic
(c) Transparent, responsible
(d) Equality, decentralization
Answer:
(c) Transparency, responsible.

Q. State whether the following statements are true or false:

1. Indian democracy is evidently unsuccessful.
Answer:
The above statement is False.

• India has the largest number of voters as compared to any other democratic nation in the world.
• Free and fair elections which are held regularly is the key for successful democracy.
• Recurring elections have helped in understanding the political process. As the voting age was reduced from 21 to 18 years, the political participation has increased.
• Increasing participation of the people in the political process and political contest shows that Indian democracy is successful.

2. There is less friction in all inclusive democracy.
Answer:
The above statement is True.

• To establish social justice and equality is the aim of democracy. .
• If all the sections of society are given equal opportunities without any discrimination then all 8 components come into the main stream.
• In fact, democracy is the process of accommodating different sections of society which ultimately reduces the social conflict.

Q. Explain the following concepts:

1. Decentralisation:
Answer:

• Division of power within, a country is known as Decentralisation.
• Under dictatorship and military rule, the power is centred around one person or a group of individuals.
• But in democracy the power is divided among Centre, State and Local Self-governing institutions. Decentralisation is the core of democracy.
• Decentralisation can stop the misuse of power and facilitate common people to participate in democracy.

2. Provisions regarding Minorities:
Answer:

• Constitution has adopted several measures for the protection of the rights of minorities.
• Several policies have been adopted by the government to provide them the opportunities in education and employment.
• The Constitution has prohibited any form of discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, religion, language and region.
• The Constitution provided rights to the minorities to protect and conserve their language, culture and establish educational institutions

3. Policy of Reservation of Seats:
Answer:

• Some sections of Indian society were denied social justice.
• They were deprived of educational and employment opportunities. It was essential to bring them in the main stream of society.
• The policy was adopted to give reservation to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in educational institutions and public employment.
• Seats were also reserved for Other Backward Classes. Reservation policy gave the deprived classes justice and opportunities for development.

Q. Complete the Concept Map:

1. Complete the Concept Map:

Answer:

2. important to understand:

Answer:

3. please understand:

Answer:

Q. Answer the following questions in brief:

1. What are the provisions made in the Directive Principles regarding decentralization?
Answer:
The Directive Principles of the Indian Constitution has made provisions for decentralization of power. It means:

• Indian Constitution has divided the power between the centre, state and local self-governing institutions.
• The guidelines about empowering the local self-governing bodies are given in the Constitution.
• After independence, 73rd and 74th Amendment to the Constitution in 1992 has given constitutional status to the local self-governing bodies.
• Due to this, there is increase in the participation by the people at grass root level. Democracy was put into practice which eventually got strengthened. Decentralisation curbed the misuse of power.

2. What were the measures taken to increase the number of women in politics?
Answer:

• The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment provided reservation of 33% seats for women in local self governing institutions.
• This reservation has been increased to 50% in Maharashtra and many other states.
• One-third seats and the offices (posts) of Sarpanch, Mayor, etc. are reserved for women. Several policies have been adopted to remove illiteracy among women and to make available opportunities for their development.
• A bill is tabled in the house to reserve 50% seats in Legislative Assembly and Parliament.

3. The Judiciary in India has played an important role in strengthening democracy. Explain.
Answer:

• The Judiciary has always taken into consideration the fundamental objectives of the Constitution and also the intention of its framers.
• While interpreting the Constitution, it has taken care that its basic structure is not altered as Constitution is foundation of our democracy.
• The important role played by judiciary is in strengthening and helping democracy to achieve the objectives of social justice and equality.

4. Which particular Laws/Acts created a favourable environment for the protection of freedom of women and secure their development?
Answer:

1. Several policies have been adopted in the post-independence period for empowering women.
2. Provisions were made in the Constitution to provide opportunities for progress.
3. Many laws were passed to empower them. They are:
   • Right to have equal share in the property of father and husband.
   • Dowry Prohibition Act.
   • Act against Sexual Harassment.
   • Domestic Violence Prohibition Act.

Q. Give your opinion:

1. What measures should be adopted to increase the number of women in representative democracy?
Answer:
Several restrictions were imposed in the name of traditions and practices, making’ the workspace of women limited to home.

• To curb injustice the representation of women should increase in all institutions. The 73rd and 74th Amendment reserved 33% of seats for women in local self governing institutions.
• Access to more and more social and political fields should be made available for women. They should be involved in the decision-making process and work for their betterment.
• This would ultimately lead to eliminating injustice done to them and will enhance their self respect and status.

2. Do you agree that Indian democracy has become profound?
Answer:
I entirely agree that Indian democracy has become profound.

• The Indian Constitution has laid down representative structure of democracy.
• The actual practice of the principles of democracy is the essence of representative system.
• People have direct representation in Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and Local Self-Government Institutions.
• Free and fair elections are held at regular intervals to elect representatives.
• Citizens cast their votes weighing the public issues and policies related to it. All the above factors show that Indian democracy has become profound.

3. Do you think that citizens in India should 8 have the right to employment? (Discuss – Textbook page 70)
Answer:
I agree that all Indian citizens should get I employment.

• If they are deprived of employment opportunities their families would face hunger and starvation.
• Incident of crime will increase in society.
• Democracy will collapse leading to chaos.
• More and more employment opportunities S should be generated for their progress.

4. According to you, if everyone gets the right to shelter, how will it affect democracy in 8 India?
Answer:

• Food, clothing and shelter are the basic necessities of a man.
• Shelter is not only his necessity but also his right.
• A permanent need is to get settled in life. 8 If a man gets a home, a large part of his struggle 8 in life will come to an end.
• The financial burden will be low and he will x work with honesty and will contribute in nation’s X progress.
• Home for all creates a healthy society. It has an all-round social, economical and psychological effect to strengthen democracy and make it 8 profound.

5. What steps should be taken to stop injustice done to the Backward Classes? OR What efforts should be made to prevent x atrocities?
Answer:
The backward classes have suffered for thousands of years. I feel the following measures x will remove injustice done to the backward classes:

• Atrocities laws should be made stringent.
• Fast courts should be set up to handle such cases.
• Stringent punishment should be given if 8 found guilty.
• Efforts should be made to improve economic 8 status of the backward classes.
• The Government should make efforts to establish social justice and equality. .

6. What efforts should be made to bring in all the features of good governance in democracy?
Answer:
For the successful functioning of democracy, good governance is very essential.

• People should elect good and professional candidates.
• People should keep watch on the work done by them.
• Corrupt candidates should not be elected or re-elected.
• People should respond to various policies which are beneficial for society.
• People should pressurise the government to start various developmental policies for country’s progress.

Q. B Can you tell the reasons for the following changes?

1. Some seats were reserved for women to increase their participation in political process.
Answer:

• Women empowerment movement started after independence.
• All the countries in the world started increasing number of women representatives.
• The 73rd and 74th constitutional amendment reserved 33% seats for women in local self- governing institutions.
• Some seats are kept reserved for women to increase their participation in political process.
• Some seats are kept reserved for weaker sections of the society so that they can get a share in political power.
• The State Election Commission has been established. The 11th and 12th schedule was added to the constitution.

2. Some seats are kept reserved for weaker sections of the society so that they can get a share in political power.
Answer:

• The weaker sections suffered injustice for thousand of years.
• The opportunities of education and employment had been denied to them.
• In order to establish social justice and equality, reservations are now given to the weaker sections.

3. The State Election Commissions were set up.
Answer:

• Elections for the Parliament and State Assemblies are conducted by the National Election Commission.
• It was impossible to put upon the local self government bodies the responsibility of conducting elections. Hence the State Election Commissions were formed.

4. 11th and 12th Schedule was added to the Constitution.
Answer:

• The 11th schedule of Indian Constitution was added in 1992 by the 73rd Constitution Amendment Act. This schedule contains 29 subjects related to panchayat.
• The 74th Amendment to the Constitution added 12th schedule and covered 18 subjects related to the Municipalities.
• ”It gave constitutional status to Municipalities and Panchayats and aimed to strengthen rural and urban governments so that they can function efficiently.

10th Std Political Science Questions And Answers:

• Chapter 1 Working of the Constitution Class 10 Political Science Questions And Answers
• Chapter 2 The Electoral Process Class 10 Political Science Questions And Answers
• Chapter 3 Political Parties Class 10 Political Science Questions And Answers
• Chapter 4 Social and Political Movements Class 10 Political Science Questions And Answers
• Chapter 5 Challenges faced by Indian Democracy Class 10 Political Science Questions And Answers

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Geography Solutions Chapter 3 Physiography and Drainage Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Std 10 Geography Chapter 3 Question Answer Physiography and Drainage Maharashtra Board

Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Physiography and Drainage Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Geography Class 10 Chapter 3 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. Complete the sentences by choosing the right option :

Question a.
Brazil is covered mainly by _________.
(a) highlands
(b) mountainous region
(c) plains
(d) dissected hills
Answer:
(a) highlands

Question b.
Like Brazil, India too has __________.
(a) high mountains
(b) west flowing rivers
(c) ancient plateau
(d) snow-capped mountains
Answer:
(c) ancient plateau

Question c.
The Amazon Basin is mainly ________.
(a) characterized by droughts
(b) filled by swamps
(c) covered by dense forests
(d) fertile
Answer:
(c) covered by dense forests

Question d.
Amazon is a large river in the world. Near its mouth ___________.
(a) deltaic regions are found
(b) no deltas are found
(c) deposition of sediment occurs
(d) fishing is done
Answer:
(b) no deltas are found

Question e.
The Lakshadweep Islands of the Arabian Sea are _________.
(a) made from the part separated by mainland
(b) coral islands
(c) volcanic islands
(d) continental islands
Answer:
(b) coral islands

Question f.
To the foothills of the Aravalis _________.
(a) lies the Budelkhand Plateau
(b) lies the Malwa Plateau
(c) lies the Mewad Plateau
(d) lies the Deccan Plateau
Answer:
(c) lies the Mewad Plateau

2. Answer the following Questions:

Question a.
Differentiate between the physiography of Brazil and India
Answer:

The Physiography of India	The Physiography of Brazil
The physiographic divisions of India are the Himalayas, the North Indian Plains and the Peninsula, Coastal Plains, and the Islands.	The physiographic divisions of Brazil are: The Highlands, The Great Escarpment, The Coastal region, The Plains and The Islands.
There are long and high mountain ranges in northern and north eastern part of India in the form of Himalayan ranges. The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats lie to the west and east of the Peninsular region. The average altitude of the Greater Himalayas is around 6000m.	In Brazil there are no high and continuous mountain ranges. The eastern side of the Highlands is demarcated because of the Escarpment. The Great Escarpment located in south-eastern part of the Highlands has an altitude of 790m in this region with the height gradually decreasing.
In India the Plains occupy a wide area in the north. The Plains lie between the Himalayas in the North and the Peninsula in the South. It extends from Rajasthan in the West to Assam in the East. The Coastal Plains lie to the west and east of the Peninsula.	In Brazil the Amazon Basin in the North and the Parana-Paraguay Basin to the South West constitutes the Plains. Also a narrow coastal plain is confined to the North and the East.
The Peninsular Plateau region of India lies to the South of the North Indian Plains and is divided into 2 groups, the The Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau.	In Brazil the Highlands occupy an extensive area in the South and is described as the Brazilian Highlands or the Brazilian Shield. Also to the North lies the Guyana Highland.
The islands in India are either volcanic or coral in origin.	The islands in Brazil are mainly depositional and some of them are coral in nature.

Question b.
What measures are being taken to control pollution in the rivers of India?
Answer:
Rivers in India are getting polluted due to the sewage and effluents being added to it and thus affecting its quality. Following measures are being taken to control pollution in the rivers in India.

(i) Treating of the sewage before draining it into the rivers.
(ii) Reducing the use of pesticides and insecticides as they drain into the water sources and pollute it.
(iii) Discharge of industrial effluents into rivers without proper treatment is now controlled.
(iv) Reusing the water for different purposes which reduces the overuse and pollution of water.
(v) Carrying out the cleaning and purification of the river water under the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP).
(vi) Creating awareness in the people about the importance of rivers and harmful effects of pollution.
(vii) Setting up of Pollution Control Boards (PCB) at the state and national level to curb pollution.

Question c.
Explain the characteristics of the North Indian Plains.
Answer:
(i) This division lies between Himalayan Mountains in the north and the Peninsula in the south.

(ii) Similarly, it extends from Rajasthan and Punjab in the west to Assam in the east.

(iii) It is mostly a flat low lying area.

(iv) The North Indian Plains are divided into two parts. The part lying to the east of the Aravalis is the basin of the river Ganga and is therefore known as the Ganga Plains. It slopes eastward.

(v) Most of the Indian state of West Bengal and Bangladesh together constitute the delta of Ganga-Brahmaputra system. It is known as the Sunderbans. It is considered to be the world’s largest delta.

(vi) The western part of the North Indian Plains is occupied by desert known as the Thar Desert or Marusthali. Most of Rajasthan is occupied by this desert.

(vii) To the north of the desert lie the plains of Punjab.

(viii) This region is spread to the west of Aravalis and Delhi ranges. These plains have formed as a result of the depositonal work by river Satluj and its tributaries. The slope of the plains is towards the west.
Because the soil here is very fertile, agriculture is largely practised in this region.

Question d.
What could be the reasons behind the formation of swamps in the extensive continental location of Pantanal?
Answer:
Pantanal is one of the largest wetlands in the world, lying in the south west part of the highland areas.
It is a region of swamps and marshes in northwestern part of Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil and it extends into Argentina too.
This region is drained by the river Paraguay and its tributaries.
They collect the water from the highland areas and deposit the sediments in the low lying Pantanal region.
Pantanal is a gently sloped basin which is submerged throughout the year due to the filling of the sediments and water in the depression area of the Pantanal.

Question e.
Which are the major water divides of India give examples.
Answer:
A mountain or an upland which separates two drainage basins is known as a Water Divide. The major Water Divides of India are :

Western Ghats: The Western Ghats acts as a water divide and separates the west flowing rivers like Zuari, Mandvi, Vaitama draining into the Arabian Sea, from the east flowing rivers like the Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri draining into the Bay of Bengal.

Vindhya ranges: It divides the drainage basin of the River Ganga and the River Narmada.

Aravali ranges : The Aravali ranges separate the west flowing river Luni from the east flowing river Banas.

Satpuda ranges: The Satpudas separate the Narmada drainage basin and the Tapi drainage basin.

Question 3.
Write notes on :
Answer:
a. Amazon River Basin:
(i) Amazon collects its headwaters from the eastern slopes of Andes Mountains in Peru.

(ii) Amazon River receives huge discharge. This is about 2 lakh m³/s.

(iii) As a result, Amazon washes off the load supplied to it from the catchment

(iv) Consequently, sediments are not deposited even at the mouth.

(v) A dense network of distributaries, which is a characteristic feature of river mouth areas, is by and large absent in the mouth region of Amazon.

(vi) Instead, we find a series of islands developed along the mouth of Amazon, beyond the coastline into the Atlantic Ocean.

(vii) At the mouth, the width of Amazon channel is 150 km.

(viii) Most of the course of the Amazon river is suitable for navigation.

b. Himalayas:
(i) The Himalayas is one of the young fold mountains in the world.

(ii) The Himalayas extend from Pamir Knot in Tajikistan to the east. It is a major mountain system of the Asian continent.

(iii) In India, it extends from Jammu and Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh.

(iv) The Himalayas is not a single mountain range. There are many parallel ranges in the system.

(v) The southernmost range of Himalayas is known as the Siwaliks. It is also the youngest range.

(vi) Beyond the Siwaliks are Lesser Himalayas (Himachal), Greater Himalayas (Himadri) and Trans Himalayan ranges from south to north.

(vii) These ranges are young to old respectively.

(viii) These mountain ranges can also be divided into Western Himalayas (or Kashmir Himalayas), Central Himalayas (or Kumaun Himalayas) and Eastern Himalayas (or Assam Himalayas).

c. The coasts of Brazil:

(i) Brazil has a coastline of about 7400 km. They are divided into two parts namely northern coast and the eastern coast.

(ii) The northern coast extends from Amapa province in the north to Rio Grande Do Norte in the east. This coast can be called as North Atlantic Coast. From here, the eastern coast extends towards the south.

(iii) The northern coast is characterized by mouths of many rivers including the Amazon. Therefore, this region is a low-lying region.
(iv) On this coast lie the Marajo island, Marajo and Sao Marcos Bays.

(v) Marajo, a large coastal island located between River Amazon and River Tocantins, lies on the northern coast.

(vi) The eastern coast receives a large number of smaller rivers. The only major river which meets the Atlantic Ocean here is Sao Francisco.
(vii) The Brazilian Coast is characterized by a large number of beaches and sand dune complexes.

(viii) The Brazilian Coast is protected in some areas by coral reefs and atoll islands.

d. The Indian Peninsula:

(i) The area lying to the south of North Indian Plains and tapering towards the Indian Ocean is called Indian Peninsula.
(ii) It consists of many plateaus and hill ranges.
(iii) The Aravalis in the north west are the oldest fold mountains here.
(iv) It includes a series of plateaus bordering the Plains, Vindhyas and Satpuda ranges in the central part and the hilly regions of Western and Eastern Ghats.

e. The Great Escarpment:

(i) An Escarpment is a long, steep slope especially one at the edge of a plateau.

(ii) Though the Great Escarpment occupies a I very small area, the nature of its slope and the effect it has on the climate makes is a separate
physiographic region.

(iii) The eastern side of the Brazilian Highland is demarcated because of the escarpment.

(iv) In this region, the altitude of the escarpment is 790 m.

(v) In some regions, the height decreases gradually.

(vi) The escarpment is very steep particularly from Sao Paulo to Porto Alegre.

(vii) The escarpment acts as a barrier to the Southeast Trade Winds giving rise to the rainshadow area in the northeast part of the highlands. The region to the north of this area is called ‘Drought Quadrilateral’.

4. Write geographical reasons:

Question a.
There are no west flowing rivers in Brazil.
Answer:
(i) Many rivers originating from the terminal portion of the Brazilian highlands flow northwards to meet the Amazon river and finally terminate in the Atlantic Ocean.

(ii) Sao Francisco River flows 1000 kms towards the north and then turns east to join the Atlantic Ocean.

(iii) The rivers Parana, Paraguay and Uruguay originating from the southern part of Brazilian highlands flow southwest and enter Argentina.

(iv) The Amazon river, originating from the Andes mountain in the west flows eastwards to meet the Atlantic Ocean.

(v) Thus, there are no west flowing rivers in Brazil.

Question b.
There are dissimilarities between the eastern and the western coast of India.
Answer:
(i) The western coast borders the Arabian Sea and the eastern coast borders the Bay of Bengal.

(ii) The western coast is by and large a rocky coast. At places, spurs starting from the Western Ghats have extended right up to the coast. The eastern coast has been formed as a result of depositional work of rivers.

(iii) The width of the western coast is narrow, whereas that of the eastern coast is wide.

(iv) Short and swift rivers originating from Western Ghats form estuaries on the western coast, whereas, because of the gentle slope the east flowing rivers flowing at low speed deposit sediments and form deltas on the eastern coast.

(v) Thus there are dissimilarities between the eastern and the western coasts of India.

Question c.
There are fewer natural ports on the eastern coast of India.
Answer:
(i) The eastern coast borders the Bay of Bengal. It has been formed as a result of depositional work of rivers.
(ii) Many east flowing rivers have formed deltas at their mouth due to the gentle slope.
(iii) Sediments deposited by the river makes the coast shallow.
(iv) Therefore there are fewer natural ports on the eastern coast of India.

Question d.
As compared to Amazon, the pollution in river Ganga affects human life greatly.
Answer:
(i) The Amazon Basin is a sparsely populated region of Brazil.. Unfavourable climate, heavy rainfall, inaccessibility and dense forest are the barriers for development of human settlements and industrialisation here.

(ii) On the other hand, the Ganga Plain region is one of the most densely populated regions of India.

(iii) Due to flat fertile plains, availability of water, suitable climate, dense human settlements have been established in this region.

(iv) Mining activities in the Amazon Basin causes pollution in the Amazon River, whereas industrial and domestic sewage adds to the pollution of

River Ganga. Thus as compared to Amazon, the pollution in River Ganga affects human life greatly, as the Ganga Plain is more densely populated as compared to the Amazon Plains.

5. Identify the correct group:

Question a.
The order of the physiographic units in Brazil while going from North West to South East
(i) Parana River basin – Guyana Highlands – Brazilian Highlands
(ii) Guyana Highlands – Amazon river basin – Brazilian Highlands
(iii) Coastal plains – Amazon River basin – Brazilian Highlands
Answer:
Guyana Highlands – Amazon River basin – Brazilian Highlands

Question b.
These Rivers of Brazil are north-flowing
(i) Juruaka – Xingu – Aragua
(ii) Negro – Branco – Paru
(iii) Japura – Jurua – Purus
Answer:
Juruaka – Xingu – Aragua

Question c.
The order of plateaus of India from south to north.
(i) Karnataka – Maharashtra – Bundelkhand
(ii) Chhota Nagpur – Malwa – Marwad
(iii) Telangana – Maharashtra – Marwad
Answer:
Karnataka – Maharashtra – Bundelkhand

Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Physiography and Drainage Intext Questions and Answers

Observe the map and answer the following questions.

Physiography And Drainage Map Questions And Answers Question 1.
In which direction does the region with an altitude of more than 6000m lie in India ?
Answer:
The region with an altitude of more than 6000m lies part of India towards the north and north eastern.

Physiography And Drainage Questions And Answers  Question 2.
Look for the south-flowing river in the peninsular region. In which river basin does it lie?
Answer:
River Wardha and Vainganga are the south flowing river in the peninsular region. These lie in the Godavari river basin.

Physiography And Drainage Question 3.
In which direction is the slope of the region in the north shown in dark green.
Answer:
The region in the north shown in dark green is the North Indian Plain. It slopes towards the east.

Geography Class 10 Chapter 3 Physiography And Drainage Question 4.
Make a list of plateaus located in between Aravalli ranges and Chhota Nagpur Plateau.
Answer:
Plateaus located in between Aravalli ranges and Chhota Nagpur Plateau are Mewad Plateau, Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand and Malwa Plateau.

Physiography And Drainage Of India And Brazil Notes  Question 5.
Name the peak shown in the Eastern Ghats.
Answer:
Mahendragiri (1600m) and Malayagiri (1187m) are the peak shown in the Eastern Ghats.

Physiography And Drainage 10th Question 6.
Which mountains demarcate the deep plains of Brahmaputra?
Answer:
Dafla Hills, Naga Hills, Garo, Khasi and Jaintia Hills demarcate the deep plains of Brahmaputra.

Physiography And Drainage Class 10  Question 7.
Give the relative location of the Nilgiri Hills.
Answer:
Nilgiri Hills lie at the convergence of Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats in the southern part of the Deccan Pleateau.

10th Physiography Chapter 3 In Marathi Question Answer  Question 8.
In which direction does the height of Sahyadri hills increase?
Answer:
The height of Sahayadri hills increase towards the south.

Question 9.
The Vindhyas act as a water divide between which two river basins?
Answer:
The Vindhyas acts as a water divide between Ganga river system and Narmada river system.

Observe the map and answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What is the range of altitude of the Amazon river basin?
Answer:
The range of altitude of the Amazon river basin is from 0 metres to 200 metres.

Question 2.
Between which two highlands is the Amazon river basin located?
Answer:
The Amazon river basin is located between the Guyana Highlands and the Brazilian Highlands.

Question 3.
Observe the region with the altitude of 500 to 1000 metres. Describe the locational extent of this region in yellow with reference to the direction.
Answer:
The region in yellow represents the Brazilian Highlands. They cover most of the eastern and southern parts of Brazil.

Question 4.
What do the isolated regions shown in yellow indicate?
Answer:
The isolated region shown in yellow indicate the Brazilian Highlands or the Brazilian Plateau or the Brazilian Shield.

Question 5.
Besides the Amazon river basin, where else do you find regions with an altitude of less than 200m?
Answer:
Besides the Amazon basin the other regions with an altitude of less than 200m are the Pampas, Parana and Paraguay basin, as well as the Eastern and Northen coastal region.

Question 6.
Describe the plateau region with height of 200 to 500m through which tributaries of Amazon flow in your own words.
Answer:
The highlands here gradually slope towards north and slopes are not very steep. The tributaries of Amazon, eg. Xingu river flowing through this region make rapids and waterfalls.

Question 10.
Enumerate the characteristics of the Western Ghats.
Answer:
(i) The Western Ghats are a continuous chain of mountains extending from north to south for about 1600 km. They run parallel to the west cost of India.
(ii) In the north, i.e., in Maharashtra and Karnataka these mountain ranges are referred as Sahyadris and in the south they are referred as Annamalai hills.
(iii) The height of the Western Ghats increases towards the south.
(iv) These hill ranges comprise of many peaks such as Kalsubai Peak (1646 m) located to the north and Anaimudi Peak (2695 m) located to the south of Western Ghats.
(v) The highest peak of Western Ghats is Anaimudi Peak (2695 m) located in Annamalai hills.
(vi) The western slope of the Western Ghats is steep while the eastern slope is gentle
(vii) The Western Ghats acts as a water divide for the rivers flowing towards Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.

Question 11.
Compare the Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats
Answer:

S.no	Eastern Ghats		Western Ghats
(i)	The Eastern Ghats run along the eastern coast of India in the north east to south west direction.		(i)	The Western Ghats also known as Sahyadris run in the north-south direction along the western coast of India.
(ii)	It forms the eastern boundary of the Deccan Plateau.                                          .		(ii)	It forms the western boundary of Deccan Plateau.
(hi)	It is not continuous, but is broken at many places by rivers like Godavari and Krishna.		(iii)	The Western Ghats is like a continuous wall like structure, but is broken at same places by passes.
(iv)	Comparatively less number of rivers originate from the Eastern Ghats.		(iv)	It is a source of many westward and eastward flowing rivers.
(v)	The average altitude of the Eastern Ghats is low (600 mts) but they are wider than Western Ghats.		(v)	The average altitude of the Western Ghats is high (900-1600 mts) but it is narrower in width than Eastern Ghats.
(vi)	Highest peak of Eastern Ghats is Jindhagada (1690 m)		(vi)	Highest peak of Western Ghats is Anaimudi Peak (2695 m)

Question 12.
Why are the Western Ghats called a water divide ?
Answer:
The Western Ghats divide the basins of the west flowing rivers like Vaitama, Mandovi, etc. flowing towards the Arabian sea from those of the east flowing rivers like Godavari, Krishna, etc. flowing towards the Bay of Bengal.

Answer the following Questions:

Question 1.
Differentiate between the Physiography of Brazil and India.
Answer:

The Physiography of India	The Physiography of Brazil
(i) The physiographic divisions of India are the Himalayas, the North Indian Plains and the Peninsula, Coastal Plains, and the Islands.	(i) The physiographic divisions of Brazil are: The Highlands, The Great Escarpment, The Coastal region, The Plains and The Islands.
(ii) There are long and high mountain ranges in northern and north eastern part of India in the form of Himalayan ranges. The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats lie to the west and east of the Peninsular region. The average altitude of the Greater Himalayas is around 6000m.	(ii) In Brazil there are no high and continuous mountain ranges. The eastern side of the Highlands is demarcated because of the Escarpment. The Great Escarpment located in south-eastern part of the Highlands has an altitude of 790m in this region with the height gradually decreasing.
(iii) In India the Plains occupy a wide area in the north. The Plains lie between the Himalayas in the North and the Peninsula in the South. It extends from Rajasthan in the West to Assam in the East. The Coastal Plains lie to the west and east of the Peninsula.	(iii) In Brazil the Amazon Basin in the North and the Parana-Paraguay Basin to the South West constitutes the Plains. Also a narrow coastal plain is confined to the North and the East.
(iv) The Peninsular Plateau region of India lies to the South of the North Indian Plains and is divided into 2 groups, the The Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau.	(iv) In Brazil the Highlands occupy an extensive area in the South and is described as the Brazilian Highlands or the Brazilian Shield. Also to the North lies the Guyana Highland.
(v) The islands in India are either volcanic or coral in origin.	(v) The islands in Brazil are mainly depositional and some of them are coral in nature.

Question 2.
What measures are being taken to control pollution in the rivers of India?
Answer:
Rivers in India are getting polluted due to the sewage and effluents being added to it and thus affecting its quality. Following measures are being taken to control pollution in the rivers in India.

• Treating of the sewage before draining it into the rivers.
• Reducing the use of pesticides and insecticides as they drain into the water sources and pollute it.
• Discharge of industrial effluents into rivers without proper treatment is now controlled.
• Reusing the water for different purposes which reduces the overuse and pollution of water.
• Carrying out the cleaning and purification of the river water under the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP).
• Creating awareness in the people about the importance of rivers and harmful effects of pollution.
• Setting up of Pollution Control Boards (PCB) at the state and national level to curb pollution.

Question 3.
Explain the characteristics of the North Indian Plains.
Answer:
(i) This division lies between Himalayan Mountains in the north and the Peninsula in the south.

(ii) Similarly, it extends from Rajasthan and Punjab in the west to Assam in the east.

(iii) It is mostly a flat low lying area.

(iv) The North Indian Plains are divided into two parts. The part lying to the east of the Aravalis is the basin of the river Ganga and is therefore known as the Ganga Plains. It slopes eastward.

(v) Most of the Indian state of West Bengal and Bangladesh together constitute the delta of Ganga-Brahmaputra system. It is known as the Sunderbans. It is considered to be the world’s largest delta.

(vi) The western part of the North Indian Plains is occupied by desert known as the Thar Desert or Marusthali. Most of Rajasthan is occupied by this desert.

(vii) To the north of the desert lie the plains of Punjab.

(viii) This region is spread to the west of Aravalis and Delhi ranges. These plains have formed as a result of the depositonal work by river Satluj and its tributaries. The slope of the plains is towards the west.

(ix) Because the soil here is very fertile, agriculture is largely practised in this region.

Question 4.

What could be the reasons behind the formation of swamps in the extensive continental location of Pantanal?
Answer:
Pantanal is one of the largest wetlands in the world, lying in the south west part of the highland areas.

It is a region of swamps and marshes in northwestern part of Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil and it extends into Argentina too.
This region is drained by the river Paraguay and its tributaries.

They collect the water from the highland areas and deposit the sediments in the low lying Pantanal region.

Pantanal is a gently sloped basin which is submerged throughout the year due to the filling of the sediments and water in the depression area of the Pantanal.

Question 5.

Which are the major water divides of India give examples.
Answer:
A mountain or an upland which separates two drainage basins is known as a Water Divide. The major Water Divides of India are :

Western Ghats: The Western Ghats acts as a water divide and separates the west flowing rivers like Zuari, Mandvi, Vaitama draining into the Arabian Sea, from the east flowing rivers like the Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri draining into the Bay of Bengal.

Vindhya ranges: It divides the drainage basin of the River Ganga and the River Narmada.

Aravali ranges: The Aravali ranges separate the west flowing river Luni from the east flowing river Banas.

Satpuda ranges: The Satpudas separate the Narmada drainage basin and the Tapi drainage basin.

( Colours of Both )
Use the physical maps of India, Brazil and the indices to answer the following:

Question 1.
In which parts do the areas with highest altitude lie in both the countries, respectively?
Answer:
In India, the Himalayas occupying the northern and the north eastern part name highest altitude. In Brazil, the Escarpment occupying the southern part has highest altitude and the highest peak Pico de Neblina lies to the north in the Guyana Highlands.

Question 2.
In which country is the range of altitude higher?
Answer:
India has higher range of altitude as compared to Brazil.

Question 3.
Compare the highest range of altitudes given in both the countries. What difference do you see?
Answer:
The highest range of altitude in Brazil is more than 1000m, whereas in India, the highest range of altitude is more than 8000 m.

Question 4.
In which direction is the slope of the Amazon river basin region?
Answer:
The slope of Amazon Basin is towards the east.

Question 5.
In which direction is the slope of the Deccan Plateau of India ?
Answer: The slope of Deccan Plateau is towards the east.

Question 6.
Tell the regions of rain shadow in both the countries.
Answer:
The rain shadow regions of India are eastern side of Western Ghats on the Deccan Plateau and western side of Eastern Ghats. The rain shadow region of Brazil lies in the north eastern part of the Great Escarpment.

Question 7.
Write a comparative note on the basins of Ganga and Amazon river. You may consider following points for the comparison.
Answer:

Points for comparison	Ganga River Basin	Amazon River Basin
(1) Size of catchment area	Spreading across the northern and eastern parts of India the Ganga River basin has a total catchment area of 10,16,124 sq. km.	Spreading across the northern parts of Brazil the Amazon River basin has a total catchment area of 70,50,000 sq. km.
(2) Their relative location within respective countries	The Ganga river basin lies to the south of the Himalayas in the North Indian plains and also occupies the northern part of the peninsula, i.e. the Central Highlands.	The Amazon river basin occupies the entire region in the north of Brazil right from the Guyana Highlands to the northern part of the Brazilian Highlands.
(3) Headwater regions of rivers.	Ganga river originates from the Gangotri Glacier in Uttarakhand.	The Amazon river originates from the eastern slopes of Andes Mountains in Peru.
(4) Orientation of the rivers	The Ganga flows eastwards passing through the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal and terminates into the Bay of Bengal. One of its branch enters into Bangladesh.	The Amazon river flows from the west to the east entirely through the states of Amazonas and Para in northern Brazil and terminates into the North Atlantic Ocean.
(5) Major tributaries and their orientation	(i)    Yamuna is the major right bank tributary of the river Ganga originating from the Yamunotri Glacier and meeting river Ganga at Allahabad. Other right bank tributaries originating from the Peninsula like river Chambal, Ken, Shon, Damodar, etc. flow northwards and join river Ganga. (ii)  The left bank tributaries like river Gomati, Ghagra, Gandak, and Kosi flow south and meet river Ganga.	(i)    Rivers like Negro, Branka, Paru flow south from the Guyana Highlands and meet the Amazon river as left bank tributaries. (ii)  River Madeira, Juruaka, Xingu and Tocantins flow northwards and join the Amazon river at its right bank.
(6) Any other point(s)	(i)    The Ganga river basin is densely populated due to the deposition of fertile alluvial soil and plenty of water available for agriculture. (ii)  Fertile plains and deltas are formed. (iii)River Ganga is 2525 km long. (iv)Water discharge is 16,648 cu.m, per sec.	(i)    Amazon river basin is sparsely populated due to dense equatorial rain forests, unfavourable climate and lack of transport links. (ii)  No deltas are formed but islands have developed along the mouth of the Amazon River. (iii) River Amazon is 6400 km long. (iv)   Water discharge is 2,09,000 cu.m, per sec.

Question 8.
Distinguish between:
Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats.
Answer:

S.no	Eastern Ghats		Western Ghats
(i)	The Eastern Ghats run along the eastern coast of India in the north east to south west direction.		(i)	The Western Ghats also known as Sahyadris run in the north-south direction along the western coast of India.
(ii)	It forms the eastern boundary of the Deccan Plateau.                                          .		(ii)	It forms the western boundary of Deccan Plateau.
(hi)	It is not continuous, but is broken at many places by rivers like Godavari and Krishna.		(iii)	The Western Ghats is like a continuous wall like structure, but is broken at same places by passes.
(iv)	Comparatively less number of rivers originate from the Eastern Ghats.		(iv)	It is a source of many westward and eastward flowing rivers.
(v)	The average altitude of the Eastern Ghats is low (600 mts) but they are wider than Western Ghats.		(v)	The average altitude of the Western Ghats is high (900-1600 mts) but it is narrower in width than Eastern Ghats.
(vi)	Highest peak of Eastern Ghats is Jindhagada (1690 m)		(vi)	Highest peak of Western Ghats is Anaimudi Peak (2695 m)

Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Physiography and Drainage Additional Important Questions and Answers

Choose the correct option and rewrite the statements:

Question 1.
The part of North Indian Plains lying to the east of the Aravalis is called ____.
(a) Ganga Plains
(b) Brahmaputra Plains
(c) Kaveri Plains
(d) Krishna Plains
Answer:
(a) Ganga Plains

Question 2.
The delta of Ganga-Brahmaputra system is called ________.
(a) Sunderbans
(b) Parnaiba
(c) Amazon
(d) Marajo
Answer:
(a) Sunderbans

Question 3.
The western part of the North Indian Plains occupied by deserts known as ________.
(a) Thar Desert or Marusthali
(b) Gobi Desert
(c) The Deccan Thorn scrub Desert
(d) Spiti Valley Cold Desert
Answer:
(a) Thar Desert or Marusthali

Question 4.
The area lying to the south of North Indian Plains and tapering towards Indian Ocean is called _____.
(a) Himalayas
(b) Peninsula
(c) Western Ghats
(d) Indira Point
Answer:
(b) Peninsula

Question 4.
The in the north west of Peninsular India are the oldest fold mountains.
(a) Aravalis
(b) Satpudas
(c) Karakoram range
(d) Vindhya range
Answer:
(a) Aravalis

Question 6.
The ______ rivers in India are seasonal in nature.
(a) Northern
(b) Peninsular
(c) Himalayan
(d) Mountainous
Answer:
(b) Peninsular

Question 6.
River _______ is the second largest river system in India in terms of catchment area.
(a) Krishna
(b) Godavari
(c) Brahmaputra
(d) Ganga
Answer:
(b) Godavari

Question 7
The major river of Peninsula flows through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu,
(a) Kaveri
(b) Indus
(c) Ganga
(d) Brahmaputra
Answer:
(a) Kaveri

Question 8.
India is blessed with a long coastline extending for approximately
(a) 8000 km
(b) 5000 km
(c) 7500 km
(d) 7900 km
Answer:
(c) 7500 km

Question 9.
The islands in the Arabian sea are called _______ islands.
(a) Andaman and Nicobar
(b) Barren
(c) Marajo
(d) Lakshadweep
Answer:
(d) Lakshadweep

Question 10
_____ is the southernmost range of the Himalayas.
(a) Himadri
(b) Lesser Himalayas
(c) Siwaliks
(d) Kumaon Himalayas
Answer:
(c) Siwaliks

Question 12.
The Islands in the Bay of Bengal are called _______ islands.
(a) Andaman and Nicobar
(b) Maldives
(c) Corsela
(d) Lakshadweep
Answer:
(a) Andaman and Nicobar

Question 13.
The highest peak of Brazil is called _______.
(a) Pico de Neblina
(b) Mount Everest
(c) Kanchenjunga
(d) Mount Roraima
Answer:
(a) Pico de Neblina

Question 14.
The acts as a barrier to the south-east trade winds giving rise to the rain shadow area in the north – eastern part of the highlands in Brazil.
(a) Coastal Plains
(b) Escarpment
(c) Plateaus
(d) Pantanal wetlands
Answer:
(b) Escarpment

Question 15.
Amazon collects its headwaters from the eastern
slopes of Andes mountains in
(a) Uruguay
(b) Peru
(c) Ecuador
(d) Columbia
Answer:
(b) Peru

Question 16.
The Island is the only active volcano of India.
(a) Majuli
(b) St. Mary’s
(c) Barren
(d) Lakshadweep
Answer:
(c) Barren

Question 17.
______ is a large coastal island located between the mouths of river Amazon and river Tocantins,
(a) Pantanal
(b) Plata
(c) Paraniba
(d) Marajo
Answer:
(d) Marajo

Question 18.
_______ is one of the largest wetlands in the world.
(a) Plata
(b) Marajo
(c) Pantanal
(d) Paraniba
Answer:
(c) Pantanal

Question 19.
The Paraguay and the Parana rivers form the catchment of River in Argentina.
(a) Paraniba
(b) Plata
(c) Pantanal
(d) Marajo
Answer:
(b) Plata

Question 20.
____ River enters the Atlantic Ocean near Salvador town.
(a) Marajo
(b) Puraguaco
(c) Plata
(d) Parana
Answer:
(b) Puraguaco

Question 21.
The river ______ flows through Pakistan and then meets the Arabian Sea.
(a) Ganga
(b) Chambal
(c) Indus
(d) Brahmaputra
Answer:
(c) Indus

Question 22.
Ganga receives as its tributary in its lower reaches in Bangladesh.
(a) Satluj
(b) Indus
(c) Brahmaputra
(d) Ravi
Answer:
(c) Brahmaputra

Identify the correct group:

Question 1.
Parallel ranges of Himalayas from south to north
(i) Siwaliks – Lesser Himalayas – Greater Himalayas
(ii) Trans Himalayas – Kumaun – Shiwaliks
(iii) Kashmir Himalayas – Kumaun Himalayas – Assam Himalayas
Answer:
Siwaliks – Lesser Himalayas – Greater Himalayas

Question 2.
Physiographic division of India from north to south
(i) The Himalayas – The North Indian Plains – The Peninsula
(ii) The Peninsula – The Great Escarpment – The North Indian Plains
(iii) Coastal Plains – Islands – Himalayas
Answer:
The Himalayas – The North Indian Plains – The Peninsula .

Question 3.
Physiographic divisions of Brazil
(i) The Himalayas – The North Indian Plain – The Peninsula
(ii) The Highlands – The Great Escarpment – The Plains
(iii) Islands – Peninsula – Coastal Plains
Answer:
The Highlands – The Great Escarpment – The Plains

Question 4.
Three major River Basins of Brazil
(i) Ganga Basin – Brahmaputra Basin – Narmada Basin.
(ii) Paraguay Parana Basin – Amazon Basin – Sao Francisco
(iii) Godavari Basin – Krishna Basin – Kaveri Basin.
Answer:
Paraguay Parana Basin – Amazon Basin – Sao Francisco

Question 5. The order of subdivisions of North Indian Plains from west to east.
(i) Marusthali – Ganga Plains – Sunderbans
(ii) Pamir; Knot – Punjab Plains – Marusthali
(iii) Sunderbans – Vindhyas – Western Ghats
Answer:
Marusthali – Ganga Plains – Sunderbans

Match the column:

Question 1.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1)     Western Himalayas (2)     Central Himalayas (3)     Eastern Himalayas	(a)      Siwaliks (b)     Assam Himalayas (c)      Kashmir Himalayas (d)     Kumaun Himalayas

Answer:
1-c
2-d
3-b

Question 2.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1) Himalayas	(a)  the western and eastern part of the Peninsula.
(2)   North Indian Plains	(b) consists of many plateaus and hill ranges
(3)   The Peninsula	(c) one of the young fold mountains in the world.
(4) The Coastal Plains	(d) lies between Himalayan mountains in the north and the Peninsula in the south.
(5) The Island group	(e) are located more than 300 km away from the mainland in the Atlantic ocean.
	(f) small and large islands along the coast of the mainland.

Answer:
1 – c
2 – d
3 – b
4 – a
5 -f

Question 3.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1) The southernmost point of India	(a) Gangotri
(2) The highlands in eastern Brazil	(b) Andes mountains
(3) The origin of Ganga	(c) Guyana Highlands
(4) The origin of Amazon	(d) Indira Point
(5) The southern most point of mainland India	(e) Kanyakumari
	(f) The Great Escarpment

Answer:
1 – d
2 -f
3 – a
4 – b
5 – e

Question 4.

S.no	Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1.	Longest river of India	(a) Sao Francisco
2.	Second largest river of India	(b) Godavari
3	Longest river of Brazil	(c)    Ganga (d)    Brahmaputra (e)    Amazon

Answer:
1 – c
2 – b
3 – e

Answer the following in one sentence:

Question 1.
Which mountain is considered as one of the young fold mountains in the world?
Answer:
The Himalayas are considered as one of the young fold mountains in the world.

Question 2.
What is the southernmost range of Himalayas called?
Answer:
The southernmost range of Himalayas is called the Siwaliks.

Question 3.
Where are the North Indian Plains located?
Answer:
The North Indian Plains lies between Himalayan Mountains in the north and the Peninsula in the south.

Question 4.
Where are the Ganga Plains located?
Answer:
The Ganga Plains lie to the east of the Aravalli in the North Indian Plain.

Question 5.
What constitutes the delta of Ganga-Brahmaputra system?
Answer:
Most of the West Bengal state of India and Bangladesh together constitute the delta of Ganga Brahmaputra system.

Question 6.
What are Sunderbans?
Answer:
The delta region of Ganga-Brahmaputra system are called the Sunderbans and it extends from Indian state of West Bengal to Bangladesh.

Question 7.
What is the length of the coastline of India?
Answer:
The length of the coastline of India is approximately 7500 km.

Question 8.
Why do the rivers originating from Western Ghats form estuaries?
Answer:
Rivers originating from Western Ghats are short and swift, hence they form estuaries.

Question 9.
What are the islands located in the Arabian Sea called?
Answer:
The Islands located in the Arabian sea are called Lakshadweep Islands.

Question 10.
What are the islands located in the Bay of Bengal called?
Answer:
The islands located in the Bay of Bengal are called Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Question 11.
Name the only active volcano in India.
Answer:
Barren Island is the only active volcano in India located in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Question 12.
Which is the highest peak in Brazil?
Answer:
The highest peak in Brazil is Pico de Neblina.

Question 13.
What acts as a barrier to the South East trade winds giving rise to rainshadow area in the northeastern part of the highlands in Brazil?
Answer:
The Escarpment acts a barrier to the South East Trade winds giving rise to rainshadow area in the northeastern part of the highlands in Brazil.

Question 14.
Name the coastal island located between the mouths of river Amazon and river Tocantins.
Answer:
Marajo is a large coastal island located between the mouths of River Amazon and River Tocantins.

Question 15.
What are most of the Amazon Plains covered with?
Answer:
Most of the Amazon Plains are covered with tropical rainforests.

Question 16.
Where is Pantanal located?
Answer:
Pantanal is located in the northwestern part of Mato Grosso Do Sul in Brazil and it extends into Argentina.

Question 17.
What is a ‘Drought Quadrilateral’?
Answer:
The rain shadow region of Trade Winds lying in the northern part of Brazil is called ’Drought Quadrilateral’.

Question 18.
What is the Brazilian coast characterized by?
Answer:
The Brazilian coast is characterised by a large number of beaches and sand dune complexes.

Question 19.
What protects the Brazilian coast?
Answer:
The Brazilian coast is protected in some areas by coral reefs and atoll islands.

Question 20.
What is Pantanal?
Answer:
Pantanal, which is a region of swamps and marshes is one of the largest wetlands in the world. Located in the northwestern part of Mato Grosso Do Sul in Brazil.

Question 21.
From where does Amazon collect its head waters?
Answer:
Amazon collects its headwaters from the eastern slopes of the Andes Mountains in Peru.

Question 22.
Where does the river Sao Francisco flow?
Answer:
The river flows towards the north for a distance of about 1000 km. over the Brazilian plateau and takes a sharp eastward turn to enter the coastal : strip along the Atlantic Ocean.

Question 23.
Which rivers meet the North Atlantic Ocean?
Answer:
River Paraniba and River Itapecuru meet the North Atlantic Ocean.

Question 24.
Which two river systems are covered under the Himalayan Drainage System?
Answer:
The Himalayan Drainage System cover two major river systems such as the Indus river system and the Ganga river system.

Question 25.
What are ’Kayals’?
Answer:
The coastal rivers in Kerala have long extending backwaters near their mouths, which are locally known as ’Kayals.’

Question 26.
Name the three major river basins of Brazil.
Answer:
The three major river basins of Brazil are Amazon Basin, Paraguay-Parana system in the southwest and Sao Francisco in the eastern part of the highland.

Question 27.
What is the approximate discharge of Amazon river?
Answer:
The approximate discharge of Amazon river is about 2 lakh m3/s.

Question 28.
Where are the rivers Paraguay-Parana located?
Answer:
The rivers Paraguay and Parana are located in the south-western part of Brazil.

Question 29.
Which is the third important river of Brazil?
Answer:
Sao Francisco is the third important river of Brazil.

Question 30.
How are Indian rivers classified?
Answer:
The rivers in India are classified into Himalayan and Peninsular rivers.

Question 31.
Name the major tributary of river Ganga.
Answer:
Yamuna, originating at Yamunotri is a major tributary of Ganga.

Question 32.
From where do Himalayas extend?
Answer:
The Himalayas extend from Pamir Knot in Tajikistan to the east.

Question 33.
Which physical division lies between the Himalayas and the Peninsula?
Answer:
The North Indian Plains lie between the Himalayas in the north and the Peninsula in the south.

Question 34.
Which physical division forms the core of the South American continent?
Answer:
The Brazilian and Guyana Highlands forms the core of the South American continent.

Question 35.
The Guyana highlands cover, which states of Brazil?
Answer: The Guyana highlands cover the states of Roraima, Para and Amapa in Brazil.

Question 36.
Because of which physical division is the eastern side of Brazilian highlands are demarcated?
Answer:
The eastern side of Brazilian highlands are demarcated because of the Great Escarpment.

Question 37.
Which is the largest plain land of Brazil?
Answer:
The Amazon plains lying in the northern part is the largest plain land of Brazil.

Question 38.
On which coast of India are deltas found?
Answer:
Deltas are found on the eastern coast of India.

Name the following:

Question 1.
Five major physiographic divisions of India.
Answer:
The Himalayas, The North Indian Plains, The Peninsula, Coastal Plains and Island groups.

Question 2.
West-East division of Himalayas.
Answer:
Western Himalayas (Kashmir Himalayas),
Central Himalayas (Kumaun Himalayas) and Eastern Himalayas (Assam Himalayas).

Question 3.
Region constituting delta of Ganga-Brahmaputra system or world’s largest delta. .
Answer:
Sunderbans.

Question 4.
Coast bordering Arabian sea.
Answer:
Western Coast.

Question 5.
Coast bordering Bay of Bengal.
Answer:
Eastern Coast.

Question 6.
Islands in the Arabian Sea.
Answer:
Lakshadweep Islands.

Question 7.
Islands in the Bay of Bengal.
Answer:
Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Question 8.
Other name of Thar Desert.
Answer:
Marusthali.

Question 9.
Ranges in the central part of India.
Answer:
Vindhyas and Satpuda.

Question 10.
Physiographic divisions of Brazil.
Answer:
The Highlands, The Great Escarpment, The Coasts, The Plains, The Island group.

Question 11.
Length of coastline of Brazil.
Answer:
Approximately 7400 km

Question 12.
Major river basins of Brazil.
Answer:
Amazon Basin, Paraguya-Parana system, Sao Francisco.

Question 13.
Two main Himalayan river basins of India.
Answer:
Ganga river basin and Indus river basin.

Question 14.
Origin of Ganga in Himalayas
Answer:
Gangotri Glacier

Question 15.
Major tributary of Ganga
Answer:
Yamuna river.

Question 16.
Tributaries of River Indus.
Answer:
Rivers Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Satluj.

Question 17.
Origin of River Satluj.
Answer:
Mansarovar.

Question 18.
Rivers flowing into the Gulf of Khambhat.
Answer:
Rivers Tapi, Narmada, Mahi, and Sabarmati.

Question 19.
River basin located to the south of River Godavari.
Answer:
Basin of River Krishna.

Question 20.
Plains formed due to depositional work of river Satluj.
Answer:
Punjab Plains.

Question 21.
Tributaries of Peninsula joining the Ganga basin.
Answer:
Rivers Chambal, Ken, Betawa, Shon, and Damodar.

Question 22.
States having short and swift river systems.
Answer:
Kerala, Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra.

Question 23.
River originating from the eastern slopes of Western Ghats.
Answer:
Rivers Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.

Question 24.
Largest wetlands in the world.
Answer:
Pantanal.

Question 25.
Highest peak of Brazil
Answer:
Pico de Neblina.

Question 26.
Western border of Indian Peninsula.
Answer:
Western Ghats.

Question 27.
Eastern border of Indian Peninsula.
Answer:
Eastern Ghats.

Question 28.
Oldest fold mountains of India.
Answer:
Aravallis.

Question 29.
Major mountain system of Asia.
Answer:
Himalayas.

Identify the type on the basis of the statement

Question 1.
A landform formed due to deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower-moving or standing water.
Answer:
Delta.

Question 2.
The area where land meets the sea or ocean, or a line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean or a lake.
Answer:
Coast.

Question 3.
Portion of land drained by a river and its tributaries.
Answer:
River Basin.

Question 4.
majority of its border, (Usually three sides) while being connected to a mainland from which it extends.
Answer:
The Peninsula.

Question 5.
A steep slope or long cliff that forms as an effect of faulting or erosion and separates two relatively leveled areas having differing elevations.
Answer:
Escarpment.

Question 6.
Any piece of land that is surrounded by water all the sides.
Answer:
Island.

 Mark the following on the map with the given information:

Question 1.
On the outline map of India.
(a) Aravali hills
(b) Himalayas/Greater Himalayas
(c) Vindhya Range and Satpuda Range
(d) Gulf of Mannar
(e) Western Ghats
(f) Eastern Ghats
(g) Gulf of Kutch
(h) Gulf of Khambhat
(i) K2
(j) Sunderbans
(k) Thar Desert/Marusthali
Answer:

Question 2.
On the outline map of India mark the following.
(a) Northern Mountainous Region
(b) North Indian Plains
(c) The Peninsular Plateau
(d) Western Coastal Plain
(e) Eastern Coastal Plain
(f) Lakshadweep Island
(g) Andman-Nicobar Islands
(h) Western and Eastern Ghats
Answer:

Question 3.
Show the following on the outline map of India.
(a) R. Ganga
(b) R. Indus
(c) R. Brahmaputra
(d) R. Narmada
(e) R. Tapi
(f) R. Godavari
(g) R. Mahanadi
(h) R. Krishna
(i) R. Kaveri
(j) R. Luni
(k) R. Sabarmati
(l) R. Mahi
(m) R. Yamuna
(n) R. Damodar
Answer:

Question 4.
On the outline map of Brazil, mark the following:
(a) Guyana Highlands
(b) Brazilian Highlands
(c) Great Escarpment
(d) Marajo Island
(e) Marajo Bay
(f) Sao Marcos Bay
(g) Atlantic Ocean
(h) Pantanal Wetlands
(i) Pico De Neblina Peak
(j) Cassino Beach
Answer:

Question 5.
On an outline map of Brazil, show all major rivers of Brazil.
(a) River Amazon
(b) River Sao Francisco
(c) River Parana
(d) River Paraguay
(e) River Itapecuru
(f) River Paraniba
(g) River Puraguaco
(h) River Uruguay
Answer:

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
There are no deltas on the western coast of India.
Answer:
(i) Deltas are formed in the coastal areas where there is gentle slope, because the rivers slow down forming distributaries and channels.

(ii) The western coast bordering the Western Ghats are by and large rocky coasts having a narrow width.

(iii) Many short and swift seasonal rivers originate from the steep western slopes of the Western Ghats.

(iv) As the rivers flow through steep slopes, their velocity increases. So there is very little deposition
made by them.

(v) Hence, there are no deltas on the western coast of India.

Question 2.
Many deltas are found along the Eastern coast of India.
Answer:
(i) The eastern coast borders the Bay of Bengal. It has been formed as a result of depositional work of rivers.

(ii) Many east flowing rivers rising from the Western and Eastern Ghats after travelling a long distance join the Bay of Bengal at this coast.

(iii) Because of the gentle slope of the land, rivers flow at lower velocities and deposit the sediments brought with them at the coast.
Therefore, this coast is comparatively wider than the west.

(iv) As a result, deltas are found along the eastern coast of India.

Question 3.
The region to the north of the Escarpment is called Drought Quadrilateral.
Answer:
(i) The eastern side of the Highlands is demarcated because of the Escarpment having an altitude of 790 m.

(ii) The Escarpment acts as a barrier to the Southeast trade winds and cause orographic type of rainfall in the coastal region.

(iii) Beyond the highlands the effect of these winds gets reduced leading to minimal rainfall.

(iv) A rain shadow region is formed to the north east of the Escarpment. Thus, the region to the north of this area is called “Drought Quadrilateral”.

Question 4.
The Amazon Plains are covered by inaccessible tropical rainforest.
Answer:
(i) The northern part of Brazil lying between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn, i.e. in the Tropical zone is covered largely by the Amazon Plains.

(ii) Amazon plains lying between the Guyana highlands and the Brazilian highlands form the largest plain land of Brazil.

(iii) The Amazon valley receives very heavy rainfall of around 2000 mm and the average temperature here is 25 to 28°C.

(iv) These conditions favor the dense growth of tropical rain forests. Due to frequent flooding and dense undergrowth, these forests are largely inaccessible.

Question 5.
Pantanal is called the largest wetlands in the world.
Answer:
(i) Pantanal lies towards the south western part of the highland area in Brazil.

(ii) Roughly 80% of the Pantanal flood plains are submerged during the rainy season.

(iii) This region is filled with swamps and marshes from the northwestern part of Mato Grosso Do Sul in Brazil till Argentina.

(iv) Hence Pantanal is called the largest wetland in the world.

Question 6.
Agriculture is widely practised in the plains of Punjab region.
Answer:
(i) Plains of Punjab lie to the north of Rajasthan. This region is spreads to the west of Aravalis and Delhi ranges.

Question 1. These plains have formed as a result of the depositional work by river Sutluj and its tributaries.

(iii) Since the soil here is very fertile, agriculture is largely practised in this region.

(iv) Thus, due to.the availability of fertile soil and ample water suppy agriculture is practised here.

Question 7.
Write notes on :
Answer:

The Western Ghats:

(i) Western Ghats also known as Sahyadri (Benevolent Mountains) is a mountain range that runs parallel to the western coast of the Indian peninsula.

(ii) The range runs north to south along the western : edge of the Deccan Plateau, and separates the plateau from a narrow coastal plain, called West coastal plan, along the Arabian Sea.

(iii) The range starts near the border of Gujarat and Maharashtra, south of the Tapi river, and runs approximately 1,600 km through the states of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu ending near Kanyakumari, at the southern tip of India.

(iv) The altitude of the western Ghats increases towards the south.

Island group of India:

(i) India has many small and large islands along the coast of the mainland. These are included in the coastal island group.

(ii) Besides, India has two large group of islands, one each in the Arabian Sea and in the Bay of Bengal.

(iii) The islands in the Arabian Sea are known as Lakshadweep whereas the islands in the Bay of Bengal are called the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

(iv) Most of the islands in Lakshadweep are atoll islands.

(v) They are small in extent and not very high.

(vi) Islands in the Andaman group are mainly volcanic islands.

(vii) They are large with hills in their interior parts, which includes an island called Barren Island which has the only active volcano in India. There are atolls in the Nicobar group too.

 Brazilian Highlands:

(i) Southern Brazil is occupied by an extensive plateau. It is known as the Brazilian Highlands or the Brazilian Shield or the Brazilian Plateau.

(ii) Brazilian and Guyana Highlands together form the core of South American continent.

(iii) The main part of the Guyana Highlands is in Venezuela and it extends up to French Guiana. In Brazil, it covers the states of Roraima, Para and Amapa in the north.

(iv) The lower part of these highlands is found in Brazil. But the highest peak of Brazil, Pico de Neblina, 3014 m lies on the border between Brazil and Venezuela.

(v) The regions to the east and south of the Brazilian highlands have an altitude of more than 1000m. But in other parts, the altitude is between 500 to 1000m.

(vi) The highlands gradually slope towards north and the slopes are not very steep.

(vii) The tributaries of Amazon flowing through this region make rapids and waterfalls. Towards the north the slopes are steep but not abrupt. A number of rivers originate from the terminal portion of the highlands and flow northwards to meet Atlantic Ocean.

(viii) Some major rivers like Uruguay, Paraguay and Parana originate from the southern slopes of the highlands and enter Argentina. Its slope towards the east is steep and it appears in the form of an escarpment.

Coastal Plains of India:

(i) India is blessed with a long coastline extending for approximately 7500 km.

(ii) It lies to the western and eastern part of the Peninsula. Its western and eastern coastlines show remarkable dissimilarities.

(iii) The western coast borders the Arabian Sea. It is by and large a rocky coast.

(iv) At places, spurs starting from the Western Ghats have extended right up to the western coast. Its width is also less.

(v) Rivers originating from Western Ghats are short and swift and hence they form estuaries and not deltas.

(vi) The eastern coast borders the Bay of Bengal. It has formed as a result of depositional work of rivers.

(vii) Many east flowing rivers rising from the Western and Eastern Ghats meet the eastern coast.

(viii) Because of the gentle slope of the land, rivers flow at lower velocities and deposit the sediments brought with them at the eastern coast. As a result, deltas are found along this coast.

The Plains of Brazil:

(i) The plains in Brazil are confined to two areas namely the Amazon basin in the north and Paraguay-Parana source region in the southwest.

(ii) Amazon plains lying between the two highlands form the largest plain land of Brazil.

(iii) Amazon plains lying in the northern parts of Brazil generally slope eastwards.

(iv) The Amazon basin is quite wide in the west (about 1300 km) and it narrows eastward. Its width is minimum where the Guyana Highlands and Brazilian Highland come closer. (240 km.)

(v) As the river approaches the Atlantic Ocean, the width of the plains increases.

(vi) These are mostly forested areas and largely inaccessible due to frequent flooding and dense undergrowth. Most of the Amazon plains are covered by tropical rainforests.

(vii) The other plains in Brazil are located to the southwestern part of the highlands. They form the source region of Paraguay and Parana rivers.

(viii) The source region of Paraguay slopes towards the south while the source region of Parana slopes towards the southwest.

(ix) Pantanal is one of the largest wetlands in the world. It lies towards the southwest part of the highland areas. It is a region of swamps and marshes in northwestern part of Mato Grosso Do Sul in Brazil and it extends into Argentina.

Coastal Rivers of Brazil:

(i) Brazil has a number of short coastal rivers.
Question 1. The coastal area being densely populated these rivers attain significance.
(iii) River Pamaiba and River Itapecuru flowing northwards meet the North Atlantic Ocean.
(iv) The rivers that enter South Atlantic Ocean collect their headwaters along the escarpment.
(v) River Puraguaco enters the Atlantic Ocean near Salvador town.

Paraguay – Parana system:

(i) These two rivers are located in the southwestern part of Brazil.
(ii) Both the rivers form the catchment of River Plata in Argentina.
(iii) These two rivers and river Uruguay in extreme south of the highlands collect their headwaters from the southern portion of the highlands.

Indus River System:

(i) Indus and its tributaries (Jhelum, Beas, Chenab, Ravi and Satluj) drain the Western Himalayas i.e., they flow through the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

(ii) They flow almost parallel to each other.

(iii) A major tributary of river Indus, the Satluj, originates near Mansarovar and flows westwards.

(iv) Punjab Plains have formed from the depositional work of this river and its tributaries.

(v) Indus flows through Pakistan and then meets the Arabian Sea.

Ganga River System:

(i) The river Ganga originates from the Gangotri glacier and crosses the Himalayas to become an east-flowing river.

(ii) Many tributaries of the Ganga also flow in a similar manner.

(iii) River Yamuna, originating at Yamunotri, is a major tributary of Ganga.

(iv) Another major tributary of the Ganga flows through the northern part of the Greater Himalayas, crosses the Himalayas to enter India.

(v) When it flows through the Himalayas it is called Tsang Po.

(vi) When it crosses the Himalayas, it is called Dihang and its eastward flow thereafter is called as Brahmaputra.

(vii) From time to time, Ganga meets its tributaries, hence its discharge increases.

(viii) Ganga receives Brahmaputra as its tributary in its lower reaches in Bangladesh. The huge volume of water and huge deposition has led to the formation of a large delta.

(ix) Besides these Himalayan rivers, Ganga receives a number of tributaries from Peninsula like Shon, Damodar, etc.

Rivers Meeting the Arabian Sea:

(i) The west flowing rivers occupying the area between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea are short in length but swift.

10th Std Geography Questions And Answers:

• Field Visit Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Location and Extent Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Physiography and Drainage Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Climate Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
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Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 History Solutions Chapter 3 Applied History Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Std 10 History Chapter 3 Question Answer Applied History Maharashtra Board

Class 10 History Chapter 3 Applied History Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 10 Chapter 3 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Question 1.
(a) Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the statement.
(1) The earliest museum in the world was discovered in the excavations at the city of ……………..………. .
(a) Delhi
(b) Harappa
(c) Ur
(d) Kolkata
Answer:
(c) Ur

(2) The National Archives of India is in ……………..………. .
(a) New Delhi
(b) Kolkata
(c) Mumbai
(d) Chennai
Answer:
(a) New Delhi

(b) Identify and write the wrong pair in the following set.
(1) Kootiyattam- Sanskrit theatre, Kerala
(2) Ramman- Dance form in West Bengal
(3) Ramlila- Traditional Performance of the Ramayana in Uttar Pradesh
(4) Kalbelia- Folk songs and dances of Rajasthan.
Answer:
(2) Wrong pair: Ramman – Dance form in West Bengal

Question 2.
Explain the following concepts :
(1) Applied History
Answer:

•  When one subject is applied to different fields and conclusions are derived, it is known as application of that subject.
• When objectives of History are applied to other subjects; new conclusions are obtained.
• This is known as ‘Applied History’. It is also known as Public History.
• We get insights of the events that took place in the past through history.
• Applied History is concerned with application of knowledge of history to provide guidance in finding solutions.
• Contemporary social issues and include them in social planning.
• Thus Applied History’ is a field of study concerned with the application of history for the benefit of people in contemporary and future times.

(2) Archives
Answer:

•  A place where historical documents are preserved is called an ‘Archive’.
• Many old documents, official records, old films, records of treaties are kept at this place.
• We get references of original documents because of Archives.
• A study of historical events of a particular period is possible.
• We come to know about language, script used in a particular period/era.
• The National Archives of India is in Delhi. It is the largest Archive in Asia.
• Every state in India maintains its archives independently.

Question 3.
Complete the following concept chart.

Answer:

Question 4.
Explain the following statements with reasons.
(1) It is essential to study the history of technology.
Answer:

• Man acquired different skills at various stages in his evolution process.
• From mxking stone tools to developing new techniques of agriculture production, he learnt many skills and entered in the age of science.
• Agricultural production, commodity production, architecture, engineering, etc.
• underwent several changes. Production increased manifold bcause of technology.
• Hence, it is necessary to know the history of technology in order to understand the development in mechanisation and mutual dependence between science and technology.

(2) The list of world Heritage Sites is announced by UNESCO.
Answer:

• Cultural heritage is a form of human creation. It is a cultural treasure that has been inherited from our ancestors.
• We feel connected to it and hence preserve and conserve it.
• This heritage is our asset that binds us to our past and hence we should preserve it for the benefit of future generations.
• In order to save this heritage, UNESCO has announced some directives.
• On the basis of those directives, list of sites, and traditions are declared as ‘World Heritage’.
• It has helped us in promoting these sites as tourist places.

Question 5.
Write elaborate answers
(1) How is the method of history useful in the research of
(a) Science
(b) Arts
(c) Management Studies
Answer:
Each field has its own history of building’ knowledge. The direction of development in every field is dependent on the stcrte of available knowledge in that field. The method of history has proved valuable in the research of various fields.

(a) Science: Scientific discoveries /invenfions take place because of humdn efforts to satisfy needs and curiosity. These efforts are based on scientific knowledge that already existed. Knowledge of the history of science helps in understanding the reasons, chronology and factors that facilitated a scientific invention/discovery. Knowledge of history of science helps in every field.

(b) Art: Development of any style of art lies in their expression through intellectual, emotional and cultural traditions. While studying any art form we have to understand the history of its traditions, the key to the expressions in it, and emotional temperament of the artist. Prevalent art style in the given period can be understood with the help of cultural history.

(c) Management Studies: All components like means of production, human resources, processes of production, the chain of market and sales, etc. are interrelated and require management.

Different social and economic institutions are involved in these industrial and commercial processes. Knowledge of similar functional systems of the past is essential to bring about changes, improvements and make the management smooth and efficient. It becomes necessary to know its history.

(2) How can we correlate applied history with our present?
Answer:
History gives us knowledge about the events that happened in past. Applied history helps us in understanding how the knowledge can be put to use for our benefit as well as for the benefit of future generations. Applied history is correlated with our present in the following ways:

(1) Knowledge of our past helps us in deciding our course of action in present. The.heritage of our ancestors exists in tangible and intangible- form. We have the curiosity to know more about our part because they represent the creative thoughts and traditions of that period.

(2) With the help of applied history we can not only come to know about the heritage but also conserve and preserve it.

(3) We can be better equipped to face social challenges in the present because the knowledge of history can provide guidance in finding solutions to contemporary social issues and incorporate them in the ’social planning.

(4) The direction of future development is S decided when we rightly analyse our present with our knowledge of the past acquired through applied history.

(3) Suggest at least 10 solutions for the preservation of the sources of history.
Answer:
There are three types of sources which are used to study history. They are written, oral and material sources. These sources are preserved in different ways. According to me, the following measures should be taken to preserve the sources:

1. A regular repair and maintenance work of forts, memorials and palaces should be carried out. Timely action should be taken to avoid vandalisation of historic and public places.
2. Historical coins, weapons should be handled with precaution and utmost care. They should be kept in a safe place to avoid the possibility of theft.
3. Social awareness regarding the conservation and preservation of our cultural and natural heritage should be created. People will develop affinity towards the heritage and feel connected.
4. Variations in environment and climatic conditions pose a threat to monumental structures. Humidity, dampness, moulds and pollution cause irrevocable damage to manuscripts, rare artefacts, statues, coins, etc.
5. To protect them, special arrangements have to be made like rooms with controlled temperature or sanitising and detoxing the rooms.
6. Oral literature like owis, folk songs should be compiled and written down.
7. Public training programmes should be conducted for understanding the importance of history.
8. Experts from different fields should be involved in preservation and conservation projects. S Stringent laws should be enacted to protect the monuments.
9. Above all, people’s participation in conservation and preservation process is paramount.

(4) What objectives can be fulfilled through the heritage projects.
Answer:
The following objectives can be fulfilled through the heritage projects:

• Preservation, conservation and development of heritage sites can be done without any change in its original state/ structure.
• The local social structure and psychology of the local people, challenges they face in the present situations and their expectations can be surveyed.
• In the process of completing the project of conservation, preservation and development of a heritage site due precaution should be taken to avoid hurting the sentiments of the local people.
• Participation of the local people in the proposed project can be facilitated.
• In order to engage and employ the local skills in a creative way and create better opportunities of livelihood, it becomes easier to design systematic plans.

Project
Show the Indian heritage sites on the map of India.
Answer:

Memory Map

Question 6.
Complete the sentences by choosing the correct option:
(a) ……………………… Institute of Art, Design and Technology at Bengaluru has an independent department named ‘Centre for Public History’.
(a) Pitch
(b) INTACH
(c) Shrushti
(d) AIMS
Answer:
(c) Shrushti

(b) ……………………… is the mother of science and all other branches of knowledge.
(a) Philosophy
(b) History
(c) Technology
(d) Mythology
Answer:
(a) Philosophy

(c) In order to preserve and conserve cultural and natural heritage for the benefit of future generations ……………………… has given directives.
(a) UNICEF
(b) UN
(c) UNESCO
(d) INTACH
Answer:
(c) UNESCO

(d) The ……………………… in the Satara District of the Western Ghats is included in the list of World Natural Heritage.
(a) Balaghat Mountain
(b) Melghat
(c) Masai Plateau
(d) Kas Plateau
Answer:
(d) Kas Plateau

(e) The main office of the National Film Archives of India is situated at ……………………… .
(a) Delhi
(b) Mumbai
(c) Pune
(d) Nagpur
Answer:
(c) Pune

(f) Excavations at the city of ‘Ur’ in Mesopotamia were conducted by ……………………… .
(a) Nathaniel Wallick
(b) Ennigaldi
(c) Leonard Wolley
(d) Sir John Marshall
Answer:
(c) Leonard Wolley.

Question 7.
Identify the wrong pair in the following, and write it:

(1) Kootiyattam	(a) Sanskrit theatre, Kerala
(2) Ramman	(b) Dance form in West Bengal
(3) Ramlila	(c) Traditional performance of Ramayana in Uttar Pradesh
(4) Kalbelia	(d) Folk songs and dances of Rajasthan

Answer:
Wrong pair: Ramman – Dance form in West Bengal

(2)

Cultural Heritage	Place
(1) Red Fort	(a) Udaipur
(2) Jantar Mantar	(b) Jaipur
(3) Brihadeeshvara Temple	(c) Thanjavur
(4) Capital Complex	(d) Chandigarh

Answer:
Wrong pair: Red Fort – Udaipur

Question 8.
Complete the graphical presentation:
(1)

Answer:

(2)

Answer:

(3)

Answer:

Question 9.
Explain the following concept:
(a) Natural Heritage:
Answer:

• In Cultural heritage what we inherit is man-made but Natural heritage is bestowed upon us by Nature.
• The concept of natural heritage gives importance to the thought of biodiversity.
• The following things are included in natural heritage:
  • Fauna
  • Flora
  • Ecology required for sustaining animal and plant life, flora and fauna of a particular region.
  • Geomorphic characteristics, sanctuaries, mountain ranges, river valleys, lakes and dams are all part of natural heritage.

Question 10.
Write short notes:
(a) Importance of Applied History:
Answer:

• Applied History is a field of study which helps us understand our ancient heritage.
• We realise the importance of preserving our heritage.
• The process of preservation and conservation of tangible and intangible heritage sites generate employment opportunities.
• The study of Applied History help us to get a better understanding of the present and can provide guidance for the future.

(b) Preservation of cultural heritage of India:
Answer:
Conservation and preservation of India’s cultural heritage is done at different levels:

1. Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is an important body of Indian government which mainly does the work of conservation and preservation along with State Departments of Archaeology.
2. INTACH (Indiqn National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage) is actively working in this field.
3. Local self-government bodies, social institutions all over India, people who have love for history are seen involved in the work of preservation of our heritage.
4. The work of conservation and preservation of cultural and natural heritage requires participation of experts from various fields as well as local people.

(c) Indian Museum:
Answer:

• The Indian Museum at Kolkata is the oldest museum and one of the important heritage sites of India.
• Nathaniel Wallich, a Danish botanist, founded the museum in 1814 C.E. He was also its first curator.
• The museum has three main departments Arts, Archaeology and Anthropology.
• Other affiliated departments are conservation, publication, photography, exhibition- presentation, model-making, training, library and security.

(d) National Film Archives:
Answer:

• The main office of the National Rim Archives of India is located at Pune and was established in 1964.
• It functions as the Media Unit of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting of the Indian Government.
• It was established with the view of three objectives. They are:
  • To search and obtain the rare Indian films and preserve our heritage for the benefit of future generations.
  • To categorise important aspects of films, create documentation and do research.
  • To establish a centre for dissemination of ‘films culture’.

Question 11.
Explain the following statements giving reasons:
(a) It is essential to study the history of philosophy.
Answer:

• With the passage of time, many schools of thought came into existence with different ideologies.
• These ideologies had their effect on people and society as a whole.
• What led to the origin of various ideologies, the intellectual tradition giving rise to those ideologies and their historical development needs to be researched.
• To know about the progress of those ideologies, their development and expansion or downfall we need to have knowledge of the history of philosophy.

(b) It is important to know the history of Industry and Commerce.
Answer:

• With the growth of industry and trade, the field of mutual social transactions also expand.
• It promoted development of the network of cultural interactions.
• As the nature of market and commerce changed sp did the nature of human relationships and the social organisation.
• This series of changes is influenced by prevalent culture, social structure and economic system.
• All this is an integral part of the industrial and commercial management.

Therefore, it becomes important to know the history of Industry and Commerce.

(c) It is necessary to preserve and conserve our natural and cultural heritage.
Answer:

• The visible and invisible relics of the past exist in the present.
• They represent the thought and traditions of our ancestors.
• We nurture some kind of curiosity and attraction towards them.
• The history of our heritage links us with our origin.

Therefore, it becomes necessary to preserve and conserve for our future benefit as well as for the benefit of future generations.

Question 12.
Answer the following in 25-30 words:
(a) Explain the concept of ‘Public History’.
Answer:

• Public History also known as ‘Applied History’ is a field of study concerned with the application of history for the benefit of people in the contemporary and future life.
• It provides solutions to the contemporary social issues and incorporate them in social planning.
• It helps to overcome misgivings about history and makes history meaningful in everyday life connecting people to history.

(b) What is the role of UNESCO in the context of heritage sites?
Answer:
The role of UNESCO, the global agency of United Nations, is as follows:

• For preservation and conservation of natural and cultural heritage which is in a ruined state because of years of neglect, UNESCO has announced some directive principles.
• The organisation announces list which includes the names of sites and traditions which meet the criteria.
• On the basis of those directives it declares a list of site and traditions of world heritage.

(c) Find out the cultural heritage sites located in Maharashtra and write their names.
Answer:
The following places in Maharashtra are included in the list of cultural heritage sites declared by UNESCO:

• Ajanta Caves
• Verul (Ellora) Caves and Kailas Temple
• Elephanta Caves
• Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, Mumbai.

Many forts like the Raigad, Devgiri, Janjira and Sindhudurg are part of the cultural heritage Of Maharashtra though they are not included in the list.

(d) What are the misgivings about history among the people?
Answer:
There are many misgivings about history among the people:

• History is a subject only for historians and students who pursue higher studies in history.
• It has no relevance or applicability in our day-to-day life.
• History is nothing but piece of information about the battles fought by kings and politics.
• History cannot be connected to an economically productive field.

(e) Where can we trace the roots of philosophy?
Answer:

• Ancient people all over the world tried to speculate the relationship between the universe and human existence.
• This gave rise to various myths about origin of this world, universal order, human life.
• Imagination about gods and goddesses, rituals to please them and philosophical explanation of rituals.
• Thus, the roots of philosophy can be traced in these speculations and ponderings of mythological stories.

(f) What are the opportunities created by affiliated professional fields of Applied History?
Answer:
Affiliated fields of Applied History which include museums, archives, tourism ‘and hospitality, entertainment, mass media, etc. needs the following professionals:

• Experts like Historians, Archaeologists, Sociologists, legal experts, etc. are assigned new projects.
• Officers like Managers, Secretaries and Directors are taken into service.
• Technicians like engineers, architects, skilled photographers, laboratory assistants, archive management professionals are hired.
• Tourist guides, boarding and lodging, food services, entertainment and related business get a wide scope for flourishing.

(g) What are the main objectives of ‘National Film Archives’?
Answer:
The main objectives of ‘National Rim Archives’ are as follows:

• To research and obtain the rare Indian films.
• To preserve such films for the benefit of future generations.
• To categorise the important aspects of films to create documentation, catalogue them -and carry out research in the field.
• To establish a centre for dissemination of films culture.

(h) How can we increase people’s participation in the field of applied history?
Answer:

• The field of applied history includes museums, archives, collection and maintenance of artefacts.
• Tourism creates interest in history.
• Awareness is created among people to preserve ancient monuments and sites in their vicinity.
• This realisation increases people’s participation in the field of applied history.

(i) Write information on World Heritage sites in Maharashtra.
Answer:
Maharashtra is endowed with many natural and historical sites. Among them the prominent ones are Ajanta caves, Verul caves, Gharapuri/Elephanta caves and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Railway Station at Mumbai.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus is finest example of Indo-Gothic architecture emerged in India during British rule. It stands witness to the British empire, freedom struggle and transformation of our country into a modern nation. It needs conservation as it a architectural marvel which stood the test of times recently when there was a terror attack on Mumbai city.

(j) What is the role of Applied History?
Answer:
The role of Applied History is as follows:

• In public training programmes for understanding the importance of history.
• Using knowledge of history, to create awareness regarding the conservation and preservation of our cultural and natural heritage.
• To facilitate participation of people in various projects and programmes related to applied history even in their capacity as tourists.
• To enhance professional skills of people and to develop industrial commercial field.
• To carry out preparatory work and plan for effective implementation of heritage projects.

Question 13.
Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions given below:
(a) Who built this museum?
Answer:
This museum was built by Ennigaldi, the princess of Mesopotamia.

(b) Where was the earliest museum in the world discovered? Who discovered it?
Answer:
The earliest museum in the world was discovered in the city of ‘Ur’ in Mesopotamia. It was discovered by Leonard Woolley.

(c) What is a noteworthy feature of this museum?
Answer:
A noteworthy feature of this museum is the clay tablets inscribed with the descriptions of exhibited artefacts.

Question 14.
Write elaborate answers: OR Answer in detail:
(a) Who does the work of conservation and preservation of the cultural heritage of Indian?
Answer:
The preservation and conservation of Indian cultural heritage is done at various stages:

• The work of preservation and conservation primarily falls under jurisdiction of the Archaeological Survey of India.
• In addition, INTACH (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage) is also actively working .in this field.
• Experts from various fields and local people too participate in the work of conservation and preservation of natural and cultural heritage.

Question 15.
Observe the picture and write information about it:

Answer:

• This picture is of the largest Indian rock-cut ancient Hindu temple located in the Ellora cave.
• This famous rock-cut Shiva temple was constructed during the reign of Rashtrakuta king Krishna I.
• It is regarded as a marvel of architecture.
• It bears an eloquent testimony to the high level skill attained by India in the arts of sculpture and architecture under the Rashtrakuta patronage.
• A sculpture of an elephant and a pillar can be seen in the picture.
• The famous rock cut temple in Maharashtra was declared as a world heritage site by UNESCO in 1983.

Brain Teaser

Hints:
Across:
(1) Queen’s stepwell at Patan
(2) Dancing, singing, drumming ritual of Manipur
(3) Religious festival and ritual theatre of Garhwal
(4) Archaeological site of Nalanda University
(5) World famous monument at Agra
(6) Famous city built by emperor Akbar marking his victory
(7) Sanskrit Theatre: Kerala

Down:
(1) The traditional performance of Ramayan in Uttar Pradesh
(2) Ellora caves also known as caves
(3) Observatory at Jaipur, Rajasthan
(4) Group of monuments at (place) in Karnataka
(5) Archaeological park at Pavagadh
(6) Folk songs and dances of Rajasthan
(7) A ritual theatre of Kerala

10th Std History Questions And Answers:

• Historiography Development in the West Class 10 History Questions And Answers
• Historiography Indian Tradition Class 10 History Questions And Answers
• Applied History Class 10 History Questions And Answers
• History of Indian Arts Class 10 History Questions And Answers
• Mass Media and History Class 10 History Questions And Answers
• Entertainment and History Class 10 History Questions And Answers
• Sports and History Class 10 History Questions And Answers
• Tourism and History Class 10 History Questions And Answers
• Heritage Management Class 10 History Questions And Answers

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Political Science Solutions Chapter 4 Social and Political Movements Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Std 10 Political Science Chapter 4 Question Answer Social and Political Movements Maharashtra Board

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Political Science Solutions Chapter 4 Social and Political Movements

Political Science Class 10 Chapter 4 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Question 1.
Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the sentences.
(1) ………………………….. is the main demand of farmers movement.
(a) Right to cultivate on the forest land
(b) To get the right price for agricultural product
(c) Protection of consumers
(d) Building of dams
Answer:
(b) To get the right price for agricultural products

(2) To increase agricultural production and become self-sufficient with regard to food grains ………………………….. was initiated.
(a) Water revolution
(b) Green revolution
(c) Industrial revolution
(d) White revolution
Answer:
(b) Green revolution

Question 2.
Explain the concepts.
(1) Tribal movement
Answer:

• Tribal community was always dependent on forest wealth for their living.
• The British had prohibited the tribals from making use of forest wealth to earn their livelihõod
• Kolam, Gond, Santhal, Koli, Bhilla, Munda Tribals of different parts of India revolted against the British.
• Even after independence their problem to earn a livelihood is not solved. Their right on the forest land, to gather forest products and to cultivate on forest land is not yet recognised.

Therefore, for these demands, Tribal Movement is active in many parts.

(2) Labour movement
Answer:

• Industries in public and private sector like textile mills, railway companies started in India in the latter part of the nineteenth century.
• Due to industrialisction, a large number’ of labour force came into existence.
• Thiš led to lot of labour issues. In 1920, All India Trade Union. Congress was established to solve their problems.
• Many unions were formed after independence. The Trade Union Movement was very effective from 1960 tifi 1980s.
• After 1980s trade union movement lost its momentum and slowly disintegrated. Globalization gave a final blow to the movement.

Question 3.
Answer the following questions in brief.
(1) Explain the activities/role/functions of environmental movement.
Answer:
(i) Role : The environment movement rias played a key role in –

• Creating public awareness about the importance of balance in environment through television, newspapers, and other mediums.
• Opposing developmental projects with environmental concerns.

(ii) Functions : The function of the environment movement is to make efforts silently or rigorously to protect natural areas through afforestation, recycling or pollution control. Forest department and the pollution board are actively involved and extend support by making stringent laws to book the culprits.

(iii) Activities : Different activities are conducted to promote the environment movement:

• Environmental degradation has become a serious issue not only in India but also in the world.
• The issues of degradation was discussed at. Rio-de-Janeiro, Paris and Kyoto Conferences.
• Even in India many movements are active for conservation of the environment like the Chipko movement, Appiko movement ana Vanmahatsov.

(2) Explain the nature of farmers movement in India.
Answer:

1. The Indian farmers organised themselves in pre-independence era to fight against the anti-agricultural policies of the colonial British rulers.
2. The farmers were inspired by the thoughts of Mahatma Phule, Justice Ranade and Mahatma Gandhi. They organised satyagraha against revenue collection in Bardoli and Champaranya.
3. Farmers’ movement slowed down because of tenancy laws under land reforms. Green revolution failed to improve conditions of the poor farmers.
4. Farmers’ movement gained momentum with demands like, appropriate price for agricultural products, debt relief and debt cancellation after recommendations from Swaminathan Commission.

(3) For which reforms were the women’s movement in the pre-independence period fighting?
Answer:
In the pre-independence period women’s movement were working for the following reforms :

• Eliminating injustice against women.
• To put an end to the exploitation of women and help them lead a respectful and dignified life.
• They should be able to participate actively in social life.
• To end the practices like Sati, child marriage, polygamy and bring about reforms such as widow remarriage and women’s education.

Question 4.
State wheather the following statements are true or false. Give reasons for your answer.
(1) Movements are important in a democracy.
Answer:
The above statement is True.

• People organise themselves and start a movement to solve social issues.
• Leaders and activists provide all the information regarding those issues to the government.
• The government takes, notice of the problems because of the movement.
• Some movements aim at opposing some policies of the government and certain decisions. This is the most recognised method of protest in democracy.

Hence, movements have great importance in democracy

(2) Movements do not need a strong leadership.
Answer:
The above statement is False.

• The success of any movement depends on leadership. The movement remains active because of the strong leader.
• The decisions regarding the objective of the movement, programme of action, strategy of agitation are decided and taken by the leader.
• Firm leadership has a wide reach. They can get public support making the movement very effective. So, the need of a strong leadership is utmost essential.

(3) Consumer movement came into existence.
Answer:
The above statement is True.

• The consumers faced different problems because of changing economy and social system.
• Adulteration increased the cost of products and faulty weights and measures are some of the problems faced by the consumers.
• To protect the consumers from such frauds the Consumer Protection Act was passed in 1986.
• The Consumer Protection movement was started to create awareness among the consumers about their rights and their safety.

Project
(1) Collect the news in the newspapers about various activities of social movements.
(2) Write a report on movements in your area which are working to resolve general problems.
(3) Prepare a format of a complaint you will submit under consumer protection act if you are cheated in purchase of vegetables or grains
Answer:

Memory Map

Question 5.
Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the sentences :
(a) In …………………., movements have more importance.
(a) socialist rule
(b) dictatorship
(c) democracy
(d) communist rule
Answer:
(c) democracy

(b) In democracy, Right to …………………. is considered an important right.
(a) rehabilitate
(b) pursue questions
(c) behave with control and responsibility
(d) protest
Answer:
(d) protest

(c) is the objective of Green Revolution.
(a) To stop degradation of environment
(b) Protection of the forests
(c) Increase in agricultural output
(d) To stop the felling of trees.
Answer:
(c) Increase in agricultural output.

(d) The trade union movement in India has background of ………………… .
(a) freedom struggle
(b) globalisation
(c) prestigious past
(d) industrialisation
Answer:
(d) industrialisation

(e) In 1899, …………………. workers called for a strike.
(a) railway
(b) mill
(c) handloom
(d) rice mill
Answer:
(a) railway

(f) Dr. Rajendrasinh Rana had brought about …………………. in Rajasthan.
(a) White Revolution
(b) Water Revolution
(c) Green Revolution
(d) Consumer Revolution
Answer:
(b) Water Revolution

(g) Dr. Rajendrasinh Rana is known as the …………………. of India.
(a) Farmer man
(b) environment affectionate
(c) Man of the Millennium
(d) Waterman
Answer:
(d) Waterman

(h) Tribals in Bihar revolted against the British under the leadership of ………………… .
(a) Rajendrasinh Rana
(b) Birsa Munda
(c) Umaji Naik
(d) Kajarsingh
Answer:
(b) Birsa Munda.

(i) Swadeshi movement is an important …………………. movement.
(a) political
(b) social
(c) economic
(d) cultural
Answer:
(c) economic

(j) …………………. is one of the problems faced by consumers.
(a) Cancellation
(b) Malnutrition
(c) Adulteration
(d) Transportation
Answer:
(c) Adulteration

(k) The main demand of the farmer’s movement was to accept suggestions of the …………………. Commission.
(a) Sunderlal Bahuguna
(b) Verghese Kurien
(c) Swaminathan
(d) Kothari
Answer:
(c) Swaminathan

(l) In 1986, …………………. Act came into force.
(a) Consumer Protection
(b) Women Empowerment
(c) Child Marriage
(d) Environment Protection
Answer:
(a) Consumer Protection

(m) The post-1980 movements are called ………………… .
(a) New
(b) Neo-social
(c) Broad
(d) Globalisation
Answer:
(b) Neo-social

(n) …………………. was established in 1920.
(a) Farmer’s Organization
(b) Bhartiya Kisan Union
(c) All India Trade Union Congress
(d) All India Kisan Sabha
Answer:
(d) All India Trade Union Congress.

Question 6.
Explain the following statements by giving reasons :
(a) Political parties can concentrate on one particular issue.
Answer:
The above statement is False.

• Political parties contest elections to solve problems of common people.
• Parties have to take into consideration all matters from public cleanliness to roads to space research. They have to have a national perspective and take decisions.
• Political parties should have programmes for the development of all the sections of society like youth, senior citizens, businessmen, women, farmers and labourers.
• This – means that political parties cannot concentrate on just one particular issue.

(b) People’s active participation is expected in the movement.
Answer:
The above statement is True.

• A. movement is started to solve issues of public interest.
• People offer support to the movements which are related to their cause or a particular issue.
• Deciding upon the issues of the people a programme is decided and a group is formed.

(c) Dr. Rajendrasinh Rana is called the Waterman of India.
Answer:
The above statement is True.

• Dr. Rajendrashinh Rana built thousands of ‘Johads’ in Rajasthan.
• He revived many rivers in the desert region of Rajasthan.
• He formed an organisation – “Tarun Bharat Sangh” which built eleven thousand Johads to harvest water. .
• He started a campaign for Water conservation, revival of rivers, forest conservation and wildlife conservation.
• He worked continuously for this cause for 31 years building 11 thousand johads bringing about water revolution in Rajasthan. Therefore, is called the Waterman of India.

Question 7.
Explain the concept :
(a) Movement:
Answer:

1. When people organise themselves to resolve a certain issue it is called a movement.
2. Movements increase the participation of people in social life.
3. Movements are for public welfare and to solve issues. The aim of any movement is not only to pressurize the government but also to oppose its decision or policies.
4. A movement is started for different reasons like religious, social, cúltural, protection of the environment, ill practices and traditions.

(b) Public Interest Litigation:
Answer:

1. A litigation is filed if an individual or group feels that fundamental rights which are enshrined in the Constitution are undermined by the government.
2. To safeguard human rights, citizens can file a litigation in High Court or Supreme Court. Such a litigation is known as Public Interest Litigation.
3. Public Interest Litigation is filed for problems such as pollution, government avoiding public works and for social problems such as violence, discrimination and ostracising someone.
4. It is the most effective way of seeking justice.

(c) Environment Movement :
Answer:

• Different activities are conducted to promote the environment movement in India.
• Environment degradation has become a serious issue not only in India but also all over the world.
• The issues of degradation were discussed at Rio-de-Janeiro, Paris and Kyoto Conferences.
• Even in India many movements are active for conservation of the environment like the Chipko movement, Appika movement and Vanmahatsov.

Question 8.
(A) Complete the graphical representation :

(1)

Answer:

(2)

Answer:

(3)

Answer:

(4)

Answer:

(B) Explain the events in Trade Union Movement:

Answer:

Question 9.
Answer the following questions in brief:
(a) Explain the features of a movement.
Answer:

• A movement is a collective action which has active participation or support of the people.
• People take up a particular issue and organise themselves.
• A movement requires strong leadership. A strong leader makes the movement effective.
• If people feel connected to the issue, then they extend their support to the movement.

(b) What are the demands of Trade Union Movement?
Answer:
The Trade Uniin Movement makes demands regarding following issues :

• Contract labour and unstable employment..
• financial insecurity and unfavourable conditions at workplace.
• Unlimited working hours and health hazards.
• No protection of labour laws.

(c) How did the objectives of women’s movement change after independence?
Answer:

1. In the pre-independence era the aim of the women’s movement was to put an end to the unjust practices against women and end their exploitation.
2. After independence, the aim of their movement changed because they realised that though the Constitution had given equal rights both to men and women in practice they were never considered equal.
3. The objective of the women’s movement was to achieve freedom in real sense, i.e. they should be treated as human beings and should get equal rights and to live a dignified life.

(d) Which issues were taken up by the women’s movement after independence?
Answer:
Many issues were taken up by the women’s movement for welfare of the women after independence. Some are:

• Health and education of women
• financial independence
• Social security
• To be treated as human beings and have a status and prestige.

(e) Which issues are handled through movements?
Answer:
Movements arise out of public issues, which could be social, political, economic and religious.

1. To protect the rights of the citizens like voting, freedom and for similar issues, political movements are organised.
2. financial security, minimum wages, employment, insistence on an indigenous product are the reasons for economic movement.
3. Social and religious movements are organized to eliminate ill practices like untouchability, entry of women in temples,’ discrimination and social issues.
4. Movements are organised to raise voice against injustice done to a particular region, language and for issues like cleanliness, environment and movements for development like Green revolution and White resolution.

(f) Which movements started in India are actively working for rehabilitation of the displaced and to secure their livelihood?
Answer:
People who got displaced started this movement for different reasons. Some movements lasted for short time while some lasted long.

• “Narmada Bachao Andolan” was a popular movement.
• People living in Maharashtra and Gujarat continued it for 28 years.
• People in the Sindhudurg district who got displaced due to the Talamba dam started movement for rehabilitation. It lasted for 32 years.
• Farmers who got displaced because of Pune-Nagpur highway or for the planned Purandar airport launched movements on a large scale. Such movements are going on all over India.

(g) Name the policies started by the government for the welfare of farmers and landless labourers?
Answer:
The government has started the following policies for the welfare of the farmers and landless labourers :

• National agriculture policy
• Crop insurance scheme (FASAL Bima Yojana)
• Jalyukt Shivar
• Indira Gandhi Niradhar (old), landless, destitute women farm labour scheme.
• Neem Coated Urea.
• Name the policies started by the government for the welfare of farmers and landless labourers.

(h) Name the movements started by Mahatma Gandhi, Mahatma Phule, Sant Gadge Maharaj and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar.
Answer:

• Mahatma Phule laid the foundation of the movement for education of women and social equality.
• To stop the practice of widow tonsure he called for a strike of barbers in Mumbai.
• Mahatma Gandhi adopted the technique of satyagraha and started the movement for farmers in Champaranya and Kheda.
• He also started the Non-cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement..
• Sant Gadge Maharaj started the cleanliness campaign.
• Dr. Babashaeb Ambedkar launched satyagraha to allow untouchables to use water from a public tank in Mahad..
• He also led the movement in Nashik for Dalits so that they could get entry into the Kalaram temple.

(i) All movements have ideologies. (Discuss : Textbook page 92)
Answer:

• Even though movements are launched for social welfare there is always an ideology behind every movement.
• The scope of movements against child marriage or dowry prohibition is not limited to oppose the social evil practice but have wider aim of social reformation.
• The movements started against female foeticide ‘Beti Bachao Beti Padhav’, violence against women and to empower women had objectives to achieve equal social status for women and their protection.
• Movements like cleanliness campaign, Chipko Andolan, Save Trees aim not only at environment protection but also aim at saving humanity.
• These movements have faith in democratic values like equality and brotherhood and humanity. This shows all movements have ideologies.
• Generally the movements are devoted to one particular issue but have an ideology behind them.
• For example movements against child marriage, dowry believe in values of democracy, women empowerment and social equality.
• Sometimes some movements gradually get transformed into political parties.

Question 10.
Give your opinion :
(a) Do you think, if all the movements co-ordinate with each other, the result will be more effective?
Answer:

• Our society has witnessed many movements from pre-independence times.
• If all these movements co-ordinate with each other they will be definitely, effective.
• With each other’s cooperation they can work together to find the root cause of the problem and also find a solution.
• The manpower will not get divided. The work will get divided and that would save time and energy to a great extent.
• The movement will be more effective.

(a) On which issues does the ‘Sons of the Soil’ movement in India insist? (Discuss : Textbook page 93)
Answer:
People migrate for various reasons within the country. They create lot of problems in their newly adopted homeland which give rise to the ‘Sons of the Soil’ movement. The main reasons for the movement are :

• Sons of the Soil, i.e. local people lose out on employment opportunities.
• They are deprived of their jobs.
• Their land is confiscated.
• Housing becomes expensive.
• The migrants pose a threat to the language and culture of local people.
• Sons of the Soil lose economic monopoly as well as political influence.

10th Std Political Science Questions And Answers:

• Chapter 1 Working of the Constitution Class 10 Political Science Questions And Answers
• Chapter 2 The Electoral Process Class 10 Political Science Questions And Answers
• Chapter 3 Political Parties Class 10 Political Science Questions And Answers
• Chapter 4 Social and Political Movements Class 10 Political Science Questions And Answers
• Chapter 5 Challenges faced by Indian Democracy Class 10 Political Science Questions And Answers

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Geography Solutions Chapter 1 Field Visit Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Std 10 Geography Chapter 1 Question Answer Field Visit Maharashtra Board

Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Field Visit Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Geography Class 10 Chapter 1 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Answer in short :

Field Visit Geography Class 10 Questions And Answers Question 1.
Make a report on your field visit.
OR
On the basis of which points will you write the tour report?
Answer:
The following points should be used for preparing a report.

• Introduction
• Location and route map
• Physiographic features
• Climate
• Plant and animal life
• Human settlements
• Occupations
• Land use and type of crops
• Important historical places
• Environmental problems and measures
• Conclusion
• Use of diagrams, graphs, pictures can be taken to support the information collected during the field visit.

Field Visit Geography Class 10 Question 2.
Prepare a questionnaire for a field visit to a factory.
Answer:
A questionnaire for a field visit to a factory will be as follows:

• What is the name of the factory?
• What is the location of the factory?
• Which product is manufactured in the factory?
• What are the raw materials used to make the final goods?
• Where do the raw materials come from?
• In which market is the final product sold?
• How many people are employed in the factory?
• Do you have shifts for your employees? What are their timings?
• What safety measures do you adopt for your staff?
• What precautions have been taken to prevent a fire hazard?
• What precautions have been taken to prevent or reduce environmental pollution?
• What mode of transport is used for the movement of raw materials and finished goods?

Question 3.
What items will you take with you for the field visit?
Answer:
We will take the following items with us for the field visit:

• Notebook, pen, pencil, camera, binoculars, etc to collect information.
• Magnetic compass, GPS enabled mobile phone and also maps to know directions and locate various places.
• I-card, water bottle, cap, and a first aid box are a must.
• Ziplock bag for collecting samples.
• Carry a questionnaire and information booklet about the place to be visited.
• Carry some bags to discard any trash.

Question 4.
Outline the importance of a field visit.
OR
Explain with examples of how field visits increase geographical knowledge.
Answer:
(i) Geography is a science to be learnt through observation.
(ii) Field study gives us an opportunity to get firsthand information of the new place having a different location, climate and landforms.
(iii) Students learn the relationship between physical and cultural factors and how man adapts himself accordingly.
(iv) They get an opportunity to interact with the local people, know about their culture, food, clothing and understand their problems.
(v) Students develop the feeling of belonging to these regions and their skill of observation and reasoning also improves.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Field Visit InText Questions and Answers

Short Answers:

Question 1.
Correlate pulse cropping with low rainfall.
Answer:
(i) Extreme weather events during growing and harvesting seasons can cause serious damage to crops.
(ii) Pulses are very sensitive to torrential rain, especially in the early vegetative stage and flowering stage.
(iii) A high quantity of rainfall can cause disease infestation in crops.
Hence, pulses are grown in places where there is less to moderate rainfall.

Question 2.
Do you agree that regions and necessities influence the difference in the means of livelihood?
Answer:
(i) A person’s livelihood refers to their “means of securing the basic necessities of – food, water, shelter and clothing – of life.”
(ii) To acquire above necessities, people work either individually or as a group by using skills (both human and material) for meeting the requirements of the self. The activities are usually carried out repeatedly.
(iii) For instance, a fisherman’s livelihood depends on the availability and accessibility of fish and depending on this, primary, secondary and tertiary occupations will develop, like making of boats, nets, fish canning, transportation, etc.
(iv) So, definitely the regions and necessities influence the difference in the means of livelihood.

Question 3.
Give geographical reasons:
It is important to manage the waste during field visit.
Answer:
(i) It is our social responsibility to ensure that the cleanliness and sanctity, of the place of visit is maintained during the visit.
(ii) Managing environment also shows how responsible we are.
(iii) Managing environment assists in the prevention of the environmental pollution.

Question 4.
If you were a part of a field visit, what preparations would you make?
OR
Suppose teachers ask you to plan the visit. How will you plan the details of the trip?
If you were a part of a field visit, what preparations would you make?
OR
Suppose teachers ask you to plan the visit. How will ,you plan the details of the trip?
Answer:
Following preparations / plans will be made for the field visit:
(i) Deciding the place : Deciding an appropriate place for the field visit, selecting the means of transportation, and duration of the field visit should be planned well ahead.
e.g. selecting a place like fort/ factory/ hill station, etc.

(ii) Deciding the purpose : Deciding the objectives of the field visit and the elements which will be observed in the field visit should be decided, e.g. visiting a village to understand the problems faced by rural people in their daily life and finding solutions.

(iii) Collecting important documents : Collecting important documents like the location map, permission letters, etc.
e.g. For a visit to a factory, permission letter of the factory owner is required.

(iv) Preparing for emergencies : Preparing for emergencies is very important.
e.g. carrying first – aid kit, GPS enabled mobile phone, dry snacks, water bottle, etc.

(v) Preparing the budget: With the help of a teacher make a budget and plan the travel, stay and food expenses.

(vi) Planning the journey : Study the location map and the route map of the place to be visited. Distance, transport route should be planned. Also plan the time of departure and the entire schedule of the visit.

(vii) Making a list of items required : Water bottle, dry snacks, book, pen, binoculars, compass, camera, etc.

Question 5.
What precautions will you take continuously during the field visit?
Answer:
(i) Strictly obey instructions given by teachers.
(ii) Ensure safety of oneself and others, carry first – aid box, identity cards, etc. for emergency.
(iii) Note down information gathered immediately in the book and preserve the book and samples collected carefully.
(iv) Take photographs of sites / people wherever necessary during the field visit.
(v) Safeguard the natural surroundings and the historical monuments during the visit.
(vi) Do not litter and cause any inconvenience or harm to anybody.

Question 6.
Collect more information about mud and wood houses. (Dhabyachi ghare)
Answer:
(i) Dhabyachi ghare or mud and wood houses are made of earth mixed with water and organic materials such as straw or dung. The roof is made up of wood.
(ii) Straw is useful in binding the brick together and allowing the brick to dry evenly, thereby preventing cracking due to uneven shrinkage through the brick. Dung offers the same advantage.
(iii) These houses are built in the low rainfall areas of Maharashtra e.g. Vidarbha, Marathwada.

Question 7.
Obtain information regarding Multi-purpose Projects.
Answer:
(i) Projects which serve more than one purpose are called as Multipurpose Projects.
(ii) Multi purpose Projects are planned for various purposes like irrigation and hydropower generation, water supply for drinking and industrial purpose, flood control, navigation etc.
(iii) For e.g. Bhakra Nangal Multipurpose Project on River Sutlej, Jayakwadi Multipurpose Project on River Godavari, etc.

Question 8.
‘Vegetation is an indicator of difference in precipitation’. What are the other indicators of difference in precipitation?
Answer:
(i) Crops grown in a particular region can be one of the indicators of precipitation.

(ii) The type of houses found in the region is an indicator of precipitation. For e.g. in low rainfall regions, flat roof houses are found whereas in heavy rainfall regions houses have slanting roofs.

(iii) Texture and colour of the soil, humidity in the air, etc. are indicators of precipitation.

(iv) As temperatures rises, more people will need to keep cool by using air conditioner, which uses a lot of electricity. So, consumption of energy is another indicator of precipitation.

(v) Animal life can also be affected. If the climate is not suitable – (too wet, too dry, or too cold in winter) – plants and the animals that depend upon them for food or habitat will struggle or die.

Question 9.
How will the terrain below appear to the birds from the sky?
Answer:
(i) To the birds flying in the sky, the terrain will look like a flat land.
(ii) Every object on the terrain will look very small in size.

Question 10.
Out of which process has the plateau of Maharashtra formed? What is the main type of rock seen here?
Answer:
(i) The Deccan Plateau was formed due to volcanic eruptions.
(ii) The Deccan Plateau is made up of basalt rock.

Question 11.
Guess in which season of the year is the field visit being undertaken?
Answer:
The following points tell us that the field visit is being undertaken in the rainy season.
(i) Paddy fields are visible.
(ii) Waterfalls are seen in the Sahyadris.

Question 12.
What is the concept of ‘Devrai’?
Answer:

• Devrai means sacred groves / patch of forest.
• In Maharashtra small patches of forest in the Ghats are protected by local people.
• It is based on the understanding that all creations of nature have to be protected. Such beliefs have preserved several virgin forests in pristine form.
• These patches of forests or parts of large forests have been left untouched by the local people and any interference with them is banned.

Question 13.
What precautions have to be taken while going to the sea coast?
Answer:
The following precautions must be taken while going to the sea coast:

• Sun exposure at the sea is quite high. So, bring sunglasses and a hat to beat the sun’s rays and prevent sunburn.
• Consult the local people before entering the sea water.
• Avoid going beaches if there’s lightning in the forecast.
• Don’t go in deep water, if you do not know to swim.
• Beware of the waves, some are more powerful than you think.
• Don’t climb edges of rocks to click photographs, as they may be slippery.
• Be sure to bring plenty of water.
• Do not wear expensive watches and jewellery when going to the sea coast.

Question 14.
What is the simplest method of understanding the timings of the tides?
Answer:

• Tides are defined as the rise and fall of sea levels, caused by the combined effects of gravitational forces of the Moon, the Sun and the rotation of Earth.
• The simplest method of understanding the timings of the tides is by asking the local people.
• One can also do the same through observation, This tidal range typically changes twice daily.
• Since the lunar high tides occur every 12 hours and 25 minutes, which means that it takes 6 hours and 12.5 minutes to go from high tide to low tide or vice versa.

Question 15.
What type of photographs will you click with respect to the field visit?
Answer:

• The type of photographs to be clicked will depend on the purpose and place to visit.
• If the purpose of field visit is to study landforms then we will click pictures of mountains slopes, plateaus and plains.
• If the purpose of the visit is to study a forest, then we will click pictures of vegetation, dominant trees, wild animals, etc.
• Similarly, if we are visiting a village it would be settlements, agricultural fields, roads, irrigation, schools, etc.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Field Visit Additional Important Questions and Answers

Short Answers:

Question 1.
It is necessary to take items required for field visit and the questionnaires along with us.
Answer:
(i) We need to carry various items for field visit.
(ii) For e.g. – A camera is required for clicking photographs, GPS enabled mobile phone and also maps to know directions and locate various places.
(iii) Questionnaire helps to collect the information. So, it is necessary to take items required for field visit and the questionnaires along with us.

Question 2.
Prepare a questionnaire of atleast 8 questions with an aim to visit the meteorological department.
Answer:
(i) How many departments are there in the Meteorological office?
(ii) What is the role of each department?
(iii) How and when is the maximum and minimum temperature measured?
(iv) Which instrument is used to measure rainfall?
(v) How do satellites play an important role in the weather forecast?
(vi) Are drones used by the meteorological department?
(vii) What are the total number of employees?
(viii) Are all the weather forecasts accurate?

Question 3.
What steps will you take to manage the litter during field visit?
Answer:
(i) During a field visit, we must ensure that we do not throw litter out of the window while travelling and also we do not throw any trash or litter around us.
(ii) We must use the dustbins for throwing empty j packets of snacks, empty water bottles, left-over food items, etc.
(iii) Also one must try to keep the surroundings clean by segregating wet and dry waste.
(iv) We can also avoid usage of plastic bags and instead, can make use of jute or cloth bags. Following discipline is very important during a field visit.

10th Std Geography Questions And Answers:

• Field Visit Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Location and Extent Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Physiography and Drainage Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Climate Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Population Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Human Settlements Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Economy and Occupations Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Tourism, Transport and Communication Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Geography Solutions Chapter 8 Economy and Occupations Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Std 10 Geography Chapter 8 Question Answer Economy and Occupations Maharashtra Board

Class 10 Geography Chapter 8 Economy and Occupations Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Geography Class 10 Chapter 8 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. Fill in the blank with appropriate word.

Question a.
India’s per capita income is less than Brazil due to _______.
(a) low national income
(b) massive population
(c) big family size
(d) low foodgrain production
Answer:
(b) massive population

Question b.
The economy of Brazil is mainly dependent on ______ the activities.
(a) primary
(b) secondary
(c) tertiary
(d) quaternary
Answer:
(c) tertiary

Question c.
The economics of India and Brazil are of the _____ type
(a) undeveloped
(b) developed
(c) developing
(d) highly developed
Answer:
(c) developing

2. Answer the following questions:

Question a.
Why has mining not developed in the western part of Brazil?
Answer:
(i) Most of the western part of Brazil is covered by the thick dense equatorial rainforests of the Amazon Basin.
(ii) Inaccessibility, poor transport links, unfavourable climate, heavy rainfall are the main barriers for mining in this part.
(iii) Moreover, lack of knowledge of potential reserves of resources is the other factor which has led to limitations in mining in the western part of Brazil.
(iv) Therefore, mining is not developed in the western part of Brazil.

Question b.
What are the similarities and differences in the fishing activities in Brazil and India.
Answer:
Similarities:

• In Brazil and India fishing activity is developed near the coastal areas.
• In both the countries, marine fishing is well- developed.

Differences:

• In India, fresh water fishing is practised, whereas in Brazil due to unfavourable conditions, fresh water fishing is not developed.
• The meeting of the warm Brazil current and the cold Falkland current, off the coast of South-East Brazil makes it a good fishing ground. In India such currents do not come together but due to other favourable conditions fishing has been developed.
• Major fishes of Brazil are swordfish, shrimp, lobsters and sardines.
• Major fishes of India are mackerel, bombay duck, prawns, horse mackerels, clupeids, silver bellies and sardines.

3. Give reasons:

Question a.
Per capita land availability is more in Brazil as compared to India.
Answer:

• India occupies 2.4% land area of the world and supports 17.5% of the world’s total population.
• Brazil occupies 5.6% of land area of the world and supports only 2.75% of the world’s total population.
• Average density of population in India is about 382 persons per sq. km. while average density of population in Brazil is around 23 persons per sq. km.
• Thus Brazil’s population is lesser than India, but it occupies a larger land area than India.
• So, the per capita land availability is more in Brazil as compared to India.

Question b.
There is mixed economy in Brazil and India.
Answer:

• In a mixed economy there is a co-existence of public sector and private sector.
• In Brazil, sectors like health, banking, telecommunications, railways and airways are owned and managed by both public and private sectors.
• In India railways is largely a public sector whereas all the other sectors are owned and managed by both private and public sectors.
• So it is said that there is a mixed economy in Brazil and India.

4. Study the following graph and analyse in short.

Answer:
(i) This is a compound bar graph showing the contribution of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors to the national income of India and Brazil.
(ii) It also shows the percentage of population engaged in these sectors.
(iii) The contribution of primary, secondary and tertiary sector to India’s national income is about 17%, 26% and 57% respectively.
(iv) Whereas the contribution of primary, secondary and tertiary sector to Brazil’s national income is about 5%, 28% and 67% respectively.
(v) The population engaged in primary, secondary and tertiary sector of India is about 49% 24% and 27% respectively.
(vi) The population engaged in primary, secondary and tertiary sector of Brazil is about 10%, 19% and 71% respectively.
(vii) Thus it is understood clearly from the graph that Brazil is not an agrarian economy like India.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 8 Economy and Occupations Intext Questions and Answers

Give It a Try

Read the following graph and answer the following questions:
Gross National Incomes (GNI) from 1960 to 2016 (in million US. $)

Question 1.
Which country’s national income was the highest in 2016 and how much was it?
Answer:
USA’s national income was highest in 2016. It was approx. U.S. $ 18000 million.

Question 2.
Comparing India and Brazil, which country had a higher national income in 1980?
Answer:
Brazil had a higher national income in 1980, as compared to India.

Question 3.
Comparing India and Brazil, which country had a higher national income in 2016?
Answer:
Comparing India and Brazil, India had a higher national income.in 2016.

Question 4.
Tell the difference between the GNP of Brazil and India in 2016.
Answer:
The difference between the GNP of Brazil and India in 2016 is approximately US $ 300 million. (India : $ 2000 million – Brazil: $ 1700 million)

Question 5.
Name the developing and developed economies based on the graph?
Answer:
India and Brazil are developing economies and the USA is a developed economy.

Question 6.
Calculate the difference between the national incomes of developed and developing countries , in 2016.
Answer:
The difference between the national incomes of developed and developing countries in 2016 was nearly U.S. $ 16500 million.
(US: $18500 million – India, Brazil: $ 2000 million)

Try this

Question 1.
A table regarding the ownership of various sectors in both the countries is given. Like Brazil, fill the details regarding India and complete the table.
Answer:

S.No	India	Sector	Brazil
(1)	Private and Public both	Banking	Private and public both
(2)	Largely Public	Railways	Private and public both
(3)	Largely Private Little Public	Airways	Private and public both
(4)	Private and Public both	Electricity production	Largely public
(5)	Private and Public both	Iron and Steel Industry	Largely public
(6)	Private and Public both	Health	Private and public both
(7)	Largely Private and Public	Education	Largely public, little private
(8)	Largely Private and little Public	Telecomm­ unications	Private and public both

Let’s Recall

Question 1.
Classify the following activities by ticking ( ✓ ) in the respective column
Answer:

S.No	Activities	Primary	Secondary	Tertiary
(1)	Television Broadcasting			✓
(2)	Bee-keeping	✓
(3)	Coir and Rope making	✓
(4)	Jaggery – making		✓
(5)	Producing blades of the plough		✓
(6)	Construction		✓
(7)	Extracting Iron Ore	✓
(8)	Automobile Production		✓
(9)	Rice Production	✓
(10)	Teaching			✓
(11)	Driving buses			✓
(12)	Providing lodging and boarding facilities			✓

Question 2.
Name the warm and cold ocean currents near the Brazilian coast.
Answer:
Warm ocean current: Brazil current Cold ocean current: Falkland current

Question 3.
Read the following table and answer the following questions.

Export, Import and Balance of Trade (Value in US $)
	India		Brazil
Year	Exports	Imports	Exports	Imports
2009-10	178751.4	288372.9	152994.7	127647.3
2010-11	251136	369770	197356.4	180458.8
2011-12	304623.53	489181.3	256038.7	226243.4
2012-13	214099.8,	361271.9	242579.8	223749.1

Question (1).
What is balance of trade?
Answer:
Balance of trade is the difference between the value of a nation’s exports and imports for a certain period.

Question (2).
Tell the types of balance of trades.
Answer:
There are three types of balance of trade they are as follows:

• Unfavourable balance of trade: The value of imports is more than the value of exports.
• Favourable balance of trade: The value of exports is more than the value of imports.
•  Balanced trade: The value of exports and imports is almost the same.

Question (3).
In which country do export exceed the imports in all the years?
Answer:
In Brazil, export exceeds the import in all the years.

Question (4).
Brazil’s balance of trade belongs to which type?
Answer:
Brazil has a ‘favourable balance of trade’ or ‘surplus trade’.

Question (5).
India’s balance of trade belongs to which type?
Answer:
India has an ‘unfavourable balance of trade’ or ’trade deficit’.

Question 4.
With the help of the pie chart given in Fig. , mention what is the contribution of secondary activities in Brazil’s GDP is.

Answer:
The secondary activities contribute 27.5% in Brazil’s GDP.

Activity:

Question 1.
Look at the pie-charts carefully and answer the following questions:

Question (1).
Which country has a higher percentage of population engaged in primary activities?
Answer:
India has a higher percentage of population engaged in primary activities (48.8%).

Question (2).
In which country is the contribution of tertiary sector greater in the GDP?
Answer:
The contribution of tertiary sector is greater in Brazil’s GDP (67%).

Question (3).
In which country is the share of secondary activities more in the GDP?
Answer:
The contribution of secondary activities is more in Brazil’s GDP (27.5%).

Question (4).
Can we say that Brazil is an agrarian economy like India? Give reasons.
Answer:
(i) Brazil is not an agrarian economy like India.
(ii) This is because 71% of its population is engaged in the tertiary sector and it contributes 67% in GDP.

Question 2.
Use the following table and make a polyline graph with the help of computer

Country Name/Year	1960	1980	2000	2016
Brazil	240	2010	3060	8840
India	90	280	450	1680
USA	3250	14230	37470	56280

Answer:

Question 3.
Observe the map of Mining and answer the following questions:

Question (1)
Prepare a table of mining products and regions of production in Brazil.
Answer:

Mining products	Regions of production in Brazil
Manganese	North, east
Bauxite	Coastal region
Iron-Ore	Central, south-east
Coal	South

Question (2)
In which part of Brazil has mining activity not developed? What could be the reasons?
Answer:
Mining activity has not developed in the western part of Brazil.

Question (3)
Considering the availability of resources, where has the development of industries occurred?
Answer:
Considering the availability of resources development has occurred mainly in the coastal regions of north-east and south-east of Brazil.

Question 4.
Observe the map of Fishing and answer the following questions:

Question (1)
Can you give two reasons for concentration of fishing near the south-eastern coast of Brazil?
Answer:
Fishing is done on a large scale near the south-eastern coast of Brazil as it is the region where the warm Brazil current and the cold Falkland current meet making the conditions favourable for it to develop as a good fishing ground.

Question (2)
Inland fishing is not developed in Brazil though there are large number of rivers in Brazil. Can you think of a reason?
Answer:
(i) The Amazon River Basin is very vast with a dense growth of equatorial forests, making it largely inaccessible.
(ii) The methods of inland fishing followed are quite traditional and primitive.
These are some of the reasons why inland fishing is not developed in Brazil, though there are large number of rivers.

Question 5.
Observe the logos given and answer the questions.

Question (1)
Identify the industries with which they are associated.
Answer:
(i) Oil and Natural Gas Corporation – Oil and natural gas exploration and production .
(ii) Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd. (RINL) – Steel production.
(iii) Aarey – Dairy and dairy products.
(iv) Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW) – Electric locomotive manufacturing.
(v) Maharashtra Agro Industries Development Corporation (Limited) MAIDC – Production of pesticides, fertilizers, animal feed, agro-engineering (introducing new kinds of farm implements, sale and repair of tractors, harvesters etc.) and processing food (like jams, jellies and sauces).
(vi) Khadi and Village industries Commission
(KVIC)-Establishment and development of khadi and village Industries in rural areas.
(vii) Central Silk Board (CSB) – Silk production.
(viii) Rashtriya Chemical and Fertilizers Ltd. (RCF) Chemical and fertilizer production

Question (2)
Which raw material is used for these industries. Classify them accordingly.
Answer:

Classification	Industries	Raw materials
Agro-based industries	Maharashtra Agro-industries Development Corporation Ltd.	Seeds, raw materials required for the production of pesticides, fertilisers
	Khadiand Village Industries Commission	Cotton, silk and wool
Animal product – based industries	Aarey	Milk
	Central Silk . Board (CSB)	Silk
Minerals and metal-based industries	Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC)	Crude oil and natural gas
	Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd. (RINL)	Iron ore and coal
	Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW)	Iron and steel and aluminium
	Rashtriya Chemical and Fertilizers Ltd. (RCF)	Chemicals and different minerals

Question (3)
From which part of India do they get these raw materials? Discuss and write.
Answer:
(i) Iron ore, coal, limestone etc.: Chhota Nagpur plateau area of Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra etc.
(ii) Natural Gas: Krishna-Godavari Basin.
Mumbai High, in Arabian Sea.
(iii) Mineral Oil: Mumbai High in Arabian sea, Digboi in Assam, Ankleshwar in Gujarat.
(iv) Milk: Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Maharashtra, Punjab, Gujarat etc.
(v) Cotton: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh.
(vi) Silk: Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Jammu and Kashmir.

Think about It

Question 1.
Which type of occupations gives a boost to the development of a country’s economy?
Answer:
Secondary and tertiary occupations give a boost to the development of a country’s economy.

Make Friends With Maps

Look at the map given in Fig. The major primary occupations in Brazil are shown here. Discuss the following points and write your observations.

Question 1.
In which part of Brazil is coffee mainly produced?
Answer:
Coffee is mainly produced in the South and South-east part of Brazil.

Question 2.
Which food crops are mainly produced in Brazil?
Answer:
Rice, soyabean and corn are the food crops mainly produced in Brazil.

Question 3.
Can you relate the production of these crops with the climate there?
Answer:

• Brazil has a wide range of climatic variation.
• Rice requires hot and humid climate with heavy rainfall. So it is grown in the coastal region.
• Corn grows well in the central parts of Brazil, because the climate there is hot and dry.

Question 4.
Where are the rubber plantations concentrated?
Answer:
The rubber plantations are concentrated in the north western part in the Amazon River Basin area.

Question 5.
Complete the table.
Answer:

Types of crops	Crops	Areas of Prodution
Food crops	Corn / Maize	Central
	Rice	coastal region
Cash crops	Coffee	South east
	Sugarcane	Central, East
	Cocoa	East
	Rubber	North
	Soyabean	South
Fruits and Vegetables	Bananas	coastal region.
	Oranges	East, Central

Note : Areas of the production Each one has a different area. Difficult to point out one area for all the varieties of cash crops, food crops and rice.

Use Your Brain Power

Question 1.
If Rajasthan does not have a coastal area, then how does it produce salt?
Answer:
(i) Rajasthan does not have a coastline, but it still produces salt because of the Sambhar Lake, which is India’s largest inland salt lake.
(ii) Salt is produced on a large scale here due to high proportion of salt in Sambhar Lake and high rate evaporation.

Colours Of Both

Question 1.
Indo-Brazil ties: Answer the following.

Question (1)
What does BRICS stand for?
Answer:
BRICS stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.

Question (2)
When was it established?
Answer:
BRIC was established in June 2006. South Africa was inducted in 2010. Then it became BRICS.

Question (3)
What are the objectives of this bloc?
Answer:
The main objectives of BRICS are:

• To achieve regional development.
• To act as a bridge between developed and developing countries by providing financial assistance and support in various infrastructure projects.

Question (4)
The countries of which continent are not a member of this bloc?
Answer:
The countries of North America and Australia are not a member of this bloc.

Question (5)
In which continents do the member countries lie?
Answer:
The member countries lie in the continents of Europe, South America, Africa and Asia.

Question 2.
Study the graphs and answer the following questions on

Question (1)
In which years did the value of exports to Brazil exceed the imports from Brazil?
Answer:
In the years 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014 and 2015 the value of exports to Brazil have exceeded the imports from Brazil.

Question (2)
In which year was trade with Brazil the most favourable of all?
Answer:
Trade with Brazil was most favourable in the year 2013.

Question (3)
Comment upon the Balance of Trade in the year 2013.
Answer:
(i) The value of Balance of Trade between India and Brazil was maximum in the year 2013.
(ii) Also, the Balance of Trade was in India’s favour.

Question (4)
From which year the value of exports to Brazil have exeeded the value of import from Brazil?
Answer:
From 2010 to 2015 (except 2012).

Question (5)
Write a note on the trade between Brazil and India.
Answer:
(i) Trade between India and Brazil has not been consistent.
(ii) Most of the time the trade has been favourable for India, with exports more than imports.
(iii) In 2015, India-Brazil trade has shown a downfall with both imports and exports at an all-time low.

Question (6)
In which year was the value of exports to Brazil the maximum?
Answer:
The value of exports to Brazil was the maximum in 2014.

Give It A Try

Question 1.
The following images are related to agricultural activities. Identify and write whether they are practised in Brazil or India.


Answer:
(i) In the first image, coffee plantation is seen. It is found mainly in Brazil. In India, coffee plantation are seen in the South Indian states of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

(ii) The second image is of the Tea plantation. It is mainly found in India, in Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

(iii) In the third image, shifting agriculture is seen. It is also called ‘Slash and Burn’ agriculture. In this method, the land under forests is cleared by cutting and burning. On this patch of land, subsistence type of agriculture is practised for the next few years.

Once this patch of land loses fertility; another patch of land is brought under shifting cultivation. It is mainly practiced in Brazil and in some parts of India.

In the fourth image, paddy cultivation is seen and it is mainly practiced in India where there is heavy sufficient and irrigation rainfall.

Try This

Question 1.
Show the distribution of crops like wheat, jowar, rice, cotton, sugarcane, tea, jute, coffee and rubber, apple in the outline map of India using symbols. Name the map.
Answer:

Find Out

Question 1.
Obtain information regarding pisciculture in India with the help of internet and reference books and write a note.
Answer:

• Breeding, rearing and transplantation of fish by artificial means is called pisciculture. It is also called fish farming.
• Fishes are raised in tanks or enclosures for commercial reasons.
• Pisciculture in India is increasing rapidly due to the increasing demand for fish and fish products.
• Indian climate is suitable for practising pisciculture. Wide variety of fish species are raised in the fish farms, e.g. salmon, carp, catfish.
• Due to availability of abundant labour and water sources like lakes, ponds, rivers, etc, pisciculture has become easier.
• Employment opportunities are created due to pisciculture.
• Banks offer loans for those interested in this business.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 8 Economy and Occupations Additional Important Questions and Answers

Choose the correct option and rewrite the statements:

Question 1.
India has a/an ________ national income as Compared to Brazil.
(a) higher
(b) lower
(c) equal
(d) very low
Answer:
(a) higher

Question 2.
In Brazil, ______ is the main occupation of the people living in the highlands and coastal areas.
(a) agriculture
(b) mining
(c) animal rearing
(d) sericulture
Answer:
(a) agriculture

Question 3.
The main cereal crops grown in Brazil are ______ and maize.
(a) wheat
(b) barley
(c) oat
(d) rice
Answer:
(d) rice

Question 4.
Production of maize is largely concentrated in the _____ part of Brazil.
(a) western
(b) northern
(c) southern
(d) central
Answer:
(d) central

Question 5.
Brazil is the largest exporter of coffee and ______ in the world.
(a) rubber
(b) cocoa
(c) soyabean
(d) maize
Answer:
(c) soyabean

Question 6.
The major states growing coffee are _______ and Sao Paulo.
(a) Rio de Janeiro
(b) Minas Gerais
(c) Para
(d) Parana
Answer:
(b) Minas Gerais

Question 7.
Coffee farms are called _____ in Brazil
(a) para
(b) fazendas
(c) Cerrado
(d) Savannah
Answer:
(b) fazendas

Question 8.
Cattle, sheep and goats are reared in the _____ of the South of Brazil.
(a) Amazon Basin
(b) Parana River basin
(c) Savannah grasslands
(d) Coastal areas
Answer:
(c) Savannah grasslands

Question 9.
The eastern part of Brazil is rich in various types of _____.
(a) crops
(b) animals
(c) minerals
(d) forests
Answer:
(c) minerals

Question 10.
Inaccessibility, lack of knowledge of ________ potential reserves, dense forests are factors which have led to limitation in in the interior parts of Brazil.
(a) agriculture
(b) mining
(c) agro- forestry
(d) fishing
Answer:
(b) mining

Question 11.
Due to the increasing demand in the country, mining has developed well in the ______ region of Brazil.
(a) coastal
(b) highland
(c) mountainous
(d) equatorial forest
Answer:
(b) highland

Question 12.
Brazil has a sea coast of around 7,400 km and excellent fishing grounds off the ____ coast.
(a) South Atlantic
(b) North Atlantic
(c) South Pacific
(d) North Pacific
Answer:
(a) South Atlantic

Question 13.
The meeting of the warm Brazil current and the cold Falkland current off the coast of South-east Brazil make it a good ______.
(a) fishing ground
(b) offshore oil rig
(c) ocean transport route
(d) fishermen’s settlement
Answer:
(a) fishing ground

Question 14.
Traditionally, in Brazil, fishing has been carried on by small groups of individual fishermen using _____ techniques and equipment.
(a) scientific
(b) modern
(c) primitive
(d) latest
Answer:
(c) primitive

Question 15.
The fish resources of the _____ river are not exploited much and fishing only takes place on a small scale.
(a) Parana
(b) Sao Francisco
(c) Paraguay
(d) Amazon
Answer:
(d) Amazon

Question 16.
Around 60% of land in India is under ________.
(a) cultivation
(b) industries
(c) forestry
(d) mining
Answer:
(a) cultivation

Question 17.
Indian agriculture is mainly _______ type.
(a) commercial
(b) mechanized
(c) subsistence
(d) extensive
Answer:
(c) subsistence

Question 18.
In the coastal areas of India, ______ forms an important part of the diet of many people.
(a) wheat
(b) fish
(c) lobsters
(d) millets
Answer:
(b) fish

Question 19.
Horse mackerels, clupeids and silver bellies are important varieties of ________
(a) crops
(b) fish
(c) millets
(d) cereals
Answer:
(b) fish

Question 20.
Among the freshwater varieties of fish, _______ is a major one.
(a) Sardines
(b) Mackerel
(c) Bombay Duck
(d) Silver Bellies Carp (Chopda)
Answer:
(d) Silver Bellies Carp (Chopda)

Question 21.
In India, the _____ plateau is a big store house of minerals.
(a) Malwa
(b) Bundelkhand
(c) Baghelkhand
(d) Chhota Nagpur
Answer:
(d) Chhota Nagpur

Question 22.
Coal is mined in ____ in Chhattisgarh and in eastern Maharashtra.
(a) Korba
(b) Cuddapah
(c) Digboi
(d) Kalol
Answer:
(a) Korba

Question 23.
Mineral oil wells are found in _____ in Assam.
(a) Korba
(b) Koyali
(c) Digboi
(d) Kalol
Answer:
(c) Digboi

Question 24.
Reserves of mineral oil and natural gas have been discovered at the mouth of the river _______.
(a) Krishna
(b) Kaveri
(c) Godavari
(d) Mahanadi
Answer:
(c) Godavari

Question 25.
Stones like marble are found in Rajasthan and Cuddapah in ______.
(a) Andhra Pradesh
(b) Arunachal Pradesh
(c) Himachal Pradesh
(d) Uttar Pradesh
Answer:
(a) Andhra Pradesh

Question 26.
Traditionally, the poorest part of Brazil is the ______.
(a) north-east
(b) south
(c) north-west
(d) central
Answer:
(a) north-east

Question 27.
The north-eastern part of the Indian Peninsula has a very high concentration of _____ industries.
(a) chemical
(b) metallurgical
(c) canning
(d) fruit processing
Answer:
(b) metallurgical

Question 28.
The coastal belt of _______ has a heavy concentration of coir, copra and fish canning industries.
(a) Kerala
(b) Goa
(c) Karnataka
(d) Maharashtra
Answer:
(a) Kerala

Question 29.
Many refineries are situated close to the petroleum producing areas whereas Mathura and _______ refineries are in the interior, away from the oil producing areas.
(a) Digboi
(b) Bongaigaon
(c) Barauni
(d) Koyali
Answer:
(c) Barauni

Question 30.
Among the minerals, Brazil mainly exports _____.
(a) coal
(b) gold
(c) iron ore
(d) manganese
Answer:
(c) iron ore

Question 31.
The main trading partner of Brazil among the Gulf countries is _______.
(a) Bahrain
(b) Saudi Arabia
(c) Kuwait
(d) Iran
Answer:
(b) Saudi Arabia

Question 32.
India’s major trading partners from the continent of Europe are the UK and _______.
(a) Italy
(b) France
(c) Germany
(d) Greece
Answer:
(c) Germany

Match the columns:

Question 1.

S.No	Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1)	Rice and maize	(a) Commercial crops of Brazil
(2)	Tea and mangoes	(b) Cereal crops of Brazil
(3)	Cotton and jute	(c) India’s imports
(4)	Coffee, cocoa, rubber,soyabean	(d)      India’s exports (e)      India’s cash crops

Answer:
1 – b
2 – d
3 – e

Question 2.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1) Kachchh	(a) Kerala
(2) Coromandal coast	(b) North east India
(3) Malabar coast	(c) Near Maharashtra
(4) Mumbai High	(d) South east India (e) Western coast

Answer:
1 – e
2 – d
3 – a
4 – c

Question 3.

Column ‘A’	Column ’B’	Column ‘C’
(1) Coal	(a) Digboi	(i) Andhra Pradesh
(2) Mineral oil well	(b) Coastal belt	(ii) Chhattisgarh
(3) Stones	(c) Korba	(iii) Kaveri
(4) Mineral oil and Natural gas	(d) River mouth	(iv) Assam
(5) Coir and copra	(e) Cuddapah	(v) Godavari
	(f) Estuary	(vi) Kerala

Answer:
1 – c – ii
2 – a – iv
3 – e – i
4 – d – v
5 – b – vi

Question 4.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1) Coir, copra and fish canning	(a) Mathura
(2) Salt	(b) Gujarat
(3) Oil refineries	(c) Kerala
(4) Stones	(d) Barauni
	(e) Andhra Pradesh

Answer:
1 – c
2 – b
3 – d
4 – e

Answer the following in one sentence:

Question 1.
Which currency is mainly used for international trade?
Answer:
US dollar is the currency which is mainly used for international trade.

Question 2.
Name the sectors of Brazil in which Indian companies have invested money.
Answer:
Information technology, pharmaceuticals, energy, agro-business, mining, engineering, automobiles, etc. are the sectors of Brazil in which Indian companies have invested money.

Question 3.
Name the sectors of India in which Brazilian companies have invested money.
Answer:
Automobiles, information technology, mining, energy, bio-fuel, footwear, etc. are the sectors of India in which Brazilian companies have invested capital.

Question 4.
Which type of occupations give a boost to the development of a country’s economy ?
Answer:
Tertiary occupation give a boost to the development of a country’s economy.

Name the following:

Question 1.
Factors making it possible for growing a variety of crops in Brazil.
Answer:
Favourable climate and topography.

Question 2.
The main cereal crops of Brazil.
Answer:
Rice and maize

Question 3.
The production of this cereal crop is largely concentrated in the central part of Brazil.
Answer:
Maize.

Question 4.
The major commercial crops of Brazil.
Answer:
Coffee, cocoa, rubber, soyabean and sugarcane.

Question 5.
The largest exporter of coffee and soyabean in the world.
Answer:
Brazil.

Question 6.
The major coffee-growing states of Brazil.
Answer:
Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo.

Question 7.
Fruits are grown in Brazil.
Answer:
Bananas, pineapples, oranges and other citrus fruits.

Question 8.
The region in Brazil where cattle, sheep and goats are reared.
Answer:
Savannah grasslands in the south.

Question 9.
Two factors that have led to limitations in mining in the interior parts of Brazil.
Answer:

• Inaccessibility due to dense forests
• Lack of knowledge of potential reserves of resources.

Question 10.
The warm current in the eastern coast of Brazil.
Answer:
Brazil current.

Question 11.
The cold current off the south-eastern coast of Brazil.
Answer:
Falkland current.

Question 12.
The main catches of the fishermen in Brazil.
Answer:
Swordfish, shrimp, lobsters, sardines, etc.

Question 13.
Major food crops produced in India.
Answer:
Rice, wheat, maize, sorghum and millets.

Question 14.
Crops grown in plantation in India.
Answer:
Tea, coffee and rubber.

Question 15.
Major cash crops grown in India.
Answer:
Sugarcane, cotton and jute.

Question 16.
Main type of Indian agriculture.
Answer:
Subsistence.

Question 17.
Maj or fish varieties found in the western coastal region of India.
Answer:
Sardines, mackerel, bombay duck and prawns.

Question 18.
The important varieties of fish on the eastern coast of India.
Answer:
Horse mackerels, clupeids and silver bellied carp.

Question 19.
The major freshwater fish variety in India.
Answer:
Silver bellied carp (chopda).

Question 20.
Places where coal is mined in India.
Answer:
Korba in Chhattisgarh and in Eastern Maharashtra

Question 21.
Places where mineral oil wells are found in India.
Answer:
(i) Digboi in Assam
(ii) Mumbai High in the Arabian Sea near Maharashtra
(iii) Kalol and Koyali in Gujarat.

Question 22.
The name of the river mouth, where reserves of mineral oil and natural gas have been discovered.
Answer:
River Godavari.

Question 23.
The state where stones like marble are found.
Answer:
Rajasthan.

Question 24.
The place/state where stones like Cuddapah are found.
Answer:
Cuddappah in Andhra Pradesh.

Question 25.
The states in which fish forms an important part of the diet of many people living in the coastal areas in India.
Answer:
Kerala, West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Goa and Maharashtra.

Question 26.
States of India where metallic minerals are found.
Answer: Jharkhand, Odisha, adjoining Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, parts of Rajasthan, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

Question 27.
The agro-based industries in India which are heavily concentrated in the raw material- producing areas.
Answer:
Cotton, jute and sugar.

Question 28.
The forest-based industries in India.
Answer:
Paper, plywood, matches, resins and lac.

Question 29.
Industries found in the coastal belt of Kerala in India.
Answer:
Coir, copra and fish canning.

Question 30.
Refineries in India situated close to the petroleum-producing areas.
Answer:
Koyali, Digboi, Noonmati and Bongaigaon.

Question 31.
Refineries in India located away from the coast and oil-producing areas.
Answer:
Mathura and Barauni.

Question 32.
Major salt-producing states in India.
Answer:
Gujarat, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu.

Question 33.
Brazil’s export items.
Answer:
Iron ore, coffee, cocoa, cotton, sugar, tobacco, oranges and bananas.

Question 34.
Brazil’s import items.
Answer:
Machinery, chemical products, fertilizers, wheat, heavy vehicles, mineral oil and lubricants.

Question 35.
Major trading partners of Brazil.
Answer:
Germany, the USA, Canada, Italy and Argentina, Saudi Arabia.

Question 36.
India’s export items.
Answer:
Tea, coffee, mangoes, spices, leather & leather goods, iron ore, cotton and silk textiles etc.

Question 37.
India’s import items.
Answer:
Petroleum, machines, pearls and precious stones, gold and silver, paper, medicines, etc.

Question 38.
India’s major trading partners.
Answer:
The USA, The UK, Germany, Japan, China, Russia, etc.

Distinguish between:

Question 1.
The Indian companies’ investment in Brazil and Brazil’s investment in India.
Answer:

Indian investment in Brazil	Brazilian investment in India
(i) Indian companies have invested a lot of capital in Brazil. (ii) e.g. IT, pharmaceuticals, energy, agri-business, mining, engineering and auto sectors.	(i) Brazilian companies investment in India is smaller.(ii)  e.g. automobiles, IT, mining, energy, biofuels, footwear sectors in India.

Question 2.
Brazil-International Trade and India-International Trade
Answer:

Brazil-International Trade	India-International Trade
(i) Major exports of Brazil are iron-ore, coffee, cocoa, cotton, sugar, tobacco, oranges and bananas. (ii) Major imports of Brazil are machinery, chemical products, fertilizers, wheat, heavy vehicles, mineral oil and lubricants. (iii) Major trading partners of Brazil are Germany, the USA, Canada, Italy, Argentina, India and Saudi Arabia.	(i) Major exports of India are tea, coffee, mangoes, spices, leather and leather goods, iron ore, cotton and silk textiles. (ii) Major imports of India are petroleum, machines, pearls, precious stones, gold and silver, paper, medicines, etc. (iii) Major trading partners of India are the USA, the UK, Germany, Japan, China, Russia, etc.

Question 3.
US Economy and India-Brazil Economies.
Answer:

US Economy	India-Brazil Economy
(i) The US economy is a developed economy. (ii) National income and per capita income of US is far ahead of Brazil and India. (iii) The US has the strength of many patents, modern technology and mechanical strength.	(i) India and Brazil are developing economies. (ii) National income and per capita income of India and Brazil is low. (iii)India and Brazil have just about started progressing in the fields of technology, education and industry.

Mark the following on the outline map:

Question 1.
On the given Political map of Brazil, show the following details (Draw index).

1. Major coffee producing areas of Brazil.
2. The cold and warm ocean current near the Brazilian coast.
3. Important fishing areas in the Northern coast.
4. Important fishing areas in the Eastern coast.

Answer:

Question 2.
Indicate the following on a map of India.

1. The plateau region rich in minerals.
2. Region where coal is mined.
3. State where marble is found.
4. Cudappah stones are found in this state.
5. The state whose coastal belt has a concentration of coir, copra and fish canning industries.
6. Major salt producing state.

Answer:

Question 3.
Locate the following regions on the map of India.

1. Mineral oil wells.
2. Oil refineries close to petroleum producing areas.
3. Oil refineries in the interiors.
4. The mouth of the river where reserves of mineral oil and natural gas have been discovered.

Answer:

Give Geographical Reasons:

Question 1.
Unlike Brazil, India’s agriculture contributes more towards the GDP.
Answer:

• Around 60% of land in India is under cultivation.
• Agriculture has been a long standing activity here with a large chunk of population engaged in it.
• The enormous expanse of level plains, rich soils, high percentage of cultivable land, wide climatic variety, long growing season, etc. provide a strong base for agriculture in India.
• So, unlike Brazil, India’s agriculture contributes more towards the GDP.

Question 2.
Fishing plays an important role in the economy of India.
Answer:

• India has a coastline of about 7500 km.
• India is one of the largest producer of fish, both marine and inland.
• Marine fishing accounts for about 40% of the total annual fish production and the remaining 60% is by freshwater fishing.
• Fisheries help in augmenting food supply, generating employment, raising nutritional level and earning foreign exchange.
• Fish forms an important part of the diet of many people living in all the coastal states.
• Thus, fishing plays a significant role in the economy of the country.

Question 3.
The distribution of industries in India is highly uneven.
Answer:
The distribution of industries is India in highly uneven due to the following reasons:

• Uneven distribution of the necessary raw materials and power resources.
• There is concentration of enterprises, financial resources and other necessary conditions in large towns.

Question 4.
The North Eastern part of the Indian Peninsula has a high concentration of heavy metallurgical industries.
Answer:
The north eastern part of the Indian Peninsula has a high concentration of heavy metallurgical industries because:

• Chattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal are rich in minerals.
• Large quantities of coal deposits, an important raw material in metallurgical industries is available.
• There are availability of refractory materials, cheap power from the Damodar Valley Corporation and a number of thermal power projects.
• There is availability of cheap labour in and around this region.

Question 5.
USA is a developed country.
Answer:
The United States is a developed country because:

• This country has less but a well-educated population.
• It has the strength of many patents, modern technology and mechanical strength.
• USA has a very high national income and per capita income.

Question 6.
Brazil is a good fishing ground.
Answer:
Brazil is a good fishing ground because :

• Brazil has a sea coast of around 7400 km and excellent fishing grounds off the South Atlantic coast.
• The meeting of the warm Brazil current and the cold Falkland current off the coast of South-East Brazil makes it a good fishing ground.

Write short notes on:

Question 1.
Mining in India:
Answer:
(i) The Chhota Nagpur plateau in India is a big storehouse of different minerals. Mining is the main occupation of the people.
(ii) Coal is mined in Korba in Chattisgarh and in Eastern Maharashtra.
(iii) Mineral oil wells are found in Digboi in
Assam, Mumbai High in the Arabian Sea near Maharashtra, Kalol, Koyali in Gujarat.
(iv) Stones like marble are found in Rajasthan and Cuddapah in Andhra Pradesh.

Question 2.
Industries in Brazil:
Answer:
(i) Major industries of Brazil are iron and steel, automobile assembling, petroleum processing, chemical production and cement making.
(ii) Technologically based industries have been the most dynamic in recent years.
(iii) Food-processing industries, cotton textiles, silk and woollen industries have developed well.
(iv) Most large industries are concentrated in the south and south-east of Brazil.

Question 3.
Agro-based and forest-based industries in India.
Answer:
(i) Agro-based industries: The agro-based industries including cotton, jute and sugar are heavily concentrated in the raw material producing areas.
(ii) Forest-based industries: The forest based industries including paper, plywood, matches, resins and lac are increasingly finding mostly found in the forest areas of various states.

10th Std Geography Questions And Answers:

• Field Visit Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Location and Extent Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Physiography and Drainage Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Climate Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Population Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Human Settlements Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Economy and Occupations Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Tourism, Transport and Communication Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Geography Solutions Chapter 6 Population Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Std 10 Geography Chapter 6 Question Answer Population Maharashtra Board

Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Population Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Geography Class 10 Chapter 6 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. Are the following sentences right or wrong? Correct the wrong ones.

Question a.
Literacy rate is higher in Brazil than India.
Answer:
Right.

Question b.
In Brazil, people prefer living in the south east as compared to the north east.
Answer:
Right.

Question c.
The life expectancy of Indians is decreasing.
Answer:
Wrong.

Question d.
The north-western part of India is densely populated.
Answer:
Wrong.

Question e.
The western part of Brazil is densely populated.
Answer:
Wrong

2. Answer the following questions as per the instructions:

Question a.
Arrange the following states of India in descending order of their population. Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh.
Answer:
Descending order: Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh.

Question b.
Arrange the states of Brazil in ascending order of their population: Amazonas, Rio de Janeiro,
Alagoas, Sao Paulo, Parana.
Answer:
States of Brazil: Alagoas, Amazonas, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo.

Question c.
Classify the factors affecting the distribution of population into favourable and unfavourable.
Answer:

Favourable Factors	Unfavourable Factors
(1) Nearness to Sea	Lack of roads
(2) Temperate Climate	Lack of Industries
(3) New cities and towns	Tropical moist forests
(4) Minerals	Semi arid climate
(5) Cultivable land

3. Answer the following questions:

Question a.
Explain the similarities and differences between the population distribution in Brazil and India.
Answer:
(a) Similarities in population distribution in Brazil and India:

• In Brazil as well as in India, population is very unevenly distributed.
• Inaccessible dense forests and absence of facilities are the barriers to human settlements.
• North, north west and north east of both the countries are the regions of low population.
• Population is concentrated in flat fertile regions which have abundant water resources, transport facilities, mild climate and development of agriculture industries and trade in the plain region.
• Coastal regions are densely populated in Brazil and in India.

(b) Differences between population distribution in Brazil and India.

• The average density of population in India is 382 persons per sq.km, and that of Brazil is about 23 persons per sq.km.
• Though the area of both the countries is occupied by vast river basins, the distribution of population is extremely opposite in both the river basins.
• The Amazon River Basin is sparsely populated while the Ganga River Basin is densely populated.

Question b.
Giving examples, correlated to, climate and population distribution
Answer:
Climate and population distribution are closely interreleted. Temperature and rainfall, the two elements of climate greatly influence the population concentration.

(i) Dense population is found in regions with mild climate and moderate rainfall.
E.g. the coastal plains of Brazil, the northern plain as well as the coastal plains of India

(ii) Places with heavy rainfall, inaccessibility and dense forests have low population.
E.g. the interiors of the Amazon Basin in Brazil, north eastern states in India.

(iii) The snow covered regions due to extremely cold climatic conditions have less population.
E.g. the northernmost part of Jammu & Kashmir.

(iv) In certain regions, due to less rainfall and extreme climatic conditions population is sparse.
E.g. Thar desert of Rajasthan and the Drought Quadrilateral region of Brazil.

4. Give geographical reasons:

Question a.
Population is an important resource.
Answer:

• The qualitative aspects of a population are important for a nation’s economic and social progress.
• Natural resources of any country gets utilised properly because of the population.
• Economic growth and development will be slow if population resource is not utilised properly.
• Thus an optimum and quality population can bring about a country’s development.

Question b.
Brazil’s population density is very less.
Answer:

• Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world with respect to area and has a population of about 19 crores (Census 2010).
• It occupies 5.6% of world’s total land area and accounts for only 2.78% of the world’s total population.
• Thus Brazil occupies more percent of world’s land and less percent of world’s total population. Therefore,
• the density of population is very less in Brazil, i.e. around 23 persons per sq.km.

Question c.
India’s population density is high.
Answer:

• India is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of about 121 crores (Census 2011).
• India occupies only 2.41% of the land area of the world, but supports 17.5% of the world’s population.
• Thus India has less percent of world’s land and supports high percent of world’s population.
• Hence, India’s average population density is high i.e. 382 persons per sq. km.

Question d.
The density of population is sparse in the Amazon Basin.
Answer:

• The interior part of the Amazon Basin has a very unfavourable hot and humid climate.
• It receives heavy rainfall of nearly 2000 mm and has dense inaccessible forests.
• Transportation, agricultute and industries are not well developed here.
• All these factors are barriers to the development of human settlements.
• So, the density of population is sparse in the Amazon Basin.

Question e.
Population density is high in the Ganga plains.
Answer:

• Ganga plains are fertile low lying plains formed due to the deposition work of River Ganga and its tributaries.
• Mild climate, moderate rainfall and fertile soil have led to the development of agriculture and industries.
• This region also has a dense network of roadways and railways.
• So, the population density is high in the Ganga Plains.

5. Observe the following diagram and answer the following questions:

Question 5A.
Compare and classify the population densities shown in the figure ‘a’ and ‘b’ representing 1 sq. km. of area.
Answer:
In the fig. (a) density of population is 7 persons per sq. km. The region is sparsely populated.
In the fig. (b), the density of population is 18 persons per sq. km. The region is densely populated.

Question 5B.
If in figure B one sign = 100, then what will be the sex ratio?
Answer:
One symbol = 100 persons
There are 10 female symbols.
Number of females = 100 x 10
= 1000
There are 8 male symbols
Number of males = 100 x 8
= 800

Males	800	1000
Females	1000	?

Number of females = \(\frac { 1000 X 1000 }{ 800 }\)
= 1250
Sex Ratio is 1250 females per 1000 males.

Question 6.
Comment upon the population density of fig (b).
(i) fig (b) shows the population density of India as per 2011.
(ii) The density of population is divided into four categories. They are:
(a) Less than 100 persons per sq.km. .
(b) 101-250 persons per sq.km.
(c) 251-500 persons per sq.km.
(d) more than 500 persons per sq.km.
Answer:

S.No.	Population Density (per sq.km.)	Name of the States / Union Territories
(1)	less than 100	Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim.
(2)	101 to 250	Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh.
(3)	251 to 500	Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, Jharkhand, Assam, Tripura.
(4)	more than 501	West Bengal, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh,Kerala and Tamil Nadu, Delhi, Chandigarh, Puducherry, Diu, Daman, Dadra Nagar, Haveli, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Population Intext Questions and Answers

Study the maps and answer the following questions

Question 1.
States with the highest population density.
Answer:
West Bengal, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

Question 2.
On the basis of maps given above, classify the distribution population in India in the following table.
Answer:

S.No.	Population Density (per sq.km.)	Name of the States / Union Territories
(1)	less than 100	Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim.
(2)	101 to 250	Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh.
(3)	251 to 500	Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, Jharkhand, Assam, Tripura.
(4)	more than 501	West Bengal, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, Delhi, Chandigarh, Puducherry, Diu, Daman, Dadra Nagar, Haveli, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Question 3.
States with lowest population density.
Answer:
Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Mizoram.

Question 4.
Correlate the climate and physiography of India with its population distribution and write a note on it.
Answer:
(i) Climate and population distribution are closely inter-related.

(ii) Temperature and rainfall are the two elements of climate which greatly influence the population distribution.

(iii) Dense population is found in regions with mild climate and moderate rainfall.
E.g. the northern plain as well as the coastal plains of India

(iv) Places with heavy rainfall, inaccessibility and dense forests have low population.
E.g. northeastern states in India.

(v) The snow-covered regions due to extremely cold climatic conditions have less population.
E.g. the northernmost part of Jammu and Kashmir.

(vi) In certain regions, due to less rainfall and extreme climatic conditions population is sparse.
E.g. Westernmost part of India in the Thar desert, Rajasthan.

Question 1.
In which area is population greatly concentrated?
Answer:
Population is greatly concentrated in the south eastern part of Brazil.

Question 2.
In which area is the distribution of population sparse?
Answer:
The Amazon Basin in the nothern part and the central and western parts of Brazil have sparse distribution of population.

Question 3.
Prepare a note on factors responsible for the uneven distribution of population based on the study of Brazil you have made so far.
Answer:
The distribution of population in Brazil is uneven:

• There is sparse population in the Amazon Basin due to hot and humid climate, heavy rainfall, dense forests, inaccessibility.
• The population is low in the swampy areas of Pantanal.
• Low population is found in the central and western part of Brazil due to lack of minerals, low rainfall, hot and dry climatic conditions.
• The distribution of population is moderate in Brazilian Highlands.
• High population is found in the coastal regions and the southern part of Brazil. This is due to flat fertile land and abundant availability of minerals due to which agriculture, industries and trade have developed.

Question 4.
Identify the type of map showing distribution fig. (a) of textbook.
Answer:
The type of map showing distribution of population is a dot map.

Question 5.
On the basis of the map (b), classify the distribution of population in Brazil in the following table.:

S. No.	Population Density	Names of the places
(1)	Less than 50	Acre, Amazonas, Roraima, Rondonia, Para, Amapa, Mata Grasso, Mato Grasso Do Sul, Goias, Tocantins, Maranhao, Piaui, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Rio Gande Do Sul
(2)	51 -100	Paraiba, Pamambuco, Parana, Santa Catarina, Sergipe, Rio Grande Do Norte, Ceara
(3)	101 -150	Alagoas
(4)	151 – 300	Sao Paulo
(5)	More than 300	Rio de Janerio, Brasilia

USE YOUR BRAIN POWER

Question 1.
Calculate the population density of the area shown in 1 sq.km, of square in ‘a’ and ‘b’ each

Answer:
(a) In fig. (a) there are 16
Each = 80 people
Total number of people = 16 x 80 = 1280
Fig. (a) has a population density of 1280 people per sq. km.

(b) In fig. (b) there are 23
Each = 80 people
Total number of people = 23 x 80 = 1840
Fig. (b) has a population density of 1840 people per sq. km.

GIVE IT A TRY

Question 1.
What could be the reasons of lower sex ratio in any region?
Answer:
With reference to both the countries, the characteristics of population are prominently notable.

• The sex ratio of Brazil has been more than 1000 since decades.
• Considering the sex ratio of Brazil, the number of women have considerably increaesed than men since 2001.
• In India men outnumber women.
• In India we see fluctuations in the sex ratio since few decades. There has been a slight increase in the sex ratio after 1991.

Question 2.
Write a similar conversation using the graph

Answer:
A: What do these graphs show?

B: These graphs show the literacy rate of India and Brazil.

A: What do you mean by literacy rate?

B: It means the total percentage of the population of an area at a particular time aged seven years or above ‘ who can read and write with understanding.

A: It means that, as on today’s date, the literacy rate of our country is 72.2%.

B: But, Brazil had an even higher literacy rate decades back in 1981, i.e. 74.6% and it has touched 92.6 as of today (2018), which is quite commendable.

A: Yes, definitely But, we have also seen a steady growth in the literacy rate of the country, especially, during the period between 1991 and 2011.

B: Still, though we are growing, we are way behind Brazil today with 72.2% because they have a much higher literacy percentage of 92.6.

A: What measures can be adopted to increase the literacy rate of our country?

B: We can make people aware of the need and importance of education, help in teaching them, introducing various literacy campaigns by making use of free calls, free sms services, etc.

Question 3.
Study the indices of density maps of both the countries. What difference do you find? What conclusions can you draw?

Answer:
(i) India’s density of population is proportionately catered while Brazil’s density of population is concentrated only on the eastern coast.
(ii) After studying the indices of the density maps of both the countries, we can conclude that India’s population density is much higher than that of Brazil.
(iii) The lowest value on the map of India indicates less than 100 whereas on the Brazil map it is less than 50.
(iv) Places in Brazil which are highest in density is grouped in the category of more than 300 people’ per sq. km. whereas in India it is more than 500 persons per sq. km.

Question 4.
Considering the above discussion, what should be done so that our manpower is utilized properly, sex ratio improves and population growth is controlled? Write two to three sentences on each.
Answer:
(i) Measures to utilise man power properly:

• Good education, health and training facilities are the basic requirements to improve human resources.
• The focus of education should not just be to chum out jobseekers but also to chum out job creators.
• The young population should be encouraged to be entrepreneurs.

(ii) Measures to improve sex ratio:

• Build an environment to save and protect the girl child.
• Ban sex determination test.

(iii) Measures to control population growth:

• Family planning measures to be encouraged through media.
• Spread of education among illiterate masses, especially about the benefits of having a small family.
• Child marriage should be strictly prohibited.

TRY THIS

Age and Sex Pyramid:

Question 1.
What is this figure called? What is it always known as?
Answer:
The figure is called the Age-Sex Pyramid. It is also known as Population Pyramid.

Question 2.
What does the graph depict?
Answer:
The graph depicts the percentage of male and female population of various age groups in Brazil & India for the year 2016.

Question 3.
In which country is the proportion of adults more?
Answer:
The proportion of adults is comparatively more in India.

Question 4.
‘This country’s population is getting slowly older’. Which country is being referred to? Why?
Answer:
‘This country’s population is getting slowly older – The country being referred to is Brazil. As compared to India, a larger percentage of Brazil’s population falls in the above 60 years age group. So it is said that Brazil’s population is getting slowly older.

Question 5.
In which country are the number of children comparatively more?
Answer:
The proportion of children is comparatively more in India.

Question 6.
While comparing the age-sex pyramids, which pyramid has a broader base?
Answer:
While comparing the age-sex pyramids, India’s pyramid has a broader base.

USE YOUR BRAIN POWER

Question 1.
Is there a relationship between increase in life expectancy and growth of population ? How?
Answer:
(i) Yes, there is a relationship between increase in life expectancy and growth of population.
(ii) Increased life expectancy means there are more people who live longer, which means healthier and better quality of life.
(iii) This kind of population generally prefers fewer children which leads to decreased birth rates.

Question 2.
If the proportion of dependent age groups increases in the composition of population, how will it affect the economy of a country?
Ans.
(i) If the proportion of dependent age groups increases in the composition of population, it will have an adverse effect on the economy of a country.
(ii) The reason is if the working population is less, the economic activities will reduce and will have a direct impact on the economic growth and development of that nation.
(iii) The production will decrease in comparison to consumption leading to inflation also the per capita income and GDP will decrease.
(iv) Export will reduce and imports will increase.
(v) The proportion of the working population will increase, slowing down the pace of development.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Population Additional Important Questions and Answers

Choose the correct option and rewrite the statements:

Question 1.
The ______ aspects of a population are important for a nation’s economic and social progress.
(a) quantitative
(b) qualitative
(c) measurable
(d) calculable
Answer:
(b) qualitative

Question 2.
India is the ________ most populous country in the world.
(a) second
(b) fifth
(c) seventh
(d) sixth
Answer:
(a) second

Question 3.
Due to farming, industries and trade, the proportion of the population got in _____ a few places.
(a) distributed
(b) sparse
(c) concentrated
(d) equal
Answer:
(c) concentrated

Question 4.
In mountainous / hilly regions, dry desert areas and densely forested areas, population density is __________ because of inaccessibility, absence of facilities and tough life.
(a) high
(b) very high
(c) sparse
(d) moderate
Answer:
(c) sparse

Question 5.
Brazil is the _______ populated country in the continent of South America.
(a) second most
(b) third most
(c) fifth most
(d) most
Answer:
(d) most

Question 6.
With a population of around 19 crores, according to Census 2010, Brazil ranks _______ in the world.
(a) 3rd
(b) 5th
(c) 7th
(d) 9th
Answer:
(b) 5th

Question 7.
With respect to area, Brazil stands _______ in the world.
(a) 3rd
(b) 5th
(c) 7th
(d) 9th
Answer:
(b) 5th

Question 8.
A majority of Brazilians have concentrated within 300 kilometers of the ________.
(a) Guyana highlands
(b) Amazon river,
(c) Eastern coastal areas
(d) Pantanal wetlands
Answer:
(c) Eastern coastal areas

Question 9.
The interior of the Amazon basin is ____ populated.
(a) densely
(b) moderately
(c) highly
(d) very sparsely
Answer:
(d) very sparsely

Question 10.
The central and western parts of Brazil is ______ populated.
(a) densely
(b) sparsely
(c) moderately
(d) less
Answer:
(d) less

Question 11.
The density of population in the _______ of Brazil is moderate.
(a) Amazon Basin
(b) coastal lowlands
(c) highlands
(d) forested areas
Answer:
(c) highlands

Question 12.
In India, there has been a _______ in the sex ratio, after 1991.
(a) decrease
(b) slight increase
(c) consistency
(d) steep increase
Answer:
(b) slight increase

Question 13.
The proportion of _______ in India is more.
(a) middle-aged people
(b) old people
(c) children
(d) youth
Answer:
(d) youth

Question 14.
The rate of population growth is now ______ in India.
(a) increasing
(b) declining
(c) stable
(d) stagnant
Answer:
(b) declining

Question 15.
It is observed that Brazil’s population may not increase in the next ______ decades.
(a) two
(b) three
(c) four
(d) five
Answer:
(a) two

Question 16.
The eastern coastal areas of Brazil are also called the coastal ________.
(a) lowlands
(b) highlands
(c) ravines
(d) badlands
Answer:
(a) lowlands

Question 17.
In most of the developing countries life expectancy is still less, but with socio economic development it is ________.
(a) decreasing
(b) increasing
(c) gradually declining
(d) steeply increasing
Answer:
(b) increasing

Match the columns:

S.No	Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1)	Coastal lowlands	(a) sparsely populated
(2)	Amazon Basin interior	(b) moderately populated
(3)	Highlands	(c) densely populated (within 300 kms. of the area)

Answer:
1 – c
2 – a
3 – b

Answer the following questions in one or two sentence.

Question 1.
According to Census 2011, what is India’s population and how much is its average population density?
Answer:
According to Census 2011 India’s population is around 121 crores, and its average population density is 382 persons per sq. km.

Question 2.
What percentage of the total land area of the world is occupied by India and Brazil?
Answer:
India occupies only 2.41% of the land area of the world, whereas Brazil occupies 5.6% of the world’s total land area.

Question 3.
What is the difference in the percentage of the world population supported by India and Brazil?
Answer:
India supports 17.5% of the world’s population, whereas Brazil supports 2.78% of the world’s total population. The difference is 14.72% (India has a large population than Brazil)

Question 4.
According to Census 2010, what is the total population of Brazil and what is its average population density?
Answer:
According to Census 2010, Brazil’s total population is around 19 crores and its average population density is 23 persons per sq. km.

Question 5.
What is sex ratio?
Answer:
Sex ratio means, the number of females per 1000 males in a region.

Question 6.
What is a population pyramid?
Answer:
A population pyramid, also called age-sex pyramid, is a graphical illustration that shows the age and sek/gender related aspects of various age groups in a population.

Question 7.
How is the population pyramid useful? OR State the uses of a population pyramid.
Answer:

• The population pyramid is used to study the age and sex related aspects of a region’s population
• We can know the number/percentage of various age groups of males and females in a country.
• It also helps us to know the proportion of children, youth and old people in a country.

Question 8.
What is life expectancy?
Answer:
Life expectancy means the average number of years, a person born in a country is expected to live.

Question 9.
Which factors lead to an increase in average life expectancy?
Answer:
Improvement in medical facilities, progress in the medical field and access to nutritious food lead to an increase in average life expectancy.

Name the following:

Question 1.
Indian cities that are densely populated.
Answer:
Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Pune, Bengaluru, Chennai.

Question 2.
Factors that play an important role in the distribution of population.
Answer:
Physiography and climate.

Question 3.
Factors due to which human settlements have been established for many centuries.
Answer:
Fertile land, plain land and availability of water.

Question 4.
Factors due to which population got concentrated in a few places, in India.
Answer:
Farming, industries and trade.

Question 5.
Areas which have sparse population density in India.
Answer:
Mountainous / hilly regions, dry desert areas, dense forest areas.

Question 6.
Factors due to which population density is sparse in a few areas.
Answer:
Inaccessibility, absence of facilities and tough life.

Question 7.
The most populated country in South American.
Answer:
Brazil.

Question 8.
Brazil’s rank in the world with regard to population as well as land area.
Answer:
Fifth.

Question 9.
The part of Brazil has the maximum concentration of population
Answer:
Eastern coastal areas or coastal lowlands.

Question 10.
The part of Brazil that is sparsely populated.
Answer:
Amazon River Basin.

Question 11.
The region of Brazil that is moderately populated.
Answer:
The Highlands.

Question 12.
The parts of Brazil that are less populated.
Answer:
Central, western and interior of Amazon basin.

Question 13.
Out of Brazil and India, the country where men outnumber women.
Answer:
India.

Question 14.
Increase in this factor is an indicator of development of that society.
Answer:
Life expectancy, Sex Ratio and Literacy Rate.

Question 15.
The development of this aspect of an economy leads to an increase in average life expectancy.
Answer:
Socio-economic development.

Are the following sentences right or wrong?

Question 1.
India is the fifth most populous country in the world.
Answer:
Wrong.

Question 2.
India’s average population density is 832 persons per sq. km. as per the 2011 Census.
Answer:
Wrong.

Question 3.
Brazil is the second-most populous country in the World.
Answer:
Wrong.

Question 4.
Brazil ranks fifth in the world with respect to area.
Answer:
Right.

Question 5.
The total population of Brazil is around 91 crores.
Answer:
Wrong.

Question 6.
In Brazil and India, population is evenly distributed.
Answer:
Wrong.

Question 7.
The central and western part of Brazil are less populated.
Answer:
Right.

Question 8.
The sex ratio of Brazil has been less than 1000 since centuries.
Answer:
Wrong.

Question 9.
It is observed that in Brazil, the rate of population growth is increasing.
Answer:
Wrong.

Fill the map with the given information:

Question 1.
On a map of India, show the following.

1. Largest state areawise.
2. Smallest state areawise.
3. State with highest population.
4. State with lowest population.
5. State having highest density of population.
6. State having lowest density of population.
7. State having highest sex ratio.
8. State having lowest sex ratio.
9. State having highest literacy rate.
10. State having lowest literacy rate.

Answer:

Question 2.
On a map of Brazil, show the following.

1. Largest state areawise.
2. Smallest state areawise.
3. State with highest population.
4. State with lowest population.
5. State having highest density of population,
6. State having lowest density of population.

Answer:

Give geographical reasons:

Question 1.
In India, population is very unevenly distributed.
Answer:
(i) In India, population is very unevenly distributed.
(ii) Physiography and climate play an important role in the distribution of population.
(iii) Due to fertile land, plain land and availability of water, human settlements have been established in some parts for many centuries.
(iv) Due to farming, industries and trade, the . proportion of the population has become concentrated in a few places.
(v) For example, the Northern Plains of the country, Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Pune, Bengaluru, Chennai, etc.
(vi) On the contrary, in mountainous / hilly regions, dry desert areas, dense forest areas, density is sparse because of inaccessibility, absence of facilities and tough life.

Question 2.
The distribution of population is very uneven in Brazil.
Answer:
(i) The distribution of population is very uneven in Brazil. .
(ii) A majority of the Brazilians are concentrated within 300 kilometers of the eastern coastal areas also called the coastal lowlands because agriculture and industries are well developed here.
(iii) In the interior of the Amazon Basin population is very sparse due to.
(iv) Unfavourable climate, heavy rainfall,
inaccessibility and dense forests which are the barriers to development of human settlements here.
(v) The central and western part of Brazil is less moderate.

Question 3.
The average life expectancy in India is increasing.
Answer:
(i) Earlier the average life expectancy in India was low due to, lack of medical facilities which lead to high incidence of diseases and epidemics like chicken pox, malaria, cholera, etc.
(ii) Today with improvement in access to medical facilities and improvement in technology, diseases and epidemics are controlled.
(iii) Also today people in India have an improved standard of living, they eat nutritious food and there is awareness of good health.
All this has led to increase in average life expectancy in India.

Question 4.
In north-eastern India, sparse distribution of population is found.
Answer:
(i) North East India comprises of dense forests and uneven topography.
(ii) There exist unfavourable climatic conditions in this part.
(iii) There is less development of transport, communication and industries here.
So, in north-eastern India, sparse distribution of population is found.

Question 5.
In India, number of men outnumber women. Is this condition found in all the states of India?
Answer:
In India, men outnumber women, on an average. But in Kerala women outnumber men. Sex Ratio of Kerala is 1084 females per 1000 males (2011 Census).

Question 6.
Explain the reasons of low sex ratio in India.
Answer:
Some of the reasons for lower sex ratio in any region are:

• Illiteracy: Narrow mindedness and lack of education leads to gender bias in the society.
• Preference for a male child : There is preference of a boy child over a girl child. Nutrition to girls is ignored.
• Poverty: Povertystruck families do not prefer a girl child as they consider female child a burden due to practices like dowry prevalent in the society.
• Female foeticide and female infanticide: Female foeticide and female infanticide are on the rise due to the wrong use of modem technology.
• Maternity deaths: Higher maternity deaths have lowered the sex ratio.

Question 7.
Explain – The growth rate of population in India is decreasing but population is increasing.
Answer:
(i) Growth rate of population is calculated on the basis of difference between birth rate and death rate.
(ii) Earlier the difference between birth rate and death rate was high, so the growth rate was high.
(iii) Today the growth rate is decreasing because the difference between birth rate and death rate is not as high as it was earlier.
So it is said that in India the growth rate of population is decreasing, but the population is increasing.

Question 8.
Explain the uneven distribution of population in India.
Answer:
(i) Dense population is found in regions with mild climate and moderate rainfall. E.g. the northern plain as well as the coastal plains of India
(ii) Places with heavy rainfall, inaccessibility and dense forests have low population. E.g. north eastern states in India.
(iii) The snow covered regions due to extremely cold climatic conditions have less population. E.g. the northernmost part of Jammu & Kashmir.
(iv) In certain regions, due to less rainfall and extreme climatic conditions population is sparse. E.g. westernmost part of India in the Thar desert, Rajasthan.
(v) Moderate population is found in the plateau regions of Narmada valley.

Try this

Population growth rate graphs :
Look at the graphs in Fig. indicating the population growth rate of Brazil and India and answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What is the common feature in both the graphs?
Answer:
Both the graphs are indicating a downward trend in population growth rate of Brazil and India.

Question 2.
What is India’s growth rate of population in 2011?
Answer:
India’s population growth rate in 2011 is 1.5%.

Question 3.
In which two decades has the population growth rate of India remained almost stable?
Answer:
The population growth rate of India has remained almost stable during the two decades 1971 to 1981 and 1981 to 1991.

Question 4.
From which time period has Brazil seen a sharp decline in the population growth rate?
Answer:
From 1980-1990, Brazil has seen a sharp decline in the population growth rate.

Question 5.
What is the main point of difference between the two graphs?
Answer:
(i) In the first decade between 1961-1971 the growth rate in India showed an upward trend whereas Brazil has a downward trend throughout.
(ii) Also the decline in Brazil is more sharp but India’s decline in the growth rate is marginal.

Question 6.
What is the interesting feature of Brazil’s growth rate of population?
Answer:
The interesting feature of Brazil’s population growth rate is that it is about to touch 0.0 and then will begin its negative growth rate i.e. the population will start decreasing.

Observe the figure carefully and answer the following questions given below.

Question 1.
What is the class interval of the data?
Answer:
The class interval of the data is 10 years.

Question 2.
In which decade was India’s life expectancy the highest?
Answer:
Highest life expectancy in India was in the decade of 1960-1970.

Question 3.
In which year has the difference in the life expectancy between Brazil and India been the maximum? By how much?
Answer:
In the year I960, the difference between the life expectancy of Brazil and India has been the maximum by 13 years. (54 – 51)

Question 4.
Has the difference in life expectancy been increasing or decreasing?
Answer:
During the past 36 years, i.e. from 1980 onwards, the difference between the life expectancy of Brazil and India has remained constant. It has been 7 to 8 years.

Question 5.
What is the similarity between both the graphs?
Answer:
Both India and Brazil have experienced an increase in the life expectancy. Both the graphs indicate an upward trend continuously.

Question 6.
Is the increase in life expectancy a positive or a negative indicator of an economy? Why?
Answer:
The increase in life expectancy is a positive indicator for any economy because longer the people’s average age, longer is their contribution towards the growth of an economy.

Based on the figure, observe carefully and answer the questions given below.

Question 1.
What do the graphs indicate?
Answer:
The graphs indicate the literacy rate of India and Brazil (in percentage).

Question 2.
What is this general conclusion that you can come to, after observing both the graphs?
Answer:
On observing both the graphs, we can conclude that Brazil is and has always been way ahead of India with regard to literacy rate.

Question 3.
Which country has higher literacy rate?
Answer:
Brazil has a higher literacy rate.

Question 4.
What was the literacy rate of Brazil in 2011?
Answer:
Brazil had a literacy rate of 91.4% in 2011.

Question 5.
What is the difference in the literacy rate of Brazil and India in 2016?
Answer:
Literacy rate of Brazil and India had a difference of 20.4% (92.6 – 72.2) in 2016.

Question 6.
What is the difference in the literacy rate of India between the years 2001 and 2011?
Answer:
The difference in the literacy rate of India is 8.3% (69.3 – 61) between the years 2001 and 2011.

10th Std Geography Questions And Answers:

• Field Visit Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Location and Extent Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Physiography and Drainage Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Climate Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Population Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Human Settlements Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Economy and Occupations Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Tourism, Transport and Communication Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Geography Solutions Chapter 4 Climate Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Std 10 Geography Chapter 4 Question Answer Climate Maharashtra Board

Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Climate Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Geography Class 10 Chapter 4 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Question 1.
Write names of the States/Regions in appropriate columns.
Bihar, Tocantins, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Eastern Maharashtra, Western part of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Rio Grande Do Norte, Paraiba, Western Ghats, Eastern Himalayas, Western Andhra Pradesh, Roroima, Amazonas, West Bengal, Rio Grande Do Sul, Santa Catarina, Goa
Answer:

States/Regions	India	Brazil
High rainfall	Western Ghats, Eastern Himalayas, Goa	Tocantins, Rio Grande Do Sul, Roraima
Moderate rainfall	Bihar, Eastern Maharashtra West Bengal	Santa Catarina, Amazonas, Alagoas
Low rainfall	Western part of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Western Andhra Pradesh	Pernambuco, Paraiba, Rio Grande Do Norte, Alagoas

2. State whether right or wrong. Rewrite the wrong sentences

Question a.
The fact that Brazil lies on the equator affects its climate in a big way.
Answer:
Right.

Question b.
India and Brazil have the same seasons at the same time.
Answer:
Wrong – India and Brazil have different seasons at the same time.

Question c.
India faces tropical cyclones frequently.
Answer:
Right.

Question d.
Brazil gets a lot of rainfall because of the southwest monsoon winds.
Answer:
Wrong – Brazil gets rainfall from South-East Trade Winds and North-East Trade Winds.

3. Give geographical reasons:

Question a.
The north-eastern part of Brazilian Highlands receives very less rainfall.
Answer:
(i) Brazil gets rainfall from the South-East Trade Winds and the North-East Trade Winds.
(ii) Parts of the Brazilian Highlands extend upto the northern coast.
(iii) The Escarpments act as an obstruction to the winds blowing from the sea and cause orographic type of rainfall in the coastal region.
(iv) Beyond the Highlands, the effect of these winds gets reduced. As a result, the rainfall is minimal.
(v) Thus the North Eastern part of Brazilian highlands receives less rainfall. This rain shadow region is also called the ‘Drought Quadrilateral’.

Question b.
Snowfall doesn’t always occur in Brazil.
Answer:
(i) Because of the vast latitudinal extent of Brazil, it experiences a wide range of climatic variations. Near the Equator it is hot, while tropical type of climate is found near the Tropic of Capricorn.

(ii) Considering the temperatures in Brazil, the northern part of Brazil is hot while the temperatures in the southern part are comparatively lower.

(iii) It generally snows in those areas lying in the temperate or polar regions or in the mountainous regions of very high altitude.

(iv) Snowfall does occur but is only confined to higher elevations in the southern states of Rio Grande Do Sul, Parana and Santa Catarina.

(v) Most part of the country lies in the tropical zone which experiences a hot and humid climate.

So snowfall doesn’t always occur in Brazil and is considered a rare phenomenon.

Question c.
Convectional type of rainfall is not prominent in India.
Answer:
(i) Convectional rains are a feature of the equatorial regions and the equator passes through the northern part of Brazil.
(ii) Due to the intense heat here the air expands and rises upwards. As the air goes upwards it cools down, condensation occurs and clouds are formed. This leads to convectional rains every day.
(iii) As such conditions do not exist in India, convection rainfall is not prominent here.

Question d.
Tropical cyclones occur rarely in Brazil.
Answer:
(i) In the coastal regions of Brazil near the Equator, differences in temperatures are negligible.
(ii) The winds move in the vertical direction in this equatorial region.
(iii) Similarly, the convergence zone of the trade winds is weak here. As a result, cyclones are not formed.
(iv) As a result tropical cyclones occur rarely in Brazil.

Question e.
There is not much difference in the range of temperature in Manaus.
Answer:
(i) Manaus is located to the north of Brazil and close to the Equator.
(ii) This region receives perpendicular rays of the sun throughout the year.
(iii) It also receives convectional type of rainfall every day.
(iv) So the climate is hot and humid throughout the year.
(v) As, there is not much difference in the maximum and minimum temperatures there is not much difference in the range of temperature in Manaus.

Question f.
India receives precipitation from the North East Monsoon Winds too.
Answer:
(i) In the winter season, India is influenced by the North East Monsoon Winds.
(ii) These winds bring cool breeze to the country.
(iii) While blowing over Bay of Bengal the North East Monsoon Winds pick up moisture and give rain to the eastern coast of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu in India.
So, it is said that India receives precipitation from the North East Monsoon Winds too.

4. Answer the following questions:

Question a.
Describe in brief the changes occurring in the climatic conditions of India while going from south to north.
Answer:
(i) India’s Climate is of monsoon type. But there is diversity in climatic conditions of India due to the latitudinal location and altitude of the place.

(ii) As the Tropic of Cancer passes through middle of India, it divides the country into tropical region and sub tropical region.

(iii) The tropical region receives nearly vertical rays of the Sun and the temperature increases as we move towards the south.

(iv) In the sub tropical region of the north, summers are very hot and winters are very cool and dry.

(v) The Himalayas lie in the northern part of India. They protects us from the cold winds that blow from the north, obstructs the South West Monsoon Winds which results in orographic rainfall in its southern slopes.

(vi) In major parts of India precipitation is in the form of rainfall, but in the Himalayas it is in the form of snowfall.

Question b.
Explain the importance of the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean with respect to the climate of India.
Answer:
(i) The Indian Ocean and the Himalayan ranges exert a great influence on the climate of India and the origin of monsoons.

(ii) Because of high temperatures in summers, a low pressure area develops in the Punjab Plains and the Thar Desert of Rajasthan.

(iii) At the same time a high pressure region develops over the Indian Ocean.

(iv) This attracts winds and they start blowing from the Indian Ocean towards the mainland India.

(v) These are moisture-laden winds which bring rainfall to India.

(vi) These winds move towards the Himalayas and due to the natural obstruction of the Himalayas, orographic rain occurs.

(vii) Later these winds retreat from the Himalayas and move from the north-east towards the Indian Ocean and brings rain to some parts of the Peninsula.

(viii) Also the severe cold winds blowing from the north are obstructed by the Himalayas and it saves India from severe winters.

Question c.
Discuss the factors affecting the climate of Brazil.
Answer:
(i) Brazil experiences wide range of climatic variations due to its vast latitudinal extent, proximity to the Equator, presence of the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Escarpment.

(ii) The northern part of Brazil near the Equator is hot, while temperate type of climate is found near the Tropic of Capricorn.

(iii) Brazil gets rainfall from the South-East Trade Winds and the North-East Trade Winds blowing from the Atlantic Ocean.

(iv) Convectional rainfall occurs in places near the equator. Whereas, the Escarpment act as an obstruction to the winds blowing from the sea and cause orographic type of rainfall in the coastal region.

(v) Beyond the Highlands the effects of these winds gets reduced, as a result the rainfall is minimal. This region is a rain-shadow region and is called ‘The Drought Quadrilateral.’

(vi) The Equator passes through the northern part of Brazil so the temperature here is high. Average temperature of Amazon valley is 25°-28°C. Climate is cooler in the highlands. While the temperatures in the southern part are comparatively lower.

(vii) In the coastal regions near the Equator in Brazil, differences in temperatures are negligible. Because of the proximity to the sea, the coast experiences mild and humid climate.

(viii) The winds move in the vertical direction in this region. Similarly, the convergence zone of the trade winds is weak here. So the tropical cyclones are a rare phenomena here.

Question d.
Compare the climates of brazil and India?
Answer:

Climate of India	Climate of Brazil
(i) India has a monsoon type of climate.	(i) Brazil has a tropical climate to the north and temperate climate to the south.
(ii) The southern part of India lies in the tropical region so the temperature is high in the south and comparatively low in the north, i.e., the temperature decreases from south to north.	(ii) The northern part of Brazil lies in the tropical region so the temperature is high in the north and comparatively low in the south, i.e., the temperature decreases from north to south.
(iii) India receives rain from the South West and the North East Monsoon Winds.	(iii) Brazil receives rain from the South East and North East Trade Winds.
(iv) India receives orographic rainfall.	(iv) Brazil receives convectional and orographic type of rainfall.
(v) The western part of Rajasthan, Gujarat and eastern side of the Western Ghats receive less rain.	(v) The north eastern part of the Brazilian highlands is a rain shadow region.
(vi)     Tropical cyclones are a frequent phenomena.	(vi) Tropical cyclones are a rare phenomena

Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Climate Intext Questions and Answers

Observe the given map below and answer the following questions

Question 1.
Considering the isotherms of Brazil, what is the average range of temperature in Brazil?
Answer:
Considering the isotherms of Brazil, the average range of temperature of Brazil is 10°C (28°C-18°C).

Question 2.
In which area does it rain more?
Answer:
It rains more in the northern and central part of Brazil. E.g., Amazon Valley.

Question 3.
From which directions are winds blowing towards Brazil?
Answer:
The winds are blowing from North East and South East directions.

Question 4.
What could be the reason behind that?
Answer:
These are permanent trade winds which blow from high pressure belt to the equatorial low pressure belt. Brazil being in the tropical zone, a low pressure area is created and wind start blowing from the ocean to the land.

Question 5.
What could be the obstruction in the way of these winds?
The Escarpment acts as obstruction in the way of the South East Trade Winds coming from the sea.

Question 6.
Which type of rainfall will occur because of these winds?
Answer:
Orographic rainfall will occur because of these winds.

Question 7.
Correlate these winds and rainfall.
Answer:
The escarpments act as an obstruction to the winds blowing from the sea and cause an orographic type of rainfall in the coastal region. Beyond the Highlands, the effect of these winds gets reduced. As a result, the rainfall is minimal.

Question 8.
In which part of Brazil are the average temperatures low?
Answer:
The average temperatures are low in the southern part of Brazil.

Question 9.
Identify the rain-shadow area in Brazil. Describe its climatic characteristics.
Answer:
The north-eastern part of the Brazilian highlands is a rain shadow region. Beyond the highlands, the effect of the South East Trade Winds gets reduced and the rainfall is minimal. Also, the temperature here is quite high. This rain shadow region is referred to as the ’Drought Quadrilateral’.

Question 10.
In which region do you find a higher temperature?
Answer:
The northern part of Brazil has higher temperature.

Question 11.
Considering the latitudinal extent of Brazil, where will you find a temperate climate in Brazil?
Answer:
The southern part of Brazil lying below 23 V4°S latitude (Tropic of Capricorn) experiences temperate climate.

Question 12.
Describe the winds blowing between 0° to 5° N and S zones.
Answer:
The winds blowing between 0° to 5° N and S zones move in the vertical direction leading to convectional type of rain. The North East and South East Trade winds are very weak in this region.

Question 13.
Which method has been used to show distribution in this map?
Answer:
The Isopleth method has been used to show distribution in this map.

Observe the given map and answer the following questions

Question 1.
Which region gets more than 4000mm of rainfall?
Answer:
Western Ghats, Western Coasts of India and the northeastern region comprising of Mawsynram, Cherrapunji and parts of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh gets more than 4000 mm of rainfall.

Question 2.
Identify the regions with maximum and minimum temperatures?
Answer:
Central and North Western parts of Peninsular Plateau and islands have high temperature. Hilly regions of north, northeast and south India have low temperature.

Question 3.
In which direction is the temperature increasing?
Answer:
The temperature is increasing towards the south.

Question 4.
Identify the direction of the winds shown. What are they known as?
Answer:
The winds shown are blowing from the south west to north east direction. These winds are called Southwest Monsoon Winds.

Question 5.
Which winds are responsible for the rainfall in India ?
Answer:
South-West Monsoon Winds are responsible for rainfall in India.

Question 6.
Some part of Rajasthan is under desert? What could be the reason for it?
Answer:
The South West Monsoon Winds blow parallel to the Aravallis. As these moisture laden winds are not obstructed by the Aravallis it rains less here. Hence, Rajasthan is under desert.

Question 7.
Draw the main parallel latitude passing through India which affects its climate.
Answer:
Students are expected to draw the Tropic of Cancer.

Question 8.
In which part of Peninsular India is semi-arid climatic conditions found and why?
Answer:
(i) The part of peninsular India which has semi-arid climatic conditions are central part of Peninsula Plateau comprising parts of Central Maharashtra, Western Andhra Pradesh, Eastern Karnataka and Western Tamil Nadu. These regions lie on the leeward side of the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats. It rains less here and a rain shadow region is formed.
(ii) Some parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan are also semi-arid as the Aravallis lie parallel and do not obstruct the South-west Monsoon winds.

Give geographical reasons:

Question 1.
Shillong gets less than 1000 mm of rainfall annually, whereas Cherrapunji/Mawsynram which is nearby get’s over 11000 mm, of rainfall annually.
Answer:
(i) Cherrapunji/Mawsynram lies in the higher altitude on the windward side of the Khasi Hills and receives rainfall from the South West Monsoon Winds.
(ii) While Shillong lies in the lower altitude on the leeward side of the Khasi Hills, so it receives less rainfall being in the rain shadow area.

Observe the pictures given below and write brief description about them.

Question 1.

Answer:
Both the figures shows the traffic congestion during heavy rains. Due to lack of proper drainage and heavy downpour the water gets accumulated disturbing the commuting system.

Question 2.


Answer:
Both the figures show the drought affected regions of India and Brazil respectively. Due to scarce amount of rainfall received in these regions the land has became dry and cannot be cultivated.

Question 3.

Answer:
figure shows snow fall during winter season in the northern parts of India.

Question 4.

Answer:
figure shows heavy rainfall in the Brazilian rainforest region.

Question 5.

Answer:
figure shows the trees being cut down to bring land under cultivation. Deforestation is a major issue in Brazil.

Question 6.

Answer:
figure shows a well from which water is used for domestic purpose.

Question 7.

Answer:
figure shows paddy fanning in India. The farmers are planting paddy. The water logged fields are shown.

Study the graphs given below and answer the following questions:

Question 1.
In which month is the highest temperature found in all the four cities?
Answer:
The highest temperature is found in the month of January.

Question 2.
In which month does it rain the most in the given cities?
Answer:
It rains the most in the month of march.

Question 3.
When does Brazil have its rainy season?
Answer:
Brazil has its rainy season from December to march.

Question 4.
Which city has the maximum range of temperature? How much is it?
Answer:
Porto Alegre has the maximum range of temperature. It is 20°C (30° C -10° C).

Question 5.
What type of climate will be found in Rio de Janeiro?
Answer:
Rio de Janeiro has mild & humid climate.

Question 1.
What difference do you find in the rainy seasons of Chennai and other cities of India? Why?

Rainy Season of Chennai	Rainy Seasons of Other Indian Cities
(i) Chennai mainly receives rain from October to December.	Other cities of India receive rainfall from June to September.
(ii) Chennai receives rainfall from North East Monsoon Winds.	The other cities receive rainfall mainly from South-West Monsoon Winds.

Question 2.
What similarities do you see in the temperature curves of Delhi and Kolkata?
Answer:
The following similarities can be seen in the temperature curves of Delhi and Kolkata:

• The temperature rises from January to March.
• From March till June high temperatures are experienced.
• The temperature drops till July and remain stable in August and September.
• Thereafter the temperatures decreases.

Question 3.
Calculate the average range of minimum and maximum temperatures of all the four cities.

Cities	Average range of minimum and maximum temperatures
Delhi	34°C (41°-7°)
Kolkata	28°C (37°-9°)
Mumbai	17°C (34° -17°)
Chennai	18°C (39° – 21°)

Question 4.
In which city is the range minimum? What can you infer about its climate?
Answer:
The range is minimum in Mumbai due to its proximity to the sea.

Question 5.
In which city is the range maximum? What can you infer from this about its climate?
Answer:
The range is maximum in Delhi. It indicates that Delhi has an extreme climate.

Question 6.
Based on the temperature and rainfall of Mumbai, comment upon its climate.
Answer:
Mumbai has an equable climate, with less variation in summer and winter temperature.

Question 7.
Classify the cites as cities with equable and extreme climates.
Answer:
Equable climates – Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata. Extreme climate – Delhi.

Give it a try

Question 1.
Considering the various factors affecting Brazil’s climate, complete the table.
Answer:

Regions	Climatic characteristics
(1) Amazon Valley	The climate is generally hot and humid. It receives around 2000mm of rainfall. The average range of temperature here is 25°C – 28°C.
(2) Highlands	Hot and dry climate, low rainfall.
(3) Pantanal	Warm and humid.
(4) North Coastal region	Hot and humid climate. Rainfall between 1000 to 1200 mm.
(5) South Coastal region	Mild and humid climate.
(6) Southernmost region of Brazil	Hot summers, cool winters and snowfall.

Question 2.
In which part of India are crops grown in a year? How is this related to the rainfall over there?
Answer:
(i) Coastal areas of Tamil Nadu in India grow rice three times a year.
(ii) This crop is taken during the retreating monsoon season.
While blowing over Bay of Bengal, the North East Monsoon winds pick up moisture and give rain to eastern coast of Tamil Nadu.

Use your brain power!

Question 1.
Group the months into seasons for a whole year according to the charts given.

Seasons	India	Brazil
Summer	March to May	December to March
Winter	December to February	June to September

Answer:

Colours of Both!

Question 1.
Considering the location extent and climatic conditions of both the countries, write months according to the seasons.
Answer:

Seasons	India	Brazil
Summer	March to May	December to March
Winter	December to February	June to September

Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Climate Additional Important Questions and Answers

Choose the correct option and rewrite the statements:

Question 1.
The climate found near the Equatorial region is
(a) hot
(b) dry
(c) humid
(d) cold
Answer:
(a) hot

Question 2.
The climate found near the Tropic of Capricorn is
(a) tropical
(b) hot
(c) temperate
(d) tundra
Answer:
(c) temperate

Question 3.
Brazil gets rainfall from
(a) North-West and South-West trade winds
(b) Westerly winds
(c) South-West and North-East
(d) North-East and South-East trade winds
Answer:
(d) North-East and South-East trade winds

Question 4.
The act as an obstruction to the winds blowing from the sea in Brazil.
(a) Himalayas
(b) Escarpments
(c) Andes
(d) Western Ghats
Answer:
(b) Escarpments

Question 5.
The coastal region of Brazil receives a type of rainfall.
(a) orographic
(b) cyclonic
(c) convectional
(d) frontal
Answer:
(a) orographic

Question 6.
Since the convergence of trade winds are weak near the equator, are not formed.
(a) clouds
(b) ocean currents
(c) cyclones
(d) tides
Answer:
(c) cyclones

Question 7.
The average temperature in the Amazon valley is
(a) 15°-20°C
(b) 13°-15°C
(c) 30°-32°C
(d) 25°-28°C
Answer:
(d) 25°-28°C

Question 8.
The Amazon valley receives around mm of rainfall
(a) 2000
(b) 1800
(c) 1500
(d) 1000-1200
Answer:
(a) 2000

Question 9.
India’s climate is of type.
(a) humid
(b) monsoon
(c) equatorial
(d) cold
Answer:
(b) monsoon

Question 10.
The diversity in the climatic conditions of India is due to the location and altitude of the place.
(a) longitudinal
(b) latitudinal
(c) equatorial
(d) tropical
Answer:
(b) latitudinal

Question 11.
The Ocean and the Himalayan ranges exert a great influence on the climate of India.
(a) Atlantic
(b) Arctic
(c) Pacific
(d) Indian
Answer:
(d) Indian

Question 12.
Orographic type of rainfall occurs in India because of the natural obstruction of
(a) Himalayas
(b) Escarpments
(c) Highlands
(d) Satpuda
Answer:
(a) Himalayas

Question 13.
As the passes through the middle of India, it is considered to be a tropical region.
(a) Tropic of Capricorn
(b) Equator
(c) Tropic of Cancer
(d) 60°S latitude
Answer:
(c) Tropic of Cancer

Question 14.
Most part of Brazil lies in the zone.
(а) polar
(b) tropical
(c) sub-tropical
(d) temperate
Answer:
(b) tropical

Match the columns:

Question 1.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1) Wettest places in the world	(a) Tamil Nadu
(2) Driest place in India	(b) Cherrapunji and Mawsynram
(3) Rainshadow region in Brazil	(c) Jaisalmer, Rajasthan
(4) Climate of India	(d)    Drought Quadrilateral (e)    Monsoon type (f)     Dry type

Answer:
1 – b
2 – c
3 – d
4 – e

Answer in one sentence each.

Question 1.
Which natural disasters does India face frequently?
Answer:
India frequently faces natural disasters like erratic rainfall, droughts, cyclones, floods, etc.

Question 2.
Why does Brazil experience wide climatic variations?
Answer:
Brazil has vast latitudinal extent because of which it experiences wide climatic variations.

Question 3.
Which winds bring rainfall to Brazil?
Answer:
Brazil receives rainfall from the South East and North-East Trade Winds.

Question 4.
What acts as an obstruction to the winds blowing from sea in Brazil?
Answer:
The Escarpments act as an obstruction to the winds blowing from the sea in Brazil.

Question 5.
Which region is called the Drought Quadrilateral’?
Answer:
The northern part of Brazil beyond the Highlands is called ‘Drought Quadrilateral’.

Question 6.
Where is the difference in temperature negligible in Brazil?
Answer:
In Brazil the difference in temperature is negligible in the coastal regions near the equator.

Question 7.
In which zone does most of Brazil and India lie?
Answer: Most part of Brazil and India lies in the Tropical zone.

Question 8.
Which important latitude passes through the northern part of Brazil?
Answer:
The equator passes through the northern part of Brazil.

Question 9.
What is the average temperature in Amazon valley?
Answer:
The average temperature in Amazon valley is 25°-28°C.

Question 10.
Which part of Brazil has cooler climate?
Answer:
The climate is cooler in the Highlands.

Question 11.
Why do the Brazilian coasts experience mild and humid climate?
Answer:
The Brazilian coasts experience mild and humid- climate because of its proximity to sea.

Question 12.
Which type of climate is found in India?
Answer:
Monsoon type of climate is found in India.

Question 13.
Which important latitude passes through the middle of India?
Answer:
The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of India.

Question 14.
What diversifies the climatic conditions of India?
Answer:
The diversity in the climatic conditions of India are due to the latitudinal location and altitude of India.

Question 15.
What exerts a great influence on the climate of India and the origins of the monsoon?
Answer:
The Indian Ocean and the Himalayan ranges exert a great influence on the climate of India and the origin of monsoons.

Question 16.
In India, what obstructs the cold winds blowing from the North?
Answer:
In India, the Himalayas obstruct the cold winds blowing from the north.

Question 17.
What brings more rain in the coastal regions of India?
Answer:
The obstruction caused by the Eastern and Western Ghats brings more rain in the coastal regions of India.

Question 18.
Find out more about the different ways of classification of the seasons. For example, what is summer?
Answer:
The hot weather season is called summer. The season where the rain begins is called the monsoon. The cold weather season is called winter.

Name the following:

Question 1.
The two places in India which are considered as the wettest places in the world.
Answer:
Cherrapunji and Mawsynram.

Question 2.
Years in which Brazil has experienced snowfall.
Answer:
1879,1957and 1985.

Question 3.
The driest part of India.
Answer:
Jaisalmer, Rajasthan.

Question 4.
The state in India which receives maximum rainfall during the retreating monsoon season.
Answer:
Tamil Nadu.

Question 5.
Temperature in Kargil in winter.
Answer:
-48°C.

Question 6.
Temperature in Ganganagar, Rajasthan in the month of June.
Answer:
50°C.

Question 7.
The hills responsible for heavy rainfall in Cherrapunji and Mawsynram.
Answer:
Garo, Khasi and Jaintia Hills.

Question 8.
The winds which provide rainfall to the Tamil Nadu coast.
Answer:
North East Monsoon winds.
Question 9.
The state to receive rain foremost in India.
Answer:
Kerala.

Question 10.
The four seasons of India as per Indian meteorological department.
Answer:
The hot weather season (Summer), the season

Are the sentences right ot wrong? Rewrite the wrong ones.

Question 1.
Brazil experiences wide climatic variation due to its vast longitudinal extent.
Answer:
Wrong – Brazil experiences wide climatic variation due to its vast latitudinal extent.

Question 2.
The winds move in the vertical direction in northern Brazil.
Answer:
Right.

Question 3.
The rainfall reduces on the windward side of the Great Escarpment.
Answer:
Wrong – The rainfall increases on the windward side of the Great Escarpment.

Mark the following on the map with the given information and make an index.

Question 1.
Outline Map of Brazil.

1. Winds bringing rainfall to Brazil or North East and South East Trade winds.
2. Drought Quadrilateral or Rainshadow region in Brazil.

Answer:

Question 2.
Outline Map of India.

1. Southwest Monsoon winds or winds bringing rainfall to most parts of India.
2. Northeast monsoon winds.
3. Kargil or place recording lowest temperature in India.
4. Cherrapunji and Mawsynram.
5. Coromandel coast or the coast receiving rainfall from North East monsoon winds.
6. Jaisalmer or place recording lowest rainfall in India.
7. Rain shadow region of Deccan plateau.
8. Region of low rainfall.
9. Heavy rainfall region along the western coast.

Answer:

10th Std Geography Questions And Answers:

• Field Visit Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Location and Extent Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Physiography and Drainage Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Climate Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Population Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Human Settlements Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Economy and Occupations Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers
• Tourism, Transport and Communication Class 10 Geography Questions And Answers

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 History Solutions Chapter 9 Heritage Management Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Std 10 History Chapter 9 Question Answer Heritage Management Maharashtra Board

Class 10 History Chapter 9 Heritage Management Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 10 Chapter 9 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Question 1.
(A) Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the statement.
(1) Lovre Museum has in its collection the much-acclaimed painting of …………..…….. by Leonardo da Vinci.
(a) Napoleon
(b) Mona Lisa
(c) Hans Sloan
(d) George II
Answer:
(b) Mona Lisa

(2) …………..…….. at Kolkata is the first museum in India.
(a) Government Museum
(b) National Museum
(c) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay
(d) Indian Museum
Answer:
(d) Indian Museum

(B) Identify and write the wrong pair in the following set.
(1) Maharaja Sayajirao University – Delhi
(2) Banaras Hindu University – Varanasi
(3) Aligarh Muslim University – Aligarh
(4) Jivaji University – Gwalior
Answer:
(1) Wrong Pair: Maharaja Sayajirao University – Delhi

Question 2.
Explain the following statements with reasons.
(1) Archives and libraries publish research journals, informative pamphlets, leaflets, posters, etc.
Answer:

• Libraries preserve and conserve old’ books and artefacts discovered during excavation.
• If these documents and artefacts are not exhibited then they are kept in archives.
• All the historical sources are our assets and they should reach the people.
• Libraries not only preserve these documents but also carry out research, to know the authenticity.

In order to make the historical events, personalities, and historical research known to the people, archives and libraries publish research journals, informative pamphlets and leaflets.

(2) Only trained persons, who are duly qualified can take up the tasks involved in the work of conservation and preservation.
Answer:

1. While conducting historical research, one has to do the different tasks carefully like collecting sources, preserving, exhibiting, etc.
2. The skill required for every task is different. The procedure followed for each task is different as well as the preliminary preparations.
3. It is essential to know about precautions to be taken.
4. Hence only trained persons who are duly qualified can take up the tasks involved in the work of conservation and preservation.

Question 3.
Write notes:
(1) Sthalakosh
Answer:

• History does not shape itself in oblivion. It takes place at some place.
• Geographic information is essential to study history.
• Chakradhar Swami, of Mahanubav sect, visited many villages and details of those villages were noted by Muni Vyas.
• Siddheshwarshastri Chitrav wrote Prachin Bharatiya Sthalkosh. It gives us information on various places mentioned in Vedic literature, Kautiliya’s Arthashastra, Panini’s Grammar, Ramayana.
• Mahabharata and also in Buddhist Jain Greek, Chinese and Persian literature.
• Sthalakosh gives us information on ancient cities and history of those cities. It serves as an important written source of history.

(2) Vishwakosh
Answer:

• The first Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Yashwantrao Chavan, established the ‘Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya Samskruti Mandal.
• The objective of making Vishwakosh was to develop and enhance Marathi language and literature.
• Tarkteerth Lakshmanshastri Joshi was appointed as the chief editor. 20 volumes of Vishwakosh are published till date.
• Marathi Vishwakosh contains knowledge about all possible subjects which exist in the world. It has important entries about history.

(3) Samdnya Kosh
Answer:

1. While studying any subject we come across many new words. If their exact meaning is not understood, it can create a lot of confusion.
2. Terms in history like colonialism, imperialism, liberalisation, globalisation, socialism, communism need explanation and clarity. In order to avoid such confusions, this kosh is prepared.
3. In Samdnya Kosh, all subject related concepts are collected and explained. Information on what led to the development of concepts is provided.
4. Samdnya Kosh is very helpful for research students, teachers of history as well as common people.

(4) Saraswati Mahal Granthalay
Answer:

• The Saraswati Mahal Granthalay was built in 16-17th century in Tanjavur, Tamil Nadu during the reign of Nayak Dynasty.
• In 1675, Maharaj Vyankojiraje Bhosale conquered ‘ Thanjavur and established his independent rule. He and his successors contributed to the expansion of this library. ‘
• Sarfojiraje Bhosale contributed the most in expanding and enriching the library. Because of his contribution, to honour him, the library was renamed as ‘The Thanjavur Maharaj Sarfoji’s Saraswati Mahal Library’.

Question 4.
Give elaborate answers to the following.
(1) Why is library management important?
Answer:
Library is not just about a collection of books but managing it is equally important.

• Readers can easily get the books they want if the library is properly organised.
• The location of the book should be easily traced. It saves the time and efforts of readers as well as the librarian.
• Preservation and conservation of books is done effectively with proper management. It prolongs life of books and causes less damage.
• If the management is well acquainted, they will have good collection that will make available good quality books to reader.
• Instead of collecting books on one subject there should be variety in the collection so as to cater of different readers who are very selective in their choices.
• Facilities like proper catalogues, indexes, computerised systems and modern facilities are provided by effective management of library.
• If the management is creative it will organise exhibitions, advertise, have seasonal offers for vacations, conduct competitions to increase membership.

(2) Which tasks are important in archives management?
Answer:
The following tasks are important in archives’ management:

• Important documents to be preserved and care should be taken that document with important contents are preserved in their original condition. Confidentiality of important papers should be maintained.
• To classify the documents by preparing indexes and to create accurate systems of retrieval of documents.
• Documents from the archives are supposed to be very reliable.
• Therefore, it is important to safeguard the papers from humidity, fungus and other environmental factors.
• It is important to remain updated with latest technology in archive management.
• Computerise/Digitalse all systems. To make use of information technology in managing libraries and archives.
• To establish regional and local archives*.
• To preserve national, cultural and historical heritage.
• To create a hasslefree system.

Question 5.
Complete the following Concept chart.

Answer:

Project
Obtain information about the important libraries in Maharashtra. Visit the library in your vicinity and learn about its functioning.

Question 6.
Complete the sentences by choosing the correct option:
(a) Documents and artefacts which are not exhibited are kept in …………………… .
(a) Museum
(b) Library
(c) Archives
(d) Government office
Answer:
(c) Archives

(b) ……………………. was the 16th century artist who worked under the patronage of French King Francis I.
(a) Leonardo-da-Vinci
(b) Michaelangelo
(c) Raphael
(d) Dante
Answer:
(a) Leonardo-da-Vinci

(c) The collection in ……………………. increased to a great extent because of the antiquities brought by Napoleon Bonaparte.
(a) National Museum of Natural History
(b) British Museum
(c) Louvre Museum
(d) The Calico Museum
Answer:
(c) Louvre Museum.

(d) ……………………., a natural scientist handed over about 71 thousand objects in his collection to the British Museum.
(a) Sir Hans Sloan
(b) King George II
(c) Napoleon Bonaparte
(d) King Francis I
Answer:
(a) Sir Hans Sloan

(e) The Museum of Natural History which 8 houses more than 12 crore specimens of fossils is in ……………………. .
(a) England
(b) France
(c) Switzerland
(d) USA.
Answer:
(d) USA

(f) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu-sangrahalay was built to commemorate the visit of ……………………. .
(a) King George I
(b) Queen Elizabeth
(c) Prince Charles
(d) Prince of Wales
Answer:
(c) Prince of Wales

(g) The building of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay is built in ……………………. style.
(a) Mughal
(b) Indo-Greek
(c) Indo-Gothic
(d) Indo-Persian
Answer:
(c) Indo-Gothic

(h) ……………………. is given status of Grade I heritage building in Mumbai.
(a) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Railway Terminus
(b) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay
(c) Reserve Bank of India
(d) Jehangir Art Gallery
Answer:
(b) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay.

(i) The Royal Library of Ashurbanipal, the ……………………….. Emperor in Mesopotamia is one of the earliest libraries in the world.
(a) Hispanic
(b) Assyrian
(c) Mongol
(d) Akkadian
Answer:
(b) Assyrian

(j) The ……………………….. in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu was built in 16th-17th century during the times of Nayak dynasty.
(a) Vyankojiraje Bhosale
(b) Sarfojiraje Bhosale
(c) Saraswati Mahal Granthalay
(d) Vidya Niketan
Answer:
(c) Saraswati Mahal Granthalay

(k) The first official archives of India, the ……………………….. was established in 1891 C.E. in Kolkata.
(a) National Archive
(b) Federal Record of Nation
(c) Archive National
(d) Imperial Record Department
Answer:
(d) Imperial Record Department

(l) There are about five crore Modi documents related to Maratha history in the Pune branch which are referred as ………………………. .
(a) Peshwa Daftar
(b) Bhosale Daftar
(c) British Daftar
(d) Maratha Daftar
Answer:
(a) Peshwa Daftar

(m) ……………………….. prepared during the reign of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj is considered as an important encyclopaedia.
(a) Bharatiya Vyavahar Kosh
(b) Rajavyavaharkosh
(c) Vyavaharik Kosh
(d) Bharatiya Prachin Charitrakosh
Answer:
(b) Rajavyavaharkosh.

Question 7.
Identify the wrong pair in the following and write it:
(1)

(1) Maharaj Sayajirao University	Delhi
(2) Banaras Hindu University	Varanasi
(3) Aligarh Muslim University	Aligarh
(4) Jivaji University	Gwalior

Answer:
Wrong Pair: Maharaj Sayajirao University – Delhi.

(2)

(1) Sangeetshastrakar va Kalavant Yancha Itiha£	Lakshman Dattatray Joshi
(2) Krantikarakancha Charitrakosh	S. R. Date
(3) Svantantryasainik Charitrakosh	N. R. Phatak
(4) Bharatvarshiya Prachin Aitihasik Kosh	Shridhar Vyankatesh Ketkar

Answer:
Wrong Pair: Bharatvarshiya Prachin Aitihasik Kosh – Shridhar Vyankatesh Ketkar

(3)

(1) Bharatvarshiya Charitrakosh	Siddeshwar Shastri Chitral
(2) Marathi Vishwakosh	Raghunath Bhaskar Godbole
(3) Bharatiya Samskruti Kosh	Pandit Mahadevshastri Joshi
(4) Maharashtriya Dnyankosh	Shridhar Vyankatesh Ketkar

Answer:
Wrong Pair: Marathi Vishwakosh – Raghunath Bhaskar Godbole

(4)

(1) Sthanapothi	Muni Vyas
(2) Index of Marathi Periodicals	S. G. Date
(3) First Encyclopaedia of Natural History	Denis Diderot
(4) Asiatic Society of Bengal	First museum in India

Answer:
Wrong Pair: First Encyclopaedia of Natural History – Denis Diderot

Question 8.
Complete the following concept chart:
(1)

Answer:

(2)

Answer:

(3)

Answer:

Question 9.
Explain the concept :

(a) Archives:
Answer:

1. An archive is a place where documents with important content in their original conditions are preserved in a scientific manner.
2. Artefacts and documents which are not exhibited in museums or libraries but have historical importance are kept in archives.
3. Archives provide documents to the § government, research students and local public when required. Technically, the management of archives is akin to library management.
4. The documents in the archives are preserved in their original condition and hence no changes can be made to it. Documents from archives are very reliable.

(b) Encyclopaedia:
Answer:

1. Encyclopaedia can be defined as a systematic compilation of words with meaning, information or knowledge on various topics.
2. A specific method is adopted to compile the information or to organise the available knowledge. g
3. Accuracy, meticulousness, objectivity, standardised format of presentation and updated information are the special features of good encyclopaedia.
4. The objective of making an encyclopaedia is to make the available knowledge easily accessible to the readers.

(c) Dictionaries:
Answer:

• A type of encyclopaedia giving word meaning arranged in alphabetical order is a Dictionary.
• Dictionaries help the readers to know meaning of the words and enrich their vocabulary.
• Dictionaries have word meanings, synonyms and etymology.
• Dictionaries are of various type like comprehensive dictionaries, dictionaries of terminology, etymology, thesaurus and dictionaries of idioms and proverbs.

(d) Comprehensive Encyclopaedia (Vishwakosh):
Answer:

• Comprehensive Encyclopaedia (Vishwakosh) means a book which has information on all subjects known, i.e. all subjects under the sun.
• Vishwakosh is an important medium” of documenting and disseminating information.
• The information is included in encyclopaedia after thorough research and study.
• (a) There are two types of encydopaedias – one that includes all subjects like ‘Encyclopaedia Britannica’, Maharashtriya Dnyankosh, Marathi Vishvakosh.
  (b) The other type of encyclopaedia includes comprehensive information on one chosen subject, e.g. Bharatiya Samskruti Kosh, ‘Vyayam Dnyankosh1.

(e) Index:
Answer:

• Index means a list.
• Index is at the end of a book which includes alphabetical lists of individuals, subjects, key words, reference books, etc.
• As the list is in alphabetical order, the reader finds it easy to access required information.
• The index of Marathi periodicals prepared by S. G. Date and index of ‘Marathyancha Itihasachi Sadhane1 is well-known.

(f) Charitrakosh (Encyclopaedia of Biographies):
Answer:

1. Charitrakosh contained biographies of individuals who lived in a particular period and their work which inspired and motivated all the people in the society.
2. Charitrakosh enables the researcher and scholars to know about the historic period, with regard to social structure and social life.
3. Bharatvarshiya Prachin Aitihasik Kosh written by Raghunath Bhaskar Godbole is the earliest encyclopaedia of this kind.

(g) Bharatiya Samskruti Kosh:
Answer:

• It contains the description of Indian history, geography, religions, sects, culture, traditions, beliefs, ethnic and lingual groups residing in our country.
• Bharatiya Samskruti Kosh throws light on, people living in a particular region, festivals and their culture.
• Mahadevshastri Joshi edited and published 10 volumes of this Kosh.
• Chakradhar Swami, of Mahanubav sect, visited many villages and details of those villages were noted by Muni Vyas.

Question 10.
Write short notes:
(a) Louvre Museum:
Answer:

• The Louvre Museum in Paris was established in the 18th century.
• It has antiquities collected by the royal family of France.
• The world famous painting of Mona Lisa by Leonardo-Da-Vinci is kept in this museum.
• The antiquities brought back by Napoleon Bonaparte on his return from conquests are exhibited in this museum.
• Presently, the museum has more than 3 lakh and 80 thousand artefacts.

(b) British Museum:
Answer:

• The British Museum was established in the 18th century in London.
• It has a collection of 71 thousand objects given by natural scientist Sir Hans Sloan to King George. II.
• Several books, pictures, specimens of preserved plants are included in it.
• The ancient objects and artefacts which the Britishers have collected from their colonies are exhibited in this museum.
• At present, it has about 80 lakh objects in its collection.

(c) National Museum of Natural History:
Answer:

• The National Museum of Natural History was established in Washington DC in 1846.
• The Smithsonian Institute managed the museum from its inception. This is a museum of natural history.
• Remains of animals, plants, organisms and thousands of specimens of fossils are kept in it.
• It also has human fossils, minerals, rocks, shells, artefacts. All together it has a collection of more than 12 crore (120 million).

(d) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay:
Answer:

1. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay was built to commemorate the visit of Prince of Wales to India. Some influential residents in Mumbai decided to establish a museum in 1904.
2. The foundation of the building was laid on 2nd November 1905 and the construction was completed in 1922. The museum was named as ‘Prince of Wales of Western India’. In 1998 C.E. it was renamed as ‘Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay.’
3. The museum building is constructed in Indo-Gothic style and has been awarded the status of Grade I heritage building.
4. The museum has about 50 thousand antiquities which are divided into three categories, viz.. Arts, Archaeology and Natural History.

(e) Bharatvarshiya Prachin Aitihasik Kosh:
Answer:

• Raghunath Bhaskar Godbole wrote Bharatvarshiya Prachin Aitihasik Kosh.
• It is the first dictionary of Biography in Indian regional language.
• We get information on Manu and many ancient personalities from Mahabharat.
• We come to know about legendary people who lived in Bharatvarsha and were renowned.
• Information about their women, their sons, religions, lands, capitals, mountains and rivers.
• Which flowed in their land their entire history is given in this encyclopaedia.

(f) Bharatiya Samskruti Kosh:
Answer:

• Pandit Mahadevshastri Joshi edited and published 10 volumes of Bharatiya Samskruti Kosh.
• He wrote about Indian history, geography, about people speaking different languages and how they created history.
• Detailed information on culture of India and festivals, geography, traditions, ideas, is taken into consideration.

Therefore these koshs are useful for readers and research scholars.

Question 11.
Explain the following statements with reasons:

(a) Encyclopaedias should be created in as many languages as possible.
Answer:
Encyclopaedias symbolise the richness and vast gamut of words a language has.

• It fulfils the curiosity of readers and solves the confusion of a layman.
• Encyclopaedias inspire to carry out more research as one gets information, knowledge and references.
• Encyclopaedias provide complete information and knowledge to researchers and students which enriches their previous knowledge.
• Encyclopaedias represent intellectual and cultural development of a society.
• Many languages in India and the world are rich and resourceful and hence encyclopaedias should be created in as many languages as possible to raise intellectual level of society.

(b) Encyclopaedia and history are related.
Answer:

• Encyclopaedias contain information about personalities, events and ancient cultures.
• In order to gather information it is essential to take the help of history,
• The common factors between an encyclopaedia and history are objectivity and authenticity.
• Research scholars of history need to refer to encyclopaedias to find information on events, personalities, concept, places, etc. as encyclopaedias are created with the help of history. Hence encyclopaedia and history are related.

(c) Improved versions of Encyclopaedia or supplements to original editions need to be published.
Answer:

1. Encyclopaedia is a systematic compilation of information or knowledge on various topics ranging from people, places and events to concepts, word meanings, etc.
2. With the passage of time the spectrum of knowledge has widened.
3. With the advent of new technology new words are added. Latest or updated information, knowledge, concepts enrich the language.
4. The references of the past events change in context of the new research. If all these changes are not incorporated in the encyclopaedias, they will become outdated.

Therefore, encyclopaedia or supplements to original editions need to be published.

Question 12.
Answer the following questions in 25-30 words:
(a) What are the ways to preserve and conserve oral resources?
Answer:

• Folk songs ancl folk tales are collected and compiled.
• Collected material is classified. It is interpreted and analysed after compilation.
• The result of research conducted is then published.

(b) What steps are taken to preserve written sources?
Answer:
Written sources have great importance in the writing of history. To preserve written sources we need –

• To collect old books, historical books, pictures, photographs, copper plates, manuscripts and official records and edit them.
• To decide upon the historical values of collected documents.
• To exhibit the selected documents.
• To publish edited documents and research reports.
• To complete necessary chemical and mechanical process of cleaning for conserving and preserving the documents.

(c) What methods should be followed while studying material source?
Answer:
The following methods should be followed by research scholars while studying material source:

• To collect the artefacts and classify them according to their historical date and type and prepare indexes.
• To arrange exhibitions of selected artefacts or their replicas.
• To write and publish research articles about artefacts.
• To complete required mechanical and chemical processes of cleaning for conservation and preservation of the collected documents.

(d) Write about the earliest libraries in the world.
Answer:
Libraries were established in different parts of the world in ancient times:

• The Royal Library of Ashurbanipal is the earliest library dating back to the 7th century B.C.E. in Mesopotamia. The library was owned by the Assyrian emperor.
• A library was discovered at Alexandria in Egypt which was built in 4th century C.E.
• The library at Takshashila university in 5th century B.C.E. – 5th century C.E. as it was a noted centre of learning.

(e) Write about format of Encyclopaedias.
Answer:
Format of Encyclopaedias:

• Encyclopaedias are made according to selected subjects; therefore encyclopaedias are classified according to the subjects.
• Encyclopaedias are framed according to alphabetical order or as per the order of topics.
• They provide the exact meaning of words and give information on concepts.
• The type of order is kept according to the convenience of the readers. An index is provided at the end of the encyclopaedia for this purpose.

(f) Write about Encyclopaedic Literature.
Answer:

• It appears similar to an encyclopaedia but differs in composition.
• Information and scholarly articles on all possible aspects of a subject is covered.
• Experts are called to write on different topics which are compiled to create encyclopaedia
• ‘Maharashtra Jeevan’ Volume I and II; ‘Shahar Pune’ Volume I and II; Yearbook like Manorama, etc. are the examples of Encyclpaedic Literature.

(g) Give information on early encyclopaedias made in the west.
Answer:

• The process of making encyclopaedias started in before 1st century C.E. in the west. Pliny wrote the first encyclopaedia on natural history between 23 C.E.-79 C.E.
• In the 8th and 9th century, encyclopaedias were written in England, France and in Arab countries.
• French Philosopher Denis Diderot wrote Encyclopaedia in the 18th century C.E.
• The important milestone in this process was ‘Encyclopaedia Britannica’ published in 1767 C.E.
• Wikipedia is considered equivalent to encyclopaedia. The information given in this encyclopaedia is highly reliable and updated.

(h) Write about ancient Indian encyclopaedias.
Answer:

• In the 7th century C.E., Nighantu, a dictionary (information on ancient medicine) in Sanskrit language was written. Dictionaries like Dhatupath were written.
• In tjie medieval times, encyclopaedic text was composed by Mahanubhav sect.
• Amarsimha wrote a thesaurus in Sanskrit ‘Amarkosha’.
• Raghunath Pandit prepared Rajavyavaharkosh as directed by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.

Question 13.
Read the following passage and answer the following questions:
(a) Which factors influence Encyclopaedia?
Answer:
The influence of national policies, ethical values and ideals, philosophy and traditions is seen in an encyclopaedia.

(b) What is the common factor between history and encyclopaedia?
Answer:
History and encyclopaedia both are objective.

(c) Explain the statement: Encyclopaedias are looked upon as outstanding achievements of a society.
Answer:

• The knowledge in all the spheres of society is made accessible to everyone is the major reason behind making an encyclopaedia.
• What inspires people to create encyclopaedias is the instinct to gain knowledge and spread it.
• Encyclopaedias reflect the collective intellect and creativity of society.
• One develops a sense of pride after knowing about nation’s progress through it.

Hence encyclopaedias are looked upon as outstanding achievements of a society.

Question 14.
Give elaborate answers to the following: (3 marks each)

(a) What kind of training is required to study written sources?
Answer:
While studying and handling written sources the following training is required:

• The students should have knowledge of scripts like Brahmi, Modi, Persian and their development.
• They should know ways to obtain information about the social organisations and traditions.
• They should know about the literature and writing style in past societies.
• They should have basic knowledge about administrative systems, dynasties and cultures of the past.
• They should study prevalent schools of painting and sculpture.
• They should be able to collect information on types of paper, know about ink and colour of ancient document and ways to handle.
• They should be well acquainted with properties of stones and metals used for inscriptions.
• Articles published earlier on case study should be read.
• They should know the chemicals and equipment used in various processes of cleaning and preserving the documents.
• Modern know-how of approaches of managing exhibitions in museums, galleries and information technology.

(b) What kind of training is required to study material sources?
Answer:
Student should have following knowledge to study material resource:

• They should have basic knowledge of archaeological method and theory.
• They should be acquainted with the history of ancient civilisations.
• They should have knowledge of various techniques of excavation.
• Stones, minerals and clay used to make artefacts and their characteristics to be studied.
• They should be well-acquainted with the sources of the material used and their chemical properties.
• They should also know about various styles of making artefacts and development in their making process.
• They should have the knowledge and skills of making replicas of artefacts and fossils.
• They should read research papers previously published on his case study.
• They should acquire information about the approaches of arranging exhibitions and administrations.
• They should know about the equipment and chemicals necessary for the cleaning of artefacts.
• They should be able to write research reports and articles.

(c) Write information about museums in India.
Answer:

• ‘Indian Museum’ established by the Asiatic Society of Bengal in Kolkata was the first museum in India in 1814.
• The ‘Government Museum’ established in Chennai in 1851 C.E. was the second museum in India. The National Museum was established in Delhi in 1949.
• The foundation of the Prince of Wales Museum was laid in Mumbai in 1905. Its construction was completed in 1922. It was renamed as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay in 1998 C.E.
• At present, there are many museums in various states of India.
• Many museums are connected to libraries and archives. Some are connected to Universities.
• Such museums offer courses in Museology also.

(d) Give information on “National Archives of India.
Answer:

• The first official archive of India was established m Kolkata in 1891 C.E. as the ‘Imperial Record Department’.
• It was moved to Delhi in 1911 C.E.
• In 1998 C.E. it was made accessible to the public by the then President of India K.R. Narayanan.
• It was renamed as ‘National Archive’ (National Archive of India). Archives come under the Ministry of Culture of the Indian Government.
• This archive has papers, maps, books and micro films preserved in chronological order since 1748.
• Records in English, Arabic, Hindi, Persian, Sanskrit, Devanagari and Modi languages are preserved.
• Papers kept in archives are classified into public, oriental, manuscripts and private papers.
• The National Archives of India is the largest in Asia and technologically advanced.

(e) Explain the statement: A nation should have museums and libraries.
Answer:
Museums and libraries mirror the history of the country and that is the reason they are very valuable for a nation.

• Museums and Libraries make it easy for the research scholar to write history.
• Historical events and life stories of important people reach the masses.
• People get an idea about past social, political and cultural conditions.
• A visit to museums increases one’s interest.
• A change in a prejudiced view about history is seen.
• Information on animals, microorganisms, birds and elements of nature.
• Museums contribute to the process of gaining and dissemination of knowledge.
• Ancient historical sources are preserved.
• Tourism is promoted.
• It creates opportunities for employment.

Hence it can be said that it is important for a nation to have museums and libraries as they both are symbols of nation’s progress and glory.

Memory Map

10th Std History Questions And Answers:

• Historiography Development in the West Class 10 History Questions And Answers
• Historiography Indian Tradition Class 10 History Questions And Answers
• Applied History Class 10 History Questions And Answers
• History of Indian Arts Class 10 History Questions And Answers
• Mass Media and History Class 10 History Questions And Answers
• Entertainment and History Class 10 History Questions And Answers
• Sports and History Class 10 History Questions And Answers
• Tourism and History Class 10 History Questions And Answers
• Heritage Management Class 10 History Questions And Answers

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 History Solutions Chapter 2 Historiography Indian Tradition Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Std 10 History Chapter 2 Question Answer Historiography Indian Tradition Maharashtra Board

Class 10 History Chapter 2 Historiography Indian Tradition Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 10 Chapter 2 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Question 1.
(A) Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the statement.
(1) …………………..…….. was the first Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India.
(a) Alexander Cunningham
(b) William Jones
(c) John Marshall
(d) Friedrich Max Muller
Answer:
(a) Sir Alexander Cunningham

(2) …………………..…….. translated the Sanskrit text of ‘Hitopadesh’ in the German language.
(a) James Mill
(b) Friedrich Max Muller
(c) Mountstuart Elphinstone
(d) Sir John Marshall
Answer:
(b) Friedrich Max Muller

(B) Identify and write the wrong pair in the following set.
(1) ‘Who were the Shudras’ – subaltern History
(2) ‘Stri-Purush Tulana’ – Feminist writing
(3) ‘The Indian War of Independence 1857’ – Marxist History
(4) Grant Duff – Colonial History.
Answer:
(1) Right Pair: ‘Who were the Shudras’ – subaltern History
(2) Right Pair: ‘Stri-Purush Tulana’ – Feminist writing
(3) Wrong Pair: ‘The Indian War of Independence 1857’ – Marxist History
(4) Right Pair: Grant Duff – Colonial History.

Question 2.
Explain the following with its reason.
(1) Writing of the regional history received a momentum.
Answer:

• Indian historians trained in the British educational system showed an inclination to restore the self-esteem of Indians They started writing Nationalistic historiography.
• Historians from the different regions of India criticised the prejudiced history of India written by the British officers.
• Their attention was drawn towards geographic conditions and history of different regions of India.
• The nationalistic historiography helped in triggering the independence movement.
• It provided a momentum to the writing of regional histories for e.g.
• Nationalistic writings in Maharashtra were inspired by Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar.

Hence, writing of the regional history received momentum.

(2) Bakhar is an important type of historical documents.
Answer:

• Bakhars are important source of history like coins, inscriptions, texts, copper plates and travelogues.
• Bakhars contain eulogies of the heroes, historic events, stories of lives of great men and description of battles.
• It portrays a picture of prevalent society, religions and economic life.
• Bakhars are of various types which contain biographies of kings, dynastic history, description of events, sects, autobiographies, mythologies, administration of kings, etc.
• These descriptions are helpful for writing historiography.
• Among well-known Marathi. Bakhars ‘Sabhasad Bakhar’ written by Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad requires a special mention Bhausahebanchi Bakhar and Panipatachi Bakhar describe the ‘Battle of Panipat’.

Hence, Bakhars are important type of historical document.

Question 3.
Write detailed Answers the following questions in detail.
(1) What is Marxist History?
Answer:

1. In the post-independence era, new trends emerged in writing Indian historiography. Marxist historiography is prominent among them.
2. Historiography which is based on ideas of Karl Marx is known as Marxist Historiography. In Marxist Historiography, more importance was given to class struggles.
3. Marxist Historiography reflects concerns for means and modes of production as well as the industrial relations. These became centre of writings of the Marxist historians.
4. How every social event affects the life of people was analysed and it became the theme of Marxist historians Marxist historians studied the transitions that took place in the caste system.
5. Notable Indian historians who adopted Marxist ideologies were Damodar Kosambi, Comrade Shripad Dange, Sharad Patil and Ram Sharan Sharma.
6. Their writings reflected Marxist ideology. Comrade Dange was the founder member of the Indian Communist Party

(2) What is the contribution of Itihasacharya V.K. Rajwade to historiography?
Answer:

1. V.K. Rajwade is well-known for his writings in Marathi on subjects like history, linguistics, etymology and grammar. His contributions are as follows:
2. He compiled and edited 22 volumes of Marathyanchya Itihasachi Sadhane.
3. He stated that history is the all-inclusive image of the past societies.
4. V. K. Rajwade was of the view that history does not include only the stories of political images, conspiracies and Wars for seizing power.
5. He was of the firm opinion that we should write our own history and insisted that history . should be written only using the authentic sources.
6. He was of the opinion that description of any human event in historiography should have balanced combination of three factors namely – Time, Space and Personalities.

Question 4.
(a) Complete the following chart.

Historian	Name of the Book
James Mill	‘The History of British India’
James Grant Duff	……………………………………………
……………………………………………	‘The History of India’
S.A. Dange	……………………………………………
……………………………………………	‘Who were the Shudras’

Answer:

Historian	Name of the Book
James Mill	The History of British India
James Grant Duff	A History of Mahrattas
Mountstuart Elphinstone	The History of India
S. A. Dange	Primitive Communism to Slavery
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar	Who Were the Shudras

(b) Complete the following concept chart.

Answer:

Question 5.
Explain the following concepts.
(1) Orientalist historiography.
Answer:

1. In the later part of the eighteenth century many European scholars felt curious to know about civilisations and countries of the East.
2. These scholars who studied the Indian Civilization had respect and admiration for it. They were known as ‘Orientalists’.
3. They studied similarities between Sanskrit and some of the European languages, focussing more on Vedic traditions and Sanskrit literature.
4. It resulted in the notion that an ancient language could be the mother of all Indo-European languages.
5. Notable Orientalist scholars are Friedrich Max Muller and William Jones.

(2) Nationalistic historiography.
Answer:

1. English education started in India in the nineteenth century. The Indian historians who were trained in English education system realised the glory of their past.
2. They showed an inclination to restore the pride in the ancient glory of India and the self-esteem of the Indian readers.
3. They laid the foundation of Nationalistic writing. Nationalistic writings in Maharashtra were inspired by ‘Vishnushastri Chiplunkar’.
4. Nationalistic historians opposed the prejudiced history written by the British officers.
5. Mahadev Govind Ranade, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar are renowned Nationalistic historians.
6. Nationalistic historiography inspired freedom struggle against the Britishers and gave momentum to write about regional history. While glorifying the past, at times they are blamed for ignoring to critically analyse the truth.

(3) Subaltern history.
Answer:

• History of deprived classes or communities who were deprived of all rights is known as subaltern history.
• The seeds of subaltern history can be traced in the Marxist history. Italian historian Antonio Gramsci has special importance in writing the subaltern history.
• He presented the idea that history should be written starting from the bottommost ranks of people in the society.
• Ranjit Guha, an Indian historian, has given prominence to subaltern history and played a major role in establishing it as an important academic school of historiography.
• Similar thoughts were expressed by Mahatma Phule and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar which can be found in their writings.

Project
Prepare an illustrated manuscript with the help of the internet giving more information about the historians mentioned in this lesson.
Answer:

Memory Map

Question 6.
Complete the sentences by choosing a correct option:
(a) The first written document found in India was inscribed during the rule of Emperor ……………….. .
(a) Akbar
(b) Harshavardhan
(c) Ashoka Maurya
(d) Aurangzeb
Answer:
(c) Ashoka Maurya

(b) Banabhatta wrote King Harsha’s biography titled ………………… in the 7th century CE.
(a) Meghdoot
(b) Rajtarangini
(c) Rasratnakar
(d) Harshacharit
Answer:
(d) Harshacharit

(c) In the 12th century C.E., ………………… wrote a book ‘Rajtarangini’ about history of Kashmir.
(a) Banabhatta
(b) Kalhana
(c) Ziquddin Barani
(d) Patanjali
Answer:
(b) Kalhana.

(d) The historians in the courts of Muslim rulers were influenced by ………………… historiography.
(a) Greek and Roman
(b) Arabic and Persian
(c) English and French
(d) Arabic and Urdu
Answer:
(b) Arabic and Persian

(e) We get information about the rule of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj from ……………….. .
(a) Bhausahebanchi Bakhar
(b) Panipatachi Bakhar
(c) Sabhasad Bakhar
(d) Holkaranchi Bakhar
Answer:
(c) Sabhasad Bakhar

(f) ‘Bhausahebanchi Bakhar’ describes Battle of ……………….. .
(a) Raigad
(b) Panipat
(c) Plassey
(d) Vasai
Answer:
(b) Panipat

(g) The first book written by a British historian on Indian history is ……………….. .
(a) The History of India
(b) The History of Maharaj
(c) The History of British India
(d) The Sacred Books of the East
Answer:
(c) The History of British India

(h) Nilkanth Janardan Kirtane and V.K. Rajwade exposed the limitations in writings of ……………….. .
(a) Friedrich Max Muller
(b) Colonel Todd
(c) Grant Duff
(d) William Wilson Hunter
Answer:
(c) Grant Duff

(i) …………………, an Indian historian played a major role in establishing subaltern history as an important academic school of historiography.
(a) Comrade Sharad Patil
(b) Ranjit Guha
(c) Dharmanand Kosambi
(d) Ram Sharan Sharma
Answer:
(b) Ranjit Guha.

(j) The writings of British officials on India display strong influence of ……………….. .
(a) Marxism
(b) Colonalism
(c) Feminism
(d) Capitalism
Answer:
(b) Colonalism

(k) The Nationalistic Historiography in Maharashtra was inspired by works of ……………….. .
(a) Vinayak Damotfar Savarkar
(b) Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar
(c) Vishnushastri Chiplunkar
(d) Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade
Answer:
(c) Vishnushastri Chiplunkar

(l) The two volumes written by ……………….. on Indian history show impartial treatment of the subject.
(a) Colonel Todd
(b) William Wilson Hunter
(c) Grant Duff
(d) James Mill
Answer:
(b) William Wilson Hunter

(m) ‘Primitive Communism to Slavery’, represents ……………….. the historiography.
(a) Colonial
(b) Orientalist
(c) Nationalistic
(d) Marxist
Answer:
(d) Marxist

(n) ‘Stripurush Tulana’ was written by ……………….. is acknowledged as first feminist book in India.
(a) Meera Kosambi
(b) Dr. Sharmila Rege
(c) Tarabai Shinde
(d) Pandita Ramabai
Answer:
(c) Tarabai Shinde.

Question 7.
Identify the wrong pair and write it:
(1)

Name of the Book	Types of Historiography
(1) Who were the	(a) Subaltern history
Shudras	(July ’19)
(2) Stripurush Tulana	(b) Feminist writing
(3) The Indian War of Independence	(c) Marxist History
(4) Grant Duff	(d) Colonial History

Answer:
Wrong pair: The Indian War of Independence – Marxist History.

(2)

Name of the Book	Historian
(1) The Rise of the Maratha Power	(a) Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade
(2) Marathyanchya Itihasachi Sadhane	(b) Vishnushastri Chiplunkar
(3) Maratha Riyasat	(c) Govind Sakharam Sardesai
(4) Gulamgiri	(d) Mahatma Phule

Answer:
Wrong pair: Marathyanchya Itihasachi Sadhane- Vishnushastri Chiplunkar.

(3)

Work	Scholars
(1)  Bharat Itihas Samshodhak Manda	(a)   V. K. Rajwade
(2)  Asiatic Society	(b)   Sir William Jones
(3)  Inspiration for Nationalistic historiography	(c)  Vishnushastri Chiplunkar
(4)  Discovery of Harappan Civilization	(d)  James Mill

Answer:
Wrong pair: Discovery of Harappan CIvilization – James Mill.

(4)

Historiography	Historian
(1) Nationalistic Historiography	(a) V. D. Savarkar
(2) Marxist Historiography	(b) Damodar Kosambi
(3) Subaltern Historiography	(c) Ramchandra Guha
(4) Feminist Historiography	(d) Sharmila Rege

Answer:
Wrong pair: Subaltern Historiography – Bamchandra Guha.

Question 8.
Do as directed:
(1)

Answer:

(2)

Answer:

(3) Prepare a flow chart on Literary work of Max Muller:
Answer:

Question 9.
Explain the concepts:
(a) Colonial Historiography:
Answer:

• The history written by British officers and Christian missionaries in support of British rule and colonialism is known as Colonial historiography.
• It reflected their prejudiced mindset about Indian culture. They ridiculed the Indian culture as being primitive.
• Their writings justified the colonial British rule.
• The distinct example of colonial historiography is ‘Cambridge History of India’ in five volumes published during 1922-1937.

Question 10.
Write short notes:
(a) Alexander Cunningham:
Answer:

• British rulers started archaeological exploration and research in India in the 20th century.
• They established the Archaeological Survey of India and appointed Sir Alexander Cunningham as its first Director General.
• He mainly chose the sites mentioned in the Buddhist texts for excavations.
• Many other ancient sites were excavated under his supervision.

(b) James Mill:
Answer:

• James Mill, a‘British historian, had written the monumental book ‘The History of British India’. He published it in three volumes in 1817.
• The book is important as it was the first book written by a British officer on Indian history.
• The book: lacks objective perspective and is prejudiced about various aspects of the Indian culture.

(c) Grant Duff:
Answer:

• Grant Duff, a British officer, wrote the book ‘A History of Mahrattas’, in three volumes.
• His name stands out among the British officers who wrote about Maratha history.
• The tendency of the British historians to condemn Indian culture and history is found in Grant Duff’s writing.
• Historians Nilkanth Janardan Kirtane and Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade exposed the limitations of Grant Duff’s writings.

(d) Indian Feminist Historiography:
Answer:

1. Tarabai Shinde, Pandita Ramabai and Dr. Rukhamabai were feminist historians before independence.
2. They wrote about employment of women, their right to political equality, treatment meted out to women at their workplace and gender discrimination.
3. A lot of literature is available unfolding the viewpoint of Dalit women on problems like social class, caste, etc. In the post-independence era.
4. Dr. Sharmila Rege included her essays on the autobiographies of Dalit women in her book, ‘Writing Caste, Writing Gender: Reading Dalit Women’s Testimonies.’
5. Meera Kosambi’s book, ‘Crossing Thresholds: Feminist Essays in Social History’ contains essays on the life stories of women like Pandita Ramabai and Dr. Rukhamabai, the first practising lady Doctor of India.

Question 11.
Explain the following with reasons:
(a) The history of Indian civilization dates back to 3rd millennium BCE.
Answer:

• Indian civilisation is among the various ancient civilisations in the world.
• Excavations at Harappa took place in 1920 under the supervision of Sir John Marshall, then Director General of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). This led to the discovery of Harappan Civilization.
• This discovery prqved helpful to trace the antiquity of Indian history which dates back 3rd millennium BCE or earlier.

(b) It became necessary to rethink of women’s position in history.
Answer:

• For a considerable period of time, mainly male scholars were involved in the writing of Indian history.
• It was obvious that the perspective was male-dominated.
• The work of the women historians was neglected for long. So it became important to highlight this fact.
• It was a huge challenge in front of the women: historians to compile the work and do research which would prove to be a medium to put forth their status in society.

Hence, it became necessary to rethink about the position of women in history.

(c) Govind Sakharam Sardesai was addressed as ‘Riyasatkar’.
Answer:

• Govind Sakharam Sardesai had a momentous achievement to his credit by publishing ‘Maratha Riyasat’.
• He published several volumes of Maratha history.
• His work became so popular that people began to address him as ‘Riyasatkar’.

Question 12.
Answer the following in 25-30 words:
(a) Which things are included in the description by Emperor Babur in bis autobiography?
Answer:
Babur, the founder of the Mughal empire, in his autobiography entitled Tuzuk-i-Babari describes:

• The battles fought by him.
• Recordings of minute observations of various regions and cities visited by him noting minute observations.
• Observation of the local customs, economy, fauna and flora of the region travelled by him.

(b) What is the contribution of Swatantryaveer Savarkar to nationalistic historiography?
Answer:

1. The writings of Swatantryaveer Savarkar were infused with nationalistic ideas. He looked at the revolt of 1857 as the First War of Independence and wrote the ‘book ‘The Indian War of Independence, 1857’.
2. His book gave inspiration to Nationalistic historiography which helped in triggering independence movement of the Indian people against the British. Even the writing of regional history got momentum.
3. The attention of historians was drawn towards the history and geographic conditions and variations in the South Indian region.

(c) Write about the contribution of Banabhatta in writing historiographies.
Answer:

• It was considered an important step in the Indian historiography to write biographies of kings and dynastic histories.
• Banabhatta wrote Harshacharit, King Harsha’s biography, in the 7th century C.E.
• It portrays a realistic picture of the social, economic, political, religious and cultural life during the period when King Harsha ruled.

(d) Write information on ‘Rajtarangini’.
Answer:

• Rajtarangini was written by Kalhana in the 12th century C.E. It traces the history of Kashmir.
• These eight books contain records of dynasties which ruled Kashmir, local traditions, coins, remains of monuments and inscriptions. Kalhana wrote the text after critically examining the various sources.
• The book is a good example to show how scientific technique is applied in writing history.

(e) Write about historiography in the post-independence period.
Answer:

• In the post-independence period, along with dynastic history, cultural, social and economic histories were also written.
• New schools of thought like Marxist, Subaltern and Feminist History were included in historiography.
• The scholars in this era began to feel the need of writing histories of various communities, sciences, economic systems, political ideologies, cultural aspects, etc.
• They presented the new schools of ideologies. These changes increased the scope of writing historiography.

(f) What are the objectives of writing history according to Ziauddin Barani?
Answer:

• Ziauddin Barani explained the ’ objectives of historiography. According to him, the duty of a historian does not end with recording the ruler’s valour and welfare policies.
• He should also write about the ruler’s failings and incorrect policies.
• He further adds that a historian should also take into account the impact of the teachings of the wise, the learned and the saints on the cultural life of people.

Thus, Ziauddin Barani holds important place as he expanded the scope of historiography.

(g) What are the salient features of writings of historians in the courts of Mughal emperors?
Answer:
The salient features of writings of historians in the courts of Mughal emperors are:

• Historians praised the Mughal emperors in their writings.
• Their loyalty towards the rulers is exhibited.
• The custom of adding suitable poetic quotes was introduced. The historians started to include beautiful pictures as well.

(h) Write about the importance of Tarabai Shinde in writing feminist historiography. *
Answer:

• Tarabai Shinde has a prominent place among the feminist historians who wrote about women in the nineteenth century, i.e. pre-independence era.
• She wrote a book Stripurush Tulana which was published in 1882. It is acknowledged as the first feminist book published in India.
• Her writings attacked the male-dominated social system and the caste system.

Question 13.
Read the given passage and answer the questions given below:
(a) Complete the graphical presentation:

Answer:

(b) What was considered more important by the historians in the Mughal Court?
Answer:
Praising the Mughal emperor and exhibition of loyalty was considered more 8 important by the historians in the Mughal Court.

(c) Why is Abbul Fazl’s writing considered realistic?
Answer:

• Abul Fazl’s Akbarnama reflects his critical viewpoint.
• He collected authentic historical documents for this book.
• He scrutinized these documents to affirm their reliability. Therefore, his method is looked upon as devoid of bias and hence realistic.

Question 14.
Write detailed answers to the following questions:
(a) Write information about historiography in the ancient period of India.
Answer:

• In the ancient period, stories of great deeds of ancestors, mythological lore, memories of social transitions were preserved through oral traditions.
• The art of writing was mastered by Indians as early as 3rd millennium B.C.E. But Harappan script is not deciphered yet.
• The earliest written documents found in India were in the form of inscriptions that are as old as 3rd century B.C.E. during the period of Emperor Ashok. His edicts are inscribed on natural rocks and stone pillars.
• Inscriptions started to occur on coins, metal images and sculptures and also on copper plates from the 1st century B.C.E.
• Epics like Ramayana, Mahabharat, Puranas, Jain and Buddhist texts are important sources of ancient Indian literature.
• Historical accounts by Indian authors and travelogues by foreign travellers are also important sources of history.

(b) Explain the works of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and Mahatma Phule in Subaltern History.
Answer:

• History of the deprived classes expressed in folklore was known as ‘Subaltern History’.
• Similar thoughts were expressed by Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar.
• Mahatma Phule unfolded the history of the Shudratishudra communities in his book ‘Gulamgiri’.
• He drew attention to show how women, Shudras and Atishudras were exploited under the name of religion.
• Dr. Ambedkar focused on the idea that in spite of having a significant role in shaping the cultural and political aspects of India, the role of Dalits was not duly acknowledged in colonial and nationalistic historiography.
• Injustice done to the Dalits was mostly written by him. ‘Who Were the Shudras’ and ‘The Untouchables’ are his books which can be cited as examples of subaltern history.

Question 15.
Observe the given picture and answer the question given below:

(a) Write a short note on Copper-plate inscriptions.

Answer:

• The copper-plate shown in the picture was found at Sohagaura in Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh.
• It is supposed to be from the Mauryan period and the inscription on it is in Brahmi script.
• Many symbols are inscribed on it ‘Tree-in-railing’ and ‘Mountain’ at the beginning of inscription occur on punch marked coins.
• A structure created on four pillars is indicative of a granary.
• The inscriptions have a record of royal order that the grains stored in the granary should be distributed carefully.
• This order is suggestive of precautionary measures taken during famine.

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