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Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 1 Population Part 1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 1 Population Part 1

1. Identify the correct correlation.

A – Assertion R – Reasoning
Question 1.
A – Areas which have fertile soil have dense population.
R – Fertile soils are good for agriculture.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question 2.
A – Population of a region does not change.
R – Birth rate, death rate and migration affect the population of a region.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(b) Only R is correct.

Question 3.
A – In stage 2, death rate reduces but birth rate is constant.
R – Population increases rapidly in stage 2.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question 4.
A – In stage 5 death rate is more than birth rate.
R – Population is declining in stage 5.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question 5.
A – In stage 1 both death rate and birth rate are high.
R – Population growth is stable in stage 1.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. Write short notes on.

Question 1.
Impact of relief on population distribution.
Answer:
1. Relief is one of the most important factors influencing the distribution of population.

2. Generally, mountains are thinly populated, plains are thickly populated and plateaus are moderately populated.

3. The mountains and hilly areas are less populated because of limited means of livelihood; agriculture is poorly developed and transportation facilities are limited. For example, north eastern states of India have less population due to hilly and mountainous relief.

4. On the other hand, plains are densely populated because of fertile soil and well-developed agriculture. Due to plain relief, it is easy to construct roads and develop industries. Better employment facilities attract people in these areas. For example, Ganga plains are thickly populated.

5. In short, we can say plains are densely populated and mountains and plateaus are sparsely populated.

Question 2.
Correlation between birth rate and death rate.
Answer:

• Birth rate and death rate are the important components of population change.
• Birth rate is the number of live births in a year per thousand population.
• Death rate is the number of deaths in a year per thousand population.
• Population growth depends upon birth rate and death rate in a year.
• Population growth occurs not only by increasing birth rate but also because of decreasing death rate.
• When birth rate is more than death rate, population increases.
• When birth rate is less than death rate, population decreases.
• If both, birth rate and death rate is same then population is said to remain stable. However, the birth rate and death rate being same is only a hypothetical situation.

Question 3.
Stage 3 of Demographic Transition Theory.
Answer:
1. Stage 3 of Demographic Transition Theory is the stage of expanding population.

2. From second stage to this stage, death rates are decreasing. Birth rates are also decreasing. Decrease in both birth rates and death rates, reduces the rate of growth of population. But actually, population is growing because the birth rates are higher than death rates.

3. In this stage, since the country is making progress, the income of the people is above the subsistence level and there is an improvement in the standard of living of the people. Poverty is also reducing.

4. There is development of technology as a result secondary and tertiary activities develop.

5. Due to increase in education level, people understand the importance of family planning so size of family reduces.

6. In short in stage 3 countries are moving from developing stage to developed stage.

3. Give geographical reasons.

Question 1.
India is passing through Stage 3 of demographic transition.
Answer:

• In India, since there is a decrease in the birth rates and death rates, the growth rate of population is also decreasing.
• Due to the development in the country, income of the people has reached above subsistence level, standard of living is improved, poverty is decreasing, technology is developing.
• Number of people engaged in secondary and tertiary activities are increasing.
• Due to increase in the literacy rate, people have understood the importance of family planning. Therefore, there is a decrease in the size of family.
• Hence, India is passing through Stage 3 of demographic transition.

Question 2.
Population distribution is uneven.
Answer:
1. Distribution of population in the world is very uneven because distribution of population depends upon many physical factors such as relief, climate, availability of water supply, soil etc.

2. For example, if you consider relief factor, mountains and hilly areas are thinly populated. Plateau regions are moderately populated and plains are densely populated. The Himalayan region in India is thinly populated but the Gangatic plains are thickly populated and Deccan plateau region are moderately populated.

3. The distribution of population also depends upon human factors such as agriculture, mining, transportation, urbanisation etc.

4. For example, agriculture or mining activities support large population since they provide source of living to many people.

5. Sometimes government policies also affect population distribution. For example, government provided land, water, electricity at concessional rate in New Mumbai area to attract people and to reduce pressure of population in Mumbai city.

Question 3.
Population increases because of transportation facilities.
Answer:
1. The development of roads and railways makes the region more accessible.

2. Such areas provide favourable conditions for the development and manufacturing industries, which generate employment. Therefore, people from different areas migrate in search of jobs. Thus, such areas become densely populated. For example, Gangetic plain of India, where the density of roads and railways is highest in India.

3. Population increases in port cities due to availability of sea transport for the development of trade. Therefore, the coastal region is densely populated. For example, many port cities like Chennai, Mumbai are developed on the east and west coast of India.

4. Thus, population increases because of transportation facilities.

Question 4.
Secondary and tertiary activities increase in the third stage of demographic transition.
Answer:

• In Stage 3 of demographic transition theory, growth rate of population decreases.
• As a result, the income of the people in the country reaches above subsistence level. Poverty rate decreases and standard of living increases. Therefore, the use of technology increases and this generates an employment in secondary and tertiary activities.
• Due to increase in education level and development of health facilities there is increase in employment in tertiary sector.
• Thus, secondary and tertiary activities increase in the third stage of demographic transition.

Question 5.
Population may increase though birth rates are low.
Answer:
The growth of population depends upon the difference between number of live births in a year per thousand population and number of deaths in a year per thousand population. Therefore, growth of population depends upon both birth rate and death rate.

When birth rate is low and death rate is also low, then though the number of live births per thousand population are less, but due to a smaller number of deaths per thousand population, there is increase in population of the country.

Question 6.
Population density is a function of population and area of a region.
Answer:
The number of people living in any area or country is called total population of the area or country.

Density of population is the ratio between total population and a total area of that region or country.

For example, as per the census of 2011, Density of population in India is 325 persons per sq. km. It is a ratio between total population in India and total area of India in sq. kms.

In some countries total population may be less but the density of population is high due to small area of the country. For example, Bangladesh’s total population is less but area of country is small therefore, density of population is high.

In some countries total population may be more but the density of population is low due to very large area of the country. For example, Brazil has more total population but area of country is also large therefore, density of population is low.

Thus, population density is a function of population and area of a region.

4. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the physical factors affecting distribution of population.
Answer:
Physical factors affecting distribution of population are:
(i) Relief
(ii) Climate
(iii) Availability of water
(iv) Soils

(i) Relief

• Distribution of population is greatly affected by relied features.
• Generally, flat plains or gently sloping lands are densely populated.
• Plains are suitable for agricultural activities.
• In these areas it is easier to construct roads and railways and development of industries and trade. As a result, many people are attracted to plains and they become densely populated. For example, Ganga plains are thickly populated.
• On the other hand, in mountainous and hilly areas density of population is low. This is because in such areas agricultural development is difficult.
• The construction and development of transport facilities is very difficult and costly too. Such areas are inaccessible.
• Due to inaccessibility, movement of goods and people are restricted. Therefore, mountainous and hilly areas are thinly populated. For example, north eastern states of India have less population due to hilly and mountainous relief.

(ii) Climate

• Climate is the most important factor of all the factors influencing the distribution of population.
• Areas having very hot or very cold climate, heavy rainfall are very uncomfortable for human settlement. Such areas are thinly populated.
• For example, polar regions where Eskimos and Lapps live are sparsely populated due to extreme cold climate. Sahara Desert is sparsely populated due to extreme hot climate.
• On the other hand, areas with equable climate, that is climate having not much seasonal variation attract people. People feel comfortable to stay in these areas.
• For example, coastal areas have dense population because of equable climate and wide scope for the development of agriculture, industries and trade.

(iii) Availability of water

• Water is the most important factor affecting distribution of population. It is the most essential factor for all human activities.
• Therefore, more people live in areas where potable and sufficient water is available. As a result of this most of the river valleys are densely populated i.e. Nile river valley.
• Even in desert areas there is more population near oasis due to availability of water.

(iv) Soil

• Fertile soils are most important for the development of agriculture.
• The areas having fertile alluvial soil have developed intensive agriculture and support large number of people and hence they are densely populated, e.g., Gangetic Plain, Plains of Mississippi, Irrawaddy and Yangtze etc.
• Similarly, in the areas having very fertile black cotton soil or regur soil, agriculture is well developed and hence such areas are densely populated.
• The volcanic soil is very fertile hence, it supports agriculture. Therefore, slopes of volcanic mountains have dense population. For example, volcanic mountain slopes of Java island.

Question 2.
In the first and fifth stage of the demographic transition, population growth is almost nil. What is the difference between the two stages then?
Answer:

• In the stage 1 both birth rates and death rates are high. The difference between the two is very less and therefore, population is stable.
• In stage 1 birth rates are high due to limited educational opportunities, people feel having many children is good. Therefore, families are big.
• In stage 1, due to lack of sanitation facilities, medical facilities, spread of contagious diseases, malnutrition, etc., death rate is high.
• In stage 5 birth rates and death rates are very low. Birth rates are almost equal to death rates.
• As a result, the population growth is almost minimal or very low or even negative in case of some countries.
• In stage 5, death rate is low because of improved medical facilities, eradication of contagious diseases and healthy environment.
• In stage 5, due to increase in awareness among the people, birth rate is low.

Question 3.
Discuss the problems faced by counties in stage 4 and stage 5.
Answer:
Problems faced by stage 4 countries are as under:

• The death rate is very low and going down as the medical facilities have improved and pandemic like plague, cholera, small pox, etc., are eradicated.
• Birth rate is the same as death rate so population growth is minimal.
• Problems faces by stage 5 countries are as under:
• In this stage the birth rate is very low and death rate is high. Therefore, the growth of population is slow or negative growth of population is seen.
• Due to large number of old people the death rate is high and due to a smaller number of young people birth rate is low.
• Due to large number of old people, dependent population is high.
• Due to less young age population, working population is limited.
• As a result, the size of dependant population is larger than active population and it has adverse effect on economy of the country.

5. Draw a neat labelled diagram for demographic transition theory and its various stages.
Answer:

6. Mark and name the following on the outline map of the world with suitable index.

(a) Highly populated region in Australia.
(b) Sparsely populated region in India.
(c) Any 2 countries in stage 5 of demography transition theory.
(d) Any 2 countries in stage 2 of demographic transition theory.
Answer:

Class 12 Geography Chapter 1 Population Part 1 Intext Questions and Answers

Try These

Question 1.
Observe the pie charts shown in the figure and answer the following questions. (Text book pg.no – 1)

1. Which continent has least population?
2. Which continent has the least landmass and also least population?
3. Which continent has the most land mass as well as most of the population?
4. Which continent is missing in one of the pie charts? Why?

Answer:

1. The continent which has the least population is Australia.
2. The continent which has the least land mass and also least population is Australia.
3. The continent which has the most land mass and also most population is Asia.
4. The continent of Antarctica is missing in population distribution chart, because it has no permanent human settlement.

Question 2.
Look at the below figure and answer the questions that follow:

1. What does the image show?
2. What happens to the population when the deaths are more than births?
3. What happens to the population when births are more than deaths?
4. What happens when both are same? Is it possible?

Answer:

1. The image shows balance between birth rate and death rate.
2. Population growth may be less or in some countries there may be negative growth.
3. When births are more than deaths, then population growth is faster.
4. When both births and deaths are same, population will be stagnant. This is not possible for any country.

Give it a try

Question 1.
The below table shows the 10 most populated countries in the world in 2018 with their areas. Calculate their population densities and complete the table. (Text book pg.no – 1)

Answer:

Question 2.
The satellite image given in Fig. They show the same area from two different periods. (Text book pg.no – 6)

1. What difference do you see?
2. What might have caused these changes?

Answer:
1. The satellite image ‘A’ is image of the year 2005 and satellite image ‘B’ is of the year 2019. That means there is a difference of 14 years in these two images.

2. In image ‘A’ you can see that there are a few roads, limited settlements and most of the areas are covered by agricultural fields, and there is thin population.

3. When we compare the image ‘A’ with the image ‘B’, we find that in image ‘B’ the number of major roads (highway) and minor roads have increased. As a result, the area has become more accessible and thickly populated.

Due to development of industries and employment opportunities there is development of transport.

Question 3.
1. Can you calculate the death rate if the total number of deaths in the above city was 2,986 in the same year?
2. On the basis of the birth rates given in earlier and death rates calculated, what change in population do you observe?
Answer:
1. Total population of a city is 223000 and total deaths in the city are 2986 in that year.
Death Rate = \(\frac {Total number of deaths in a year}{Total population in that year}\) × 1000
Death Rate = \(\frac {2896}{223000}\) × 1000 = 13.39
Therefore, the death rate is 13.39.

2. In earlier example birth rate was 14.57 and the death rates calculated is 13.39. It means death rate have decreased by 1.8. It means the population has increased.

Question 4.
Look at the graph in Fig. carefully. Answer the following questions: (Text book pg.no – 9)

1. What do the blue and black lines indicate?
2. What does the green part in the graph show?
3. What does the blue part in the graph show?
4. In which stages is the birth rate more than the death rate?
5. In which stages is the birth rate same as the death rate?
6. In which stage is the death rate being more than birth rate?

Answer:

1. Blue lines indicate birth rate and black lines indicate death rate.
2. Green part in the graph shows the natural increase of population.
3. Blue part in the graph shows the natural decrease of population.
4. In stage 2 and 3 birth rates is more than death rate.
5. In stage 4 the birth rate is same as the death rate.
6. In stage 5 the death rate is more than birth rate.

Make friends with maps!

Question 1.
Look at the map in Fig. Compare it with the physical map of the world given in Textbook Page No. 83. Try to understand the impact of physical factors on population distribution. Complete the table accordingly. (Text book pg.no – 2)


Answer:

Continent	Physical factors responsible for High population	Physical factors responsible for less population
North America	Coastal Areas	Forest, deserts, snow covered land
Asia	Coastal areas and Fertile Plains	Mountains and deserts
Europe	Coastal areas and fertile Plains	Mountains, snow covered areas
Africa	Coastal Areas	Dense forest, mountains and deserts
South America	Coastal Areas	Mountains, dense forest and deserts
Australia	Coastal Areas	Hilly regions and deserts
Antarctica	–	Snow covered areas

Question 2.
Refer to the map showing rice producing regions of the world in Fig. Relate it with the population map of the world in Fig. Write the conclusions in your own words. (Text book pg.no – 5)


Answer:
Areas of high density of population in Fig 1.2 if we compare with world map Fig 1.4 showing major rice producing areas in the world, we found that the areas of major rice production and areas of high density / thick population are the same areas.
Conclusion:
Rice cultivation is possible only in those areas where there is fertile alluvial soil and assured supply of water.
Rice producing areas and areas of dense population in the world are the river flood plains and delta of rivers like Kaveri, Krishna, Godavari and Ganga in India, Brahmaputra in Bangladesh, Irrawaddy in Myanmar, Yangtze and Yellow in China, Mekong in Laos and Cambodia etc. These areas are high density areas in the world.

Can you tell?

Question 1.
Can you think of the factors besides physiography which affect the distribution of population? Make a list. (Text book pg.no – 3)
Answer:

Physical / Human factors	High density of population	Low density of population
Availability of potable water	River valleys	Deserts
Climate	Equable climate – coastal areas	Extreme climate – polar regions
Availability of resources	Minerals, fertile soil	Limited resources
Economic	Transportation, employment opportunities, urbanisation	Less employment opportunities, poor economic growth
Social	Migration from different parts of India in Mumbai	Out migration from Konkan to Mumbai
Government Policy	Favourable government policies to attract people	Unfavourable government policies

Question 2.
Observe the table 1.4. Arrange data in ascending order for birth rate and death rates respectively. (Text book pg.no – 8)

Country	Crude BR (2017)	Crude DR (2017)
Sweden	11.5	9.1
India	18.1	7.2
Greece	8.2	11.6
China	12.4	7.1
USA	11.8	8.5
Niger	46.5	8.5

Answer:

Question 3.
Look at the Fig. and answer the following questions. (Text book pg.no – 9)

1. If the crude birth rate is 7 and crude death rate is 8 then which stage of demographic transition is the country in?
2. If a country has crude death rate of 20 and crude birth rate of 24, then which stage of demographic transition is the country in? [Text book pg.no – 10]

Answer:

1. The country is in stage 5 of demographic transition.
2. The country is in stage 3 of demographic transition.

Find out.

Question 1.
(i) Are Eskimos still living in their conventional ways?
(ii) What changes can be seen in their lifestyle now? (Text book pg.no – 4)
Answer:
(i) No, Eskimos are not living in their conventional way due to the changing environment as a result of increased contacts with societies to the south.

(ii) Eskimo life has changed greatly because of increased contacts with societies to the south.

• They were using harpoons for hunting, now they are using rifles. They were using dogs for land transport, now they are using snowmobiles.
• Outboard motors, store-bought clothing and many other manufactured products have entered into their culture.
• Women are taking salaried jobs to earn currency for store-bought products. As a result, women are losing their knowledge of traditional skills such as sewing animal skin.
• Many Eskimos are not doing nomadic hunting which was their main activity. Now they are living in northern towns and cities and working in mines and oil fields.
• Some Eskimos in Canada have formed cooperative societies for marketing their handicrafts, fish catches, tourism ventures etc.

Use your brain power!

Question 1.
(i) Can lakes be a factor for concentration of population? Find examples.
(ii) Which water bodies are surrounded by dense population in Maharashtra? (Text book pg.no – 4)
Answer:
(i) Man always likes to settle near a waterbody. People are attracted towards lakes.

Lakes are not only a source of fresh water but also a source of fish. They also provide water supply for industries, agriculture and provide water transport. They provide good sites to develop tourism due to greenery of trees surrounding the lake, scope for boating, cool breeze and pleasant atmosphere.

For example, Lake Victoria in Africa, supports 40 million people, with population density 250 persons per sq. km. The growth rate of the population is 3.5 percent each year, which is among the highest growth rates in the world.

The Victoria lake supports the largest freshwater fishery in the world. The fish catch from the lake is more than one million and it employs two lakh people in direct fishing and supports livelihood to four million people.

Five Great lakes in USA – Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie and Ontario make up the largest body of freshwater on earth. They support more than 30 million people. This equates to 10 percent of USA residents and 30 percent Canadian residents.

The lakes have been a major source for transportation, trade, fishing, tourism, power, recreation etc.

(ii)

• In Maharashtra the following water bodies are surrounded by dense populations.
• Rankala lake around which dense population of Kolhapur city.
• Powai lake around which dense population of Mumbai city.
• Ambazari lake around which dense population of Nagpur city.
• Pashan lake around which dense population of Pune city.
• Dense population on the bank of Mula-Mutha river of Pune city.
• Dense population on the bank of Nag river – Nagpur city.
• Dense population on the bank of Tapi river – Bhusaval and other cities.
• Dense population on the bank of Godavari river – Nasik city.
• Dense population on the bank of Krishna- Koyana rivers – Karad, Sangli cities.
• Dense population along the coastline of Arabian sea- Mumbai city.

Question 2.
In which stage do you think India is passing right now? (Text book pg.no – 10)
Answer:
India is passing through stage 3 right now.

Question 3.
Find out in what multiples has population increased in the following timeline and write down your findings. For example, in the initial phase, the population took 6 centuries (1000 to 1600 A.D.) to double itself. (Text book pg.no – 11)

Answer:
(i) 1000 to 1600 population increase 2 times in 6 hundred years.
(ii) 1600 to 1900 population increased 3 times in 3 hundred years.
(iii) 1900 to 1960 population increased 2 times in 6 hundred years.
(iv) 1960 to 2000 population increased 2 times in 4 hundred years.

Let’s recall.

Question 1.
Which policy did the Brazilian government promote with respect to decentralisation? (Text book pg.no – 7)
Answer:

1. Last two decades there is highly centralised military rule in Brazil so there was demand for local autonomy. Brazil sought to decentralised government authority and promote citizen participation to establish democracy.
2. Brazil became decentralised federation when it undertook transformation of governance.
3. As result authoritarian military regime came to an end.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 6 Psychological Disorders Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 6 Psychological Disorders

1. (A) Choose the correct option and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
………………… is the present system for the classification of mental disorders.
(a) DSM-5
(b) WHO
(c) APA
Answer:
(a) DSM-5

Question 2.
Term Schizophrenia was first used by ………………
(a) Albert Ellis
(b) Eugene Bleuler
(c) John Travis
Answer:
(b) Eugene Bleuler

Question 3.
World Health Organization has developed …………….. for classification of all types of disorders.
(a) ICD
(b) DSM
(c) MCA
Answer:
(a) ICD

Question 4.
We find alternate phases of depression and mania in …………………. disorders.
(a) depressive
(b) bipolar
(c) anxiety
Answer:
(b) bipolar

(B). Match the pairs.

Question 1.

Group A	Group B
(1) Phobia	(a) 2013
(2) DSM-5	(b) Wellness
(3) ICD – 11	(c) Schizophrenia
(4) Eugen Bleuler	(d) 2019
(5) John Travis	(e) Illogical fear
(6) Depressive disorders	(f) Sad feelings for a long period of time

Answer:

Group A	Group B
(1) Phobia	(e) Illogical fear
(2) DSM-5	(a) 2013
(3) ICD – 11	(d) 2019
(4) Eugen Bleuler	(c) Schizophrenia
(5) John Travis	(b) Wellness
(6) Depressive disorders	(f) Sad feelings for a long period of time

(C) State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
Socially or culturally deviant behaviours are signs of psychological disorders.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Schizophrenia is a serious psychological disorder.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Feeling of hopelessness is one of the symptoms seen in depressive disorders.
Answer:
True

(D) Answer the following in one sentence each.

Question 1.
From which Latin word is the term anxiety derived?
Answer:
The word ‘anxiety’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Anxietas’ which means ‘uneasy or troubled mind’.

Question 2.
In which disorder does the person experience sadness and guilt for a long period of time?
Answer:
In a depressive disorder the person experiences sadness and guilt for a long period of time.

Question 3.
What do you call the fear that you experience unnecessarily in a non threatening situation?
Answer:
The fear that is experienced unnecessarily in a non threatening situation is called a phobia.

2. Answer the following questions Briefly.

Question 1.
Explain the nature of psychological disorder.
Answer:
The major criteria of abnormality or psychological disorders are deviance, personal distress and impaired functioning. Illness and absence of illness are not distinct categories but are on opposite poles of the continuum sequence as explained below.

Stage 1 – The person is physically and psychologically healthy. They are motivated and emotionally stable.
Stage 2 – The person may get affected by life stressors, feel anxious, lack energy, etc. For e.g., before an examination. It is possible to push oneself back towards positive health by adopting a healthy lifestyle.
Stage 3 – The person shows signs of psychological damage and experience negative feelings like sadness, lack of motivation, fear and may even indulge in addictive behaviour. However, even this stage is not irreversible.
Stage 4 – The person exhibits extreme distress, impairment in mental, emotional and social functioning. He/She needs professional treatment.

Question 2.
What is meant by Anxiety disorders?
Answer:
The word ‘anxiety’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Anxietas’ which means ‘uneasy or troubled mind’. Anxiety refers to a condition in which the person feels worried and uneasy for a long time for no obvious reasons. Anxiety disorders include disorders in which anxiety is the main symptom or is experienced when an attempt is made to modify some maladjustment. The main anxiety disorder are Generalised Anxiety disorder, Phobic disorder. Panic disorder, O. C. D, etc.

Question 3.
Narrate indicators of psychological disorders.
Answer:
According to DSM-5, there are five criteria (indicators) for psychological disorders.

1. Clinically significant syndrome – In psychological disorders, there should be a cluster of symptoms together i.e., a syndrome.
2. Distress and Impairment – There should be distress, i.e., psychological pain due to negative feelings and stress, as well as impairment, i.e., inability to perform appropriate roles in personal and social situations.
3. Dysfunction – If the symptoms lead to developmental or psychological dysfunctions, it signifies mental disorders.
4. Responses to stressors that are normally accepted responses e.g., sadness experienced at the loss of a loved one or culturally sanctioned responses are not considered as signs of mental disorders.
5. Behaviour which is only deviant but does not produce any disability/ distress/ dysfunction
   does not become a sign of mental disorder.

Question 4.
What is meant by bipolar disorder?
Answer:
Bipolar Disorder is also known as Manic Depressive disorder. The person experiences alternate phases of two states viz. mania and depression. Mania includes symptoms such as high energy, excitement, reduced need for sleep and loss of touch with reality, impulsivity, delusion, etc. Depressive state symptoms include low energy and motivation, loss of interest in daily activities, extreme sadness, apathy, feeling of hopelessness, fatigue, guilt, etc. Main causative factors are genetic factors, imbalance in neurotransmitters such as dopamine and epinephrine; environmental factors such as traumatic event.

Question 5.
Describe Post Traumatic Stress Disorders?
Answer:
If the symptoms of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) continue for more than one month with the same intensity, the person is diagnosed with PTSD. A person who has suffered trauma goes through three stages viz-

1. Shock stage – the individual is in shock, i.e., extremely disturbed.
2. Suggestible stage – he/she may seek guidance from others and may either accept these suggestions unquestioningly or may get extra sensitive.
3. Recovery stage – the person shows signs of recovery.

However, some persons still show signs of mental illness i.e., PTSD.
The symptoms of PTSD include

1. nightmares, flashbacks, severe anxiety
2. hyper vigilance and avoidance of situations that bring back the trauma
3. irritability, social isolation
4. survivour’s guilt

3. Explain the Following concepts.

Question 1.
DSM-5
Answer:
Presently, the two major systems of classifying psychological disorders are DSM and ICD. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM) was published in its first version by the APA in 1952, i.e., DSM-I. In 2013, the DSM-5 was introduced which contains 22 broad categories of mental disorders with subcategories. It is the classification of officially recognized psychiatric disorders, for e.g., categories in DSM-5 include anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders and personality disorders.

Question 2.
ICD 11
Answer:
Presently, the two major systems of classifying psychological disorders are DSM and ICD. The International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) was created by the WHO for documenting all types of diagnoses, diseases, signs and symptoms and social circumstances. It contains a section on psychological disorders. The latest, 11th version of ICD was presented in 2019. According to the ICD-11, there are 19 broad categories of mental disorders, most of which overlap with DSM-5.

Question 3.
Phobia
Answer:
The main anxiety disorders include phobic disorders and generalized anxiety disorders. The word ‘phobia’ is derived from the Greek word ‘phobos’ which was used to refer to the God of Fear. A phobia is an intense, persistent but irrational and disproportionate fear of a specific object or situation. DSM classifies phobias as simple phobias, e.g., Acrophobia, Claustrophobia etc., and social phobias, e.g., fear of speaking or eating in public. The phobic object e.g., animals or situations e.g., elevators, almost always provide immediate anxiety.

Question 4.
Syndrome
Answer:
A syndrome refers to a cluster or collection of symptoms and signs that are characteristic of a diseases or disorder, e.g., Down’s syndrome. It is a group of symptoms which consistently occur together and indicate a particular condition. A syndrome refers to a set of symptoms that tend to occur together and can be associated with a particular physical or mental disorder. In psychological disorders, one of the criteria as suggested by DSM-5 is clinically significant syndrome.

Question 5.
Hallucination
Answer:
Hallucinations are false perceptions in the absence of appropriate stimuli. Hallucinations are a symptom of schizophrenia and other mental disorders. Commonly occurring hallucinations are visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory and olfactory in nature. For e.g., the person may hear voices telling him to do something. Hallucinations are also noticed due to substance abuse, medications, epilepsy, etc.

4. Write short notes on the following.

Question 1.
Nature of mental wellness
Answer:
According to the WHO, mental wellness refers to “a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope up with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.”
The important aspects of mental wellness are –

1. Emotional aspect – There is a sense of well-being and contentment
2. Psychological aspect – There is high self esteem and tendency of self actualization.
3. Life philosophy – There are clear goals and objectives in life.

The Illness Wellness Continuum Model by John Travis

Quadrant 1 – The person is in an ideal state of functioning.
Quadrant 2 – Thepersonhasnomentalillnessbutexperiencessubjectivefeelingofunhappiness.
Quadrant 3 – The person suffers from mental illness yet he/she experiences a high sense of subjective well-being.
Quadrant 4 – This is the lowest level of functioning. The person has mental illness and also experiences distress.

Question 2.
Drug addiction
Answer:
Addictive disorders refer to the physical and psychological inability to stop consuming some substance or indulging in some activity although it is harmful. This includes dependence on drugs, nicotine, alcohol, etc., or activities like gambling, eating, gaming etc. Drug addiction refers to an inability to control the use of alcohol, nicotine, narcotics, marijuana, medications, etc.
Symptoms of addiction are-

1. Excessive consumption of drugs or alcohol and inability to reduce the dosage.
2. In case the person tries to stop the drug use, then withdrawal symptoms occur which include sweating, tremors, muscle pain, goosebumps, etc.
3. Physical and psychological dependence may lead to drug abuse or overdose of the addictive substance and even death of the person.
4. The person’s physical, emotional, social and financial well-being break down.

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), Narcotics Anonymous (NA) are organizations that help addicts to overcome dependence.

Question 3.
Depressive disorders
Answer:
Depression is an emotional state typically marked by sadness and guilt, feelings of anxiety and hopelessness. Other symptoms include loss of appetite, interest and sleep, fatigue, sexual dysfunction and suicidal thoughts. Depression is associated with distractability, memory loss, neglect of personal hygiene, panic attacks and even substance abuse. Children may experience symptoms such as irritability, feelings of incompetence, difficulty in concentration, difficulty in sleeping, digestive problems etc.

Question 4.
Anxiety disorders
Answer:
The word ‘anxiety’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Anxietas’ which means ‘uneasy or troubled mind’. Anxiety refers to a condition in which the person feels worried and uneasy for a long time for no obvious reasons. The main anxiety disorders are.
(i) Generalized Anxiety Disorder – The person frequently experiences anxiety more intensely so that it starts interfering with the ability to perform daily tasks. Symptoms include irritability, headaches, insomnia, dizziness, breathlessness, etc.

(ii) Phobic disorders – The word ‘phobia’ is derived form the Greek word ‘phobos’ which was used to refer to the God of Fear. A phobia is an intense, persistent but irrational and disproportionate fear of a specific object or situation. DSM classifies phobias as simple phobias, e.g., Acrophobia, Claustrophobia etc., and social phobias, e.g., fear of speaking or eating in public.

5. Answer the following questions in 150 – 200 words.

Question 1.
Describe the criteria of psychological disorders.
Answer:
The major criteria of abnormality are deviance, personal distress and impaired functioning. Illness and absence of illness are not distinct categories but are on opposite poles of the continuum sequence as explained below.

Stage – 1: The person is physically and psychologically healthy. He/She are motivated and emotionally stable.
Stage – 2: The person may get affected by life stressors, feel anxious, lack energy, etc., for e.g., most students are tense before the exams. It is possible to push oneself back towards positive health by adopting a healthy lifestyle.
Stage – 3: The person shows signs of psychological damage and may experience negative feelings like sadness, lack of motivation, fear and may even indulge in addictive behaviour. However, even this stage is not irreversible.
Stage – 4: The person exhibits extreme distress, impairment in mental, emotional and social functioning. He/She needs professional treatment.

Psychological disorders are also called mental disorders. These are patterns of behavioural or psychological symptoms that impact multiple areas of life and create distress for the person.

According to DSM-5, there are five criteria for psychological disorders.

1. Clinically significant syndrome – In psychological disorders, there should be a cluster of symptoms together i.e., a syndrome.
2. Distress and Impairment – There should be distress, i.e., psychological pain due to negative feelings and stress, as well as impairment, i.e., inability to perform appropriate roles in personal and social situations.
3. Dysfunction – If the symptoms lead to developmental or psychological dysfunctions, it signifies mental disorders.
4. Responses to stressors that are normally accepted responses e.g., sadness experienced at the loss of a loved one or culturally sanctioned responses are not considered as signs of mental disorders.
5. Behaviour which is only deviant but does not produce any disability/ distress/ dysfunction does not become a sign of mental disorder.

Question 2.
Narrate any two psychological disorders in detail.
Answer:
Psychological disorders are also called mental disorders. These are patterns of behavioural or psychological symptoms that impact multiple areas of life and create distress for the person.
According to DSM-5, there are five criteria for psychological disorders are:

1. Clinically significant syndrome – In psychological disorders, there should be a cluster of symptoms together i.e., a syndrome.
2. Distress and Impairment – There should be distress, i.e., psychological pain due to negative feelings and stress, as well as impairment, i.e., inability to perform appropriate roles in personal and social situations.
3. Dysfunction – If the symptoms lead to developmental or psychological dysfunctions, it signifies mental disorders.
4. Responses to stressors that are normally accepted responses e.g., sadness experienced at the loss of a loved one or culturally sanctioned responses are not considered as signs of mental disorders.
5. Behaviour which is only deviant but does not produce any disability/ distress/ dysfunction does not become a sign of mental disorder.

(A) Anxiety Disorders – The word ‘anxiety’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Anxietas’ which means ‘uneasy or troubled mind’. Anxiety refers to a condition in which the person feels worried and uneasy for a long time for no obvious reasons.
The main anxiety disorders are-
(i) Generalized Anxiety Disorder – The person frequently experiences anxiety more intensely so that it starts interfering with the ability to perform daily tasks. Symptoms include irritability, headaches, insomnia, dizziness, breathlessness, etc.

(ii) Phobic disorders – The word ‘photjia’ is derived form the Greek word ‘phobos’ which was used to refer to the God of Fear. A phobia is an intense, persistent but irrational and disproportionate fear of a specific object or situation. DSM classifies phobias as simple phobias, e.g., Acrophobia, Claustrophobia etc., and social phobias, e.g., fear of speaking or eating in public.

(B) Trauma Trauma and Stress-Related Disorders
Stress is inevitable in life. Daily hassles, relationship issue, frustration, chronic illness, etc., lead to stress. If stress is in moderate intensity, it acts as a motivation. However, intense prolonged stress impairs normal functioning of the individual and may lead to stress disorders.
The two types of stress disorders are-
1. Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
If a person (aged 6 years and above) has experienced extremely stressful situations like death of a loved one, serious disease or injury, sexual abuse, natural disasters, etc., then he/she may experience ASD. The symptoms of ASD include-

• emotional numbness and instability
• nightmares and sleep disturbances
• insomnia, lack of concentration, irritability and guilt feelings
• depression

2. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
If symptoms of ASD continue for more than one month with the same intensity, the person is diagnosed with PTSD. A person who has suffered trauma goes through three stages viz.

• Shock stage – the individual is in shock, i.e., extremely disturbed.
• Suggestible stage – he/she may seek guidance from others and may either accept these suggestions unquestioningly or may get extra sensitive.
• Recovery stage – the person shows signs of recovery.

However, some persons still show signs of mental illness i.e., PTSD.

Question 3.
What is Schizophrenia? Describe the major symptoms of it.
Answer:
The term ‘Schizophrenia’ is derived from Greek words Schizein (to split) and phren (mind). Thus, the literal meaning of the word ‘schizophrenia’ is split mind. The term ‘schizophrenia’ was coined in 1911 by a Swiss psychologist, Paul Eugene Bleuler. Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder.
According to DSM-5 the two types of symptoms for schizophrenia are-
(a) Positive symptoms are an excess addition to normal thoughts or behaviour of the period. Such symptoms are-

1. hallucinations – mainly auditory and visual hallucination
2. delusions – mainly of grandeur, reference and persecution
3. disorganized thought and speech
4. bizarre body movements and disorganized behaviour
5. incongruent affect.

(b) Negative symptoms are deficits of normal emotional responses or of thought processes. They lead to low level of functioning and may not improve much even with treatment. This includes-

1. emotional blunting – diminished emotional expression
2. anhedonia – inability to experience deep positive emotions
3. alogia – diminished speed
4. asociality – lack of desire to form relationships
5. avolition – lack of motivation
6. apathy.

Sometimes, a schizophrenic exhibits positive as well as negative symptoms.

Class 12 Psychology Chapter 6 Psychological Disorders Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITIES (Textbook Page. No. 62)

Activity 1

On the basis of your understanding of various criteria for abnormality, which of these would you consider as normal or abnormal behavior?

1. Hemant wears the same lucky blue shirt for all his major competitive exams.
2. Seema is not able to fall asleep easily.
3. Rakesh throws pillows and pounding fists on the wall during arguments if he finds himself losing ground.
4. Reena always experiences fear but is not able to specify what is so scary.

Answer:
All the stated examples show at least one of the five criteria for abnormality.

1. Hemant seems superstitious and lacks confidence. He appears moderately healthy.
2. Seema exhibits personal distress and signs of sleep disorders.
3. Rakesh exhibits clear symptoms of abnormal behaviour and seems extremely unhealthy mentally.
4. Reena seems to have anxiety disorder and may need professional help.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page. No. 67)

In which Quadrants of wellness illness continuum will you place Karan, Lalita, Pramila and Santosh?
Answer:
Karan – Quadrant 2, Pramila – Quadrant 3, Lalita – Quadrant 4, Santosh – Quadrant 3.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page. No. 68)

Collect information about Anxiety disorders and discuss this with your friends or parents.
Answer:
Anxiety disorders are characterised by feelings of worry and restlessness that tend to interfere with daily activities. Besides generalized anxiety disorder and phobia which are explained in the chapter, anxiety disorders includes Panic disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD) and Social Anxiety disorders include disorders in which anxiety is the main symptom or is experienced. When an attempt is made to modify maladjustment.

Activity 6 (Textbook Page. No. 69)

Collect information about other types of phobia.
Answer:
A phobia is a persistent, irrational fear of a situation or object. Phobias are of three types viz. Social phobia (fear of social situations); specific phobias (fear of particular situations) and agoraphobia (fear of being alone in public places from which there is no easy escape). Some phobias are:

1. Claustrophobia (fear of enclose spaces)
2. Acrophobia (fear of heights)
3. Homophobia (fear of blood)
4. Zoophobia (fear of animals)
5. Arachnophobia (fear of spiders)
6. Pyrophobia (fear of fire)
7. Trypanophobia (fear of needles and injections)
8. Xenophobia (fear of foreigners or strangers)

Activity 7 (Textbook Page. No. 71)

We make use of various strategies to reduce our stress. Speak to five of your friends and make a list of atleast ten different strategies used by them to reduce stress. Share it with your group and discuss which are healthy and which are unhealthy.
Answer:
Some strategies to reduce stress are-

1. Negative coping such as use of alcohol/drugs, over eating, agression, etc.
2. Exercise
3. Developing a hobby
4. Indulging in some constructive activity
5. Following relaxation/meditation techniques
6. Seeking social support, i.e., of friends/ family, etc.
7. Having proper time management
8. Developing rational thinking and positive attitude
9. Indulging in self care, e.g., proper diet, rest, etc.
10. Seeking professional help if needed

Activity 9 (Textbook Page. No. 74)

Identify from the internet the red flags (signaling symptoms) for various disorders that you have already studied.
Answer:
Red flags for the following disorders.
(1) Phobias

• Displaying extreme nervousness or distress when in the presence of the source of the phobia
• Avoidance behaviour
• Refusal to face certain situations

(2) Depression

• Irritability, moodiness and agitation.
• Inability to concentrate
• Unexplained aches and pains
• Disruptions in sleep habits
• Changes in appetite and eating habits
• Suicidal thoughts.

(3) Bipolar disorder

• Change in thought processes, and concentration
• Change in sleep patterns
• Change is social interaction
• Uncharacteristic moodiness

(4) PTSD

• Persistent negative thoughts
• Trouble in concentration
• Irritability and aggression
• Engaging in reckless behaviour
• Changes in sleep and appetite
• Loss of interest in friends/ family / favourite activities.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 3 Key Concepts and Issues Since 1991: Humanitarian Issues Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 3 Key Concepts and Issues Since 1991: Humanitarian Issues

1. (A) Complete the following statements by selecting the appropriate option.

Question 2.
Today the Indian approach to gender issues focuses on
(a) Education
(b) Welfare
(c) Development
(d) Empowerment
Answer:
(d) Empowerment

Question 3.
The first UN Conference on Human Environment was held in 1972 in
(a) Johannesburg
(b) Stockholm
(c) Rio
(d) New Delhi
Answer:
(b) Stockholm

(B) Identify the incorrect pair in every set and correct it.

Question 1.
(a) JGSY – Infrastructure development in rural areas
(b) PMKVY – Skill training to youth
(c) MGNREGA – Housing for everyone
Answer:
(c) MGNREGA – assured employment every year for every rural household

Question 2.
(a) National Commission for Women – 1992
(b) Planning Commission – 2015
(c) Rio+20 summit – 2012
Answer:
(b) Planning Commission – 1950

(C) Find the odd word in the given set.

Question 1.
National policy for empowerment of women, protection of women from domestic violence act, Muslim women (protection and right on marriage) Act, the secual harassment at workplace (prohibition prevention and readressal) Act.

Question 2.
Climate change, waste management, water scarity, deforestation.

2. State whether the following statements are true or false with reason.

Question 1.
Planning Commission was created to promote agriculture in India.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. The Planning Commission was set up in 1950 to formulate a plan for the effective and balanced utilisation of the country’s resources.
2. It’s function was to prepare Five Year Plans to tackle poverty, employment and promote the Welfare State. The Green Revolution was introduced to promote agriculture in India.

Question 2.
National Commission for Women was set up to protect rights for women in India.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. National Commission for Women was set up to facilitate the redressal of grievances of women.
2. It aimed to safeguard the rights and legal entitlements of women and accelerate their socio¬economic development.

3. Explain the correlation between the following.

Question 1.
Women Empowerment and Sustainable Development.
Answer:
Empowerment is a process by which any category of oppressed persons gain control over their own lives by developing self esteem and courage to fight against injustice. Sustainable development refers to development using resources in a way that allows for them to renew or to continue to exist for other e.g., recycling materials. This seems almost impossible without gender equality and women’s empowerment. Women are empowered when they are able to access opportunities without restrictions such as in education, career, etc.,

Women’s economic empowerment refers to the ability of women to enjoy their right to control and benefit from resources, income etc as well as the ability to improve their economic status and well-being. Political empowerment includes affirmative action policies to increase participation of women in parliamentary / government positions and policymaking. Thus, women’s empowerment is a key factor for sustainable economic growth, social development and environmental sustainability.

Question 2.
Poverty and Development
Answer:
Poverty refers to deprivation of the basic necessities such as food, clothing, health services, education, etc., that determine quality of life. In economic terms, it is expressed as the poverty line. Development means some measurable improvement in some particular area. Alleviation or even eradication of poverty is the most important aim of developmental work.

Poverty is related to other problems of underdevelopment such as unemployment and inequalities. It hinders economic development as well as leads to issues of health, sanitation and disease, housing, crime, etc. Poverty alleviation i.e., set of economic and humanitarian measures, such as good governance, economic growth, government support in health education etc., are important for development.

4. Answer the following questions in 80 to 100 words.

Question 1.
Explain the traditional and non-traditional perception of poverty.

Question 2.
From 1960’s to 21 century what efforts has India taken to achieve development?

5. Answer the following question with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Explain condition of women in India.
(a) Economic inequality
(b) Trafficking and exploitation
(c) Literacy rate
(d) Political representation
Answer:
All over the world, women have to face serious problems such as discrimination and violence, under-representation in economic and political decision-making, inequalities in education, health care, landholdings and workplaces and even in human rights.

Some of the important gender issues:
(a) Economic inequality – Participation of women in the labour market is about 28% only.
There is also income inequality due to wide gender wage gaps as well as inequality of opportunities to women e.g., unequal access to education and finance. In many countries, women are either not encouraged to work or employed in the informal sector. Women continue to be underrepresented in high-level, highly paid positions and experience gender discrimination and sexual harassment in the workplace. Women experience high levels of poverty, unemployment and other economic hardships.

(b) Trafficking and exploitation – Women are often exploited and denied basic rights. They are trafficked for purpose of sexual and economic exploitation particularly prostitution, ‘sold’ as brides, subjected to sexual crimes, forced labour, street begging, etc. Trafficking in women means that they are deceived or forced/sold, physically confined, abused with no access to protection or health care.

(c) Literacy rate – low literacy among women is acute in India. As per 2011 census report, female literacy rate is only 65.46% while for males it is 82.14%. The reasons for the low female literacy are-

1. traditional patriarchal notions that do not consider female education as economically advantageous
2. Schools in rural areas are not easily accessible and travel may not safe or easy.
3. Benefits of schemes like R.T.E have not reached many rural females.
4. Social evils like child marriage, female foeticide, dowry, etc.

(d) Political Representation – Poor political representation of women is a significant gender concern in India. The First Lok Sabha had only 24 women of total 489 members i.e., 5% and the 17th Lok Sabha (2019) has 78 women (14%). This is the highest representation of women in Lok Sabha till date. The Women’s Reservation Bill which proposes to reserve 33% of all seats in Lok Sabha and in State Assemblies for women is pending in the Lok Sabha. However, there exists 33% reservation for women in rural and urban local bodies.

Activity

Question 1.
Find out information on international agreements on environmental balance. (Text Book Page No. 34)
Answer:
1. Stockholm conference (Declaration of UN Conference on Human Environment, 1972) led to a 109 point Environmental Action Plan and establishment of the UN Environmental programme (UNEP).

2. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Faura (CITES) (1973) – grouped almost 30,000 plant and animal species into three levels of protection depending on the degree of regulation required.

3. Montreal Protocol (1987) – For protection of the ozone layer. It phases out production and use of ozone depleting chemicals.

4. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992) – The aim was to promote conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.

5. Kyoto Protocol (1997) – It supplements the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCCC) to limit six greenhouse gas emissions. It involved 37 countries and the UN.

6. Paris Agreement (2016) – It is an agreement within the UNFCCC, dealing with greenhouse gas emissions and strengthening global response to the threat of climate change.

Question 2.
Find out percentage of handicapped voters in 17th Lok Sabha suggest measures to increase their percentage.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 3 Key Concepts and Issues Since 1991: Humanitarian Issues Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Text Book Page No.26)

Question 1.
What are the different initiatives taken by the Indian Government to protect the environment?
Answer:
1. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan was launched on October 2, 2014 to achieve the mission of a clean India in both rural and urban areas. It was implemented by the Ministry of Drinking water and sanitation and the Ministry of Urban Development respectively. Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) aims to make India Open Defecation Free (ODF) For Urban Areas, it includes elimination of ODF, eradication of manual scavenging and proper solid waste management.

2. Namami Gange Programme (Clean Ganga Project) is implemented by the National Mission for Clean Ganga to conserve and rejuvenate the river Ganga. The centre allocated a total of Rs 20000 crore for the project. The key achievements include sewerage treatment capacity, river front development and surface cleaning of the river.

3. Green Skill Development Programme was launched in June 2017 by the MoEF and CC. It refers to skills that contribute to preserve and restore the environment, thus enabling youth to be employed or self-employment. Green skills include Pollution Monitoring, Waste Management, Forest and Wildlife Management, etc.

4. Constitutional Provisions – Article 48 (DPSP) says the State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment. Article 51-A States that it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment.

5. Legislation – (i) Indian Wild Life Protection Act (1972) Forest Conservation Act (1980) and Environment (Protection) Act (1986)
(ii) National Environmental Policy (2006) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change (MoEF and CC) along with Pollution Control Boards administer and enforce environmental laws. There is also the National Green Tribunal.

Question 2.
Salient Features of National Policy for Women (2016). (Text Book Page No.33)
Answer:
National Policy for Women was unveiled by Union WCD Minister, Smt Maneka Gandhi on 17th May 2016. It will replace National Policy for Empowerment of Women (2001). It shifts the focus from entitlements to rights and from mere empowerment to creating an enabling environment for women. It seeks to create conducive socio-cultural, economic and political environment to enable women to enjoy fundamental rights and realize their full potential. It’s priority areas include health, food security and nutrition, education, involving women in governance and decision making, encouraging entrepreneurship, facilitating women in the workplace and dealing with violence against women.

Question 3.
Find out information on international agreements on environmental balance. (Text Book Page No. 34)
Answer:
1. Stockholm conference (Declaration of UN Conference on Human Environment, 1972) led to a 109 point Environmental Action Plan and establishment of the UN Environmental programme (UNEP).

2. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Faura (CITES) (1973) – grouped almost 30,000 plant and animal species into three levels of protection depending on the degree of regulation required.

3. Montreal Protocol (1987) – For the protection of the ozone layer. It phases out production and use of ozone-depleting chemicals.

4. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992) – The aim was to promote conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.

5. Kyoto Protocol (1997) – It supplements the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCCC) to limit six greenhouse gas emissions. It involved 37 countries and the UN.

6. Paris Agreement (2016) – It is an agreement within the UNFCCC, dealing with greenhouse gas emissions and strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 2 Population Part 2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 2 Population Part 2

1. Identify the correct co-relation

A : Assertion R : Reasoning
Question 1.
A – Increase in the dependency ratio will affect the economy.
R – Medical costs are high when there are more elderly in the population.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Question 2.
A – In population pyramid, a broad base indicates high number of children in a country.
R – Broad apex is an indicator of high number of elderly people in a country.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

2. Write short notes on.

Question 1.
Population growth and migration.
Answer:

• When people move from one place to another place, or one city to other city or one country to another country it is called migration.
• The place from where people go out is called donor region.
• The place where people migrate is called recipient region,
• Due to migration there are changes in total population in both the regions.
• From donor region people move outside so donor area population will decrease. Generally, youngsters migrate in large number, so donor region will have less young age population, it will affect fertility rate and there will be slow growth of population.
• In recipient region migrants will be added to the total population of that region. Thus, increasing the population of the region.
• In recipient region more young age population will be added, so fertility rate will increase, and there will be more population growth.

Question 2.
Population pyramid and sex ratio.
Answer:

• The ratio between the number of male and female in the population is called sex ratio.
• Sex ratio is an indicator of status of women in the country.
• In population pyramid X-axis shows the percentage of population in a particular age group and Y-axis, which is at the centre of the graph shows age groups.
• The length of the bar shows number or percentage.
• The left side of the graph shows male population whereas, the right side of the graph shows female population.
• Thus, population pyramid indicates number of percentages of male and female population in different age groups in the country.
  e.g., If we want to know the percentage of male and female in 15-59 age group, we can get it from population pyramid.
• Therefore, we can study age-wise sex ratio using population pyramid.

Question 3.
Occupational structure of population.
Answer:

• In all countries working population is engaged in primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities for their livelihood.
• The percentage of people engaged in these activities is called occupational structure.
• In developing counties percentage of people engaged in primary occupations is high compared to people engaged in secondary, tertiary or quaternary activities.
• In developed countries, percentage of people engaged in secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities is more compared to people engaged in primary activities.
• Trade and infrastructure are advanced. So, more people are required in secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities.
• More people engaged in secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities more the country has been developed.
• Thus, occupation structure of the country is an indicator of the level of economic development of the country.

Question 4.
Literacy rate.
Answer:

• Literacy rate shows proportion of literate people in the country. The people who can read and write are called literate people.
• Every country has different norms to decide literacy. In India, those who can read, write and do arithmetic calculations are called literate.
• Literacy in the country is essential to eradicate poverty and for social, economic and political development.
• Literacy rate in the country depends upon cost of education, standard of living, status of women in the society, availability of educational facilities and government policy etc.
• In general, literacy rate of male is more than female with few exceptions.
• Literacy rate is more than 90% in most of the developed countries of Europe, North America, Australia etc.
• Lowest literacy rate is in Sub-Saharan Africa.

3. Give geographical reasons.

Question 1.
In developed countries, percentage of population engaged in agriculture is low.
Answer:

• In developed counties there is development of industries, infrastructure and trade.
• Therefore, more people are engaged in secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities.
• These countries replace human labour with machinery. So agricultural activities can be carried out with minimum people and can make use of machinery.
• Therefore, the percentage of population engaged in agriculture is low in developed countries.

Question 2.
Literacy rate of a country is an indicator of its socio-economic development.
Answer:

• Socio-economic development of the country is measured by people’s standard of living, social status of female in society, educational facilities in the country and government policies.
• Higher the literacy rate of women, the more women are educated and employed.
• If the literacy rate is high people are educated, employed and well settled. Owing to which the standard of living becomes high.
• If government policies are favourable for education, educational institutes are more developed, more people become educated and employed. This leads to higher standard of living.
• Thus, literacy rate of countries is an indicator of its socio-economic development.

Question 3.
Demographic dividend increases when proportion of working population increases.
Answer:

• The productivity of the country depends upon working and non-working population in the country.
• If more people are working and fewer people are non-working, then resources are invested in other areas, so there is a boost to the country’s economic development.
• Due to boost in economy per capita income increases.
• Thus, there is economic benefit to the country which is dividend and it benefits all in the country.

Question 4.
Migration is not always permanent.
Answer:

• When migrated person never returns to his original place it is called permanent migration.
• In most of the cases migration is seasonal, may be to work as labourer in farm during a particular season or migration of tribal people in search of fodder. This is short term migration.
• In case of migration for jobs to city areas or to other countries, people work in migrated areas but visit their original places once or twice in a year. This is long term migration.
• Thus, in most of the cases migration may be short term or long term and not permanent.

4. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Donor region and Recipient region
Answer:

Donor Region	Recipient region
(i) Donor region is the region from where people migrate to other areas.	(i) Recipient region is the region, where migration takes place or region where people go.
(ii) In donor region due to reduction in local population there is less utilisation of public facilities like transport, water supply, education, recreation etc.	(ii) In recipient region due to increase in population there is more pressure on public facilities like transport, water supply, education, recreation etc.
(iii) The expenditure on the public facilities is not utilised fully.	(iii) The public facilities are not sufficient for increasing population.
(iv) From donor region mostly young men migrate to other areas in search of jobs, business or education.	(iv) More young men are added to population for job opportunities or business or education.
(v) There are changes in age and sex ratio, there are more women, children and old age population than young age people.	(v) There are changes in age and sex ratio. There are more male than female and more young age population.
(vi) There is more non-working or dependent population, it has adverse effect on economy of that area.	(vi) There is more working age population, with innovative ideas, concepts, etc., which helps technological and economic development of the region.

Question 2.
Expansive pyramid and Constructive pyramid
Answer:

Expansive pyramid	Constrictive pyramid
(i) Expansive pyramid is very broad at the base and becomes narrow at the apex.	(i) Constrictive pyramid is narrow at the base and broader at the apex.
(ii) It shows that there is higher percentage of young people but lower percentage of old age people in the country.	(ii) It shows that there is high percentage of old age people and lower percentage of young age people in the country.
(iii) It indicates high birth rate making the base broad and high death rate making the apex narrow.	(iii) It indicates low birth rate making the base narrow and low death rate making the apex broad.

5. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Outline the importance of population pyramids in the study of populations.
Answer:
1.  To study population of any country people use population pyramid.

2. With the help of population pyramid, age-wise and gender-wise population of the country can be studied.

3. Age structure and sex ratio are important aspects of population of the country.

4. In population pyramid, percentage of population in age groups are shown on the X-axis. Whereas markings of age groups are shown on the Y-axis.

5. The right side of the pyramid shows female population and left side shows male population.

6. As the age groups are on Y-axis, the base of pyramid indicates young age population, and apex of pyramid indicates old age population and middle portion of pyramid indicated adult population.

7. When old age population is more, it leads to more non-working population and there is increased expenditure on medical and health facilities.

8. When younger age population is more, it also leads to more non-working and dependent population. This causes a burden on the economy.

9. When adult age population is more, then working population is more. This helps the development of the country.

10. The population pyramid makes us understand age-wise and sex-wise population as per following:

• Broader the base, more young age population.
• Narrower the base less young age population.
• Broader the apex, more old age population.
• Narrower the apex, less old age population.
• Left and right side of pyramid shows male and female population in the country.

11. There are three types of population pyramids which depicts the birth rate and death rate.

• Expansive pyramid- It has abroad base and narrow apex. It shows high birth rate and high death rate.
• Constrictive pyramid- It has narrow base and broad apex. It shows low birth rate and low death rate.
• Stationary pyramid- Here all age groups have same percentage. It shows very low birth rate and very low death rate, that means slow growth of population in the country.

Question 2.
Explain the rural and urban population structure.
Answer:

• The area where more people are engaged in primary activities is called rural area and the people living in rural areas are called rural population.
• The area where more people are engaged in secondary and tertiary activities is called urban area and people living in urban area are called urban population.
• There is a difference in density of population, age structure, sex ratio occupation structure standard of living, lifestyle of people, sources of income, literacy rate etc.
• There is major difference in level of economic development in rural and urban areas.
• There is more use of modern technology in urban areas compared to rural areas. Therefore, development in all fields is very fast.
• Due to more development of industries and infrastructure in urban areas there is an increase in the transportation and trade as compared to rural areas.
• The criteria to differentiate rural and urban population varies from one country to other country.

Question 3.
Examine the impact of migration on the population structure of a country.
Answer:

• In migration people move from one place to another place for different reasons.
• The place from where people migrate outside is called donor region.
• The place where people migrate to is called recipient region,
• Due to migration of people there are changes in age structure and sex ratio in both the regions.
• In donor region due to migration of young male population there is disturbance in the age structure.
• More females remain in donor area. So, donor area has high sex ratio. In India there is high sex ratio in rural areas due to migration of people from rural to urban areas.
• In donor region there are changes in age structure as well.
• More old age people and children remain in donor region which is non-working/ non-productive population.
• There is shortage of working population.
• In recipient region male population increases due to migration of male into region.
• As a result, sex ratio in recipient region goes down. In many big cities of India sex ratio is less than 85% or 90%.
• In recipient region the percentage of working populatioh increases.
• There is more working population than non-working population, which helps in economic development of the region.

Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Population Part 2 Intext Questions and Answers

Try this.

Question 1.
In the above figure A, B, C are three population pyramids. Study their shapes and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 12)
(i) In which pyramid(s) the number of children will be the least?
(ii) In which pyramid(s) the number of old people will be the least?
(iii) Which pyramid(s) represents a ‘young country’?
(iv) Which pyramid(s) represents a country with high medical expenditure?
(v) Which pyramid(s) represents a country with large manpower?
(vi) Which pyramid(s) represents developing and developed counties respectively?
Answer:
(i) – C
(ii) – A
(iii) – A
(iv) – C
(v) – B
(vi) – A/B/C

Question 2.
Answer the questions after studying table carefully. (Textbook Page No. 14 and 15)

Country	Retirement Age reforms being implemented or under consideration (in years)
Germany	Retirement age to increase gradually to 66 by 2023 and to 67 by 2029
United States of America	Retirement age to rise gradually to reach 67 for those born in 1960 or later
United Kingdom	Retirement age to increase for both men and women to 66 by October 2020 and further to 67 between 2026-28
Australia	Retirement age scheduled to increase gradually to 67 by 2023
China	By 2045, to increase retirement age for both men and women to 65
Japan	Under consideration to raise the retirement age to 70
India	On an average, 60 years. May vary from 55 years to 65 years according to services

(i) What does the table show?
(ii) Classify these countries into developed and developing.
(iii) What could be the reason behind increasing the retirement age in these countries?
(iv) What will be the impact of increase in the retirement age on the economy of the respective countries?
(v) Why is China considering increasing the age later in 2045?
(vi) Considering these examples from developed countries, will it be good for India to increase its retirement age? Express your views.
(vii) Write a concluding statement about the relationship between age structure, life expectancy and economy of a country.
Answer:
(i) The table shows country wise retirement age reforms implemented or under consideration (in years).

(ii) Germany, United States of America, Australia and Japan are the developed countries and China and India are the developing countries.

(iii) Many countries have considered or considering the increase in retirement age because increase in ageing population increases pressure on pension funding, retirement provisions and medical facilities.

(iv) Due to increase in retirement age and life expectancy people can work for many years. This will reduce pressure on pension funding, retirement provisions and expenses on medical facilities.

(v) China is considering increasing the age of retirement later in 2045 because the proportion of children and young adult population is going to decrease in the age structure of the country.

(vi) From economic point of view, it is yes. India should increase retirement age because in India too expectancy of life in higher age groups is increasing. If we increase retirement age it will reduce pressure on pension fund and medical facilities.

But from the socio-economic point of view, it is not advisable to increase retirement age because the rate at which population in working age group is increasing, job opportunities are not increasing. If you increase retirement age, unemployment in working age population will increase. This will lead to many socio-economic problems.

(vii) A country in which large percentage of population is in working age group and the life, expectancy is high, large human force will be available for the economic development. However, if large percentage population is found in younger age group and elderly age group, dependency ratio will be high and the country will have slow economic development.

Question 3.
You have already made a list of the reasons why migration occurs. Add more reasons to it. Discuss and classify these reasons into pull and push factors and complete the figure. (Textbook Page No. 19)
Answer:

Push factor (Donor Region)	Pull factor (Recipient Region)
(1) Lack of employment	(1) Chances of unemployment
(2) Natural calamities	(2) Increase in number of refugees
(3) Lack of education, health and entertainment facilities	(3) Pressure on educational, medical and entertainment facilities

Question 4.
Complete the following table which shows impact of migration on the population. (Textbook Page No. 20)

Type of migration	Positive effects	Negative effects
Internal migration	Employment is available to migrants. Improves their financial status.	Resources are affected. Sometimes, they might be sent back to their original country.
Rural to urban migration	–	–
Urban to rural migration	–	–
Rural to rural	–	–
Seasonal / Temporary	–	–

Answer:

Type of migration	Positive effects	Negative effects
Internal migration	Employment is available to migrants. Improves their financial status.	Resources are affected. Sometimes, they might be sent back to their original country.
Rural to urban migration	Cheap labour is available	Pressure on civic amenities, housing problems
Urban to rural migration	Migrants enjoy better environment	Difficult to adjust with limited resources
Rural to rural	Improvement in financial conditions	Clashes between locals and migrants
Seasonal / Temporary	Temporary increase in economic activities.	Temporary pressure on civic amenities & housing problem.

Give it a try.

Question 1.
On the basis of the survey done in practical 1, draw a population pyramid for the people in 15 households. Write your conclusions after studying the structure of the population. (Textbook Page No. 13)
Answer:
[Students have to attempt this question on their own.]

Question 2.
Study the below table carefully and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 16)

(i) What does the table show?
(ii) Which sector has the highest occupation? In which year?
(iii) Which sector has the lowest occupation? In which year?
(iv) In which sector is the working population occupation decreasing?
(v) In which sector is the working population increasing?
(vi) Draw a suitable diagram for statistical information showing A, B and C columns from 1901 to 2011.
(vii) Compare the data. Write a concluding paragraph on the graph.
Answer:
(i) The table shows occupational structure of India.
(ii) The primary sector has the highest occupation. It is 72.7 percent in 1951.
(iii) Secondary sector has the lowest occupation. It is 10.00 percent in 1951.
(iv) In the primary sector the working population occupation is decreasing.
(v) In the secondary and tertiary sector, the working population is increasing.
(vi ) Divided Horizontal Percentage Bar Graph

(vii) After studying the occupational structure of India from 1901 to 2011 the following trend is observed:

• There is a continuous fall in the number of persons engaged in primary activities; from 71.9% to 48.96%.
• There is 50% fall (from 50.6% to 26.4%) in the number of persons working as cultivators.
• Even percentage of people engaged in livestock activity, forestry and fishing occupations have gone down by 4 times.
• When it comes to the secondary and tertiary occupations, the number of people working in these activities are increasing continuously. Their number has become almost double.
• The number of people engaged in trade and commerce has become double and there is a four time rise in number of people working in transport and communication.
• In case of other occupations there is a small rise.

Can you tell?

Question 1.
The population pyramid of India is given below. Read the pyramid and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 13)

(i) Which pyramid type does India belong to?
(ii) Comment upon the age structure of its population.
Answer:
(i) The pyramid of India belongs to expansive A type.

(ii) The shape of the India’s population pyramid has a broad base and narrowing apex. This indicates the population below the age 0-15 years is very large and population in the age above 60 years is very small.

• Due to large number of children dependency ratio is very high.
• The narrow apex indicates more people die at the higher age group.
• This also indicates high birth rates and high death rates.

Question 2.
Read the following table and answer the questions that follow: (Textbook Page No. 14)

Decade	Ratio of working / non-working population	Percentage of working population
2001 – 10	1.33 : 1	57.1
2011 – 20	1.53 : 1	60.5
2021 – 30 (projected)	1.81 : 1	64.4
2031 – 40 (projected)	1.72 : 1	63.2

(i) What does the table show?
(ii) What is the relationship between second and third column?
(iii) How will this relationship affect the economy of India?
(iv) What will happen if the ratio decreases over the years?
Answer:
(i) The table shows India’s Demographic Dividend from 2001 to 2004
It contains data of ratio of working population to non-working population and percentage of working population.

(ii) 1. Both columns represent the working, non-working or dependent population in India during each decade.

2. Second column represents this information in the form of ratio of working population to non-working population.

3. Third column represents the same information about working and non-working population in the form of percentage.

4. The relationship between second and third column is very clear as the percentage of working population increases, we find increase in ratio in the second column.

(iii) 1. An economy of any country depends upon the working population, as working population
helps in generation of wealth through various economic activities.

2. When the ratio of working population to non-working population is higher, it helps in increasing economic position of the people, their standard of living and hence this economic benefit percolates in the society by the purchase of goods and services.

3. As per this table, next decade 2021-2030 is the most favorite for the economy of India as both ratio and percentage of working population will be highest in this decade.

(iv) 1. Decrease n the ratio indicates that the non-working population or dependent population is increasing as compared the working population.

2. This is likely to happen when the expectancy of life increases due to improvement in medical facilities, better living conditions.

3. Therefore, more money is required for non-working or dependant population. This may increase financial burden on the economy.

4. We will have to divert more money for non-working population, which would have been useful for other development projects/activities.

Question 3.
Read the following graph and answer the following questions (Textbook Page No. 16)

(i) Which region has the highest literacy rate?
(ii) Which region has the lowest literacy rate?
(iii) In which region does women fare better than men in literacy rate?
(iv) Write a concluding paragraph about the graph.
Answer:
(i) Central Asia region has the highest literacy rate.

(ii) Sub-Saharan Africa region has the lowest literacy rate.

(iii) In no region does women fare better than men because in all the regions the graph shows literacy rate of men is higher than women.

(iv) The graph shows the percentage of literate male and female and total literacy rate of seven regions and the world. In all seven regions the highest literacy rate of both male and female is recorded in Central Asian region, whereas the lowest literacy rate of male and female is recorded in Sub-Saharan Africa.

In all seven regions and world too, male literacy rate is higher than female literacy rate.

Question 4.
On the basis of which other characteristics can you explain the composition of population. Make a list. (Textbook Page No. 17)
Answer:
We can divide population on the basis of many other characteristics as per following.

1. Cast composition
2. Religious composition
3. Linguistic composition
4. Martial status
5. Racial & ethnic composition.

Find out.

Question 1.
Find out India’s sex ratio as per Census 2011. (Textbook Page No. 14)
Answer:
Sex ratio in India as per census 2011 is 943 females per 1000 males.

Question 2.
Find out the minimum age taken into consideration for calculating literacy. (Textbook Page No. 16)
Answer:

1. Brazil – 15
2. USA – 15
3. Germany – 15

Use your brain power!

Question 1.
If you travel to a place for a few days with your family, will it be considered migration?
Answer:
It will be temporary type of migration or migration for pleasure. For example, people go to Kashmir for 10/15 days.

Read the events (Textbook Page No. 17 and 18) and answer the questions that follow:

Question 1.
What similarities do you find in these events?
Answer:
The similarities in these events are that all are migrated from their original place because of physical, economic, social or political reasons. They have left their place and have migrated to other areas as per their requirements.

Question 2.
Is there a change in the location in these events? Why?
Answer:

• Yes, there is change in the location. Change is because of their personal reasons.
• Ram, Prasad and Ritika migrated for jobs.
• Sahmat migrated because of war situation at his original place.
• Babanrao migrated because of drought situation at his original place.
• Ritesh migrated for higher education.
• Latika migrated after marriage.

Question 3.
Arrange these six events according to the difference in the relative distance between the new and old location.
Answer:

New location	Old location	Person migrated
USA	Pune	Ritika
Mumbai	North Indian town	Ramprasad
Sholapur	Satara	Latika
Nashik	Pimpalwadi	Ritesh

Relative distance travelled by Sahmat and Babanrao is very vague and therefore it is not included in the above table.

Question 4.
Make a list of reasons for leaving the original location.
Answer:

Reasons for leaving place	Name of person who left
Economic	Ramprasad and Ritika
Political	Sahmat
Physical	Babanrao
Social	Ritesh and Latika

Question 5.
Classify the reasons into willing and reluctant migration.
Answer:

Willing	Reluctant	Person migrated
Economic	–	Ramprasad, Ritika
–	Political	Sahmat
–	Physical	Babanrao
Social	–	Ritesh, Latika

Question 6.
Make a list of reasons behind migration besides the one given here.
Answer:
The following is the additional list of reasons for migrations. People migrate for

1. Higher education
2. Medical services
3. Riots
4. Partition of a country
5. Pleasure
6. Tourism.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 2 Key Concepts and Issues Since 1991: Globalisation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 2 Key Concepts and Issues Since 1991: Globalisation

1. (A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements

Question 1.
In 1995, GATT was replaced by the
(a) WTO
(b) ECOSOC
(c) UNDP
(d) TRIPS
Answer:
(a) WTO

Question 2.
……………… refers to a company that operates in several countries but has a distinct home base
(a) Transnational Corporation
(b) Mixed Economy
(c) Multinational Company
(d) Liberalism
Answer:
(c) Multinational Company

(B) Find the odd word.

Question 1.
Mobile, Satellite, Internet, Gramophone.
Answer:
Gramophone (not functioning on modern technology)

(C) State the appropriate concept for the given statements.

Question 1.
The international agency dealing with international trade.
Answer:
World Trade Organization (WTO)

Question 2.
The companies that operate in several countries.
Answer:
Multi National Companies

(D) Identify the incorrect pair in every set and correct it.

Question 1.
(a) Nestle – Trans National Corporation
(b) Copyrights – Intellectual Property
(c) India – Capitalist Market Economy
Answer:
(c) USA – Capitalist Market Economy
OR India – Economic Liberalism (Mixed economy)

Question 2.
(a) Amnesty International – Human Rights
(b) Green Peace – Environmental Issues
(c) Chernobyl – Trade Agreement
Answer:
(c) Chernobyl – Nuclear disaster

2. State whether the following statements are true or false with reason.

Question 1.
Globalisation brought in the concept of market economy.
Answer:
This statement is True.
(i) During the Cold War, the economic systems followed by countries, depended upon their ideology. For e.g., most West European nations and the USA were free democracies and followed capitalist economy.

(ii) In the era of globalisation there is only ‘market economy’. However, the nature of market economy is determined by the countries ideology for e.g., China has a socialist market economy, West European nations are described as ‘welfare market economies’ and USA is considered as ‘capitalist market economy’.

(iii) In most countries, the State has with draws from economic activities and the private sector and profit motive has propelled the economy.

Question 2.
Non-state actors have become irrelevant in the age of globalisation.
Answer:
This statement is False.
(i) Good governance and the participatory State focus on the role of the civil society which includes non-state actors such as NGO’s.

(ii) International relations today, are not only between States but also include non-state actors. These sometimes also pose a challenge to the position of the State. Globalisation has made non-state actors relevant. This includes organisations which are beneficial e.g., NGO’s working for humanitarian issues as well as threatening organisations e.g., terrorist outfits.

3. Explain the correlation between the following.

Question 1.
Globalisation and culture
Answer:
Globalisation refers to the rapid spread of goods and services, technology and information, ideas and culture, trade and interactions across the world. It is the connection of different parts of the world resulting in the expansion of international cultural, informational, economic and political activities. Events in one part of the world have an impact on other parts of the world. Changes have taken place economically and culturally.

Today a ‘global cosmopolitan culture’ has emerged i.e movement of people across the world and public awareness of global issues. This is noticed in matters like values eg secularism, clothing food choices, ways of celebrating festivals, etc. There is international awareness of India’s rich cultural and historical heritage. Similarly, westernisation and urbanisation have influenced Indian society eg breakup of the traditional joint family and rise of individualism and materialism in the country.

Question 2.
GATT and WTO
Answer:
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was signed on 30th October 1947 by 23 countries with the purpose to promote international trade by reducing/eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas. It came into force on 1st January 1948. It aimed to boost economic recovery after World War II through reconstructing and liberalizing global trade. It introduced the most favoured nation principle. GATT was refined over 8 rounds of negotiations, leading to creation of World Trade Organization (WTO) which replaced GATT on 1st January 1995.

WTO covers services and intellectual property also. It is the international agency overseeing the rules of international trade i.e., it promotes free trade agreements, organizes trade negotiations, settles trade disputes, etc. It’s headquarters is in Geneva. It has 123 member States. The WTO dispute settlement system is faster, more automatic than the GATT system and it’s rulings cannot be blocked.

4. Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
Participatory State is beneficial to the society.
Answer:
Participatory State advocates more involved forms of citizen participation and greater political representation than traditional representative democracy. It goes beyond traditional democratic practices wherein decisions are made by the majority. In a participatory State, all sections of the society are involved in the making of policy. Participatory State is beneficial as it gives citizens a central role in public policy through public discussion, negotiations, voting, etc. It emphasizes the importance of making citizens aware and providing for a form of communication which promotes political dialogue.

5. Answer the following question in 80 to 100 words.

Question 1.
What are the positive and negative aspects of Globalisation?
Answer:
Globalisation refers to the rapid spread of goods and services, technology and information, ideas and culture, trade and interactions across the world. It is the connection of different parts of the world resulting in the expansion of international cultural, informational, economic and political activities. In the early 1990s, the term globalisation was used to include economic, political, socio¬cultural, technological and ideological changes that occurred in the world in the post cold war era. The world has become more interconnected due to advances in technology and communication. Events in one part of the world have an impact on other parts of the world. Changes have taken place economically and culturally.

The Positive aspects of globalisation are-

1. It creates more employment opportunities.
2. It encourages free trade.
3. It leads to better choice of goods and services to the consumer.
4. It leads to wider investments in developing countries.
5. It enhances efficiency of the tertiary sector i.e., banking and finance.
6. It increases purchasing power of citizens and enhances their standard of living.
7. It increases labour productivity and reduces capital-output ratio.
8. It helps to increase efficiency in the production system.

The negative aspects of globalisation are-

1. Globalization promotes technological adaption to increase productivity but has also resulted in loss of jobs.
2. Local/small scale industries cannot withstand competition from the MNC’s and may be bought off or shut down.
3. Less developed countries may become dependent on the technologically superior countries.
4. It has caused specialization of labour and so there are few employment opportunities for unskilled labour.
5. It has led to increased gap between rich and poor nations.
6. It may lead to overexploitation of resources and negatively impact the environment.
7. It leads to the harmful effects of consumerism.
8. It may lead to reduction in social welfare schemes in both developed and developing countries.

Activity

Talk to people of the older generation to find out what changes have taken place in the age of globalisation.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 2 Key Concepts and Issues Since 1991: Globalisation Intext Questions and Answers

Activity (Text Book Page No. 18)

Question 1.
What has been the impact of globalisation on the Indian agricultural sector, especially the small farmer?
Answer:
Globalisation has both positive and negative consequences on Indian agriculture.
The positive consequences are-
(i) Availability of modern agro technologies in pesticides / herbicides, fertilizers, new varieties of high yield seeds to increase food production.
(ii) There are new markets for agricultural products.
(iii) Farmers can sell their goods directly to companies and eliminate the role of middlemen.

The negative effects of globalisation on agriculture are-

1. Farmers are shifting from traditional / mixed cropping to unsustainable cropping practices mainly for cash crops.
2. MNC’s have captured the India market, making farmers dependent on expensive HYV seeds, fertilizers, etc.
3. Small and marginal farmers may not be able to avail of the advantages of globalisation. They may be pushed into debt leading to tragic consequences like farmer suicides.

Question 2.
Find out what the Arab Spring movement was and how social networking was used during that movement. (Text Book Page No. 21)
Answer:
Arab Spring was a series of protests and uprisings against the governments that spread across large parts of the Arab world in the early 2010s. (i.e. December 2010 to December 2012). It began with protests in Tunisia and spread quickly to other countries like Libya, Egypt, Yemen, Syria and Bahrain. There were riots, civil wars and the main slogan of protestors was “the people want to bring down the regime”.

There were sustained street demonstrations in Iraq, Algeria, Morocco, Jordan, Lebanon, etc. The social media i.e. facebook, etc. was the driving force behind the swift spread of the revolutions. The results of these movements were that regimes of Tunisia (Abidine Ben Ali), Egypt (Hosni Mubarak) Libya (Gaddafi), Yemen (Abdullah Saleh) were ousted while in Syria, Iraq, etc., a full scale civil war resulted. Only in Tunisia, there was a transition to constitutional democratic government.

Question 3.
Find out cases where agitations have used social networking to highlight their demands. (Text Book Page No. 21)
Answer:
Social networking and micro media have aided many protests and agitations. Some examples are:
(i) Arab Spring movements (2010-2012) used media power eg., Facebook to over throw despotic rulers e.g., Gaddafi in Libya or Hosni Mubarak in Egypt.

(ii) In India, the Anti-Corruption Movement led by Anna Hazare (2011) was helped by extensive media coverage and social media posts specially among the youth and students.

(iii) Social networking played a vital role in the “Me Too” movement all over the world to expose workplace sexual harassment especially in the glamour industry.

(iv) Social networking played a major role in galvanising support during the pro-democracy demonstrations in Hong Kong.

(v) Various social media handles fuelled the protests against NRC, CAA, etc., in various States of India.

Question 4.
Can the cooperative movement of India be an answer to the domination of multinational and transnational companies? The philosophy of the cooperative movement is to provide both, empowerment and finance to the members while that of the corporations work on profit motive. Give your opinion on this. (Text Book Page No. 17)
Answer:
Cooperative Movement in India can be traced to the Cooperative Credit Societies Act (1904). India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru had strong faith in the cooperative movement. Hence, cooperatives became an integral part of Five Year Plans in India. In 1958, National Development council recommended setting up of Cooperative Marketing Societies. The major sectors where cooperatives dominate are in dairy, agriculture, banking and rural credit, etc. Article 43, Part IV (DPSP) of the constitution, mentions about promotion of cooperatives mainly in rural areas.

The importance of the cooperative sector.

• it provides agricultural credits where the State and private sectors have not been able to do so.
• it helps to overcome the constraints of agricultural development.
• it provides empowerment to the members.
• it can be an answer to the domination by the MNC’s which work solely on the profit motive. If the problems of cooperatives are overcome, they can strengthen the financial sector and lessen our reliance on MNC’s.