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Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 4.2 The Luncheon Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Kumarbharati Textbook Solutions Unit 4.2 The Luncheon

Maharashtra Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 4.2 Warming Up Questions and Answers

The Luncheon Questions And Answers Class 10 Question 1.
Talk with your partner and discuss the following questions:
(a) Have you ever been invited to lunch, at any hotel, by your friend?
(b) What was the occasion?
(c) Did you enjoy the lunch? Why?
Answer:
(a) Have you ever been invited for a lunch to any hotel by your friend? (You can think of the name of the hotel, what you ate there, what you saw there, etc.)
(b) What was the occasion? (Was it for a birthday, a celebration of some sort, a get-together, etc.)
(c) Did you enjoy the lunch? Why? (Was the food good/bad, was the service good/ bad, was the place clean/unclean/noisy, etc.)

The Luncheon Questions And Answers Question 2.
Discuss in pairs:
People with foibles are often not conscious of them. Do you agree or disagree? Why?
Answer:
I agree with this. My grandmother has a foible that we all know about, but she is not conscious of it. When the house is untidy, she gets irritated. She will tuck in the edge of her sari and walk about the house, muttering to herself. She is not even aware of this peculiar behavior.

The Luncheon English Workshop Question 3.
As you know, every country has its own currency. Find out the currency of at least 6 countries along with their current exchange rate in India, with the help of the internet. One is done for you.
For example, Switzerland: franc; 1 franc = 66.73 INR

Country	Currency	Exchange Rate in Indian Currency

Answer:

Country	Currency	Exchange Rate in Indian Currency
1. Switzerland	franc	1 franc = 66.73 INR
2. United States of America	Dollar	1 dollar = 72.04 rupees
3. Afghanistan	Afghani	1 Afghani= 0.9532 rupees
4. Japan	Yen	1 Yen =0.6422 rupees
5. Indonesia	Rupiah	1 Rupiah= 0.005 rupees
6. Malaysia	Malaysian ringgit	1 Malaysian ringgit= 17.412 rupees

The Luncheon Class 10 English Workshop Questions and Answers Maharashtra Board

1. Choose the correct option from the bracket and fill in the blanks given below.
(addressed, luncheon, generously, unwise, insist)
(a) The chief guest …………………… the students.
(b) The crow was …………………… to sing.
(c) I invited my relatives to ……………………
(d) Parents always …………………… on children to be allrounders.
(e) The king decided to donate his wealth among his subjects ……………………
Answer:
(a) addressed
(b) unwise
(c) luncheon
(d) insist
(e) generously

Question 2.
Go through the story again and find out various instances which create humour in ‘The Luncheon’. Complete the table by picking up various humorous instances and the particular line from the story. One is done for you.

Humorous Instance	Line from the story
The woman is a voracious eater	‘‘Follow my example, and never eat more than one thing for luncheon.’’

Answer:

Humorous instance	Line from the passage
1. The author ordered a single mutton chop.	(i) “I see you’re in the habit of eating a heavy luncheon.” (ii) “Why don’t you follow my example and eat just one thing?”
2. The woman wanted to eat asparagus.	(i) “I couldn’t possibly eat anything more unless they had some of those giant asparagus. I should be sorry to leave Paris without eating some of them.” (ii) “I’m not in the least hungry, but if you insist, I don’t mind having some asparagus.”
3. The writer was afraid that he would not have enough money to pay the bill.	I would put my hand in my pocket and with a dramatic cry. start-up and say that it had been picked.

Question 3.
Who said these words/sentences? Under what circumstances?

Words/Sentences	Who said?	Under what circumstances?
1. I never eat anything for luncheon. 2. It’s many years since we first met. 3. Are you still hungry? 4. I don’t believe in overloading my stomach. 5.  I’ll eat nothing for dinner tonight.

Answer:

Words/Sentences	Who said?	Under what circumstances?
1. I never eat anything for luncheon.	Guest	When the writer was startled on seeing the prices on the menu.
2. It’s many years since we first met.	The Guest	When she met the writer at a play and called him over during the interval to talk to him.
3. Are you still hungry?	Author	When the guest said that one should get up from a meal feeling that one could eat a little more, and she had already eaten quite a lot.
4. I don’t believe in overloading my stomach.	Guest	When the writer ordered a mutton chop for himself.
5.  I’ll eat nothing for dinner tonight.	Author	When the luncheon was over and they were leaving the hotel, he knew that he had the whole month before him and he did not have any money for food. That was when he said the words.

Question 4.
Answer in your own words.
(a) Although the author was not a vindictive man, he was very happy to see her weigh twenty one stone and had finally had his revenge. What makes him say this? Explain.
Answer:
Twenty years earlier, the writer was earning barely enough money to make both ends meet. The lady wanted him to give her a luncheon at Foyot’s, an expensive restaurant. The writer thought that he could stand her a modest luncheon. The lady reassured him by saying that ‘she never ate anything for luncheon’. However, she ended by eating about six different items, some of which were very expensive yet she insisted till the end that she never ate more than one thing for luncheon and advised him against ‘filling his stomach with a lot of meat’ when all he had eaten was one small mutton chop – the cheapest item on the menu. The writer was finally left with a whole month before him and no money in his pocket. He could not forget this incident, and when he met her twenty years later, she had become very fat and weighed twenty-one stone. This made the writer feel that though he was not a vindictive man, he had got his revenge.

(b) There are quite a few places where the author uses the expressions ‘My heart sank, panic seized’ etc. What was the reason for this ? Explain.
Answer:
The writer was living in a tiny apartment in Paris and earning barely enough money to make both ends meet. The lady wanted him to give her a little luncheon at Foyot’s, an expensive restaurant. When they met, she ordered some of the most expensive dishes available. The writer was terribly worried about whether he had enough money to pay the bill. Hence, he has used the expressions ‘my heart sank’, ‘panic seized me’, etc.

(c) What are the instances which create humour in “The Luncheon”?
Answer:
The instances in the story that create humour are:
(i) when the writer sees the woman at Foyot’s.
(ii) when she orders dish after dish, after first saying that she eats nothing for luncheon, and then stretching the irony she insists that she ate only one thing for luncheon,
(iii) when she tells the writer, who is eating only a mutton chop – the cheapest item on the menu – that he should not overload his stomach,
(iv) when she says that the writer has insisted on her eating asparagus,
(v) when the writer imagines what he would do while paying the bill,
(vi) when the writer says that he would not eat anything for dinner that night,
(vii) when the writer tells us the woman’s weight, when he sees her aghin after twenty years.

(d) Describe the use of irony and humour in “The Luncheon”.
Answer:
In this story, the writer uses humour and irony to depict the character of the woman. The narrator takes the woman to an expensive restaurant called Foyot’s. He is startled when he sees the high prices on the menu, but relieved when his guest tells him, “I never eat anything for luncheon,” and “I never eat more than one thing.” After stating this, ironically, the woman eats some of the most expensive things available, like salmon and caviar, while the poor author only eats a mutton chop. Looking at it, she takes him to task for eating a ‘heavy’ luncheon, and tells him that he should follow her example and never eat more than one thing for luncheon. She said that she would eat the asparagus because the writer ‘insists’, when it was she who had asked for them. In the end, when she repeats once again that he should follow her example and never eat more than one thing for luncheon, the writer retorts that he would do better than that— he would not eat anything for dinner that night!

Question 5.
Pick out the words and phrases in the story that indicate that the author was not financially well off. One is done for you.

Words	not afford	–
Phrases	beyond my means	–

Answer:

Words	not afford	modest, cheapest, borrow, mean.
Phrases	beyond my means	earning barely enough money, manage well enough, prices were a great deal higher, horribly expensive, ten francs short, what they cost, inadequate tip, not a penny in my pocket, eat nothing for dinner.

Question 6.
After reading the story, put the following events into correct order:
(a) She gave me her last kind advice how to improve my eating habits.
(b) I met her in the theatre after many years and I could hardly recognize her.
(c) Twenty years ago, I lived in Paris and earned just enough money to get by.
(d) I was really scared what could happen when I would pay the bill.
(e) “I never eat anything for luncheon.”
(f) I ordered a mutton chop for myself.
(g) She had read a book of mine.
(h) She ordered asparagus.
(i) She suggested him to invite her to a famous and expensive restaurant.
(j) I didn’t have dinner for the rest of the month.
Answer:
(c) Twenty years ago, I lived in Paris and earned just enough money to get by.
(b) I met her in the theatre after many years and I could hardly recognize her.
(g) She had read a book of mine.
(i) I invited her to a famous and expensive restaurant.
(e) “I never eat anything for luncheon.”
(f) I ordered a mutton chop for myself.
(h) She ordered asparagus.
(d) I was really scared what could happen when I would pay the bill.
(a) She gave me her last kind advice on how to improve my eating habits.
(j) I didn’t have dinner for the rest of the month.

Question 7.
The irony is the expression of meaning through the use of language signifying the opposite. Describe the use of irony in ‘The Luncheon’. Pick the sentences from the story that are examples of irony. Fill in the table ‘A’ the general direct meaning while in table ‘B’ its hidden meaning or the opposite meaning intended by the speaker. One is done for you.

Sentence	Direct meaning	Hidden meaning
If I cut out coffee for the next two days,	to stop drinking coffee	to stop spending money in order to save money for some purpose.

Answer:

Sentence	Direct Meaning	Irony (Hidden meaning)
(1) I never eat more than one thing.	I am careful and do not eat much; I eat only one thing.	She goes on to eat six expensive items during the luncheon.
(2) I don’t believe in overloading my stomach.	I do not eat much, but in limited quantities.	She has a hearty and expensive meal.
(3) If you insist, I don’t mind ‘ having some asparagus.	I am eating asparagus because you are forcing me to.	The writer had certainly not insisted; she had asked for it.
(4) I’m not in the least hungry.	I am not at all hungry and cannot eat anything.	She thrusts the asparagus down her throat in large mouthfuls.
(5) One thing I thoroughly believe in—one should get up from a meal feeling one could eat a little more.	One should always leave space in the stomach for more food.	She has had a hearty meal and was probably very full.
(6) I have a cup of coffee in the morning and then dinner, but I never eat more than one thing for luncheon. I’ve just had a snack.	I am a very light eater; I hardly eat anything during the day.	She has had six different items for luncheon.
(7) You’ve filled your stomach with a lot of meat.	You have eaten a lot.	The writer had just one little miserable mutton chop.
(8) I’ll eat nothing for dinner tonight.	I won’t have anything for dinner tonight.	The writer had no money left.

Question 8.
Fill in the blank a word or a phrase given in the brackets in their appropriate forms. (startle, catch sight of, overload, water, pass)
1. “I never …………………… my stomach”, she said.
2. I was …………………… when the menu was brought.
3. The author …………………… the guest at the play.
4. I had seen asparagus in the shops, my mouth often …………………… at the sight of them.
5. The author’s guest was …………………… through Paris.
Answer:
1. overload
2. startled
3. caught sight of
4. watering
5. passing

Question 9.
Use appropriate articles.
1. I have just had …………………… snack.
2. I have …………………… cup of coffee in the morning.
3. I want just …………………… ice cream and coffee.
4. Author and his guest gave …………………… order and then waited for asparagus to be cooked.
Answer:
a
a
an
The

Question 10.
Classify the following words in the given table appropriately. (modest, luncheon, generously, rank, restaurant, appearance, large, expensive, watch, coffee, brought, afford, practical, apartment, moment, brightly, started, thoroughly)

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb

Answer:

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
luncheon, restaurant, appearance, watch, coffee, apartment, moment	brought, afford, started, sank	modest, large, expensive, practical,	generously, brightly, thoroughly

Question 11.
Study the different uses of ‘could’. Identify what it indicates.
(a) Lack of rain could cause draught. (possibility/condition)
(b) Abhi could perform well in his school days. (suggestion/past ability)
(c) Instead of playing computer games you could play real games with friends. (past ability/suggestion)
(d) Could I use your computer for surfing net? (possibility/request)
(e) We could go on an excursion, if we didn’t have exam. (suggestion/condition)
Answer:
(1) could – possibility
(2) could – past ability
(3) could – suggestion
(4) could – request
(5) could – condition

Question 12.
Fill in the gaps with appropriate Prepositions to make the passage meaningful.
I waited …………………… the airport …………………… Atlanta. My old school-mate was going to arrive …………………… New Airlines …………………… Mumbai, …………………… 21st March …………………… the year 2018. We had not met …………………… 40 years …………………… 1978. She was going to stay …………………… a week …………………… me …………………… Atlanta …………………… 21st …………………… 27th March, 2018.

My joy knew no bounds, when I saw her …………………… 40 years. …………………… home, I introduced her …………………… my family. Then I took her …………………… a big mall …………………… shopping. It was just …………………… my house. We went …………………… the street and climbed …………………… using the elevator, …………………… the staircase.

Answer:
I waited at the airport in Atlanta. My old school-mate was going to arrive by New Airlines from Mumbai, on the 21st of March in the year 2018. We had not met for 40 years, since 1978. She was going to stay for a week with me in Atlanta, from the 21st to 27lh of March, 2018.

My joy knew no bounds when I saw her after 40 years. At home, I introduced her to my family. Then I took her to a big mall for shopping. It was just near my house. We went across the street and climbed up using the elevator near the staircase.

Question 13.
On the occasion of Diwali, write a letter to your friend to invite him/her to celebrate the festival in an innovative way. Use the following hints. time and place special dish is prepared – other friends have also invited post-lunch fun programs, innovative activity
Answer:
Manju Mhatre
8-B, Tulsi Angan
Garodia Nagar
Ghatkopar
Mumbai – 400 077
21st October, 2020

Dear Diya,
Hi there! How are you? You seem to have forgotten me completely afteroining college! Well, I haven’t, and I am writing this letter for a special reason.

This is an invitation for lunch at my place on 4 November on the occasion of Diwali. This will be a sort of house-warming too-you can see from the address above that I have shifted to a new place.

I have also called our other badminton friends—Divya, Rajni, Shubha and Kirti. My Mom has promised to I prepare traditional Diwali dishes, which I am sure ! you will enjoy. And after that—well, that’s going to be i a surprise! But I am sure all of us will enjoy this too.

So do come. Come at about 12.30. Be prepared to be here till 5. Bye.

Your friend,
Manju

Question 14.
Further reading:
(a) “The Phantom Luncheon” by Saki.
(b) “The Ant and the Grasshopper” by William Somerset Maugham.

Form 4 groups of the class. Every group will visit the school’s library or use the internet to read both the creations of Saki and W. S. Maugham. After reading them, every group will summarise both the creations and later read out in the class.

Question 15.
Choose the correct options from the bracket and fill in the blanks: (younger, eighty, twenty, interval)
(1) 1 went over during the interval and sat down beside her.
(2) None of us are getting any younger.
(3) It was twenty years ago.
(4) I had eighty francs to last me the rest of the month.
Answer:
(1) interval
(2) younger
(3) twenty
(4) eighty

Question 16.
Complete the following:
(1) The profession of the narrator: a writer.
(2) The lady was free on the following Thursday.
(3) At the time when the writer met the lady, he was living in a tiny apartment in Paris.
(4) The lady wanted to meet the narrator to have a chat with him.
Answer:
(1) a writer
(2) on the following Thursday
(3) tiny apartment in Paris
(4) have a chat with him

Question 17.
Where and when did they decide to have luncheon?
Answer:
They decided to have a little luncheon at Foyot’s restaurant on the following Thursday.

Question 18.
Choose the correct options from the brackets and fill in the blanks: (pass, caught sight of, overload, modest, addressed, luncheon, interval)
(1) The film was so boring that we went home during the interval.
(2) Though it was a modest apartment, it was extremely clean.
Answer:
(1) interval
(2) modest

Question 19.
Find out the ‘Synonyms’ from the passage for the words:
(1) A set of rooms:
(2) Acknowledged:
(3) Handle:
(4) Directed a remark:
Answer:
(1) Apartment
(2) Recognized
(3) Manage
(4) Addressed

Question 20.
Rewrite the following sentence using the antonym of the underlined word: We’re none of us getting any younger.
Answer:
We’re all of us getting older.

Question 21.
Rewrite the following sentence using ‘except’: The only free moment she had was on the following Thursday.
Answer:
She had no free moment except on the following Thursday.

Question 22.
I hardly think about it. (Begin the sentence with ‘How …!)
Answer:
How little I think about it!

Question 23.
She had read a book of mine. (Begin the sentence with ‘Hadn’t …?)
Answer:
Hadn’t she read a book of mine?

Question 24.
If you were in the place of the narrator, how would you have reacted in the given situation?
Answer:
If I were in the place of the narrator, I would have bluntly told the lady that I was a struggling writer and could not afford to give her a luncheon at Foyot’s. I would have suggested some cheaper restaurant that I could afford. I would not try to show off, or spend more than I can afford,ust to impress someone.

Question 25.
They decided to have luncheon at Foyot’s restaurant at half-past twelve on a Thursday.
Answer:
Foyot’s restaurant at half-past twelve on a Thursday.

Question 26.
The writer ‘was startled when the menu was brought because ………………
Answer:
The prices were a great deal higher than what he had thought.

Question 27.
What do you think the woman reassured the narrator about?
Answer:
The woman realized that the narrator was startled when he saw the prices on the menu. So she indirectly reassured him that he would not have to spend much, for she never ate anything for luncheon.

Question 28.
‘I never eat anything for luncheon’. Explain the irony in this line.
Answer:
The irony is that after informing the author that she never ate anything for luncheon, the lady immediately wanted salmon and caviar, some of the most expensive items available.

Question 29.
From the sentences given below pick out the sentence that indicates that the lady was doing exactly the opposite of what she was saying.
(1) ‘I think you’re unwise to eat meat.”
(2) ‘‘I don’t believe in overloading my stomach.”
Answer:
“I don’t believe in overloading my stomach.”

Question 30.
Choose the correct options from the brackets and fill in the blanks: (pass, startled, overload, imposing, afford, generously, reassured, unwise)
(1) I was …………… when I saw that I remembered all that I had revised.
(2) The monument was really very ………………… .
(3) You cannot ………… to waste time with friends during exams. (Board’s Model Activity Sheet)
Answer:
(1) reassured
(2) imposing
(3) afford

Question 31.
Change the voice of the following sentences:
(1) She reassured me.
(2) I ordered it for my guest.
Answer:
(1) I was reassured by her.
(2) It was ordered for my guest, (by me)

Question 32.
“You’re unwise to eat meat,” she said. (Rewrite in indirect speech)
Answer:
She told him that he was unwise to eat meat.

Question 33.
Are you careful in your eating habits?
Answer:
My mother sees that I eat healthily, and I like I fruits and salads. However, when I am with friends and we go out, I eatunk food. I know it is important to eat healthy food and I take good care to do so.

Question 34.
Name the food items mentioned in the passage
Answer:
The food items mentioned in the passage are:
(1) caviar,
(2) mutton chops,
(3) salmon,
(4) asparagus

Question 35.
Explain what the use of the word ‘sank’ suggests about the narrator’s feelings.:
Answer:
The use of the word ‘sank’ suggests that the narrator was getting unhappy and worried about his guest’s desire to eat expensive food.

Question 36.
From the sentences given below, pick out the sentence that indicates that the lady was doing the exact opposite of what she was saying: (Board’s Model Activity Sheet)
(1) “I see that you’re in the habit of eating a heavy luncheon.”
(2) “Why don’t you follow my example andust: eat one thing.”
Answer:
“Why don’t you follow my example andust eat one thing.”

Question 37.
Choose the correct options from the brackets and fill in the blanks: (pass, quite seriously, water, gaily, insist, mortifying, dramatic)
(1) The ……………… turn of events shocked all of us.
(2) It was ……………. to apologise to the bully.
(3) My mother waved ………………… to me as she went for the hike.
(4) The author’s guest took him ………………. to task.
Answer:
(1) dramatic
(2) mortifying
(3) gaily
(4) quite seriously

Question 38.
Fill in the blanks with the words from the brackets: (Board’s Model Activity Sheet) (task, menu, wondered)
(1) The ……………… to rescue the flood victims was very difficult.
(2) I was thinking about buying a new vehicle and …………………. if we had the money.
(3) The restaurant …………………. seemed to be tempting.
Answer:
(1) task
(2) wondered
(3) menu

Question 39.
She ate the caviar and she ate the salmon. (Begin the sentence with not only … but also and rewrite the sentence.)
Answer:
Not only did she eat the caviar but she also ate the salmon.

Question 40.
Rewrite the following sentence as an affirmative sentence: I couldn’t possibly eat anything more unless they had some of those giant asparagus.
Answer:
I could possibly eat something more only if they had some of those giant asparagus.

Question 41.
Which food do you prefer to eat-home food or restaurant food. Why?
Answer:
My mother cooks very tasty food and hence I prefer to eat home food. It is also always fresh. Restaurant food is generally oily, spicy and often prepared under unhygienic conditions. All this is unhealthy. I believe that health is wealthhence I prefer home food.

Question 42.
Complete the web: (The answers are given directly and underlined.)
Answer:

Question 43.
‘Thera a terrible thing happened.’ Describe the narrator’s emotions at this point in the story. Why does he mot express this emotion?
Answer:
At this point in the story, the writer had given up ail hopes that he could pay the bill. He was resigned to his fate. He had mentally decided on different methods to save his reputation. He does not express this emotion because the lady had already eaten a lot of expensive food: the damage was already done. Besides, he did not want to look mean in her eyes.

Question 44.
Match the columns:

‘A’	‘B’
(1) head	(a) peaches
(2) terrible	(b) mouthfuls
(3) huge	(c) waiter
(4) large	(d) thing

Answer:

‘A’	‘B’
(1) head	(c) waiter
(2) terrible	(d) thing
(3) huge	(a) peaches
(4) large	(b) mouthfuls

Question 45.
Complete the table:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative

Answer:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
(1) hungry	hungrier	hungriest
(2) terrible	more terrible	most terrible

Question 46.
Rewrite the following in reported speech: “Are you still hungry?” I asked faintly.
Answer:
I asked her faintly whether she was still hungry.

Question 47.
Pick out the modal auxiliaries from the following sentence and write what they indicate: “One should always get up from a meal feeling one could eat a little more.”
Answer:
Should – indicates advice. Could – indicates ability.

Question 48.
‘I was past caring now’. Explain why, in your view, the narrator feels this way.
Answer:
The writer had been worried from the beginning that he would not be able to pay the bill. To add to that, his guest had ordered some of the most expensive items on the menu. He had now given up all hopes of being able to pay the bill. Hence, he says that he was past caring now.

Question 49.
Write if the following statements are True or False:
(1) The writer thought that the lady was mean.
(2) The writer’s tip was rather inadequate.
(3) The lady was now like a stone.
(4) The writer planned to have a heavy dinner.
Answer:
False
True
False
False

Question 50.
Complete the reasons:
(a) The writer planned to ‘eat nothing’ for dinner that night because….
Answer:
The writer had no money left after paying for the luncheon. He also wanted to make his luncheon guest aware of how much she had made him spend. Hence, he said that he planned to ‘eat nothing’ for dinner that night.

(b) The lady thought that the writer was mean because
Answer:
The writer had only three francs left to tip the waiter. His guest did not know this, and seeing this inadequate sum, thought he was mean.

Question 51.
Complete the table by picking the various humorous instances and the particular lines from the passage.

Humorous instance	Line from the passage

Answer:

Humorous instance	Line from the passage
1. The woman is a voracious eater.	“Follow my example, and never eat more than one thing for luncheon.” *
2. The writer had no money for dinner.	“I’ll do better than that,” I retorted, “I’ll eat nothing for dinner tonight.”
3. The woman had become very fat.	Today she weighs twenty- one stone.

Question 52.
Fill in the blanks with one word from the passage for the following: (The answers are given directly and underlined.)
(1) Something that is not enough: ………………….
(2) A man who is revengeful: ………………….
(3) A person who fills his or her writings with humour: ………………….
(4) A person who is stingy and does not like to spend money: ………………….
Answer:
(1) inadequate.
(2) a vindictive man.
(3) a humorist.
(4) a mean person.

Question 53.
Pick out the verbs from the following sentences and write their tense:
(1) I’ have just had a snack and I shall enjoy a peach.
(2) The bill came and when 1 paid it I found that I had only enough for a quite inadequate tip.
Answer:
(1) have had – present perfect tenseshall enjoy – simple future tense.
(2) came, paid, found, had – simple past tense.

Question 54.
Do you think that the lady never ‘ate more than one thing for luncheon’ on a regular basis?
Answer:
No, I’m sure she ate a large luncheon every day, but fooled herself into thinking that she was eating only one thing. She seems to be a foolish and thick-skinned woman who believes whatever is convenient to her.

Question 55.
(1) Pick out an infinitive from the lesson and use it in your own sentence.
(2) Punctuate: humorist she cried gailyumping into a cab youre quite a humorist
(3) Find out five hidden words from the given word: satisfaction
(4) Use the following phrase in your own sentence: the only free moment
(5) Spot the errors and rewrite the correct sentence: She have read a book of mine and have written to me about it.
(6) Identify the type of sentence: How time does fly!
(7) Write the correct verb + present/past participles from the following:
(1) attract
(2) write
(3) pass
(4) bear
(5) eat
(6) meet
(8) Arrange the following in alphabetical order: table, tumbler, tablespoon, teaspoon
Answer:
(1) to eat: I was hungry, and I knew it was time to eat.
(2) “Humorist!” she cried gaily,umping into a cab. “You’re quite a humorist!”
(3) satisfaction: fiction, fission, faint, stint, satin
(4) the only free moment: The Principal was so busy that the only free moment she had was during lunch.
(5) She had read a book of mine and had written to me about it.
(6) Exclamatory sentence
(7) (1) attract-atractting
(2) write-written
(3) pass-passing
(4) bear-bearring
(5) eat-eatten
(6) meet-meeted
(8) table, tablespoon, teaspoon, tumbler

Question 56.
Use the following word and its homograph in two separate sentences : mine
Answer:
(i) I knew that the book was mine,
(ii) Three people entered the coal mine to inspect it.

Question 57.
‘I’m not in the least hungry,” my guest sighed, “but if you insist, I don’t mind having some asparagus.” (Rewrite in reported speech.)
Answer:
My guest told me with a sigh that she was not in the least hungry, but that if I insisted, she wouldn’t mind having some asparagus.

Question 58.
Word Register: Complete the web showing the things that the woman ate or drank throughout the luncheon.

Answer:

Question 59.
Why don’t you follow my example? (Change the voice beginning Why ….)
Answer:
Why isn’t my example followed (by you)?

Question 60.
Use the following word as a verb and a noun in two separate sentences: mind
(2) I chose the cheapest dish on the menu. (Rewrite in the positive and comparative forms.)
Answer:
(1)

• “Mind your language, young man,” said the shopkeeper angrily, (verb)
• I knew that I had to keep all the instructions in my mind, (noun)

(2) I chose the dish that was cheaper than all the other dishes on the menu, (comparative)
No other dish on the menu was as cheap as the one I chose, (positive)

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 9 Environmental Management Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 9 Environmental Management

Class 9 Science Chapter 9 Environmental Management Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Match the items in column ‘A’ with the proper ones in coloum ‘B’ and explain their impact on the environment.

Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
1. Harmful waste – a. Glass, rubber, carry bags, etc.
2. Domestic waste – b. Chemicals, pigments, ash, etc.
3. Biomedical waste – c. Radioactive material
4. Industrial waste – d. Left over food, vegetables, peelings of fruits.
5. Urban waste – e. Bandages, cotton, needles, etc.
Answer:
(1 – c),
(2 – d),
(3 – e),
(4 – b),
(5 – a)

2. Complete the statements using the given options and justify those statements. (Geographic favourability, climate, weather, observatory)

a. Of the abiotic factors that affect biodiversity by far the most important is ……………… .
Answer:
Climate.
Climate influences our basic needs like food, clothing and shelter as well as our occupations. Various factors of climate like temperature, atmospheric pressure, sunlight, rainfall, humidity etc. will decide which kind of plants and animals can survive there.

b. A description of the climatic conditions of short duration in a particular area is ……………… .
Answer:
Weather.
Atmospheric conditions at a specific time at a particular place are referred to as weather. Weather is related to a specific location and specific time whereas climate is related to a longer duration and larger area.

c. Irrespective of the progress of human beings, we have to think about ……………… .
Answer:
Geographical favourability.
Geographical favourability includes location, availability of water, availability of natural resources and climate of a region. This has a great impact on the progress of human beings. Countries that have more favourable factors will progress more.

d. Establishments where various climatic factors are recorded are called ……………… .
Answer:
Observatories
Most countries in the world have established meteorology departments for recording climatic factors. These departments have observatories which are equipped with modern instruments and technology.

3. Answer the following questions.

a. How is first aid provided to victims of disasters who are injured?
Answer:
(i) Bleeding: If the victim is injured and bleeding through the wound, the wound should be covered with an antiseptic pad and pressure applied on it for 5 minutes with either thumb or palm.

Fracture and impact on vertebrae: If any bone is fractured, it is essential that the fractured part be immobilized. It can be done with the help of any available wooden rods / batons / rulers. If there is an impact on the back or vertebral column; the patient should be kept immobile on a firm stretcher.

Bums: If victims have bum injuries, it is beneficial to hold the injured part under clean and cold flowing water for at least 10 minutes. How is Solid Waste classified? OR What are the sources of Solid Waste?

Domestic waste: Waste food, paper, plastic paper, plastic bags, vegetable waste, fruit skins, glass and sheet metal articles, etc.

Industrial waste: Chemicals, pigments, sludge, ash, metals, etc.

Hazardous waste: Chemicals generated in various industries, radioactive materials, explosives, infectious materials, etc. Farm/Garden waste: Leaves, flowers, branches of trees, crop residues like straw, animal urine and dung, pesticides, remains of various chemicals and fertilizers, etc.

Electronic waste: Non-functional TV sets, cell phones, music systems, computers and their parts, etc.

Biomedical waste: Bandages, dressings, gloves, needles, saline bottles, medicines, medicine bottles, test tubes, body parts, blood, etc. from clinics, hospitals, blood banks and laboratories. Urban waste: Waste generated through household industries and large commercial and industrial establishments, carry bags, glass, metal pieces and rods, threads, rubber, paper, cans from shops, vegetable and meat markets, construction waste, etc.

(viii) Radioactive waste: Radioactive materials like Strontium-10, Cerium-141, Barium-140 and heavy water, etc. generated from atomic energy plants, uranium mines, atomic research centres, nuclear weapons testing sites, etc.
(ix) Mining waste: Remains of heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium, etc. from mines.

b. State the scientific and eco-friendly methods of waste management.
Answer:
Following are the scientific and eco-friendly methods of waste management:

• Waste separation: In this method, dry and wet wastes are separated, stored and later collected for proper use.
• Composting: Decomposition of degradable kitchen waste in small pits in the backyard, garden or terrace is called composting. Good quality manure can be produced by composting leftover food, peels of fruits, vegetables etc.
• Vermicomposting: Converting solid waste into manure or compost with the help of earthworms is called vermicomposting.
• Vermicompost manure is highly nutritious and can be used for agricultural purposes and garden plants.
• Secured landfill: Solid waste is disposed off in secured landfills.
• The site for secured landfill is selected minimum 2 km away from water bodies and human habitation.
• Care is taken to see that the site does not fall in sensitive zone.
• The landfills are layered with clay and plastic and then the garbage is spread and left to decompose naturally.
• Pyrolysis: In this method, the waste is heated to a high temperature to obtain gas and electricity.
• Semi-combustible waste is burnt in pyrolysis. It is suitable for municipal solid waste management.
• Incineration: Biomedical waste is burnt in incinerators to kill the pathogens. Disinfection and sterilization is also done while treating the biomedical waste.

c. Explain with suitable examples, the relationship between weather forecasting and disaster management.
Answer:

1. Depending upon the factors such as storms, clouds, rainfall, etc., weather forecasts are made. It is useful in aviation, shipping, fishing, industries as well as during natural calamities like dust storms, sand storms, heavy rainfall, tsunami etc where proper predictions are made with well equipped satellites and highclass technology.
2. Observatories at several locations are doing excellent work in the analysis of the information received from these satellites.
3. This data can be used in prevention of losses and danger, improving tolerance, providing relief from disaster, minimising the intensity and extent of harm as well as preparation to face the disaster.

d. Why is e-waste harmful? Express your opinion about this.
Answer:

• e-waste is electronic waste which includes non-functional TV Sets, cell phones, music systems, computers and their parts, etc.
• E-waste contains heavy metals like lead, beryllium, mercury and cadmium.
• These metals accumulate in the soil for long periods and thus affect the biodiversity of the soil.
• Many a times e-waste like battery etc. contain acids which make the soil acidic.
• e-waste can cause ground water pollution, which also affects living organisms when they drink this polluted water.
• Thus, e-waste affects human health and soil microorganisms directly or indirectly.

e. How will you register individual your participation in solid waste management?
Answer:
We can register our individual participation in solid waste management in the following ways:

• Following the 3R mantra: Reduce (reducing the waste), reuse (reuse of waste) and recycle (recycling of waste).
• Throwing plastic wrappers of chocolates, ice-creams, biscuits, etc. into dust bins. Avoid littering.
• Avoiding the use of plastic bags and instead using cloth bags or bags prepared from old sarees, bed-sheets, curtains, etc.
• Using both sides of a paper for writing. Reusing greeting cards and gift papers.
• Avoiding use of tissue paper and preferring to use one’s own handkerchief.
• Using rechargeable batteries instead of lead batteries.
• Implementing various programmes of solid waste management and educating, encouraging the family and society in this regard.
• Avoiding ‘use and throw’ type of articles like pens, canned cold drinks and tetra-packs etc.

4. Write notes.
Meteorology, Climatic factors, Monsoon model, Industrial waste, Plastic waste, Principles of first aid.

5. Give examples of the importance of climate in the living world with explanations, in your own words.
Answer:

1. Daily weather as also long term climatic conditions influence human lifestyle directly or indirectly.
2. Land, water bodies, plants and animals collectively form the natural environment on earth. This environment is responsible for the development of organisms.
3. The climate of a particular region helps to determine the diet, clothing, housing, occupations and lifestyle of the people of that region. For example, the characteristic lifestyle of Kashmiri and Rajasthani people.
4. Salinity of marine water, formation of oceanic currents, water cycle, etc. are all related to various weather and climatic factors.
5. Various climatic factors bring about the weathering of rocks in the earth’s crust.
6. Climate plays a very important role in the formation and enrichment of soil.
7. Microbes in the soil play an important role in formation of organic materials. This process depends upon various climatic factors.

6. Explain with suitable examples, the care to be taken when using the methods of transporting patients.
Answer:

• Cradle Method: This method is used for children and under-weight victims.
• Carrying piggy back: This method is used for carrying patients who are unconscious.
• Human crutch method: If one of the legs is injured, the victim should be supported with minimum load on the other leg.
• Pulling or lifting method: This method is used for carrying an unconscious patient, through a short distance.
• Carrying on four-hand chair: This method is used when support is needed for the part below the waist.
• Carrying on two-hand chair: This method is useful for those patients who cannot use their hands but can hold their body upright.
• Stretcher: In an emergency, if a conventional stretcher is not available, then a temporary stretcher can be made using bamboo, blanket, etc.

7. Explain the differences.

a. Weather and climate
Answer:

Weather		Climate
(i)	Atmospheric conditions at a specific time at a particular place are referred to as weather.	(i)	The climate of a particular region is the average of daily readings of various weather-related parameters recorded for several years.
(ii)	Weather can change continuously.	(ii)	Climate remains constant in a region for a long duration.
(iii)	Weather is related to a specific location and specific time.	(iii)	Climate is related to a longer duration and larger area.
(iv)	Changes in the weather may occur for short periods of time.	(iv)	Changes in the climate take place slowly over a much long duration.

b. Degradable and non-degradable waste
Answer:

Degradable Waste		Non-degradable Waste
(i)	This type of waste is easily degraded by microbes.	(i)	This type of waste is not easily degraded by microbes because it takes a very long period of time and the use of various techniques.
(ii)	It includes kitchen waste (spoiled food, fruits, vegetables), ash, soil, dung, parts of the plants etc.	(ii)	It includes plastic, metal and other similar materials.
(iii)	It is also called wet solid waste or wet garbage.	(iii)	It is also called dry solid waste or dry garbage.
(iv)	If it is carefully decomposed, we can obtain compost and fuel of good quality from it.	(iv)	It can be recycled.

Class 9 Science Chapter 9 Environmental Management Intext Questions and Answers

Can you recall?

Environmental Management Class 9 Question 1.
Which natural calamities have you experienced? How did they affect the conditions in your surroundings?
Answer:
In July 2005, heavy rains caused flooding in many parts of Maharashtra including large areas of Mumbai.

They effects were as follows.

• Many people lost life.
• There was water clogging in most parts causing severe damage to private property and public property.
• Hospitals were submerged causing severe inconvenience to patients.
• The city incurred huge financial loss.

Environmental Management Class 9 Exercise  Question 2.
How will you make a plan to be safe from calamities or to minimize the damage?
Answer:

1. As a responsible citizen we can contribute by educating the people about all the precautions to be taken when such a calamity occurs.
2. We can also contribute by minimizing the occurrence of natural calamity like flood by taking measure to reduce land pollution, proper disposing waste material and recycling them.
3. We can plan to be safe by keeping the following things handy-torch, first-aid kit, ample food supply and water storage, emergency numbers list and extra pair of clothes.

Thus by taking appropriate measures, we can be safe from calamities

Class 9 Science Chapter 9 Environmental Management  Question 3.
How does the atmosphere affect our daily life?
Answer:
The atmosphere affect our daily life in following ways

• If protects us from harmfull radiations of sun.
• Atmosphere helps to sustain life on earth by providing oxygen for human beings and animal to breathe and carbon dioxide to plants.
• It helps in keeping us warm due to green house effect.

Environmental Management Class 9 Answers Question 4.
Forecasts about which weather related factors are given during the news bulletins on Doordarshan and Akashvani?
Answer:
Forecasts about different weather related factors such as cloud cover, rain, snowfall, wind speed and temperature are given during the news bulletins on Doordarshan and Akashvani.

9 Environmental Management Exercises  Question 5.
What is meant by pollution?
Answer:
Contamination of natural environment that can harmfully affect the ecosystem is called as pollution.

9th Class Science Chapter 9 Environmental Management Exercise Question 6.
What is meant by solid waste?
Answer:
The waste materials generated through the various daily human activities are called solid waste.

Maharashtra Board Class 9 Science Solutions Question 7.
What are the different things included in solid waste?
Answer:
Domestic waste, industrial waste, hazardous waste, electronic waste, biomedical waste, urban waste, radioactive waste and mining waste are the different things included in solid waste.

Question 8.
Why is it necessary to recycle non-degradable waste?
Answer:
(i) non-degradable waste cannot be easily degraded because it takes a very long period of time and the use of various techniques.
(ii) Therefore, non-degradable waste should be recycled so that it does not accumulate and cause hazards to the environment.

Question 9.
Which materials are included in solid dry waste?
Answer:
Solid dry waste includes paper, plastic, metals, glass, cardboard, thermocol etc.

Answer the following

Question 1.
In which different ways do our surroundings get polluted?
Answer:

• Air pollution is caused due to emissions from industries, vehicles, burning of fossil fuels, construction, mining and agriculture.
• Water pollution is caused by domestic sewage and industrial waste water released into the water bodies.
• Soil pollution is caused due to industrial wastes, domestic waste, chemical fertilizers, biomedical waste and pesticides.
• Noise pollution is caused by machines, vehicular traffic, loudspeakers and household appliances.

Question 2.
Which factors are affected favourably or unfavourably by climate? What must we do to minimize the effect?
Answer:

• Climate plays a very important role in our day to day life.
• It influences our basic needs like food, clothing and shelter as well as our occupations.
• Climate is especially important for an agrarian country like India. Also climatic factors like direction and speed of the winds, temperature, atmospheric pressure etc. are also considered during construction work.
• The science of meteorology helps in predicting climatic conditions by satellites in different ways such as prediction of rainfall, air pollution, dust storms, hot and cold waves tsunamic etc.
• so that all the citizens are well-equipped beforehand and can take preventive measures.

Question 3.
Into which two categories can the waste materials in the lists above be classified?
Answer:
The waste materials can be classified as biodegradable waste and non-biodegradable waste.

Answer the following:

Question 1.
Make a list of various waste materials and articles in your area and prepare a chart as follows:
Answer:

Question 1.
Nowadays, an electronic device – the cell phone – is very popular. From a mobile shop near your house, find out how they dispose off old and broken down cell phones.
Answer:
Old and broken down cell phones are sold to scrap dealers, who sell to a bigger dealer where reusable parts are taken out and useless parts are sent for recycling.

Question 2.
What are the different types of casualties that are seen to occur in different types of disasters?
Answer:

• Death.
• Injuries.
• Loss of limbs or body parts.
• Burns.
• Diseases.
• Fractures.
• Bleeding.
• People becoming unconscious.

Question 3.
Which waste management processes are used in your village/town / city?
Answer:
i. The Municipal Corporation or Municipality collects the various kinds of wastes like dry waste, solid waste, biomedical waste in different coloured containers and transports them to areas where they are treated and disposed off.

ii. Industrial waste is mostly recycled and biomedical waste is treated by the scientific methods mentioned below.

a. Solid waste is disposed off in secured land fills. The site for secured landfill is selected 2 km away from water bodies and away from human habitation. Care is taken to see that the site does not fall in sensitive zone. The landfills are layered with clay and plastic and then the garbage is spread and left.
b. Pyrolysis is done for semi combustible material. Semi combustible materials are heated to high temperature by gas arid electricity.
c. The municipality can also set up biogas plants where the solid waste is converted to biogas by anaerobic fermentation. The biogas can be used to generate power and also a good manure which can be used for agriculture.
(d) Biomedical waste is burnt in incinerators to kill the pathogens. Disinfection and sterilization is also done while treating biomedical waste by the Municipal Corporation.

These are some of the waste management processes used in village/town/city.

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Observe the garbage collected in the dustbin of your classroom and make a list of the various materials in it.
Discuss with your teacher, how these materials can be properly disposed off. Can we do the same with the garbage generated in our house? Think about it.

Answer:
(i) Garbage collected in classroom dustbin:

• Waste paper and paper bits.
• Pencil shavings
• Wrappers of chocolates, biscuits etc.
• Left over food from tiffins and fruit peels.
• Empty ball pen refills.

(ii) Out of these left over food from tiffins and fruit peels and pencil shaving can be used to make compost manure in school garden. The remaining waste can be sold to scrap dealers and sent for recycling.
(iii) Yes, we can do the same with the garbage generated in the house.

Question 2.
What is the main difference between what we see in the two pictures alongside (A and B).

Answer:

• We see that in picture A there is lot of garbage spread around making the place very dirty, whereas in picture B, there is no garbage and the place is absolutely neat and clean.

Question 3.
What should we do to permanently maintain the condition seen in picture B?
Answer:
To permanently maintain the condition seen in picture B, we should follow the 3R mantra (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle). Also, we must avoid littering, throwing plastic bags, wrappers of chocolates, ice-creams, biscuits etc.

Class 9 Science Chapter 9 Environmental Management Additional Important Questions and Answers

Choose and write the correct option

Question 1.
is a long term predominant condition of the atmosphere.
(a) Climate
(b) Weather
(c) Pressure
(d) Biosphere
Answer:
(a) Climate

Question 2.
Various climatic factors like are considered during construction of runways, seaports, huge bridges and skyscrapers, etc.
(a) Direction and speed of wind
(b) Temperature
(c) Atmospheric pressure
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 3.
The was established by the United Nations Organization on 23rd March 1950.
(a) World Health Organization
(b) National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration
(c) World Meteorological Organization
(d) Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Answer:
(c) World Meteorological Organization

Question 4.
is/are related to various weather and climatic factors.
(a) Salinity of marine water
(b) Formation of ocean currents
(c) Water cycle
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 5.
is the founder of IMD.
(a) Dr. Vasantrao Govarikar
(b) H.F. Blanford
(c) Sir Gilbert Walker
(d) Dr. Radhakrishnan Nair
Answer:
(b) H. F. Blanford

Question 6.
The monsoon model based upon 16 worldwide parameters was developed by the initiative of
(a) Dr. Vasantrao Govarikar
(b) H.F. Blanford
(c) Sir Gilbert Walker
(d) Virghese Kurien
Answer:
(a) Dr. Vasantrao Govarikar

Question 7.
In , forecasts are made taking into account the estimates of current weather related events and ongoing physical activity.
(a) Statistical model
(b) Holistic model
(c) Mathematical model
(d) All of these
Answer:
(c) Mathematical model

Question 8.
In , predictions are based upon those parameters used in other models which have the greatest effect on the monsoon.
(a) Holistic model
(b) Mathematical model
(c) Statistical model
(d) Scientific model
Answer:
(a) Holistic model

Question 9.
Radioactive materials, explosives and infectious materials are classified as waste.
(a) Industrial waste
(b) Biomedical waste
(c) Urban waste
(d) Hazardous waste
Answer:
(d) Hazardous waste

Question10.
are radioactive waste.
(a) Remains of heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium etc.
(b) Strontium-10, Cerium-141, Barium -140
(c) Waste from blood banks and laboratories
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) Strontium-10, Cerium-141, Barium-140

Question 11.
Waste food, paper, plastic, vegetable and fruit waste etc. are classified as waste.
(a) Industrial waste
(b) Farm waste
(c) Domestic waste
(d) Urban waste
Answer:
(c) Domestic waste

Question 12.
is the 3 R mantra.
(a) Refuse, Research, Recycle
(b) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
(c) Reduce, Reuse, Refuse
(d) Rethink, Recycle, Reuse
Answer:
(b) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Question 13.
is the largest producer of electricity from solid waste.
(a) India
(b) America
(c) Japan
(d) China
Answer:
(b) America

Question 14.
Chemicals, pigments, sludge, ash, metals, etc. are classified as waste.
(a) Domestic waste
(b) Industrial waste
(c) Urban waste
(d) Hazardous waste
Answer:
(b) Industrial waste

Question 15.
Period of natural degradation for banana peels is
(a) 1 month
(b) 1-2 weeks
(c) 3-4 weeks
(d) 2 months
Answer:
(c) 3-4 weeks

Question 16.
Period of natural degradation for cloth bags is
(a) 2-3 weeks
(b) 1 month
(c) 5 months
(d) 1 year
Answer:
(b) 1 month

Question 17.
Period of natural degradation for wood is
(a) 1 month
(b) 5 months
(c) 10-15 years
(c) 40-50 years
Answer:
(c) 10-15 years

Question 18.
Period of natural degradation for certain plastic bags is
(a) 50-100 years
(b) infinite duration
(c) 10 lakh years
(d) 1000 years

(c) 10 lakh years

Question 19.
Period of natural degradation for thermocol or Styrofoam cup is
(a) 10 lakh years
(b) infinite duration
(c) 200-250 years
(d) 1 year
Answer:
(b) infinite duration

Question 20.
If any bone is fractured, it is essential that the fractured part be
(a) mobilized
(b) immobilized
(c) pulled
(d) massaged
Answer:
(b) immobilized

Question 21.
For transporting children and under-weight victims, method is used.
(a) carrying piggy back
(b) human crutch method
(c) cradle method
(d) stretcher
Answer:
(c) cradle method

Question 22.
method is useful to carry patients who are unconscious.
(a) Cradle Method
(b) Carrying piggy back
(c) Human crutch
(d) Carrying on four-hand chair
Answer:
(b) Carrying piggy back

Question 23.
method is used for carrying an unconscious patient through a short distance.
(a) Carrying piggy back
(b) Cradle method
(c) Carrying on two-hand chair
(d) Pulling or lifting method
Answer:
(d) Pulling or lifting method

Question 24.
method is useful to carry patients who cannot use their hands but can hold their body upright.
(a) Carrying on four-hand chair
(b) Carrying on two-hand chair
(c) Carrying piggy back
(d) Cradle method
Answer:
(b) Carrying on two-hand chair

v 25.
method is used to carry patients when support is needed for the part below the waist.
(a) Carrying on four-hand chair
(b) Carrying on two-hand chair
(c) Stretcher
(d) Pulling or lifting method
Answer:
(a) Carrying on four-hand chair

Question 26.
For injuries like sprains, twisting and contusion, should be applied on the injured part.
(a) turmeric powder
(b) antiseptic pad
(c) ice-pack
(d) pressure
Answer:
(c) ice-pack

Find the odd man out:

Question 1.
Waste food, paper, plastic, bandages.
Answer:
Bandages: It is a biomedical waste whereas the others are domestic waste.

Question 2.
Pesticides, fertilizers, crop residue, sludge.
Answer:
Sludge: It is an industrial waste whereas the others are farm waste.

Question 3.
Strontium -10, Cerium – 141, Barium – 140, Cadmium.
Answer:
Cadmium: It is a mining waste whereas the others are radioactive waste.

Question 4.
Banana peels, cloth bag, food waste, plastic bag.
Answer:
Plastic bag: It is a non-biodegradable waste whereas the others are degradable wastes.

Question 5.
Fruits, ash, metals, vegetables.
Answer:
Metal: It is a non-biodegradable waste whereas the others are degradable wastes.

Complete the analogy:

(1) Specific duration and specific time: Weather : : Longer duration and longer time :
(2) Mumbai: 5000 tons solid waste :: Pune:
(3) Kitchen waste, parts of plants : Wet solid waste :: Plastic, metals :
(4) Largest producer of electricity from solid waste : America : : Production of useful materials from banana peelings :
(5) Cloth bags : 1 month : : Rags :
(6) Tin cans : 50-100 years : : Aluminium cans :
(7) Wood : 10-15 years :: Styrofoam :
Answer:
(1) Climate
(2) 1700 tons solid waste
(3) Dry solid waste
(4) Japan
(5) 5 months
(6) 200-250 years
(7) Infinite duration

Match the columns:

Question 1.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1) Mining waste	(a) Leaves, flowers, crop residue.
(2) Electronic waste	(b) Remains of heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium.
(3) Farm waste	(c) Strontium-10, Cerium-141, Barium-140
(4) Radioactive waste	(d) Cell phones, TV sets, Computers

Answer:
(1 – b),
(2 – d),
(3 – a),
(4 – c)

Question 2.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1) Banana peels	(a) 10 lakh years.
(2) Plastic bags	(b) 200-250 years.
(3) Leather shoes	(c) 3-4 weeks
(4) Aluminium cans	(d) 40-50 years

Answer:
(1 – c),
(2 – a),
(3 – d),
(4 -b)

Question 3.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1) Thermocol (2) Tin cans (3) Woollen socks (4) Wood	(a) 1 year. (b) Infinite duration. (c) 10-15 years (d) 50-100 years

Answer:
(1 – b),
(2 – d),
(3 – a),
(4 – c)

State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements:

Question 1.
Climate is a long term predominant condition of the atmosphere.
Answer:
True.

Question 2.
Climate changes continuously.
Answer:
False. Climate does not change continuously. It remains constant in a region for a long duration.

Question 3.
If present climatic conditions are analysed with reference to the past climatic conditions, we can predict climatic changes of the future.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
Forecasting is difficult for places where climatic changes are slow and of a limited nature.
Answer:
False. Forecasting is easy for places where climatic changes are slow and of a limited nature.

Question 5.
Climate plays a very important role in the formation and enrichment of soil.
Answer:
True.

Question 6.
Prediction maps are prepared once in 24 hours.
Answer:
False. Prediction maps are prepared twice in every 24 hours.

Question 7.
The first prediction of monsoon in India was made by Dr. Vasantrao Govariakar.
Answer:
False. The first prediction of monsoon in India was made my H.F. Blanford.

Question 8.
H.F. Blanford used the rainfall in Kerala as the parameter for prediction of monsoon in India.
Answer:
False. H.F. Blanford used the snowfall in Himalayas as a parameter for prediction of monsoon in India.

Question 9.
In Holistic model, predictions are made taking into account estimates of current weather-related events and ongoing physical interactions between them.
Answer:
False. In Holistic model, predictions are based upon those parameters used in other models which have the greatest effect on monsoon.

Question 10.
Any meteorological model depends upon the inter-relationships between parameters used in that model and the results expected from it.
Answer:
True.

Question 11.
Remains of heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium, etc. from mines are industrial waste.
Answer:
False. Remains of heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium etc. from mines are mining waste.

Question 12.
Use of ‘use and throw’ type of articles like pens, canned cold drinks, tetra packs should be encouraged in waste management.
Answer:
False. Use of ‘use and throw’ type of articles like pens, canned cold drinks, tetra packs should be strictly avoided in waste management.

Question 13.
We should use tissue paper instead of one’s own handkerchief for effective waste management.
Answer:
False. We should use one’s own handkerchief instead of tissue paper for effective waste management.

Question 14.
Certain plastic bags take 1 month to degrade.
Answer:
False. Certain plastic bags take 10 lakh years to degrade.

Question 15.
Banana peels can degrade in 3-4 weeks.
Answer:
True.

Question 16.
If the victim has burn injuries, it is beneficial to cover the burnt part with blanket.
Answer:
False. If the victim has burn injuries, it is beneficial to hold the injured part under clean and cold flowing water for at least 10 minutes.

Question 17.
CPR helps to bring the circulation to normal.
Answer:
True.

Question 18.
If breathing has stopped, the head should be held in backward sloping position.
Answer:
False. If breathing has stopped, the victim should be given artificial ventilation by mouth to mouth resuscitation.

Question 19.
Japan is the largest producer of electricity from solid waste.
Answer:
False. America is the largest producer of electricity from solid waste.

Question 20.
China has developed the projects of production of threads, paper and other useful materials from banana peels.
Answer:
False. Japan has developed the projects of production of threads, paper and other useful materials from banana peels.

Define the following:

Question 1.
Weather
Answer:
Atmospheric conditions at a specific time at a particular place are referred to as weather.

Question 2.
Climate
Answer:
The climate of a particular region is the average of daily readings of various weather-related parameters recorded for several years.

Question 3.
Meteorology
Answer:
The science that studies the inter-relationships between the various components of air, natural cycles, geological movements of earth and climate is called meteorology.

Question 4.
Solid waste
Answer:
Waste materials generated through daily human activities are called solid waste.

Question 5.
Urban waste
Answer:
Waste generated through household industries and large commercial and industrial establishments is called Urban waste.

Answer the following:

Question 1.
What is the necessity of solid waste management?
Answer:
Necessity of solid waste management:

• For preventing environmental pollution and to keep the surroundings clean.
• For energy as well as fertilizer production and through that to generate work and employment opportunities.
• To reduce the strain on natural resources through treatment of solid waste.
• To improve the health and quality of life and to maintain environmental balance.

Question 2.
What are the harmful effects of solid waste?
Answer:
Harmful effects of solid waste:

• Effect on biodiversity.
• Releases bad odour.
• Produces toxic gases.
• Leads to degradation of natural beauty.
• Leads to pollution of air, water and soil.
• Spreads diseases.

Question 3.
What first-aid should be given for injuries like sprains, twisting and contusion?
Answer:
For injuries like sprains, twisting and contusion, the ‘RICE’ remedy should be applied:

• Rest: Allow the victim to sit in a relaxed position.
• Ice: Apply an ice-pack to the injured part.
• Compression: After the ice-pack treatment, the injured part should be massaged gently.
• Elevate: The injured part should be kept in a raised/elevated position.

Question 4.
Why do meteorological models need to be changed continually?
Answer:

1. Any meteorological model depends upon the inter-relationship between parameters used in that model and the results expected from it.
2. However, as these inter-relationships with reference to the ocean and atmosphere are never constant, meteorological models need to be changed continually.

Question 5.
What is urban waste? What does it include?
Answer:

1. Waste generated through household industries and large commercial and industrial establishments is called urban waste.
2. It includes carry bags, glass, metal pieces and rods, threads, rubber, paper, cans from shops, waste from vegetable and meat markets, construction waste etc.

Question 6.
What does biomedical waste include?
Answer:
biomedical waste includes bandages, dressings, gloves, needles, saline bottle, medicines, medicine bottles, test tubes, body parts, blood etc. from clinics, hospitals, blood banks and laboratories.

Write short notes on:

Question 1.
Meteorology
Answer:

• The science that studies the inter-relationship between the various components of air, natural cycles, geological movements of the earth and climate is called meteorology.
• Meteorology includes the study of storms, clouds, rainfall, thunder, lightning etc.
• Depending upon the study of such factors, weather forecasts are made.
• They are useful to common people, farmers, fisheries, aviation services, water transport and various other organizations.

Question 2.
Climatic factors
Answer:

• The climate of a particular region is the average of daily readings of various weather-related parameters recorded for several years.
• Climatic factors include direction and speed of wind, temperature, atmospheric pressure, clouds, rainfall, humidity, visibility etc.
• These factors influence our basic needs like food, clothing, shelter as well as our occupations.
• Various climatic factors bring about the weathering of rocks in the earth’s crust.
• Microbes in the soil play an important role in formation of organic materials. This process also depends upon various climatic factors.

Question 3.
Monsoon model
Answer:

1. The tradition of forecasting the monsoon season in India is older than 100 years.
2. After the famine of 1877, H.F. Blanford, the founder of IMD had made such a prediction for the first time taking the snowfall in the Himalayas as a parameter for this prediction.
3. In the decade of the 1930’s, the then director of IMD, Sir Gilbert Walker had underlined the relationship between various worldwide climatic factors and the Indian monsoon and based on available observations and previous recordings related to this relationship, he put forth a hypothesis regarding the nature of the monsoon.
4. With the initiative of Dr. Vasantrao Govarikar in the decade of the 1990’s, a monsoon model based upon 16 worldwide climatic parameters was developed. This model was in use from 1990 to 2002.
5. Presently, new models are being developed at IITM. Work is in progress at two levels, namely designing new models and developing new technology.
6. The main focus is on the development of the radar system and satellite technology.

Question 4.
Plastic waste
Answer:

• Plastic waste is the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that adversely affects environment, humans and animals.
• Plastic waste is excessively generated as plastic is inexpensive and durable.
• Plastic is slow to degrade. It takes around 10 lakh years for certain plastic bags to degrade. .
• Plastic waste affects land and water.
• It also affects the health of animals, cattle unknowingly ingest these plastic bags leading to stomach cancer in them.
• Plastic also releases toxic chemicals which are carcinogenic to humAnswer:
• To avoid plastic waste, cloth bags should be used instead of plastic bags. Plastic articles should be recycled.

Question 5.
Industrial waste
Answer:

• Industrial waste is the waste produced by industrial processes or activities.
• There is a huge variety of industries producing different types of materials and articles. All of these use raw materials and give out a lot of waste.
• There are hundreds of mines which extract copper, silver, gold, iron, coal etc. Huge quantities of waste are produced while processing them.
• Cement industries give out solid, liquid and gaseous wastes.
• While refining crude oil, a lot of poisonous gaseous and liquid wastes are produced.
• Construction units produce huge quantities of waste stones, pebbles, broken bricks, wood waste etc. Mostly they are dumped in landfills.
• It also includes chemicals, pigments, sludge, ash, metal, etc. given out from mining, textile, construction, chemical industries.

Question 6.
Principles of first aid
Answer:
Life and Resuscitation – ‘ABC’ is the Basic Principle of first aid which is provided to the victims of disaster.

1. Airway: If the victim has difficulty in breathing, the head should be held in a backward sloping position or the chin should be raised so that the respiratory passage remains open.
2. Breathing: If breathing has stopped, the victim should be given artificial ventilation by mouth to mouth resuscitation.
3. Circulation: If the victim is unconscious, then after giving mouth to mouth respiration twice,

Question 7.
Statistical Model
Answer:

• In this model, current climatic observations in a region are compared with earlier parameters such as oceanic temperature, atmospheric” pressure and the nature of the monsoon rainfall for several years.
• This data is comparatively analysed by statistical methods and predictions are made about the monsoon in the present conditions.

Question 9.
Holistic Model
Answer:

• In this model, predictions are based upon those parameters used in other models which have the greatest effect on the monsoon.
• Nowadays, predictions declared by IMD are the collective outcome of various model. This is called a holistic model.

Complete the following concept chart:

Question 1.
Weather-related climatic factors
Answer:

Question 2.
Harmful effects of solid waste
Answer:

Question 3.
Scientific and eco-friendly waste Management
Answer:

Answer in detail:

Question 1.
What are the principles of solid waste management?
Answer:
Principles of solid waste management:

• Reuse: After use, materials should be reused for some other proper purposes.
• Refuse: Refusal to use articles made from non- degradable articles like plastic and thermocol.
• Recycle: Production of useful articles by recycling solid wastes. For example, paper and glass can be recycled.
• Rethink: Rethinking our habits, activities and their consequences in connection with the use of various articles of daily use.
• Reduce: Restricting the use of resources to avoid their wastage.
• Old materials should be reused. One thing should be shared by many, use and throw type of objects should be avoided.
• Research: Conducting research related to reuse of materials that are temporarily out of use.
• Regulation and Public awareness: Following the laws and rules related to waste management and motivating others to do the same.

Question 2.
What is disaster management? What actions does it include?
Answer:
Disaster management is action implemented through proper planning, organized activity and co-ordination.

It includes the following:

• Prevention of loss and danger.
• Improving tolerance.
• Providing relief from disaster, minimising the intensity and extent of harm.
• Preparation to face the disaster.
• Immediate action in the disaster situation.
• Assessment of damages and intensity of the disaster.
• Arranging for rescue work and help.
• Rehabilitation and rebuilding.

Question 3.
Write a short note on : Indian Meteorological Department
Answer:

• The Indian Meteorological Department was founded by the British in 1875 at Shimla.
• Its head office is at Pune and its Regional offices are at Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Nagpur and Delhi.
• Maps are prepared every day which indicate the daily predictions about the weather.
• Such maps are prepared and published twice in every 24 hours.
• In this institute, research goes on continuously on various aspects like instruments for climatic readings, predictions made about climate using radar, predictions about climate related to seismology, predictions regarding rainfall by satellites, air pollution etc.
• The Indian Meteorological Department provides information regarding weather and climatic conditions to other departments like aviation, shipping, agriculture, irrigation, marine oil exploration and production etc.
• Predictions regarding calamities like dust storms, sand storms, heavy rainfall, hot and cold waves, tsunami, etc. are communicated to various departments, all types of mass communication media and all citizens.
• India has launched several satellites equipped with highclass technology.
• Observatories at several locations are doing excellent work in the analysis of the information received from these satellites.

 

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 4.5 The Old Man and The Sea Book Review Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Kumarbharati Textbook Solutions Unit 4.5 The Old Man and The Sea Book Review

Maharashtra Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 4.5 Warming Up Questions and Answers

The Old Man And The Sea Book Review Class 10 Question 1.
Pair up with your partner and answer the following questions :
(a) Which animal would you relate yourself to and why?
Answer:
I would relate to a cat. This is because like a cat, I am lazy. I am also reserved and do not show my emotions easily. I choose my friends carefully and am not friendly with anybody and everybody.

(b) Do you have a hero or a role model to look up to? Who is he/she?
Answer:
Yes, my role model is my grandmother. Though she has led a very difficult life because she was poor, she is always optimistic and sees the best in people. She is always cheerful and ready to learn new things. She has learnt how to use the computer and surfs the internet regularly. She is even learning a new language with the help of the computer! She is health-conscious and does yoga regularly. I wish to be like her.

(c) Do you have a passion you would fight for? Why?
Answer:
Yes, my passion is planting trees. Afforestation is the answer to. many of the ills plaguing our country, like water shortage and soil erosion. Planting forests will stop this. When I grow up. I plan to fight for a green cover for our planet.

(d) What is meant by a review?
Answer:
A ‘review’ is a critical evaluation of something – a book, a film, a play, etc.

(e) Have you ever read any book review? If yes, which one? If no, make it a point to read one.
Answer:
Yes, I have read a book review. It was of a Harry Potter book. I read it in a newspaper and it gave me an idea of what to expect in the book, without knowing the details.

The Old Man And The Sea Section 1 Answers Question 2.
Make a list of famous novels of Ernest Hemingway. Two are given to you.
(1) A Farewell to Arms
(2) For Whom the Bell Tolls.
(3) ………………………………………
(4) ………………………………………
(5) ………………………………………
(6) ………………………………………
(7) ………………………………………
Answer:
(1) A Farewell to Arms.
(2) For Whom the Bells Toll.
(3) The Sun also Rises.
(4) The Garden of Eden.
(5) Islands in the Stream.
(6) To Have and Have Not.
(7) The Torrents of Spring.

The Old Man And The Sea Question Answers Question 3.
Ernest Miller Hemingway was a famous American novelist, short story writer and journalist. Make a list of other famous American novelists. Complete the web filling the boxes with the names of famous American novelists.

Answer:

The Old Man and The Sea Book Review Class 10 English Workshop Questions and Answers Maharashtra Board

The Old Man And The Sea Book Report Question 1.
Read the passage and name the following.
(a) Young and devoted apprentice
(b) The place where Hemingway had experience of fishing
(c) That which Hemingway was injured by, during First World War
(d) Language of the novel
(e) In his first reading, the review writer was left
Answer:
(a) Manolin
(b) Cuban waters
(c) shrapnel
(d) simple and pithy
(e) unimpressed

The Old Man And The Sea Book Review Question 2.
Correct the following sentences using facts from the review.
(a) Manolin’s parents insisted on his working with the same old fisherman.
(b) This novel is pure fiction.
(c) Hemingway’s style of writing does not unfold the hidden meaning.
(d) The relationship between the old man and Manolin is coarse.
Answer:
(a) Manolin’s parents insisted on his working with another fisherman.
(b) This novel is based on real events and draws heavily from incidents in Hemingway’s own life.
(c) Hemingway’s style of writing is such that a reader can read his work again and again and find new layers of meaning every time.
(d) The relationship between the old man and Manolin is heart-warming.

The Old Man And The Sea Questions And Answers Question 3.
Compare the points that you would use for a book review with those of the review of a play and write in your notebook.
Answer:

Book Review	Review of a play	Review of a film
(1) Story Line	(1) Story Line, Theme and Climax	(1) Story Line
(2) Social/Historical Context	(2) Actors/Actresses and their Presentations	(2) Acting
(3) Writing Style	(3) Use of lights, music and special effects	(3) Direction
(4) My Thoughts.	(4) Use of Sets, Costumes and Make-up (5) My Thoughts and rating.	(4) Editing (5) Cinematography (6) Music and sound effects (7) Special effects (8) My thoughts and rating

The Old Man And The Sea Review Question 4.
The line – ‘I first read this novel years ago, when I did not understand it at all and was left unimpressed.’ tells us about the book reviewer’s opinion about the book. Complete the following sentences using the expressions.
(1) In my opinion, every hard working person achieves success in life.
(2) I strongly feel that ……………………………………………………….
(3) I wish I could ……………………………………………………….
(4) As far as I know you ……………………………………………………….
(5) I think ……………………………………………………….
Answer:
(1) every hardworking person achieves success in life.
(2) there should be a complete ban on tobacco.
(3) go to the moon.
(4) have never taken part in a debate.
(5) they know what they are doing.

Old Man And The Sea Book Review Question 5.
The review describes the struggle between the old man with the marlin and sharks, Ernest Hemingway’s struggle against defeat or death and noble struggle against destruction. Find all the words from the text that are related to the word ‘brave’ or ‘courage’.

• strength
• ……………………………………….
• ……………………………………….
• ……………………………………….
• ……………………………………….

Answer:

• strength,
• formidable.
• strong,
• determination,
• endurance,
• triumph,
• struggle.

The Old Man And The Sea Answers Question 6.
The review mentions struggles of both the writer, Ernest Hemingway and the old man. Fill the incidents of struggle of Hemingway in table A and those of the old man in table B.

Table A	Table B
Ernest Hemingway	Old man
•
•
•
•

Answer:

Table A	Table B
Ernest Hemingway	Old man
(1) injured by shrapnel during the First World War	(1) has a run of terrible bad luck
(2) faces the destruction caused by the two World Wars	(2) unable to catch fish for 84 days
	(3) his apprentice, Manolin leaves him
	(4) the marlin he hooks is too strong for him
	(5) battles with sharks
	(6) very near death

Question 7.
Read the text again. You will find that the text contains many phrases. Match the phrases in ‘A’ and their meanings in ‘B’. After matching their meanings, make sentences of your own

‘A’ Phrases	‘B’ Meanings
1. run of terrible bad luck	a. triggered a feeling or memory
2. draws heavily on	b. without being affected by a particular factor
3. struck a chord	c. endure in difficult circumstances
4. in spite of	d. a period of time when bad things happen
5. holding on	e. makes use of

Answer:

‘A’ Phrases	‘B’ Meanings
1. run of terrible bad luck	d. a period of time when bad things happen
2. draws heavily on	e. makes use of
3. struck a chord	a. triggered a feeling or memory
4. in spite of	b. without being affected by a particular factor
5. holding on	c. endure in difficult circumstances

Question 8.
(A) Rewrite as directed, without change of meaning, in your notebook.
(1) Hemingway’s novel is based on real events. (Convert the underlined adjective to an Adjectival Clause)
(2) He hooks a marlin but the marlin is too strong for him. (Rewrite beginning with ‘Although’)
(3) The reader can read his work again and again and find new layers of menaing. (Begin the sentence with ‘On reading’)
(4) As the novel progresses, the old man and the marlin are inseparably linked. (Rewrite using ‘progress’ as a Noun)
(5) Being strong, the marlin starts pulling the boat. (Rewrite inserting ‘and’ as a Co-ordinator)
(6) When I first read this novel, I was unimpressed. (Rewrite using ‘but’ as a Co-ordinator)
Answer:
(1) Hemingway’s novel is based on events which are real.
(2) Although he hooks a marlin, the marlin is, too strong for him.
(3) On reading his work again and again, the reader can find new layers of meaning.
(4) In the course of the progress of the novel, the old man and the marlin are inseparably linked.
(5) The marlin is strong and starts pulling the boat.
(6) I had read this novel before but I was unimpressed at that time.

(B) Write the ‘root-word’ after dropping the prefix or suffix or both.
(1) unable ……………………………………….
(2) heavily ……………………………………….
(3) determination ……………………………………….
(4) endurance ……………………………………….
(5) unimpressed ……………………………………….
(6) relationship ……………………………………….
(7) inseparably ……………………………………….
(8) empathetic ……………………………………….
(9) beautiful ……………………………………….
(10) simplicity ……………………………………….
Answer:
(1) unable – able
(2) heavily – heavy
(3) determination – determine
(4) endurance – endure
(5) unimpressed – impress
(6) relationship – relate
(7) inseparably – separate
(8) empathetic – empathy
(9) beautiful – beauty
(10) simplicity – simple

Question 9.
Write a book review on any book of your choice with the help of the following points.

• Story line
• Social/Historical content
• Writing style
• My thought

Answer:

Pride and Prejudice: Book review.

Story Line:
‘Pride and Prejudice’ is a romantic novel written by Jane Austen and first published in 1813. The book follows the life of Elizabeth Bennet, a headstrong, intelligent woman. It takes place in the early 1800s and is about the emotional development of the main character.

Elizabeth has four sisters and no brother. According to the succession rights, none of the girls can inherit the property, and Mrs. Bennet (Elizabeth’s mother) thinks that good marriages are the only way for them to lead a good life. Her main ambition in life is to see that her daughters marry wealthy men. However, the novel emphasizes that one should marry for love and not only for money. Mr. Bennet tolerates his wife’s behaviour and is dryly sarcastic when she is silly. There are villainous characters like George Wickham and comic ones like Mr. Collins.

Social/Historical Context:
In Pride and Prejudice, the Bennets are members of the educated upper middle class. At that time, a man’s income was always reported as a ‘number of pounds per year’. Mr Bingley has ‘four or five thousand a year’ while Darcy’s income is a very impressive 10,000 a yepr. Thus, Darcy is considered to possess a fortune, and hence a very eligible bachelor.

The formal manners of behaviour are obvious in the custom of paying visits and leaving calling cards, the necessity of giving formal introductions, etc. Marriage was considered to be the only acceptable role for any woman, and getting married was high on the list of priorities. The clothes and customs all reflect the time. The French revolution was in progress during the time of the writing of this novel. Though it is difficult to relate to such customs and such priorities today, the novel still holds our interest.

Writing Style:
Jane Austen has portrayed her characters well, and given good character sketches of all, whether it is the silly, materialistic Mrs. Bennet as the mother or Elizabeth as the strong-willed daughter. Jane Austen’s writing is sharp, with plenty of sarcasm and irony. Many times it is a bit too detailed; but that was the style of writing at that time. She wrote about ordinary people and their ordinary lives in an exceptional way. She recognized the flaws in society, especially as far as marriage is concerned. The opening words of her novel, ’It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.’, are unforgettable and are still quoted.

My Thoughts:
When I first read it, it was out of compulsion; it was a part of our school activity, and I disliked it. I was too small to appreciate the undertones. I found too many unnecessary details. However, when I read it a few years later, I had already read many other books based in that time period. Hence, I could appreciate their customs, their dresses and their way of talking. I had alsu seen a film based on it. and things became clearer. I plan to read it again and see if I can find new meaning in it now.

Question 10.
You know the essential points required for a book review. Now form pairs and find essential points required for a play review and film review. You can take help of your teacher, library or the internet.

Book Review	Play Review	Film Review
–

Answer:

Book Review	Play Review	Film Review
(1) Story Line (2) Social/Historical Context (3) Writing Style (4) My Thoughts.	(1) Story Line, Theme and Climax (2) Actors/Actresses and their Presentations (3) Use of lights, music and special effects (4)    Use of Sets, Costumes and Make-up (5)    My Thoughts and rating.	(1) Story Line (2) Acting (3) Direction (4) Editing (5) Cinematography (6) Music and sound effects (7) Special effects (8) My thoughts and rating

Question 11.
Project
Classroom Library :
Ask all your classmates to donate a book each to the class. In this way everyone will have a book of his/her own to read. Read the book in a week or two. After reading it, exchange your book with your classmate. Keep exchanging and reading books for the whole year. Every fortnight give the book review of the book that you have read recently in the form of a presentation.

Question 12.
Complete the following:
(1) Hemingway had experience of …………………..
(2) He worked for ………………….. during the First World War.
(3) ‘The Old Man and The Sea’ was published in …………………….
Answer:
(1) fishing in the Cuban waters.
(2) The Red Cross
(3) 1952

Question 13.
Describe the general mood of the people when the novel was published.
Answer:
When the novel was published, people were trying to recover from the mass destruction caused by the two World Wars.

Question 14.
Sentences:
(1) The young actor had a …………………… at the beginning of his career.
(2) This painter …………………… the old masterpieces.
(3) The girl’s sad story immediately …………………… with the news reporter.
(4) Lata Mangeshkar’s songs …………………… for a long time.
Answer:
(1) run of terrible bad luck
(2) draws heavily on
(3) struck a chord
(4) will live on

Question 15.
Find the synonyms (one word) for the following from the passage:
(i) The ability to do something difficult for a long time: ……………
(ii) Formed or worked: ……………
Answer:
(i) endurance
(ii) wrought

Question 16.
The old man is, at the end of the novel, very near death, but we know that the story of his suffering and loss will live on in the memories of the people of his village. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘Though’)
Answer:
Though the old man is, at the end of the novel, very near death, we know that the story of his suffering and loss will live on in the memories of the people of his village.

Question 17.
During the First World War, Hemingway was injured by shrapnel. (Begin the sentence with ‘Shrapnel….’)
Answer:
Shrapnel injured Hemingway during the First World War.

Question 18.
Do you like to read books? If so, what type? If not, why?
Answer:
I do like to read books. I like to read mystery novels. I find them very thrilling and interesting. I am a big fan of Agatha Christie and Arthur Conan Doyle. I have read nearly the whole Sherlock Holmes series of short stories.

Question 19.
(a) After recent reading the reviewer was left: ……………………
(b) It fights for its life desperately: ……………………
Answer:
(a) moved and impressed
(b) the marlin

Question 20.
Hemingway practises an extreme economy in his use of words’. What does this mean?
Answer:
It means he uses very few words to express his thoughts and ideas.

Question 21.
What are the ideals that the old man and the marlin both stand for?
Answer:
The old man and the marlin both stand for the same ideals, that is, a noble struggle against destruction.

Question 22.
Complete the following web:
Answers:

Question 23.
Sentences:
(1) Hussain was ill; in spite of this, he stood first in the test.
(2) I could see the new rider holding on to the reins desperately.
(3) The little boy looked longingly at the puppy again and again.
(4) The symbol of a white dove stands for peace.
Answer:
(1) in spite of
(2) holding on
(3) again and again
(4) stands for

Question 24.
Find the synonyms for the following from the passage:
(i) Brief: …………………..
(ii) Likely to make someone believe something that is not true: ………………….
Answer:
(i) pithy
(ii) deceptive

Question 25.
Write four to five sentences about your favorite writer.
Answer:
My favorite writer is Arthur Conan Doyle, the creator of Sherlock Holmes. Every story written by Doyle is different and holds my interest right till the end. The stories are so gripping that one cannot put the book down easily. I borrow the books from the library to read during the vacation.

Question 26.
(1) Write down two compound words from the passage.
(2) Pick out an infinitive from the lesson and use it in your own sentence.
(3) Find out five hidden words from the given word t endurance
(4) Use the following phrase in your own sentence: even after his death
(5) Spot the error/errors and rewrite the correct sentence: The novel was publishing in 1952
(6) Identify the type of sentence: I first read this novel years ago, when I did not understand it at all.
(7) Hemingway always talks about the need to struggle. (Replace the infinitive with a gerund.)
(8) From the following verbs, pick out the verb which forms its present and past participle by doubling the last letter: run, write, swim, fan.
(9) Complete the word chain with verbs of your own. write, e………., r………., r………., t……… .
Answer:
(1) fisherman, baseball
(2) to catch: The fielder tried to catch the ball.
(3) endurance: endure, dance, under, crane, creed.
(4) even after his death: People remembered the great leader with love and respect even after his death.
(5) The novel was published in 1952
(6) Assertive (negative)
(7) Hemingway always talks about the need for struggling.
(8) fan – fanning, fanned.
(9) write, enter, remember, report, think.

Question 27.
(1) Use the following word and its homophone in two separate sentences: sail
(2) He worked for the Red Cross. (Rewrite using the past progressive tense of the verb.)
(3) A reader can read his work again and again. (Change the voice beginning ‘His work ….)
Answer:
(1) (i) The sail of the huge boat fluttered in the breeze,
(ii) The old woman loves shopping wherever there is a sale.
(2) He was working for the Red Cross.
(3) His work can be read again and again (by a reader).

Question 28.
(1) Use the given two words in one meaningful sentence: formidable, beautiful.
(2) Recently, I read this book again and was extremely moved. (Rewrite as a complex sentence.)
Answer:
(1) It was a formidable job to make the dilapidated old house beautiful again.
(2) I was extremely moved when I recently read the book again.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 2 Endogenetic Movements Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 2 Endogenetic Movements

Class 9 Geography Chapter 2 Endogenetic Movements Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Tick in front of the correct option ✓

(a) On which of the following are slow movements in the earth’s interior dependent?
Landforms [ ]
Velocity [ ]
Direction [ ]
Answer:
Velocity

(b) When waves divert from each other, what do they create
Compression [ ]
Tension [ ]
Mountain [ ]
Answer:
Tension

(c) For the formation of a rift valley, which of the following processes should occur in the earth’s crust?
Compression [ ]
Tension [ ]
Weathering [ ]
Answer:
Tension

(d) Which of these is a fold mountain?
The Satpudas [ ]
The Himalayas [ ]
The Western Ghats [ ]
Answer:
The Himalayas

(e) The formation of extensive plateaus is a result of which type of movements?
Mountain-building [ ]
Continent-building [ ]
Horizontal [ ]
Answer:
Continent-building

2. Give geographical reasons.

(a) Buildings collapsed at the foothills of the Himalayas because of an earthquake. Before collapsing they were moving forward and backward.
Answer:

• The seismic waves can be divided into primary, secondary and surface waves.
• The primary waves are the first ones to reach the surface of the earth after the energy is emitted in the Earth’s interior.
• Subjected to a ‘P’ wave, particles in the rock move in the direction of waves to and fro and therefore, these waves are also called forward-backward waves.
• Thus, during an earthquake, the buildings at the foothills of the Himalayas moved forward and backward as they were first subjected to “P” waves.

(b) There is a difference in the formation of the Meghalaya Plateau and the Deccan Plateau.
Answer:

1. The Meghalaya plateau is formed due to slow movements (orogenic movements) whereas the Deccan Plateau is formed due to sudden movements (fissure volcano).
2. During the formation of the Meghalaya plateau, a part of the Earth’s crust in between two parallel faults was lifted forming a plateau whereas, the Deccan plateau was formed due to molten material coming out with the eruption spreading on both sides of the fissure.
3. Thus, there is a difference in the formation of the Meghalaya plateau and the Deccan plateau.

(c) Most of the volcanoes are found on the plate boundaries.
Answer:

• The plate boundaries are directly related to the areas of volcanoes.
• Most of the volcanoes are located on the plate boundaries.
• The part of the plate boundary which slides under the crust, results in the loss of material. Such boundaries are called plate consuming boundaries.
• In areas where new material (magma) is coming up onto the Earth’s crust, they are called plate creating boundaries.
• Both the processes result in earthquakes and volcanoes. Thus, most of the volcanoes are formed in the plate boundaries.

(d) The Barren Island is becoming conical in shape.
Answer:

• Barren island which was considered a dormant volcano has become active since February 2017.
• Mainly dust, smoke and mud are coming out of this eruption along with some lava.
• During eruption, the lava is spread around the mouth of this vent, when it comes out.
• As a result, a cone-shaped mountain starts forming.

Therefore Barren Island is becoming conical in shape.

(e) Volcanic eruptions can cause earthquakes.
Answer:

• Generally, the movements in the Earth’s interior occur in the upper layer of the mantle
• Tremendous energy is released by radioactive materials present here.
• This leads to a sudden movement in form of volcanic eruptions where hot solid, liquid and gaseous materials are forcefully thrown out from the mantle of the Earth, onto the surface of the Earth.
• This causes a lot of instability within the crust of the Earth which would also lead to the release of pressure in the form of seismic waves or tremors causing earthquakes.

3. Identify and name the internal movement.

(a) Tsunamis are generated in coastal areas.
Answer:
Sudden Movement

(b) The Himalayas are an example of fold mountains.
Answer:
Slow movement – Mountain Building Movements.

(c) Molten magma is thrown out of the earth’s mantle.
Answer:
Sudden Movement

(d) Rift valley is formed because of faulting.
Answer:
The slow movement – Upward – Downward Movement.

4. Arrange the following statements in chronological order in which an earthquake occurs.

(a) The earth’s surface vibrates
Answer:
The plates suddenly move.

(b) The plates suddenly move.
Answer:
Due to the movements in the mantle compression goes on increasing.

(c) Due to the movements in the mantle, compression goes on increasing.
Answer:
Along the weak point (faultlines) rocks break apart.

(d) Along the weak points ( faultlines) rocks break apart.
Answer:
Stored energy is released in the form of seismic waves.

(e) Stored energy is released in the form of seismic waves.
Answer:
The earth’s surface vibrates.

5. Distinguish between

(a) Block Mountain and Fold Mountain
Answer:

Block Mountain	Fold Mountain
(i) When a part of the earth’s crust between two parallel faults is lifted a block mountain is formed.	(i) Because of the energy waves and pressure working towards each other, the layers of the soft rocks form folds leading to the formation of fold mountains.
(ii) Block mountains are formed due to tension.	(ii) Fold mountains are formed due to compression.
(iii) e.g. The Black forest mountains of Europe and the Meghalaya Plateau of India.	(iii) e.g. The Himalayas, the Aravalis, the Rockies, the Andes, the Alps

(b) Primary and Secondary Seismic Waves
Answer:

Primary Seismic Waves	Secondary Seismic waves
(i) Primary waves are the first one to reach the surface of the earth after the energy is emitted in the Earth’s interior.	(i) The waves which reach the Earth’s surface after the primary waves are called secondary waves.
(ii) Primary waves can travel through solid, liquid and gaseous medium.	(ii) Secondary waves can travel only through only solid medium.
(iii) While travelling through liquid medium, primary waves change their direction.	(iii) Secondary waves get absorbed as they enter the liquid medium.
(iv) The waves move to and fro in the direction of energy transfer.	(iv) These waves move up and down in the direction of energy transfer.

(c) Earthquakes and volcanoes
Answer:

Earthquakes	Volcanoes
(i) Earthquake is the movement of the Earth’s crust.	A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust from which hot solid, liquid and gaseous materials are thrown out from the mantle of.
(ii) Nothing is ejected out during an earthquake.	During a volcanic eruption, ash, water vapor, various types of poisonous and inflammable gases, hot molten magma etc. is ejected from the earth’s interior.

6. Answer in brief
(a) Give reasons why an earthquake occurs.
Answer:

• When the movements occur in the interior of the Earth, tremendous tension is created in the Earth’s crust.
• When the tension goes beyond limits, the energy is released in the form of waves.
• This results in the trembling of the earth’s surface, i.e. an earthquake occurs.

Following are the reasons for the occurrence of an earthquake:

• Moving of the plates
• Colliding of the plates
• Plates sliding one below the other
• Forming of fractures in rock layers, due to tension in the interior of the Earth.
• Occurring of volcanic eruption

(b) Which type of movements have led to the formation of the major fold mountains in the world?
Answer:

• Fold mountains are formed due to mountain-building (erogenic) movements.
• Energy is transferred from the interior of the Earth. Because of these energy waves and pressure working towards each other and in horizontal direction, the layers of the soft rocks form folds.
• If the pressure is very high, large scale folds are formed and their complexity increases.
• As a result, the surface of the Earth gets uplifted and fold mountains are formed.
• The Himalayas, the Aravalis, the Rockies, the Andes, the Alps are the major fold mountains of the world.

(c) How is the magnitude of the earthquake-related to the collapse of houses
Answer:

• Through a seismogram, a graph showing movement of seismic waves (seismograph) can be generated.
• After studying this graph, the magnitude of the earthquake is known.
• The magnitude of the earthquake is measured with the help of a richter scale.
• It is because of the primary waves that the buildings on the Earth’s surface move back and forth.
• The buildings on the Earth’s surface move up and down because of the secondary waves. These are more destructive than the T’ waves leading to collapse of buildings.

(d) What are the effects of earthquakes on the earth’s surface and human life?
Answer:
Following are the effects of earthquakes:

• Cracks/fractures develop on the ground.
• These causes landslides which leads to sliding of rocks.
• Sometimes the groundwater changes its course. For example, wells may get water, or may dry up.
• Some areas get uplifted while some may subside.
• Tsunamis are generated in oceans These waves can cause great loss of life and property in the coastal areas.
• In snow-covered areas, avalanches may occur.
• Buildings collapse and loss of life and property occurs.
• Transportation routes get disrupted.
• The communication system collapses.

(e) Explain the types of seismic waves.
Answer:
When the intension is released at the focus, the released energy travels in all directions. This energy comes towards the Earth’s surface in the form of waves. The seismic waves can be divided into primary, secondary and surface waves.
(i) Primary or ‘P’ waves:

• These waves are first to reach the surface of the Earth, after the energy is emitted in the Earth’s interior. They travel at a very fast speed from the focus of the earthquake in radial direction.
• The waves moves to and fro, therefore these waves are called forward-backward waves.
• These waves can travel through all the three states – liquid, solid and gaseous.
• While travelling through liquid medium, their direction gets changed. It is because of the primary waves that the buildings on the Earth’s surface move back and forth.

(ii) Secondary or ‘S’ waves :

• The waves which reach the Earth’s surface after I the primary waves are called secondary waves. :
• These waves also scatter in all directions from the focus of the earthquake.
• Their velocity is less than ’P’ waves.
• The particles lying in the way of these waves j move up and down in the direction of energy transfer.
• These waves can travel only through the solid medium and they get absorbed as they enter the liquid medium.
• The buildings on the Earth’s surface move up and down because of these waves. These are more destructive than ‘P waves.

(iii) Surface or ‘L’ waves :

• These waves are generated after the main ’P’ and ‘S’ waves reach the epicenter.
• They travel in the direction of the circumference of the Earth, along the crust and are highly destructive.

(f) Explain the types of volcanoes on the basis of the periodicity of eruption with examples.
Answer:
According to the periodicity of the volcanic eruptions, three types of volcanoes can be identified.
(i) Active Volcanoes –

• If the volcanic eruptions are regular even in the present times, then such volcanoes are called active volcanoes.
• E.g., Mt Fujiyama in Japan and Mt. Stromboli in the Mediterranean Sea.

(ii) Dormant Volcanoes –

• When a volcano has not erupted since long, but may become active suddenly is called a dormant volcano.
• E.g., Mt. Vesuvius in Italy, Mt. Katmai in Alaska and Barren Island, India.

(iii) Extinct volcanoes –

• Those volcanoes which have not erupted in the past since long and are not likely to erupt in the future are called extinct volcanoes.
• E.g., Mr. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania.

7. Show the epicenter, focus and the primary, secondary and surface waves of an earthquake with the help of a neat labeled diagram.
Answer:

8. Show the following on a given outline map of the world.

(a) Mt. Kilimanjaro
(b) Mid-Atlantic Earthquake zone
(c) Mt. Fuji
(d) Krakatoa
(e) Mt. Vesuvius
Answer:

Class 9 Geography Chapter 2 Endogenetic Movements Intext Questions and Answers

Can you tell?
Read the following news. Observe the photograph and answer the questions.

Question 1.
What caused large-scale casualties?
Answer:
Calamity of earthquake led to large scale casualties.

Question 2.
What was the magnitude of the earthquake?
Answer:
The magnitude of the earthquake was 7.9 Richter scale.

Question 3.
Which country was the most affected because of this earthquake?
Answer:
Nepal was most affected because of this earthquake.

Question 4.
Where was the epicentre of the earthquake?
Answer:
Lamjung in Nepal was the epicentre of the earthquake.

Question 5.
Which are the other affected areas?
Answer:
Bihar, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh in India as well as China, Bhutan, Pakistan and Bangladesh were affected by earthquake.

Question 6.
At what depth was the focus located?
Answer:
The focus of the earthquake was located at the depth of 11 km.

Question 7.
What kind of damage is seen because of the earthquake?
Answer:
Nearly 1500 people were killed and over 1000 people were injured in the disaster.

Question 8.
According to you, what could be the reason behind the earthquake?
Answer:
The sudden release of energy from the interior of the earth leads to earthquakes.

Question 9.
Have you ever experienced a similar earthquake? Discuss.
Answer:
Answers may vary.

Class 9 Geography Chapter 2 Endogenetic Movements Additional Important Questions and Answers

Complete the statements choosing the correct option from the bracket:

Question 1.
Richter scale is a unit of measuring the magnitude of a/an
(a) volcano
(b) creation of plate
(c) earthquake
(d) earth movement
Answer:
(c) earthquake

Question 2.
There are in all major plates on the Earth.
(a) five
(b) seven
(c) nine
(d) four
Answer:
(b) seven

Question 3.
Large scale and sudden release of energy in the interior of the Earth gives rise to Earth movements.
(a) slow
(b) sudden
(c) internal
(d) external
Answer:
(b) sudden

Question 4.
Earthquakes occur due to the movement of
(a) plates
(b) earth
(c) oceans
(d) land
Answer:
(a) plates

Question 5.
Earthquake is measured with the help of an instrument called a
(a) seismogram
(b) thermometer
(c) barometer
(d) hygrometer
Answer:
(a) seismogram

Question 6.
If lava is released through a vent, it is called a vent volcano.
(a) fissure
(b) central
(c) upper
(d) below
Answer:
(b) central

Question 7.
Kilimanjaro is a volcano.
(a) central type
(b) fissure type
(c) extinct type
(d) dormant type
Answer:
(a) central type

Question 8.
A tremendous amount of energy is given out by the radioactive elements in the
(a) crust
(b) core
(c) mantle
(d) sial
Answer:
(c) mantle

Question 9.
The movements that give rise to mountains are called movements.
(a) epiorogenic
(b) orogenic
(c) slow
(d) sudden
Answer:
(b) orogenic

Question 10.
When a portion of the crust between two parallel faults2 is raised up, it is called a mountain.
(a) block
(b) fold
(c) residual
(d) ancient
Answer:
(a) block

Question 11.
The area between two adjoining faults subsides, such area of subsidence is called
(a) rift valley
(b) block mountain
(c) fold mountain
(d) faulting
Answer:
(a) rift valley

Question 12.
Black Forest Mountain in Europe is a mountain.
(a) fold
(b) residual
(c) block
(d) ancient
Answer:
(c) block

Question 13.
The movements that give rise to continents are
(a) orogenic
(c) fold
(b) epeirogenic
(d) fault
Answer:
(b) epeirogenic

(Endogenetic Movements Class 9 Geography Chapter 2 )Tick in front of the correct option.

Question 1.
Which of these is a block mountain?
(a) Black forest mountain
(b) Alps
(c) Andes
Answer:
(a) Black forest mountain

Question 2.
Which type of volcano has eruptions regularly even during present times?
(a) Dormant
(b) Extinct
(c) Active
Answer:
(c) Active

Give one word for each of the following:

Question 1.
A volcano, where lava reaches the surface through a vent or a pipe.
Answer:
Central Vent Volcano

Question 2.
An instrument, which is used for recording earthquakes.
Answer:
Seismogram

Question 3.
The surface position immediately above the origin of an earthquake.
Answer:
Epicenter

Question 4.
An example of a volcanic plateau.
Answer:
Deccan Plateau.

Question 5.
An example of Conical volcanic mountains.
Answer:
Mt. Kilimanjaro

(Class 9 Geography Chapter 2 Endogenetic Movements Questions And Answers ) Answer in one sentence each.

Question 1.
What are Endogenetic processes?
Answer:
Endogenetic processes are processes that originate internally in the Earth’s surface. E.g. earthquakes, volcanoes, continent building, mountain building etc.

Question 2.
What is a Richter scale?
Answer:
It is a scale for expressing the magnitude of an earthquake.

Question 3.
What is a Focus or Hypocentre?
Answer:
The point below the Earth’s surface where energy is released during an earthquake is called the focus of the earthquake.

Question 4.
What are Primary Waves?
Answer:
The earthquake waves that reach the surface of the Earth first, immediately after the energy is released in the interior of the Earth, are called Primary waves.

Question 5.
What are Secondary Waves?
Answer:
The earthquake waves reporting at the surface after the primary waves are called the secondary waves.

Question 6.
What are Surface Waves?
Answer:
Primary and secondary waves affect the surface on reaching it. As a result a new set of waves gets generated at the surface. These waves are called surface waves.

Question 7.
What are Plates?
Answer:
The parts of varying sizes of the Earth’s crust floating on the upper portion of the mantle are called plates.

Question 8.
What do you mean by an Epicentre?
Answer:
The point located on the surface of the Earth nearest to the focus is called the epicenter of the earthquake.

Question 9.
Explain Orogenic Movements
Answer:
The slow movements in the interior of the Earth that give rise to mountains are called orogenic movements (mountain building movements).

Question 10.
What is Folding1?
Answer:
As energy moves through the interior of the Earth, soft rocks are subjected to pressure leading to creation of folds called folding.

Question 11.
Define Fault.
Answer:
The fracture line created in a rock due to the energy waves moving away from each other is called a fault.

Question 12.
What is a Block Mountain?
Answer:
A raised portion of the crust between two parallel faults is called a block mountain.

Question 13.
What is a Rift valley?
Answer:
The area of subsidence between two adjoining faults is called a rift valley.

Question 14.
Explain Epeirogenic Movements.
Answer:
The Earth’s slow movements that give rise to continents and extensive plateaus are called epeirogenic movements.

Question 15.
Explain the process of Volcanic Eruption.
Answer:
A process in which hot solid, liquid and gaseous materials are thrown out from the mantle of the earth onto the surface of the earth, is called volcanic eruption.

Identify and name the internal movements.

Question 1.
Dust, smoke and mud with some lava coming out of Barren Island.
Answer:
Sudden Movement

Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Seismic Focus and Epicentre
Answer:

Seismic Focus	Epicenter
(i) The point below the surface where energy is released during an earthquake is called the seismic focus of the earthquake.	(i) The place on the surface which is directly above the focus and closest to it is called the epicenter.
(ii) From the seismic focus, an energy wave radiates in all directions.	(ii) Seismic waves reach the epicenter first and foremost and so its intensity is the maximum at this point.

Question 2.
Central Type Volcano and Fissure Type Volcano
Answer:

Central Type Volcano		Fissure Type Volcano
(i)	Lava is released through a pipe-like vent, hence it is called central type volcano.	(i)	Lava is released through a number of fissures or cracks, hence it is called fissure type volcano.
(ii)	The ejected material gets settled near the mouth of the central vent, giving rise to conical hills.	(ii)	The ejected material spreads on either side of the fissures and forms volcanic plateaus.
(iii)	e.g. Mt. Fujiyama of Japan, Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania.	(iii)	e.g. the Deccan plateau of India

Question 3.
Orogenic Movements and Epeirogenic Movements
Answer:

Orogenic Movements	Epeirogemic Movements
(i) The movements that give rise to mountains are called Orogenic Movements.	(i) The movements that give rise to continents are called Epeirogenic Movements.
(ii) They lead to the formation of Fold mountains, Block mountains and Rift valleys.	(ii) They lead to the formation of continents and extensive plateaus.

Question 4.
Slow Internal Movements and Sudden Internal Movements
Answer:

Slow Internal Movements	Sudden Internal Movements
(i) The movements in the interior of the earth that are caused by continuous and slow release of energy are called slow internal movements	(i) The movements in the interior of the earth that are caused by the sudden release of energy on a large scale are called sudden internal movements.
(ii) Slow internal movements give rise to mountains and continents.	(ii) Sudden internal movements lead to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

Make friends with Maps!

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Examine the plate boundaries in the given map and write the names of the plates.
Answer:
North American Plate, South American Plate, Indo-Australian Plate, African Plate, Eurasian Plate, Pacific Plate, Antarctic Plate, Arabian Plate, Nazca Plate, Cocos Plate, Caribbean Plate, Scotia Plate, Arabian Plate and Somali Plate.

Question 2.
On which side of the continents of North and South America are the earthquake-prone zones located? Which mountains are located there?
Answer:
The earthquake-prone zone is located on the western side of North and South America. Rockies and Andes mountain ranges are located there.

Question 3.
In which mountainous zone in Asia does the earthquake-prone zone lie?
Answer:
The Himalayan mountainous zone of Asia is an earthquake-prone zone.

Question 4.
In which region are the volcanoes concentrated in Africa? What could be the reason?
Answer:
Volcanoes are concentrated in the eastern part of Africa along the Rift Valley region as this region is located on plate boundaries.

Question 5.
Correlate earthquake regions, distribution of volcanoes and plate boundaries.
Answer:
Plate boundaries are directly related to areas of earthquakes and volcanoes. Most of the volcanoes are located on the plate boundaries. Similarly, the earthquake zones are also seen in the border areas.

Give geographical reasons:

Question 1.
The secondary earthquake waves are very destructive.
Answer:

• Due to secondary earthquake waves, the grains in the rocks move up and down, that is, perpendicular to the direction of the movement of the waves.
• Therefore, secondary waves are very destructive.

Answer in brief:

Question 1.
Explain the types of volcanoes on the basis of their type of eruption, with examples.
Answer:
On the basis of the type of eruption, volcanoes can be divided into two types.
(i) Central-type or conical volcano:

• During eruption, the molten magma comes out through a pipe-like vent from inside the Earth’s surface. The lava spreads around the mouth of this vent, when it comes out.
•  Asa result, cone-shaped mountains start forming and conical volcanic mountains are formed.
• Mt. Fujiyama in Japan and Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania are examples of central-type volcanoes and conical mountains.

(ii) Fissure-type volcano:

• During eruption, when the magma comes out not from a single vent, but from many cracks (fissures), it is called fissure-type volcanic eruption.
• The molten material coming out with the eruption spreads on both the sides of the fissure. ;
• As a result, volcanic plateaus are formed.
• The Deccan Plateau of India has also been formed due to such a type of volcanic eruption.

Question 2.
Describe the changes that take place on the surface of the Earth, due to the movements taking place in the interior of the Earth.
Answer:
The changes taking place on the surface of the Earth, due to the internal movements of the Earth are as follows:

1. The soft rocks are subjected to pressure due to the energy released in the interior of the Earth. This leads to the development of folds.
2. If the pressure is very high, large scale folds are formed, and their complexity increases. As a result, the surface of the Earth gets uplifted and fold mountains are formed.
3. When the energy waves move away from each other, tension in the rock is developed. In hard rocks, the tension leads to faulting, when a portion between two parallel faults is raised up, block mountains are created.
4. Sometimes, when the portion between two parallel faults subsides, a rift valley is created.
5. Sometimes, an extensive portion is raised to form a continent or an extensive plateau.

Question 3.
How are continents and extensive plateaus formed?
Answer:

• The epeirogenic movements are responsible for the formation of continents.
• Slow movements occur towards the centre or from the Earth’s centre towards the Earth’s crust.
• Because of these movements, a vast part of the Earth’s crust is uplifted or gets subsided.
• When the part of the Earth’s crust is uplifted above the sea mean level, continents are formed.
• Therefore, these movements are called continent-building movements.
• Extensive plateaus can also be formed because of such movements.

Question 4.
What are the effects of volcanoes?
Answer:
The following are the effects of volcanoes:

• Loss of life and property.
• Sometimes tsunamis get generated due to volcanic eruptions occurring below ocean floors.
• Dust, smoke, ash, gases, water vapour, etc. remain in the atmosphere for a long time.
• This may create an imbalance in the environment.
• Land may become fertile due to volcanic ash.
• Many minerals are found near the earth’s surface because of lava.
• New land is formed due to volcanic eruption or at times, an island may even disappear.
• Lakes are formed at the mouth of the craters of dead volcanoes when rainwater accumulates in them.

Question 5.
Explain the process of the formation of Block mountains.
Answer:

• Because of internal movements, horizontal waves moving away from each other are formed.
• This causes tension on the layers of rocks leading to the formation of fractures in the rocks called as faults.
• Similarly, waves coming towards each other in hard rocks also form faults due to compression.
• When a part of the earth’s crust in between two parallel faults is lifted, it looks like a block. Such a landform is called as a Block mountain.
  

Question 6.
Explain the process of formation of Rift valley.
Answer:

• When horizontal movements on the earth’s surface act in opposite direction, it causes tension on the rocks in the earth’s crust.
• When tension increases, fractures develop in the rocks leading to the formation of faults.
• Consequently, rocks on both the ends slide and the continuity in the layers of rocks is not found.
• Sometimes, two fractures develop side-by-side in the earth’s crust and land in between the two fractures subsides. This subsided deep part is called the rift valley.
  

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Solutions Kumarbharti Chapter 10 आप्पांचे पत्र Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Kumarbharti Chapter 10 आप्पांचे पत्र

Marathi Kumarbharti Std 10 Digest Chapter 10 आप्पांचे पत्र Textbook Questions and Answers

कृति

कृतिपत्रिकेतील प्रश्न १ (अ) आणि (आ) यांसाठी…

प्रश्न 1.
कारणे लिहा.
(अ) आजची मुले सुदैवी आहेत, कारण ………………………….
(आ) पुस्तकाची पाने व झाडाची पाने दोन्ही महत्त्वाची असतात, कारण ………………………….
उत्तर:
(अ) आजची मुले सुदैवी आहेत; कारण रोज नवीन नवीन गोष्टी त्यांच्या कानांवर पडतात.
(आ) पुस्तकाची पाने व झाडाची पाने दोन्ही महत्त्वाची असतात; कारण पुस्तकाच्या पानात डोक्याचे खादय असते आणि झाडाच्या पानात झाडाला जगवण्याचे बळ असते.

प्रश्न 2.
आकृती पूर्ण करा.
(i)
उत्तर:

(ii)
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 3.
योग्य पर्याय निवडा.

(अ) आप्पांच्या मते चिंतेमुळे फक्त – ………………………………….
(१) हृदयाची धडधड वाढते.
(२) कपाळावरच्या आठ्या वाढतात.
(३) विदयार्थ्याचे गुण वाढतात.
उत्तर:
आप्पांच्या मते, चिंतेमुळे फक्त कपाळावरच्या आठ्या वाढतात.

प्रश्न 4.
विचारप्रक्रियेतील आव्हान वाढते.

(आ) शिपाईसुद्धा कौतुकास पात्र ठरतो जेव्हा – ………………………………….
(१) तो रोज उपस्थित असतो.
(२) तो सर्वांची काळजी घेतो.
(३) तो चांगलं काम करतो.
(४) तो सर्वांशी चांगले बोलतो.
उत्तर:
शिपाईसुद्धा कौतुकास पात्र ठरतो; जेव्हा तो चांगलं काम करतो.

प्रश्न 5.
आप्पांचे खालील गुण दर्शवणारी वाक्ये पाठातून शोधून लिहा.
(अ) आप्पांचे शिक्षणप्रेम – ………………………………….
(आ) स्वच्छता – ………………………………….
उत्तर:
(अ) आप्पांचे शिक्षणप्रेम: मीच कधी कधी तुमचे शिक्षक जे शिकवत असतात, ते खिडकीतून ऐकत असतो.
(आ) स्वच्छता: आपल्या ग्रंथालयात एकाही पुस्तकावर तुम्हांला धूळ दिसणार नाही, कारण मी तिथे काम करतो.

प्रश्न 6.
चौकटी पूर्ण करा.
आप्पांनी विद्यार्थ्यांकडून त्यांच्या भावी जीवनाबद्दल व्यक्त केलेल्या अपेक्षा

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 7.
खालील वाक्यांतील क्रियाविशेषणे ओळखा.
(अ) ती लगबगीने घरी पोहोचली.
(आ) जोसेफ अवघड गणितदेखील सहज सोडवतो.
(इ) आज खूप कडाक्याचे ऊन पडले होते.
उत्तर:
क्रियाविशेषणे –
(i) लगबगीने
(ii) सहज
(iii) आज.

प्रश्न 8.
खालील वाक्यांतील शब्दयोगी अव्यये शोधा.
(अ) पक्ष्याने दाण्यांवर झडप घातली.
(आ) तिचा चेहरा सारखा डोळ्यांसमोर येतोय.
(इ) छोटा बाळ मुलांबरोबर खाऊ खात होता.
(ई) परीक्षेत सुयश मिळाल्यामुळे विद्यार्थी सुखावले.
उत्तर:
शब्दयोगी अव्यये –
(i) वर
(ii) समोर
(iii) बरोबर
(iv) मुळे.

प्रश्न 9.
स्वमत.
(अ) ‘पाण्याचे वाया जाणारे थेंब वाचवणं हे दुःखी माणसाच्या डोळ्यांतलं पाणी पुसण्याएवढंच महत्त्वाचं काम आहे’, आप्पांच्या या विधानामागील अर्थ स्वत:च्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तर:
दोन वर्षांपूर्वी महाराष्ट्रात भीषण दुष्काळ पडला होता. ग्रामीण भागाची पाण्याअभावी दैना उडाली होती. सर्वत्र हाहाकार माजला होता. कळशीभर पाण्यासाठी लोक रात्रंदिवस मैलोनमैल भटकत राहायचे, हजारो माणसे गावे सोडून शहरांकडे स्थलांतरित झाली होती. त्या दुष्काळात शेकडो लोक मरण पावले. कित्येकांनी आत्महत्या केल्या. उद्योगधंदे बंद पडले. माणसे बेकार झाली. शेती ओस पडली. उपासमारीची दृश्ये दिसू लागली. त्या दुष्काळाने महाराष्ट्राच्या डोळ्यांत पाणी आले होते.

आपण पाणी जपून वापरले तर वाचलेले पाणी तहानलेल्यांना प्यायला मिळेल, जनावरे जगतील. शेती वाचेल. कारखान्यांना पाणी मिळेल. म्हणजे लोकांची दुःखे दूर होतील. समाधानाने जगण्याचा मार्ग मोकळा होईल, वेगळ्या शब्दांत, ‘लोकांच्या डोळ्यांतील अश्रू पुसले जातील.’ वाया जाणारे पाणी वाचवणे म्हणजे नवीन पाणी निर्माण करणे होय, हे आपण आता तरी लक्षात घेतले पाहिजे.

(आ) ‘जग विचारेल तुम्हांला, शाळेत तुम्हांला किती गुण मिळाले ? पण मी सांगेन जगाला तुम्ही किती गुणी आहात.’ या वाक्यांतील अभिप्रेत अर्थ लिहा.
उत्तर:
मुले मैदानावर खेळताना-बागडताना मनसोक्त गोंधळ घालत आहेत, असे वरवर पाहता वाटते. हा गोंधळ म्हणजे मुलांचे दिशाहीन भरकटणे नव्हे. हा गोंधळ कोणत्याही अर्थाने वाईट किंवा मूल्यहीन नसतो. त्यांचे मन मुक्तपणे खेळण्यातून स्वतःच्या प्रगतीची दिशा शोधत असते. आप्पांच्या मते, मुलांची ऊर्मी, त्यातला अनावर बेधडकपणा, अलोट उत्साह हे गुण ज्यांच्याकडे असतात, ती माणसे जीवनात कोणतेही अवघड कार्य पार पाडू शकतात. म्हणून आप्पांना मुक्तपणे खेळणारी मुले गुणी वाटतात. त्यांच्याविषयी त्यांना भरपूर विश्वास वाटतो. तोच विश्वास ते बोलून दाखवत आहेत.

(इ) आप्पांनी तुमच्याविषयीच्या व्यक्त केलेल्या अपेक्षा तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा. या अपेक्षा पूर्ण करण्यासाठी तुम्ही काय कराल ते लिहा.
उत्तर:
सरधोपटपणे जीवनाचे ध्येय ठरवू नये, हे आप्पांचे म्हणणे मला खूपच पटते. कोणतेही काम निवडायला हरकत नाही. पण ते आवडीने पार पाडायचे, हे मी ठरवूनच टाकले आहे. मी एक वेगळेच ध्येय स्वत:साठी ठरवून टाकले आहे. मी खूप अभ्यास करणार आहे. खूप विचार करून शोधून काढणार आहे. वर्गात कोणताही विषय उत्तम रितीने कसा शिकवायचा, याचा शोध घेणार आहे. त्याचा शाळेशाळेत जाऊन प्रसार करणार आहे. आधी मला हा विचार सुचला, तेव्हा खूप भीती वाटली होती की माझे कोण ऐकेल ? कोण समजून घेईल? पण आप्पांनी सांगितले तसे मी करणार आहे. मनापासून, जीव ओतून मी ठरवलेले काम करणार आहे. मला खात्री आहे की मी यशस्वी होईनच.

Marathi Kumarbharti Class 10 Textbook Solutions Chapter 10 आप्पांचे पत्र Additional Important Questions and Answers
प्रश्न. पुढील उतारा वाचा आणि दिलेल्या सूचनांनुसार कृती करा:

कृती १: (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
कारणे लिहा:
(i) आप्पांना विदयार्थ्यांशी बोलायची कधी संधीच मिळाली नाही; कारण
(ii) शिपाई होण्याची इच्छा फारच कमी मुलांची असते; कारण
उत्तर:
(i) आप्पांना विद्यार्थ्यांशी बोलायची कधी संधीच मिळाली नाही; कारण विद्यार्थी नेहमी घाईत असायचे.
(ii) शिपाई होण्याची इच्छा फारच कमी मुलांची असते; कारण त्यांना शिपाई हे पद कमी महत्त्वाचे वाटते.

प्रश्न 2.
आकृत्या पूर्ण करा:

उत्तर:

कृती २: (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
विधाने पूर्ण करा:
(i) बिस्मिल्लाह खान जगभर लोकप्रिय झाले; कारण ……………………………….
(अ) त्यांनी जगभर सनई वादनाचे कार्यक्रम केले.
(ब) हिंदी चित्रपटांतील खूप गाण्यांसाठी सनई वादन केले.
(क) ते खूप मन लावून सनई वाजवायचे.
(ड) त्यांचे वडील फार मोठे सनई वादक होते.
उत्तर:
(i) बिस्मिल्लाह खान जगभर लोकप्रिय झाले; कारण ते खूप मन लावून सनई वाजवायचे.

(ii) शाळेतले शिक्षक जे शिकवत, ते आप्पा खिडकीतून ऐकत असत; कारण ……………………………….
(अ) ते शिक्षक खूप चांगले शिकवत असत.
(ब) ते सगळे शिकायचे लहानपणी राहून गेले.
(क) त्या शिकवण्याचा जीवनात उपयोग झाला असता.
(ड) स्वत:च्या मुलांचा अभ्यास घेताना उपयोग झाला असता.
उत्तर:
(ii) शाळेतले शिक्षक जे शिकवत, ते आप्पा खिडकीतून ऐकत असत; कारण ते सगळे शिकायचे लहानपणी राहून गेले.

प्रश्न 2.
आप्पांचे पुढील गुण दर्शवणारी वाक्ये पाठातून शोधून लिहा:
(i) उत्कृष्टतेचा ध्यास: …………………………….
उत्तर:
(i) उत्कृष्टतेचा ध्यास: तुम्ही जे कराल ते जगात सर्वोत्तम असले पाहिजे, असं मला वाटतं.

कृती ३: (व्याकरण)

प्रश्न 1.
अनेकवचन लिहा:

• वर्ष
• उपदेश
• माणूस
• शाळा
• वाटा
• शिपाई
• गाडी
• वस्तू
• लाडू
• केळे
• सासू
• लांडगा.

उत्तर:

• वर्ष – वर्षे
• उपदेश – उपदेश
• माणूस – माणसे
• शाळा – शाळा
• वाटा – वाटे
• शिपाई – शिपाई
• गाडी – गाड्या
• वस्तू – वस्तू
• लाडू – लाडू
• केळे – केळी
• सासू – सासवा
• लांडगा – लांडगे.

प्रश्न 2.
पुढील शब्दांतून विशेषणे व विशेष्ये यांचे दोन गट करा:
अर्धा, मुली, खूप, रुपये, तीव्र, किरण, वेडी, माणसे, लाडू, पक्का, दोन, वाटा, चांगले, रंग, अक्षर, लहान.
उत्तर:
विशेषणे: अर्धा, खूप, तीव्र, वेडी, पक्का, दोन, चांगले, लहान, विशेष्ये: मुली, रुपये, किरण, माणसे, लाडू, वाटा, रंग, अक्षर.

प्रश्न 3.
पुढील वाक्यांतील क्रियापदे ओळखून लिहा:
(i) तो चालताना पाय घसरून पडला.
(ii) खाता खाता उष्टे हात त्याने अंगाला पुसले.
(iii) तो जेवून आला.
उत्तर:
(i) पडला
(ii) पुसले
(iii) आला.

उतारा क्र.२
प्रश्न. पुढील उतारा वाचा आणि दिलेल्या सूचनांनुसार कृती करा:

कृती १: (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
कारणे लिहा:

(ii) एका मुलाने आपल्या वाढदिवसाच्या पैशातून झोपडपट्टीतल्या मुलांसाठी पक्का पूल बांधायला आपले पैसे दिले; कारण
उत्तर:
एका मुलाने आपल्या वाढदिवसाच्या पैशातून झोपडपट्टीतल्या मुलांसाठी पक्का पूल बांधायला आपले पैसे दिले; कारण त्या मुलांना नाल्यावरच्या एका तुटक्या पुलावरून जावे लागे.

प्रश्न 2.
चूक की बरोबर ते लिहा:
(i) आजकाल मुलांना कार्टून्सची नावे पाठ असतात, पण झाडांची नावे विचारली, तर दहासुद्धा सांगता येणार नाहीत.
(ii) माणसे कितीही मोठी झाली, तरी त्यांची सावली कुणाला कामी येत नाही.
(iii) आप्पांचा मुलांवर तितकासा विश्वास नाही.
उत्तर:
(i) बरोबर
(ii) बरोबर
(iii) चूक.

प्रश्न 3.
पुढील शब्दसमूहांचा तुम्हांला कळलेला अर्थ लिहा: (सराव कृतिपत्रिका -२)
(i) पुस्तकाच्या पानांत डोक्याचं खादय असतं.
(ii) एकानेतरी लिहिलेलं पुस्तक आपल्या शाळेच्या ग्रंथालयात दिसलं पाहिजे.
उत्तर:
(i) पुस्तकाच्या पानांत ज्ञान साठवलेले असते.
(ii) शाळेतला एकतरी विदयार्थी लेखक झाला पाहिजे.

कृती २: (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
चौकटी पूर्ण करा:

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 2.
तक्ता पूर्ण करा:

उत्तर:
(i)

(सराव कृतिपत्रिका-२)

कृती ३: (व्याकरण)

प्रश्न 1.
पुढील वाक्यांत योग्य वाक्प्रचार योजून वाक्ये पुन्हा लिहा:
(i) समोरचा वाणी धान्यात भेसळ करतो, लोकांच्या बोलण्यातून कळते.
(ii) गावातल्या स्वच्छता मोहिमेच्या यशाबाबत लोक गुरुजींचीच स्तुती करतात.
(iii) ‘पाणी अडवा पाणी जिरवा’ ही मोहीम यशस्वी करून ग्राम पंचायतीने लोकांचे दुःख दूर केले.
(iv) मी कोणालाही फसवणार नाही, असे प्रत्येकाने ठरवल्यास देशाचे स्वरूपच बदलून जाईल.
उत्तर:
(i) समोरचा वाणी धान्यात भेसळ करतो, असे कानावर पडते.
(ii) गावातल्या स्वच्छता मोहिमेच्या यशाबाबत लोक गुरुजींचेच नाव घेतात.
(iii) पाणी अडवा पाणी जिरवा’ ही मोहीम यशस्वी करून ग्राम पंचायतीने लोकांच्या डोळ्यांतले पाणी पुसले.
(iv) मी कोणालाही फसवणार नाही, असे प्रत्येकाने ठरवल्यास देशाचे चित्रच बदलून जाईल.

प्रश्न 2.
कंसातील प्रत्यय जोडून होणारे पूर्ण रूप लिहा:
(i) लिहिणे (चे)
(ii) कॉलेज (त)
(iii) शिपाई (नी)
(iv) सगळे (हून)
उत्तर:
(i) लिहिणे (चे) = लिहिण्याचे
(ii) कॉलेज (त) = कॉलेजात
(iii) शिपाई (नी) = शिपायांनी
(iv) सगळे (हून) = सगळ्यांहून.

प्रश्न 3.
पुढील शब्दांचा संधिविग्रह करा: (सराव कृतिपत्रिका-२)
शब्द – संधिविग्रह
(i) ग्रंथालय ……………………………..
(ii) महोत्सव ……………………………..
उत्तर:
(i) ग्रंथालय = ग्रंथ + आलय
(ii) महोत्सव = महा + उत्सव

कती ४: (स्वमत / अभिव्यक्ती)

प्रश्न 1.
लेखकांनी उताऱ्यात व्यक्त केलेला पर्यावरणविषयक विचार तुमच्या शब्दांत व्यक्त करा. (सराव कृतिपत्रिका-२)
उत्तर:
लेखकांनी आपले पर्यावरणविषयक विचार तळमळीने सांगितले आहेत. त्यांच्या मते, प्रत्येकाने दहा झाडे लावली, तरी आपला देश निसर्गसंपन्न होईल आणि हे खरेच आहे. या निसर्गसंपन्नतेचा देशाला, म्हणजेच आपणा सर्वांनाच फायदा होईल. पर्जन्यमान वाढेल. जमिनीखालील पाण्याची पातळी वाढेल. अपुऱ्या पावसामुळे उद्भवलेल्या दुष्काळाच्या छायेतून देश मुक्त होईल, मात्र त्यासाठी प्रत्येकाने स्वत:ला जमेल तेवढे काम प्रामाणिकपणे केले पाहिजे. आपल्याला पाणी निर्माण करता येत नाही, हे खरे आहे. पण अपव्यय तरी टाळू शकतो की नाही? प्रत्येकाने वाया जाणारे पाणी वाचवले तरी लक्षावधी लिटर पाणी वाचेल.

वाचलेले पाणी तहानेने व्याकूळ झालेल्यांना मिळेल; पाण्यासाठी आ वासून बसलेल्या पशुपक्ष्यांना मिळेल; सुकून चाललेल्या वृक्षवेलींना मिळेल. हे कळण्यासाठी सर्वांनी निसर्गाशी प्रेमाने वागायला शिकले पाहिजे. म्हणूनच लेखक सांगतात की, सर्वांनी फुलपाखरांचा अभ्यास केला पाहिजे. मधमाश्यांच्या पोळ्यापासून लांब न जाता त्याचा अभ्यास केला पाहिजे. अशा प्रकारे आपल्या अवतीभवतीच्या निसर्गाशी आत्मीयतेने वागल्यास पर्यावरण रक्षणाचे अनेक मार्ग दिसतील, असे लेखक सुचवतात.

व्याकरण व भाषाभ्यास

कृतिपत्रिकेतील प्रश्न ४ (अ) आणि (आ) यांसाठी…
व्याकरण घटकांवर आधारित कृती:

१. समास:

पुढील समासांचा प्रत्येकी एक सामासिक शब्द लिहा:
(i) अव्ययीभाव
(ii) विभक्ती तत्पुरुष
(iii) इतरेतर द्वंद्व
(iv) वैकल्पिक द्वंद्व
(v) समाहार वंद्व
(vi) द्विगू.
उत्तर:
(i) अव्ययीभाव – घरोघर
(ii) विभक्ती तत्पुरुष – कार्यालय
(iii) इतरेतर द्वंद्व – आईवडील
(iv) वैकल्पिक द्वंद्व – दोनचार
(v) समाहार वंद्व – खाणेपिणे
(vi) द्विगू – त्रिकोण.

२. अलंकार:

(१) पुढील ओळीतील उपमेय, उपमान व अलंकार ओळखा: परीहून सुंदर असे ही चिमुरडी गालावर विलसे चांदण्याची खडी
उपमेय- [ ] उपमान- [ ] अलंकार- [ ]
उत्तर:
उपमेय – [लहान मुलगी] उपमान – [परी]
अलंकार – [व्यतिरेक]

(२) पुढील वैशिष्ट्यांवरून अलंकार ओळखा व समर्पक उदाहरण दया: (सराव कृतिपत्रिका-१)
(i) एखादया घटकाचे वर्णन करणे.
(ii) ते वर्णन पटवून देण्यासाठी योग्य उदाहरण देणे.
(अ) अलंकाराचे नाव →
(आ) अलंकाराचे उदाहरण →
उत्तर:
(अ) अलंकाराचे नाव → [दृष्टान्त]
(आ) अलंकाराचे उदाहरण → [लहानपण देगा देवा। मुंगी साखरेचा रवा]

३. वृत्त:
(१) पुढील ओळींचे गण पाडून वृत्त ओळखा:
स्वजन गवसला तो त्याज पासी नसे तो
कठिण समय येता कोण कामास येतो.
उत्तर:

वृत्त: हे ‘मालिनी’ वृत्त आहे.

(२) वृत्त ओळखा:
सदा सर्वदा योग तूझा घडावा।
तुझे कारणी देह माझा पडावा।। (मार्च १९)
उत्तर:

वृत्त: हे ‘भुजंगप्रयात’ वृत्त आहे.

४. शब्दसिद्धी:
(१) पुढील शब्दांना ‘त्व’ हा प्रत्यय लावून शब्द तयार करा:
(i) महत् – …………………………………..
(ii) कर्तृ – …………………………………..
(iii) प्रौढ – …………………………………..
(iv) वक्त – …………………………………..
उत्तर:
(i) महत् – महत्त्व
(ii) कर्तृ – कर्तृत्व
(ii) प्रौढ – प्रौढत्व
(iv) वक्तृ – वक्तृत्व.

(२) पुढील अभ्यस्त शब्द पूर्ण करा:
(i) अधून – ………………………………..
(i) दंगा – ………………………………..
(iii) हेवे – ………………………………..
(iv) काम – ………………………………..
उत्तर:
(i) अधूनमधून
(ii) दंगामस्ती
(iii) हेवेदावे
(iv) कामकाज,

(३) कंसातील शब्दांचे पुढे दिलेल्या तक्त्यात वर्गीकरण करा: (सराव कृतिपत्रिका-३)
(महत्त्व, लुटूलुटू, निकामी, घेईघेई, चढाई, सुकुमार)
प्रत्ययघटित – उपसर्गघटित – अभ्यस्त
(i) महत्त्व (i) …………………… – (i) ……………………
(ii) …………………… – (ii) …………………… – (ii) लुटूलुटू
उत्तर:
प्रत्ययघटित – उपसर्गघटित – अभ्यस्त
(i) महत्त्व – (i) सुकुमार – (i) घेईघेई
(ii) चढाई – (ii) निकामी – (ii) लुटूलुटू

५. सामान्यरूप:
(१) पुढील शब्दांची सामान्यरूपे लिहा:
(i) अभ्यासाविषयी – ………………………………..
(ii) खेळपट्टीचा – ………………………………..
(iii) कौतुकास – ………………………………..
(iv) महोत्सवात – ………………………………..
उत्तर:
(i) अभ्यासा
(ii) खेळपट्टी
(iii) कौतुका
(iv) महोत्सवा.

(२) पुढील शब्दसमूहातील शब्दांची योग्य सामान्यरूपे लिहा: (सराव कृतिपत्रिका-३)
(i) भूगोलची वही/भूगोलाची वही →
(ii) कोकराचे पाय/कोकरूचे पाय →
(iii) इंदिरेचे पुस्तक/इंदिराचे पुस्तक →
(iv) पेनने लिही/पेनाने लिही →
उत्तर:
(i) भूगोला
(ii) कोकरा
(iii) इंदिरा
(iv) पेना।

६. वाक्प्रचार:

पुढील वाक्प्रचारांचा अर्थ सांगून वाक्यांत उपयोग करा:
(i) कपाळाला आठ्या पाडणे
(ii) डोळ्यांतले पाणी पुसणे
(iii) वाया जाणे
(iv) आनंद गगनात न मावणे.
उत्तर:
(i) कपाळाला आठ्या पाडणे – नाराजी व्यक्त करणे. वाक्य: कुठलेही काम सांगितले की महादू कपाळाला आठ्या पाडत असे.
(ii) डोळ्यांतले पाणी पुसणे – अश्रू पुसणे, सांत्वन करणे, वाक्य: दुःखितांच्या डोळ्यांतले पाणी पुसणे, हीच खरी समाजसेवा होय.
(iii) वाया जाणे – फुकट जाणे. वाक्य: अवकाळी पाऊस पडल्यामुळे शेतकऱ्यांची मेहनत वाया गेली.
(iv) आनंद गगनात न मावणे – खूप आनंद होणे. वाक्य: विजयला बोर्डाच्या परीक्षेत ९०% गुण मिळाल्यामुळे त्याच्या आईबाबांचा आनंद गगनात मावला नाही.

भाषिक घटकांवर आधारित कृतीः

१. शब्दसंपत्ती:

प्रश्न 1.
विरुद्धार्थी शब्द लिहा:
(i) चांगले x ………………..
(ii) जास्त x ………………..
(iii) ओळख x ………………..
(iv) आवश्यक x ………………..
(v) पूर्वज x ………………..
(vi) शिस्त x ………………..
(vi) गुण x ………………..
(viii) राग x ………………..
उत्तर:
(i) चांगले x वाईट
(ii) जास्त x कमी
(iii) ओळख x अनोळख
(iv) आवश्यक x अनावश्यक
(v) पूर्वज x वंशज
(vi) शिस्त x बेशिस्त
(vii) गुण x अवगुण
(viii) राग x लोभ.

प्रश्न 2.
गटात न बसणारा शब्द शोधा:
(i) कावळा, कबुतर, चिमणी, ससा, गरूड.
(ii) अजंठा, शाळा, वर्ग, शिक्षक, विदयार्थी.
उत्तर:
(i) ससा
(ii) अजंठा.

प्रश्न 3.
पुढील शब्दांतील अक्षरांपासून चार अर्थपूर्ण शब्द लिहा:
(i) समुद्रकिनारी → [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
(ii) फुलपाखराच्या → [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
उत्तर:
(i) समुद्रकिनारी → [समुद्र] [नारी] [सरी] [किनारी]
(ii) फुलपाखराच्या→ [खरा] [राख] [पारा] [पाल]

प्रश्न 9.
लेखननियम:

(१) अचूक शब्द लिहा:
(i) नीसर्ग/नीसंग/निसर्ग/निर्सग,
(ii) निर्पण/निष्पर्ण/नीर्पण/नीष्पर्ण.
(iii) मुहूर्त/मूहुर्त/मुहुर्त/मूहूर्त.
(iv) क्रिडांगण/क्रिडागंण/क्रीडागंण/क्रीडांगण.
उत्तर:
(i) निसर्ग
(ii) निष्पर्ण
(iii) मुहूर्त
(iv) क्रीडांगण.

(२) पुढील वाक्ये लेखननियमांनुसार लिहा:
(i) मला वीश्वास आहे, खुप खूप शुभेच्छा!
(ii) तूमच्या शीक्षकांनी तुम्हाला वगात शीस्तीत बसलेलं बघितलंय.
उत्तर:
(i) मला विश्वास आहे, खूप खूप शुभेच्छा!
(ii) तुमच्या शिक्षकांनी तुम्हांला वर्गात शिस्तीत बसलेलं बघितलंय.

३. विरामचिन्हे:

पुढील परिच्छेदातील विरामचिन्हे ओळखा:
तुम्ही शिपाई व्हायलाच पाहिजे असं नाही; पण शिपाई होऊन सुद्धा चांगलं काम करता येऊ शकतं, आपण कौतुकास पात्र होऊ शकतो यावर तुमचा विश्वास नाही का?
उत्तर:
चिन्हे – नाव
(i) [ ; ] – अर्धविराम
(ii) [ , ] स्वल्पविराम
(iii) [ ? ] प्रश्नचिन्ह

४. पारिभाषिक शब्द:

पुढील इंग्रजी पारिभाषिक शब्दांना मराठी प्रतिशब्द लिहा:
(i) Due Date –
(ii) Exchange –
(iii) Express Highway –
(iv) Earn Leave – —
(v) Bio-data – ——
उत्तर:
(i) Due Date – नियत दिनांक
(ii) Exchange – देवाण-घेवाण/विनिमय
(iii) Express Highway – द्रुतगती महामार्ग
(iv) Earn Leave – अर्जित रजा
(v) Bio-data – स्व-परिचय,

५. अकारविल्हे
(१) पुढील शब्द अकारविल्हेनुसार लिहा:
(i) डॉक्टर → इंजेक्शन → पेशंट → नर्स.
(ii) वेरूळ → अजंठा → बेसिन → कार्टून.
उत्तर:
(i) इंजेक्शन → डॉक्टर → नर्स → पेशंट.
(ii) अजंठा → कार्टून → बेसिन → वेरूळ.

(२) दिलेल्या सूचनांनुसार पुढील शब्दकोडे सोडवा:
उभे शब्द- …………………… करी काम
आडवा शब्द – मन मोहित करणारा.

उत्तर:

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Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 History Solutions Chapter 1 Historiography Development in the West Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 History Solutions Chapter 1 Historiography Development in the West

History Class 10 Chapter 1 Historiography Development In The West

Question 1.
(A) Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the statement.
(1) It may be said that …….. was the founder of modern historiography.
(a) Voltaire
(b) Rene Descartes
(c) Leopold Ranke
(d) Karl Marx
Answer:
(a) Voltaire

(2) ………… wrote the book entitled ‘Archaeology of Knowledge’.
(a) Karl Marx
(b) Michel Foucault
(c) Lucien Febvre
(d) Voltaire
Answer:
(b) Michel Foucault

(B) Identify and write the wrong pair in the following set.
(1) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel – ‘Reason in History’
(2) Leopold von Ranké – ‘The theory and Practice of History’
(3) Herodotus – ‘The Histories’
(4) Karl Marx – ‘Discourse on the Method’
Answer:
(1) Right pair: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel – ‘Reason in History’
(2) Right pair: Leopold von Ranké – ‘The theory and Practice of History’
(3) Right pair: Herodotus – ‘The Histories’
(4) Wrong pair: Karl Marx – Discourse on the Method.

Question 2.
Explain the following concepts.
(1) Dialectics
Answer:

• In order to understand the true nature of an event, one needs to know its opposite for e.g. True — False, Good — Bad, etc.
• A German philosopher, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel had put forward this method of analysis of history.
• A theory called ‘Thesis’ is proposed at the beginning. It is followed by another theory called Antithesis’ which is, contrary to ‘Thesis’.
• After a thorough logical discussion of both new thesis is proposed having gist of both (Thesis and Antithesis).
• This process of orriving at a new thesis is called Synthesis.
• This method of analysis of history which is based on opposites is known as ‘Dialectics’.

(2) Annales School
Answer:

• At the dawn of the twentieth century, the writing ¿f history got a new direction.
• Along with political events, kings, great leaders, the study of climate, local people, agriculture, trade, technology, means of communication, social divisions and their collective psychology of a group was also considered important in the study of history.
• This new school of thought is known as Annales School. Annales School was started by French historians.

Question 3.
Explain the following with its reason.
(1) Historical research was driven to focus in depth on various aspects of women’s life.
Answer:

• Initially, there was a lot of dominance of male perspective on historical writing. Simone de Beauvoir, a French scholar, insisted on inclusion of women perspective in historiography.
• She emphasised on the inclusion of women in the process of writing history.
• She insisted on rethinking of the male dominated perspective of history.
• Because of her efforts historical research was driven to focus in depth on various aspects of women’s lives their employment, their role in trade unions, institution working for their cause, and their family life.

(2) Foucault called his method, ‘the archaeology of knowledge’.
Answer:

• According to Michel Foucault, the prevailing method of arranging historical events in a chronological order was not right.
• He threw light on the fact that archaeology does not strive to reach the ultimate historical truth.
• It attempts to explain various transitions in the past.
• Foucault gave more importance for explaining the transitions in history. Hence, his method is called ‘the archaeology of knowledge’.

Question 4.
Complete the concept chart.

Answer:

Question 5.
Answer the following in detail.
(1) Explain Karl Marx’s ‘Class Theory’.

Answer:
In the latter part of nineteenth century, German thinker, Karl Marx put forward ‘Class Theory’ in his book ‘Das Kapital’.

According to him:

1. History i not about abstract ideas but living people. The fullillment of basic needs of people depends on the nature of prevalent means of production and the ownership.
2. All the different strata of the society do not get equal access to these means of production which causes the division of the society into classes. It rešults into class struggle.
3. The class which owns means of production $ economically exploits the rest of the classes. Human history, according to him, is the history of class struggle.

(2) What are the four characteristics of modern historiography?
Answer:
The following are the four characteristics of modern historiography:

1. Its method is based on scientific principles and begins with formation of relevant questions.
2. These questions are anthropocentric i.e. they are about ancient human societies and their deeds in that period of time. No interrelation between the divine and human needs is suggested.
3. Answers to these questions are supported by reliable evidence and they are presented in a logical order.
4. History presents a graph of man’s progress with the help of his deeds in the past.

(3) What is feminist historiography?
Answer:

• Feminist historiography means writing history with women perspective. There was a lot of dominance of male perspective on historical writing.
• Simone de Beauvoir, a French scholar, insisted on rethinking on the male dominated perspective and including the women’s perspective in historiography.
• The idea of feminist historiography was accepted.
• Because of her efforts various aspects of women’s lives like their employment, their role in trade unions and their family life became part of historiography.

(4) Explain Leopold von Ranké’s perspective of history?
Answer:
Leopold’s view on ways to write history throws light on his perspective of history:

1. He spoke about the critical method of historical research. He gave importance to information gathered through original documents.
2. He also stated that all types of original documents related to the historical event should be examined in detail and with great care.
3. He believed that with this method it was possible to reach the historical truth. He was critical of imagination in narration of history.

Historiography : Development In The West Questions And Answers Pdf Project
Obtain detailed information on your favourite subject and write its history. For example :
– History of Pen
– History of Printing technology
– History of Computers
Answer:

Memory Map

Question 6.
Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the sentences:

(a) A scholar who writes critical historical narratives is known as ………………………… .
(a) an archaeologist
(b) a historian
(c) a social scientist
(d) a language expert
Answer:
(b) a historian

(b) The earliest inscription in the world is displayed at Louvre museum in ………………………… .
(a) England
(b) France
(c) Germany
(d) Portugal
Answer:
(b) France

(c) The tradition of recording historical events can be traced back to ………………………… civilization in Mesopotamia.
(a) Sumer
(b) Egyptian
(c) Arab
(d) Mohenjodaro
Answer:
(a) Sumer

(d) The tradition of modern historiography has its roots in the writings of ………………….. historiAnswer:
(a) Roman
(b) Greek
(c) German
(d) French
Answer:
(b) Greek

(e) ………………….., a Greek historian of the fifth century B.C.E., had used the term ‘History’ for the first time for his book entitled, ‘The Histories’.
(a) Leopold Ranke
(b) Georg Hegel
(c) Michel Foucault
(d) Herodotus
Answer:
(d) Herodotus

(f) In 1737 C.E., the ………………….. university in Germany had an independent department for history.
(a) Oxford
(b) Cambridge
(c) Gottingen
(d) Stanford
Answer:
(c) Gottingen

(g) Historiography of the nineteenth century was greatly influenced by the thoughts of …………………..
(a) Karl Marx
(b) Voltaire
(c) Georg Hegel
(d) Leopold von Ranke
Answer:
(d) Leopold von Ranke

(h) A new school of historiography arose in France known as ………………….. school.
(a) Translation
(b) Annales
(c) Nationalism
(d) Communist
Answer:
(b) Annales

(i) The method of analysis which is based on opposites is known as …………………. .
(a) Numismatics
(b) Arithmetic
(c) Polynomial
(d) Dialectics
Answer:
(d) Dialectics

(j) ………………….. considered subjects like psychological disorders, science of medicine, prison administration for historical analysis.
(a) Michel Foucault
(b) Leopold Ranke
(c) Karl Marx
(d) Voltaire
Answer:
(a) Michel Foucault

(k) After 1990, ………………….. were considered as an independent social class.
(a) labourers
(b) women
(c) men
(d) farmers
Answer:
(b) women

(l) According to ………………….., historical realities should be presented in a logical manner.
(a) Georg Hegel
(b) Voltaire
(c) Simone de Beauvoir
(d) Herodotus
Answer:
(a) Georg Hegel

(m) According to ………………….., one should never accept anything as the truth till all the doubts are solved.
(a) Rene Descartes
(b) Karl Marx
(c) Voltaire
(d) Herodotus
Answer:
(a) Rene Descartes.

Question 7.
Identify the wrong pair in the following and write it:
(1)

Thinker	Book
(1) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel	(a) Reason in History
(2) Leopold von Ranke	(b) The Theory and Practice of History
(3) Herodotus	(c) The Histories
(4) Karl Marx	(d) Discourse on the Method

Answer:
Wrong pair: Karl Marx – Discourse on the Method.

(2)

Historian	Country
(1) Herodotus	Greece
(2) Simone de Beauvoir	Germany
(3) Michel Foucault	France
(4) Rene Descartes	France

Answer:
Wrong pair: Simone de Beauvoir Germany.

(3)

Thoughts/Opinion	Historian
(1) All aspects of human life is important in the historiography	Voltaire
(2) He criticized imaginative narration.	Leopold von Ranke
(3) History is not about abstract ideas but about living people.	Rene Descartes
(4) Emphasized the rethinking of the male-dominated perspective of history.	Simone de Beauvoir

Answer:
Wrong pair: History is not about abstract ideas but about living people – René Descartes.

Question 8.
Complete the concept chart

Answer:

Answer:

Question 9.
Prepare a flow chart on the given topic:
Stages of historiography
Answer:

Question 10.
Write short notes:
(1) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel:
Answer:

• Georg Hegel was a German philosopher.
• He was of the view that the historical realities should be presented in a logical manner. According to him, Timelme was indicative of progress.
• He believed that presentation of history is bound to change as time passes because new evidence surfaces.
• His philosophy convinced many scholars that historical methods were not of lesser quality, though they differed from the scientific method.
• His lectures and articles are published in a book called ‘Encyclopaedia of Philosophical Sciences’.
• His book ‘Reason in History’ is well known. He devised a method of analysis based on opposites known as Dialectics’.

(2) Karl Marx:
Answer:

1. Karl Marx was a German thinker in the nineteenth century. He wrote the world famous treatise Das Kapital’. According to him, history was not about abstract ideas but about living people.
2. He believed that human relationships are shaped by the fundamental needs of people and the ownership of prevalent ineczns of production to meet those needs.
3. He stated that unequal accessibility to the means of production creates à division in socièty leading to class struggle. His theory of class struggle is considered significant all over the world.
4. According to Marx, human history is the history of class struggle because the class which owns the means of production economically exploits the rest of the classes.

(3) Michel Foucault:
Answer:

• Michel Foucault was a twentieth century historian from France.
• He wrote the book ‘Archaeology of Knowledge’.
• In this book, he insisted that the prevailing practice of arranging historical events in a chronological order is not right.
• He gave importance to explaining the transitions that took place in history.
• He acknowledged the role of subjects such as science of medicine, psychological disorders, prison.
• Administration in historical analysis. This was not acknowledged by earlier historiAnswer:

(4) Leopold von Ranke:
Answer:

1. Leopold von Ranke, a German philosopher, laid emphasis on utmost importance of information gathered through original documents.
2. In order to reach historical truth, it was necessary to examine all documents related to historical event. He critcised the imaginative narration of history.
3. Collection of his articles are published in two books, entitled ‘The Theory and Practice of History’ and ‘The Secret of World History’.
4. Ranke had great influence on historiography of nineteenth century.

Question 11.
Give reasons:
(a) In historical research, it may not be possible to use the method of experiments and observation.
Answer:

1. In physical and natural sciences, experiment and observation method is used to establish laws that remain true irrespective of the time and space.
2. These laws can be tested and proved again and again.
3. In historical research, the events had already taken place in the past and we were not present in the historical time and space.
4. Moreover, these events cannot be recreated in the present time and space. Hence, experiment and observation method may not be used in historical research.

(b) Historiography in the 18th century gave importance to objectivity in history.
Answer:

• A remarkable progress was achieved in the fields of Philosophy and Science till the eighteenth century in Europe.
• It was believed that by applying scientific methods it was possible to study social and historical truths.
• In the later period, history and historiography witnessed a lot of philosophical discussion.
• This eliminated the imaginative and divine context in history and gave importance to objectivity.

Question 12.
Answer the following in 25-30 words:
(a) What is Historiography?
Answer:

1. The writing of critical historical narrative is called Historiography. A person who writes it is known as ‘Historian’. The following steps are helpful in writing historical narrative:
2. Information related to history is collected and analyzed.
3. The various sources are critically examined to understand the references regarding time and space in the given information as well as the conceptual framework used.
4. After examining the references of historical information, relevant questions related to these historical references are framed and hypotheseis are formulated.
5. In short, writing of critical historical narrative by following this method is known as historiography.

(b) What did Rene Descartes insist upon?
Answer:
French Philosopher Rene Descartes insisted on the following in writing historiography:

1. ‘Never to accept anything as true till all grounds of doubt are excluded’.
2. Hence, the reliability of a source like historical documents should be verified by critically examining them while writing history.

(c) Why is Voltaire said to be the founder of modern historiography?
Answer:
Voltaire, a french scholar, opined that it was important to consider the following aspects while writing history:

1. objective truth and chronology of events;
2. prevalent social traditions, agriculture, trade and economic system. It was because of his view that all aspects of human life was considered for history writing. Therefore, he is said to be the founder of modern historiography.

(d) What are the objectives of writing history?
Answer:
History is researched and written down with following objectives:

• To analyse the events in the past.
• To verify information about the historical events and their interconnections.
• To study in detail and remove imaginative element and bring forth the truth.
• To put the past events in chronological order.

(e) What progress was achieved in historiography in the eighteenth century?
Answer:
The following progress was achieved in historiography in the eighteenth century:

• Scientific methods were applied to study social and historical truths.
• Philosophical discourses revolving around divine phenomena were given less importance.
• Philosophical discussions focused more on the objectivity in history and historiography.
• Since the universities got an independent department of history, they became centres of historical studies.

Question 13.
Head the given passage carefully and answer the questions given below:
(a) Who is called a Historian?
Answer:
A scholar who writes critical historical narratives is called a Historian.

(b) Complete the concept chart.
Factors which determined historian’s

Answer:
Factors which determined historian’s

(c) How did the people in ancient societies preserve the events in the past?
Answer:
The ancient people preserved the events in the past so that they can pass them to the next generation. They used various means to do this:

• Narrating the stories of valour of ancestors to the next generation.
• Stories of their life preserved through cave paintings.
• Adopting story telling technique.
• Singing songs and ballads to impress events upon the minds of the new generation.

Question 14.
Answer the following questions in detail:
(a) Which experts do we need in order to prove the reliability of historical documents?
Answer:
The following experts are required to prove the reliability of historical documents:

• Language expert who can decipher the language and meaning of the document or the script on the inscription.
• One who can recognise the type of paper used and the period in which it was used.
• One who can understand the lettering style and the writing style of the author.
• Expert who has knowledge of different seals, i.e. stamps of authority used by the rulers.
• Historian who can interpret and do a comparative study of the references given in the document.

(b) Write Hegel’s view on history.
Answer:

• Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a German philosopher.
• He was of the view that the historical realities should be presented in a logical manner.
• He believed that presentation of history is bound to change as time passes because new evidence surfaces.
• He proposed a method of analysis based on opposites known as ‘Dialectics’.
• Hegel’s philosophy convinced many scholars that historical methods were not of lesser quality, though they differed from scientific methods.
• His lectures and articles are published in a book called ‘Encyclopaedia of Philosophical Sciences’. His book ‘Reason in History’ is well known.

Question 15.
Observe the inscription in the picture and write information it:

Answer:

1. A fragment of the earliest inscription is shown in the above picture. It dates back to 4500 BCE.
2. It is displayed at the Louvre museum in France.
3. The inscriptions have names of Sumerian kings and stories of battles fought by them.
4. It shows a forward marching file of soldiers holding shields and spears. The General is in the front.
   Brain Teaser
   Hints:
   Down:
   • He used the word ‘History’ for the first time
   • He wrote the book ‘Discourse on the Method’
   • Presented Theory of ‘Dialectics’
   • He called his method ‘Archaeology of Knowledge’

Across:

• founder of modern historiography
• Criticised imaginative narration of history. Articles published in ‘The Secret of World History’
• Her writings helped in establishing the fundamentals of feminism
• He wrote ‘Das Kapital’
  

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Maths Solutions covers the Practice Set 3.4 Algebra 10th Class Maths Part 1 Answers Solutions Chapter 3 Arithmetic Progression.

Practice Set 3.4 Algebra 10th Std Maths Part 1 Answers Chapter 3 Arithmetic Progression

Question 1.
On 1^st Jan 2016, Sanika decides to save ₹ 10, ₹ 11 on second day, ₹ 12 on third day. If she decides to save like this, then on 31st Dec 2016 what would be her total saving?
Solution:

∴ Sanika’s total saving on 31^st December 2016 would be ₹ 70455.

Question 2.
A man borrows ₹ 8000 and agrees to repay with a total interest of ₹ 1360 in 12 monthly instalments. Each instalment being less than the preceding one by ₹ 40. Find the amount of the first and last instalment.
Solution:
i. The instalments are in A.P.
Amount repaid in 12 instalments (S12)
= Amount borrowed + total interest
= 8000 + 1360
∴ S₁₂ = 9360
Number of instalments (n) = 12
Each instalment is less than the preceding one by ₹ 40.
∴ d = -40

∴ Amount of the first instalment is ₹ 1000 and that of the last instalment is ₹ 560.

Question 3.
Sachin invested in a national saving certificate scheme. In the first year he invested ₹ 5000, in the second year ₹ 7000, in the third year ₹ 9000 and so on. Find the total amount that he invested in 12 years.
Solution:
i. Amount invested by Sachin in each year are as follows:
5000, 7000, 9000, …
The above sequence is an A.P.
∴ a = 5000, d = 7000 – 5000 = 2000, n = 12

∴ The total amount invested by Sachin in 12 years is ₹ 1,92,000.

Question 4.
There is an auditorium with 27 rows of seats. There are 20 seats in the first row, 22 seats in the second row, 24 seats in the third row and so on. Find the number of seats in the 15th row and also find how many total seats are there in the auditorium?
Solution:
i. The number of seats arranged row-wise are as follows:
20, 22, 24,
The above sequence is an A.P.
∴ a = 20, d = 22 – 20 = 2, n = 27

ii. t_n = a + (n – 1)d
∴ t₁₅ = 20 + (15 – 1)2
= 20 + 14 × 2
= 20 + 28
∴ t₁₅ = 48
∴ The number of seats in the 15^th row is 48.

∴ Total seats in the auditorium are 1242.

Question 5.
Kargil’s temperature was recorded in a week from Monday to Saturday. All readings were in A.P. The sum of temperatures of Monday and Saturday was 5°C more than sum of temperatures of Tuesday and Saturday. If temperature of Wednesday was -30° Celsius then find the temperature on the other five days.
Solution:
Let the temperatures from Monday to Saturday in A.P. be
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, a + 4d, a + 5d.
According to the first condition,
(a) + (a + 5d) = (a + d) + (a + 5d) + 5°
∴ d = -5°
According to the second condition,
a + 2d = -30°
∴ a + 2(-5°) = -30°
∴ a – 10° = -30°
∴ a = -30° + 10° = -20°
∴ a + d = -20° – 5° = – 25°
a + 3d = -20° + 3(- 5°) = -20° – 15° = -35°
a + 4d = -20° + 4(-5°) = -20° – 20° = -40°
a + 5d = -20° + 5(-5°) = -20° – 25° = -45°
∴ The temperatures on the other five days are
-20°C, -25° C, -35° C, -40° C and -45° C.

Question 6.
On the world environment day tree plantation programme was arranged on a land which is triangular in shape. Trees are planted such that in the first row there is one tree, in the second row there are two trees, in the third row three trees and so on. Find the total number of trees in the 25 rows.
Solution:
i. The number of frees planted row-wise are as follows:
1,2,3,…
The above sequence is an A.P.
∴ a = 1, d = 2 – 1 = 1,n = 25

∴ The total number of trees in 25 rows are 325.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 11 Reflection of Light Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 5 Acids, Bases and Salts

Class 9 Science Chapter 11 Reflection of Light Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Answer the following questions.

a. Explain the difference between a plane mirror, a concave mirror and a convex mirror with respect to the type and size of the images produced.
Answer:

	Plane mirror	Concave mirror	Convex mirror
Type of image	Virtual and Erect	Virtual (erect) as well as Real (inverted)	Virtual and Erect
Size of image	Same size	Diminished, Same size and magnified	Diminished

b. Describe the positions of the source of light with respect to a concave mirror in
1. Torch light
2. Projector lamp
3. Floodlight
Answer:
(a) Torch light: The source of light is placed at the focus.
(b) Projector lamp : The source of light is placed at the centre of curvature.
(c) Flood light : The source of light is placed just beyond the centre of curvature.

c. Why are concave mirrors used in solar devices?
Answer:

• Solar devices like solar cooker or solar water heater use solar energy to cook food or heat water.
• When sun rays fall on the concave mirror, they converge and come together in the focal plane.
• Due to convergence, the intensity of sun rays increases and the food or water is heated faster. Hence, concave mirrors are used in solar- devices.

d. Why are the mirrors fitted on the outside of cars convex?
Answer:

• A convex mirror is used as rear view mirror because they form erect, virtual, and diminished images.
• This, allows the driver to view a large area in a small mirror.

e. Why does obtaining the image of the sun on a paper with the help of a concave mirror burn the paper?
Answer:

• When sunrays fall on the concave mirror, they converge and come together in the focal plane.
• Due to convergence, the intensity of sunrays increases.
• Hence, image of the sun on a paper with the help of concave mirror bums the paper.

f. If a spherical mirror breaks, what type of mirrors are the individual pieces?
Answer:

• When a spherical mirror breaks into smaller pieces, the radius of curvature and focal length does not change.
• Hence, it will continue to behave like a spherical mirror only.

2. What sign conventions are used for reflection from a spherical mirror?
Answer:
According to the Cartesian sign convention, the pole of the mirror is taken as the origin. The principal axis is taken as the X-axis of the frame of reference. The sign conventions are as follows.

1. The object is always kept on the left of the mirror. All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole of the mirror.
2. All distances measured towards the right of the pole are taken to be positive, while those measured towards the left are taken to be negative.
3. The distance measured vertically upwards from the principal axis are taken to be positive.
4. The distance measured vertically downwards from the principal axis are taken to be negative.
5. The focal length of a concave mirror is negative while that of a convex mirror is positive.

3. Draw ray diagrams for the cases of images obtained in concave mirrors as described in the table on page 122.

Answer:
(a) A ray diagram for object at infinity for a concave mirror.

Image position	Nature of image
At focus	Real, inverted and point image

(b) A ray diagram for object beyond centre of curvature for a concave mirror.

An object beyond centre of curvature for a concave mirror

Image position	Nature of image
Between the centre of curvature and focus.	Real, inverted and diminished.

(c) A ray diagram for object at the centre of curvature for a concave mirror.

Object at centre of Curva fu re be a concave mirror.

Image position	Nature of image
At the centre of curvature.	Real, inverted and same size

(d) A ray diagram for object between F and C for a concave mirror.

Object between F & C for a concave mirror

Image position	Nature of image
Beyond the centre of curvature.	Real, inverted and magnified.

(e) A ray diagram for obj ect at focus for a concave mirror.

Object at focus for a concave mirror.

Image position	Nature of image
At infinity.	Real, inverted and highly magnified.

(f) A ray diagram for object between pole and focus for a concave mirror.

Image position	Nature of image
Behind the mirror.	Virtual, erect and magnified.

4. Which type of mirrors are used in the following?
Periscope, floodlights, shaving mirror, kaleidoscope, street lights, headlamps of a car.

Answer:

Objects	Type of Mirror
Periscope	Plane mirror
Floodlights	Concave mirror
Shaving mirror	Concave mirror
Kaleidoscope	Plane mirror
Street lights	Convex mirror
Head lamps of car	Concave mirror

5. Solve the following examples

a. An object of height 7 cm is kept at a distance of 25 cm in front of a concave mirror. The focal length of the mirror is 15 cm. At what distance from the mirror should a screen be kept so as to get a clear image? What will be the size and nature of the image?
Solution:
Given: Object size (h₁) = 7 cm
Object distance (u) = -25 cm
Focal length (f) = -15cm
To find: Image distance (u) = ?
Image size (h₂) = ?

The screen should be kept 373 cm in front of the mirror. The image is real.

The height of the image is 10.5 cm, it is an inverted and enlarged image.

b. A convex mirror has a focal length of 18 cm. The image of an object kept in front of the mirror is half the height of the object. What is the distance of the object from the mirror?
Solution:
Given: Image size (h₂) = ¹/₂ h₁
Focal length (f) = 18 cm
To find: Object distance (u) ?

The object is placed in front of the convex mirror at a distance of 18 cm.

c. A 10 cm long stick is kept in front of a concave mirror having focal length of 10 cm in such a way that the end of the stick closest to the pole is at a distance of 20 cm. What will be the length of the image?
Solution:
Given: Object size (h₁) = 10 cm
Object distance (u) = -20 cm
Focal length (f) = -10 cm

The height of the image is 10 cm and it is a real and inverted image.

6. Three mirrors are created from a single sphere. Which of the following:
pole, centre of curvature, radius of curvature, principal axis – will be common to them and which will not be common?
Answer:

• Centre of curvature and Radius of curvature will be common for all three pieces.
• Pole and Principal axis will not be common.

Class 9 Science Chapter 11 Reflection of Light Intext Questions and Answers

Class 9 Science Chapter 11 Reflection Of Light Question 1.
What is light
Answer:
Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that produces the sensation of vision.

9th Class Science Chapter 11 Reflection Of Light Exercise Question 2.
What is a mirror?
Answer:
A mirror is a reflecting surface which reflects light and creates clear images.

9th Class Science Chapter 11 Reflection Of Light Exercise Answer Question 3.
Principal Focus of Concave and Convex Mirror.
Answer:

Principal Focus of the Concave Mirror	Principal Focus of the Convex Mirror
(i) Incident rays which are parallel to the principal axis of a concave mirror, after reflection from the mirror, meet at a particular point in front of the mirror on the principal axis. This point (F) is called the principal focus of the concave mirror. (ii) It is formed in front of the mirror. (iii) Focus of concave mirror is real.	(i) Incident rays parallel to the principal axis, after reflection, appear to come from a particular point behind the mirror lying along the principal axis. This point is called the principal focus of the convex mirror. (ii) It is formed behind the mirror. (iii) Focus of convex mirror is virtual.

9th Class Science Chapter 11 Reflection Of Light Notes Question 4.
If we hold a page of a book in front of a mirror, we see laterally inverted letters in the mirror. Why does it happen?
Answer:

• When we hold a page of a book in front of the mirror, the image of the words appear laterally inverted.
• The image of every point of the word is formed behind the mirror at the same distance from the mirror
• Because of this the left and right side of the image is interchanged.
• Hence, if we hold a page of a book in front of a mirror, we see laterally inverted letters in the mirror.

11 Reflection Of Light Exercise Question 5.
Which letters of the English alphabet form images that look the same as the original letters?
Answer:
A, H, I, M, O, T, U, V, W, X, Y

9th Science Chapter 11 Reflection Of Light Exercise Question 6.
When a person stands in front of a plane mirror, how is the image formed? What is the nature of the image?
Answer:

• The image of a person is formed from every point of the source, thereby forming an extended image of the whole source.
• The image formed would be virtual, upright and left-right reversed.

Answer the following questions:

Reflection Of Light Class 9 Questions And Answers Question 1.
Place two plane mirrors at an angle of 90a to each other. Place a small object between them. Images will be formed in both mirrors. How many images do you see? Now change the angle between the mirrors as given in the following table and count the number of images each time. How is this number related to the measure of the angle?
Answer:
The Relation between the angle between the mirrors and the number of images formed is given by
\(n=\frac{360^{\circ}}{\mathrm{A}}-1\)
n = number of images,
A = angle between the mirrors

Angle	Number of images
120°	2
90s	3
60®	5
45®	7
30®	11

Class 9 Science Chapter 11 Reflection of Light Additional Important Questions and Answers

Can you recall?

9th Class Science Chapter 11 Reflection Of Light Question 1.
What is meant by reflection of light and what are the types of reflection?
Answer:
The bouncing back of light when it hits an opaque surface is called reflection of light. The two types of reflection are regular and irregular reflection.

Reflection Of Light Class 9 Exercise Answers Question 2.
What are the laws of reflection.
Answer:

• The incident ray, reflected ray and normal all lie in the same plane at the point of incidence.
• The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
• The incident ray and the reflected ray lie on opposite sides of the normal.

Choose and the correct option:

Class 9th Science Chapter 11 Reflection Of Light Question Answer Question 1.
If the reflected rays do not actually meet, such an image is called as image.
(a) real
(b) virtual
(c) magnified
(d) inverted
Answer:
(b) virtual

Class 9 Science Chapter 11 Reflection Of Light Exercise Solutions Question 2.
In a plane mirror, the perpendicular distance of the image from the mirror is equal to
(a) the perpendicular distance of the source from the object.
(b) the perpendicular distance of the source from the mirror.
(c) the parallel distance of the source from the object.
(d) the parallel distance of the source from the mirror.
Answer:
(b) the perpendicular distance of the source from the mirror

Reflection Of Light Class 9 Notes Pdf Maharashtra Board Question 3.
The image formed in a convex mirror is always
(a) virtual, smaller and behind the mirror
(b) virtual, smaller and in front of the mirror
(c) real, smaller and behind the mirror
(d) real, smaller and in front of the mirror
Answer:
(a) virtual, smaller and behind the mirror

Reflection Of Light Class 9 Solutions Question 4.
images can be displayed on a screen.
(a) Virtual
(b) Real
(c) Virtual and erect
(d) Virtual and inverted
Answer:
(b) Real

9th Class Science Chapter 11 Reflection Of Light Exercise Pdf Question 5.
A concave mirror is also called as a mirror.
(a) converging
(b) diverging
(c) plane
(d) outward curved
Answer:
(a) converging

9th Science Chapter 11 Reflection Of Light Question 6.
The centre of the mirror surface is called its
(a) pole
(b) centre of curvature
(c) principal axis
(d) focus
Answer:
(a) pole

Class 9 Science Chapter 11 Question Answer Reflection Of Light Question 7.
According to the new sign convention, the of the mirror is taken as origin.
(a) focus
(b) pole
(c) optical centre
(d) centre of curvature
Answer:
(b) pole

Class 9 Science Chapter 11 Reflection Of Light Exercise Question 8.
A convex mirror is also called as a mirror.
(a) converging
(b) plane
(c) diverging
(d) inward curved
Answer:
(c) diverging

Reflection Of Light Class 9 Maharashtra Board Question 9.
In order to see the full image of a person standing in front of a mirror, the minimum height of the mirror must be
(a) same height as that of the person
(b) double the height of the person
(c) half the height of the person
(d) quarter the height of the person
Answer:
(c) half the height of the person

Reflection Of Light Exercise 9th Class Question 10.
If the inner surface of the spherical mirror is reflecting, then it is a mirror, and if the outer surface is reflecting then it is mirror.
(a) convex, concave
(b) convex, plane
(c) concave, plane
(d) concave, convex
Answer:
(d) concave, convex

9th Std Science Chapter 11 Reflection Of Light Question 11.
The image formed by a concave mirror is
(a) always virtual and erect
(b) always virtual and inverted
(c) virtual if the object is placed between the pole and the focus
(d) virtual if the object is beyond the focus
Answer:
(c) virtual if the object is placed between the pole and the focus

Question 12.
No matter how far you stand from a spherical mirror, your image appears erect. The mirror may be
(a) plane
(b) concave
(c) convex
(d) either plane or convex
Answer:
(d) either plane or convex

Question 13.
In case of a concave mirror, an erect image is
(a) real and enlarged
(b) real and diminished
(c) virtual and diminished
(d) virtual and enlarged
Answer:
(d) virtual and enlarged

Question 14.
A rear view mirror of a car is
(a) plane mirror
(b) concave mirror
(c) convex mirror
(d) cylindrical mirror
Answer:
(c) convex mirror

Question 15.
An image of an object placed at infinite distance from a concave mirror is formed at
(a) the focus of the mirror
(b) behind the mirror
(c) centre of curvature
(d) infinity
Answer:
(a) the focus of the mirror

Question 16.
A ray of light parallel to principal axis after reflection from concave mirror passes through
(a) centre of curvature
(b) focus
(c) pole
(d) optical centre
Answer:
(b) focus

Question 17.
The image made by a plane mirror is a image.
(a) real
(b) virtual
(c) inverted
(d) diminished
Answer:
(b) virtual

Question 18.
The size of the image of an object placed at the focus of a concave mirror is
(a) erect
(b) very large
(c) same size
(d) diminished
Answer:
(b) very large

Question 19.
For virtual images, the height is while for real images, it is
(a) positive, positive
(b) negative, positive
(c) negative, negative
(d) positive, negative
Answer:
(d) positive, negative

Find the odd man out:

Question 1.
Torches, flood lights, head lamps of vehicles, rear view mirror.
Answer:
Rear view mirror – In rear view mirrors, convex . mirror is used. Concave mirrors are used in the rest.

Question 2.
Side mirrors of cars, parking mirrors, flood lights, mirror fitted in shops.
Answer:
Flood lights – In flood lights concave mirror is used. Convex mirrors are used in the rest.

Question 3.
Virtual and enlarged, virtual and diminished, real and inverted, real and magnified
Answer:
Virtual and diminished type of image is not formed by a concave mirror. All the other types of images are formed by a concave mirror.

Question 4.
Image is laterally inverted, image is of same size, image is at same distance, image is diminished.
Answer:
Image is diminished is not a characteristic of image formed in a plane mirror. Rest of them are characteristics of plane mirror.

Answer the following in one sentence:

Question 1.
What kind of mirror will a doctor use to concentrate on teeth, eyes, ears etc.?
Answer:
The doctor will use a concave mirror to concentrate on teeth, eyes, ears etc.

Question 2.
What do the nature, position and size of the image depend on?
Answer:
The nature, position and size of the image depend upon the distance of the object from the reflecting surface.

Question 3.
Give the expression for mirror formula.
Answer:
\(\frac{1}{v}+\frac{1}{u}=\frac{1}{f}\)

Question 4.
State any four uses of concave mirror.
Answer:
Concave mirrors are used in torches, headlights, shaving mirrors, dentists’ mirrors, solar devices etc.

Question 5.
What are the two types of spherical mirror?
Answer:
Convex mirror and concave mirror are the two types of spherical mirror.

Match the columns:

Question 1.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1) Plane mirror	(a) Rear view mirror
(2) Concave mirror	(b) At laughing gallery
(3) Convex mirror	(c) At a hair dresser
(4) Irregular curved mirror	(d) At a dentist

Answer:
(1 – c),
(2 – d),
(3 – a),
(4 – b)

Question 2.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1) Plane mirror	(a) Virtual and diminished image
(2) Concave mirror	(b) Virtual and same size image
(3) Convex mirror	(c) Real and inverted image

Answer:
(1 – b),
(2 – c),
(3 – a)

State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements:

(1) If the mirrors are kept at right angle to each other, then the number of images formed will be 4.
(2) A convex mirror is used in flood lights.
(3) A concave mirror always forms a magnified image.
(4) Images formed by convex mirrors are always virtual.
(5) The distance between the focus and the pole is called the radius of curvature.
(6) Reflection from a spherical mirror obeys laws of reflection.
(7) The reflecting surface of a concave mirror is curved.
(8) Distances measured in the direction of the incident light are taken as positive.
(9) If the image is erect, the height of the image is negative.
(10) A real image can be displayed on a screen.
(11) A concave mirror always forms a real and inverted image.
(12) Doctors use diverging beam of light to study teeth, ears and eyes.
Answer:
(1) False. if the mirrors are kept at right angle to each other then the number of images formed will be 3.
(2) False. a concave mirror is used in flood lights.
(3) False. a concave mirror can sometimes form a diminished image as well.
(4) True
(5) False. the distance between the focus and the pole is called the focal length.
(6) True
(7) True
(8) True
(9) False. if the image is erect, the height of the image is positive.
(10) True
(11) False. a concave mirror can also form a virtual and erect image.
(12) False. doctors use a converging beam of light to study teeth, ears and eyes.

Give scientific reasons:

Question 1.
A concave mirror is called a converging mirror.
Answer:

• When rays of light parallel to the principal axis are incident on concave mirror, they converge.
• After convergence, they meet at one point on the principal axis, hence concave mirror is called converging mirror.

Question 2.
Concave mirrors are used in torches and in car headlights.
Answer:

1. Concave mirrors are used in torches and car headlights because when a source of light is placed at the focus of a concave mirror, a parallel beam of light rays is obtained.
2. This helps us to see things upto a considerable distance in the darkness.

Question 3.
A dentist uses a concave mirror while examining teeth.
Answer:

• A concave mirror produces an erect, virtual and magnified image of an object placed between its pole and focus.
• A dentist uses this principle to get a clear and distinct image of teeth, hence, a dentist uses a concave mirror.

Solve the following numerlcals.

Tips for solving numerical:

• Object distance (u) is always -ve
• If Image distance (u) is +ve then image is behind the mirror and virtual. if u is -ve then image is in front of the mirror and real.
• Object height (h₁) is always +ve since it is erect.
• Image height (h₂) can be +ve for virtual and -ve for real.

Type – A

Question 1.
A bird is sitting in front of two plane mirrors inclined at an angle of 600 to each other. How many images does the bird see in the mirror?
Solution:
Given : Angle between mirror A = 60⁰
To find: Number of images formed n = ?

The brrd sees 5 images in the mirror.

Question 2.
A coin is kept in front of two plane mirrors inclined to each other. If 3 images of the coin are seen then what is the angle A between the mirrors?
Solution:
Given: no. of images formed n =3
To find: Angle between mirror A =?


The mirrors are inclined atan angle of 900 to each other.

Question 3.
An image is formed 5 cm behind a convex mirror of focal length 10 cm. At what distance is the object placed from the mirror?
Solution:
Given: Image distance (u) = 5 cm
Focal length (f) = 10 an
To find: Object distance (u) = ?

The object is placed at a distance of 10 cm in front of the mirror.

Question 4.
An object placed 20 cm in front of a convex mirror is found to have an image 15cm behind the mirror. Find the focal length of the mirror.
Solution:
Given: Object distance (u) = -20 cm
Image distance (u) = 15 cm
To find: focal length (f) = ?


The focal length of the convex mirror is 60 cm.

Numerical For Practice

Question 5.
An object is placed at a distance of 36 cm from a concave mirror of focal length 12 cm. Find the image distance.
Answer:
-18 cm

Question 6.
An arrow is placed at a distance of 25 cm from a diverging mirror of focal length 20 cm. Find the image distance.
Answer:
11.1 cm

Type – B

Question 1.
An object 4cm in height is placed at a distance of 36 cm from a concave mirror. The image is formed 18 cm in the front of the mirror. Find the height of the image.
Solution:
Given: Object height (h₁) = 4 cm
Image distance (u) = -18 cm
Object distance (u) = -36 cm
To find: Height of image (h₂) = ?

The height of the image is 2 cm and it is inverted.

Question 2.
An object 2 cm high is placed at a distance of 16cm from a concave mirror which produces a real image 3 cm high. Find the image distance.
Solution:
Given: Object height (h₁) = 2 cm
Object distance (u) = -16 cm
Image height (h₂) = -3 cm
To find: Image distance (u) = ?

The image is formed at a distance of 24 cm in front of the mirror.

Numericals For Practice

Question 3.
An object 10cm in height is placed at a distance of 36 cm from a concave mirror. 1f the image is formed at a distance of 18 cm in front of the mirror, find the height of the image.
Answer:
-5cm

Question 4.
A converging mirror forms a real image of height 4 cm of an object of height 1 cm placed 20 cm away from the mirror. Find the image distance.
Answer:
-80cm

Type – C

Question 1.
Rajashree wants to get an inverted image of height 5 cm of an object kept at a distance of 30 cm from a concave mirror. The focal length of the mirror is 10 cm. At what distance from the mirror should she place the screen? What will be the type of the image, and what is the height of the object?
Solution:
Given:
Focal length = f = -10 cm,
Object distance = u = -30 cm
Height of the image = h₂ = 7 cm
To find: Height of the object = h₁ = ?
Image distance = u =?

Rajashree has to place the screen 15 cm to the left of the mirror.
Magnification formula

The height of the object is 10 cm. Thus, the image will be real and diminished.

Question 2.
A 10 cm long stick is kept horizontally in front of the concave mirror having focal length of 10 cm in such a way that the end of the stick closest to the pole is at a distance of 20 cm. What will be the length of the image?
Solution:
The stick is kept parallel to the Principal axis. Distance between A and P is 20 cm. Say u₁ = 20 cm.
Hence, the other end of the stick is at distance, u₂ = (u₁ + 10) = 30 cm from pole of the mirror.

Using mirror formula for concave mirror,
Solution:

Here, negative signs indicate that images are formed on the left of the mirror.

The length of the image formed ?s given by, u = u₂ – u₁ = 15 – (-20) = 5cm.
The length of the image is 5 cm.

Numerical For Practice

Question 3.
An object 2 cm in height is placed at a distance of 16 cm from a concave mirror. If the focal length of the mirror is 9.6 cm., find the image distance, nature and size of the image.
Answer:
u = -24 an, h₂ = -3 cm; real, inverted and enlarged.

Question 4.
An arrow of 2.5cm height is placed at a distance of 25 cm from a diverging mirror of focal length 20 cm. Find the nature, position and size of the image formed.
Answer:
v = 11.1cm, h₁ = 1.1cm; virtual and in dimirrished form.

Define the following:

Question 1.
Centre of curvature of mirror (C)
Ans.
The centre of the sphere of which the mirror is a parte is called the centre of curvature of the mirror.

Question 2.
The radius of curvature (R)
Answer:
The radius of the sphere of which the mirror is a part, is called the radius of curvature of the mirror.

Question 3.
Pole (P)
Answer:
The centre of the mirror surface is called its pole.

Question 4.
The principal axis of a mirror
Answer:
The straight line passing through the pole and centre of curvature of the mirror is called its principal axis.

Question 5.
The focus of a concave mirror (F)
Answer:
Incident rays which are parallel to the principal axis of a concave mirror, after reflection from the mirror, meet at a particular point in front of the mirror on the principal axis. This point (F) is called the principal focus of the concave mirror.

Question 6.
Focus of a convex mirror (F)
Answer:
Incident rays parallel to the principal axis, after reflection, appear to come from a particular point behind the mirror lying along the principal axis. This point is called the principal focus of the convex mirror.

Question 7.
Focal length of a mirror (f)
Answer:
The distance (f) between the pole and the principal focus of the mirror is called the focal length. This distance is half of the radius of curvature of the mirror. \(f=\frac{R}{2}\)

Answer the following in short:

Question 1.
What are the rules for drawing ray diagrams for the formation of image by spherical mirror?
Answer:
The rules are as follows :

• If an incident ray is parallel to the principal axis, then the reflected ray passes through the principal focus.
• If an incident ray passes through the principal focus of the mirror, the reflected ray is parallel to the principal axis.
• If an incident ray passes through the centre of curvature of the mirror, the reflected ray traces the same path back.

Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Convex mirror and Concave mirror
Answer:

Convex mirror	Concave mirror
(i) In a convex mirror, the reflecting surface is on the outer side. (ii) It is called a diverging mirror. (iii) The focus of a convex mirror is virtual. (iv) It can form only a virtual image. (v) It can form only a diminished image.	(i) In a concave mirror, the reflecting surface is on the inner side. (ii) It is called a converging mirror. (iii) The focus of a concave mirror is real. (iv) It can form a real as well as a virtual image. (v) It can form an enlarged, diminished as well as the same size image.

Question 2.
Real image and Virtual image
Answer:

Real image	Virtual image
(i) A real image is formed only when the reflected rays actually meet at a point. (ii) Real images can be obtained on a screen. (iii) All real images are inverted.	(i) A virtual image is formed only when the reflected rays appear to meet at a point. (ii) Virtual images cannot be obtained on a screen. (iii) All virtual images are erect.

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
If we keep the mirrors parallel to each other, how many images will we see ?
Answer:
When two mirrors are kept parallel to each other infinite images are formed, this is because light gets reflected infinite times.

Answer in detail:

Question 1.
What sign conventions are used for reflection from a spherical mirror?
Answer:

According to the Cartesian sign convention, the pole of the mirror is taken as the origin. The principal axis is taken as the X-axis of the frame of reference. The sign conventions are as follows.

• The object is always kept on the left of the mirror. All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole of the mirror.
• All distances measured towards the right of the pole are taken to be positive, while those measured towards the left are taken to be negative.
• Distance measured vertically upwards from the principal axis are taken to be positive.
• Distance measured vertically downwards from the principal axis are taken to be negative.
• The focal length of a concave mirror is negative while that of a convex mirror is positive.

Question 2.
Draw ray diagrams for the image obtained in convex mirrors.
Answer:

Image position	Nature of image
Behind the mirror.	(A) Virtual, (B) Erect (C) Diminished

Question 3.
In order to see the full image of a person standing in front of a mirror, the minimum height of the mirror must be half the height of the person. Explain.
Answer:

Proof:

1. In the figure, the point at the top of the head, the eyes and a point at the feet of a person are indicated by H, E and F respectively.
2. R and S are midpoints of HE and EF respectively.
3. The mirror PQ is at a height of NQ from the ground and is perpendicular to it. PQ is the minimum height of the mirror in order to obtain the full image of the person.

For this, RP and QS must be perpendicular to the mirror.

Minimum height of the mirror
PQ = RS
= RE + ES
\(=\frac{\mathrm{HE}}{2}+\frac{\mathrm{EF}}{2}=\frac{\mathrm{HF}}{2}\)
= Half of the person’s height.

Question 4.
Determine the sign of magnification in each of the 6 cases in the table and verify that they are same using formulae
\(\mathbf{M}=\frac{h_{2}}{h_{1}}\) and \(\mathbf{M}=\frac{-v}{u}\)
Answer:

Question 5.
Explain the images formed by concave mirrors with respect to position of the image and object and also the Nature and size of image
Answer:

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Maths Solutions covers the Practice Set 9.3 Geometry 9th Class Maths Part 2 Answers Solutions Chapter 9 Surface Area and Volume.

Practice Set 9.3 Geometry 9th Std Maths Part 2 Answers Chapter 9 Surface Area and Volume

Question 1.
Find the surface areas and volumes of spheres of the following radii
i. 4 cm
ii. 9 cm
iii. 3.5 cm (π = 3.14)
i. Given: Radius (r) = 4 cm
To find: Surface area and volume of sphere
Solution:
Surface area of sphere = 4πr²
= 4 x 3.14 x 4²
∴ Surface area of sphere = 200.96 sq.cm
Volume of sphere = \(\frac { 4 }{ 3 }\)πr³
= \(\frac { 4 }{ 3 }\) x 3.14 x 4²
∴ Volume of sphere = 267.95 cubic cm

ii. Given: Radius (r) = 9 cm
To find: Surface area and volume of sphere
Solution:
Surface area of sphere = 4πr²
= 4 x 3.14 x 9²
∴ Surface area of sphere = 1017.36 sq.cm

∴ Volume of sphere = 3052.08 cubic cm

iii. Given: Radius (r) = 3.5 cm
To find: Surface area and volume of sphere
Solution:
Surface area of sphere = 4πr²
= 4 x 3.14 x (3.5)²
∴ Surface area of sphere = 153.86 sq.cm
Volume of sphere = \(\frac { 4 }{ 3 }\) πr³
= \(\frac { 4 }{ 3 }\) x 3.14 x (3.5)³
∴ Volume of sphere = 179.50 cubic cm

Question 2.
If the radius of a solid hemisphere is 5 cm, then find its curved surface area and total surface area, (π = 3.14)
Given: Radius (r) = 5 cm
To find: Curved surface area and total surface area of hemisphere
Solution:
i. Curved surface area of hemisphere = 2πr²
= 2 x 3.14 x 5²
= 2 x 3.14 x 25
= 50 x 3.14
= 157 sq.cm.

ii. Total surface area of hemisphere = 3πr²
= 3 x 3.14 x 5²
= 235.5 sq.cm.
∴ The curved surface area and totai surface area of hemisphere are 157 sq.cm, and 235.5 sq.cm, respectively.

Question 3.
If the surface area of a sphere is 2826 cm² then find its volume. (π = 3.14)
Given: Surface area of sphere = 2826 sq.cm.
To find: Volume of sphere
Solution:
i. Surface area of sphere = 4πr²
∴ 2826 = 4 x 3.14 x r²
2826 = 282600 = 900
∴ \( r^{2}=\frac{2826}{4 \times 3.14}=\frac{282600}{4 \times 314}=\frac{900}{4}\)
∴ r² = 225
∴ r = \(\sqrt { 225 }\) … [Taking square root on both sides]
= 15 cm

ii. Volume of sphere = \(\frac { 4 }{ 3 }\) πr³
= \(\frac { 4 }{ 3 }\) x 3.14 x 15³
= \(\frac { 4 }{ 3 }\) x 3.14 x 15 x 15 x 15
= 4 x 3.14 x 5 x 15 x 15
= 14130 cubic cm.
∴ The volume of the sphere is 14130 cubic cm.

Question 4.
Find the surface area of a sphere, if its volume is 38808 cubic cm. (π = \(\frac { 22 }{ 7 }\))
Given: Volume of sphere = 38808 cubic cm.
To find: Surface area of sphere
Solution:

∴ r³ = 441 x 21 = 21 x 21 x 21
∴ r = 21 cm … [Taking cube root on both sides]
ii. Surface area of sphere = 4πr²
= 4 x \(\frac { 22 }{ 7 }\) x 21
= 4 x \(\frac { 22 }{ 7 }\) x 21 x 21
= 4 x 22 x 3 x 21
= 5544 sq.cm.
∴ The surface area of sphere is 5544 sq.cm.

Question 5.
Volume of a hemisphere is 18000π cubic cm. Find its diameter.
Given: Volume of hemisphere = 1 8000π cubic cm.
To find: Diameter of the hemisphere
Solution:
i. Volume of hemisphere = \(\frac { 2 }{ 3 }\) πr³

= 9000 x 3
∴ r³ = 27000
∴ r = \(\sqrt [ 3 ]{ 27000 }\) … [Taking cube root on both sides]
= 30 cm

ii. Diameter = 2r
= 2 x 30 = 60 cm
∴ The diameter of the hemisphere is 60 cm.

Maharashtra Board Class 9 Maths Solutions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 7 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 7 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem

Class 9 Science Chapter 7 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Complete the following table (Carefully study the carbon, oxygen and nitrogen cycles).

Bio-geo-chemical cycles	Biotic processes	Abiotic processes
1. Carbon cycle
2. Oxygen cycle
3. Nitrogen cycle

2. Correct and rewrite the following statements and justify your corrections.
a. Carnivores occupy the second trophic level in the food chain.
b. The flow of nutrients in an ecosystem is considered to be a ‘one-way’ transport.
c. Plants in an ecosystem are called primary consumers.

3. Give reasons.
a. Energy flow through an ecosystem is ‘one way’.
Answer:

• The Sun is the most important source of energy in any ecosystem.
• Green plants of the ecosystem store some amount of solar energy in the form of food.
• Before reaching the decomposers, this energy is passed on from one trophic level to the next.
• Decomposers dissipate some amount of energy in the form of heat.
• However, no part of the energy ever returns to the Sun. Hence, energy flow through an ecosystem is ‘one way’.

b. Equilibrium is necessary in the various bio-geo-chemical cycles.
Answer:

• The cyclic flow of nutrients within an ecosystem is called bio-geo-chemical cycles.
• Nutrients, necessary for the growth of organisms are continuously transferred from abiotic to biotic factors and biotic to abiotic factors within an ecosystem.
• Any imbalance in the cycles will break the link between the biotic and abiotic factors.
• Therefore, equilibrium is necessary between bio-geo-chemical cycles.

c. Flow of nutrients through an ecosystem is cyclic.
Answer:

• All organisms need nutrients for their growth.
• The nutrients carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, iron, calcium etc. are circulated and recycled from the biosphere to living organisms and after their death back to the biosphere.
• Nutrients are taken up by plants and then passed on to the consumers.
• Eventually, after their death, all types of consumers, are decomposed by decomposers like bacteria and fungi and the nutrients are again released into the biosphere and are, used again by living organisms.

Therefore, the flow of nutrients through an ecosystem is cyclic.

4. Explain the following cycles in your own words with suitable diagrams.
a. Carbon cycle.

Answer:

• The circulation and recycling of carbon from the atmosphere to living organisms and after their death back to the atmosphere is called the carbon cycle.
• Abiotic carbon atoms are circulated and recycled into biotic form mainly through photosynthesis and respiration.
• Hence, the carbon cycle is one of the important bio-geochemical cycles.
• Plants convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates by the process of photosynthesis.
• Similarly, they produce carbon compounds like proteins and fats, too.
• Carnivores feed upon herbivores. In this way, biotic carbon is transported from plants to herbivores, from herbivores to carnivores and from carnivores to apex consumers.
• Main processes in the carbon cycle
  
• Eventually, after death, all types of consumers, are decomposed by decomposers like bacteria and fungi and carbon dioxide is released again into the atmosphere and is used again by living organisms.
• In this way, carbon is continuously passed on from one living organism to another. After the death of living organisms, carbon goes to the atmosphere and is again taken up by living organisms.

b. Nitrogen cycle.
Answer:

• Nitrogen forms 78% i.e. the maximum portion of the atmosphere. It is necessary for the maintenance of the cycle of nature.
• The circulation and recycling of nitrogen gas into the form of different compounds through various biotic and abiotic processes in nature is called the nitrogen cycle.
• All organisms participate in the nitrogen cycle. It is an important component of proteins and nucleic acids.
• As compared to other elements, it is inactive and does not easily combine with other elements. Most organisms cannot use the free form of nitrogen.
• Important processes of nitrogen cycle:
  (a) Nitrogen fixation: Conversion of nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites through atmosphere, industrial and biological processes.
  (b) Ammonification: Release of ammonia through the decomposition of dead bodies and excretory wastes of organisms.
  (c) Nitrification: Conversion of ammonia into a nitrite and then nitrate.
  (d) Denitrification: Conversion of nitrogen compounds into gaseous nitrogen.

c. Oxygen cycle.
Answer:

1. Oxygen forms 21% of the atmosphere. It is also present in the hydrosphere and lithosphere. The circulation and recycling of oxygen within the biosphere is called the oxygen cycle.
2. This cycle, includes both the biotic and abiotic components. Oxygen is continuously produced as well as used up in the atmosphere.
3. Oxygen is highly reactive and it readily reacts with other elements and compounds.
4. As oxygen is found in various forms like molecular oxygen (Oz), water (H,0), carbon dioxide (C02), inorganic compounds etc, the oxygen cycle of the biosphere is extremely complex.
5. Oxygen is released in the process of photosynthesis, whereas it is used up in processes like respiration, combustion, decomposition, corrosion, rusting, etc.

5. What would you do to help maintain the equilibrium in the various bio-geochemical cycles? Explain in brief.
Answer:

• Bio-geo-chemical cycles always involve the achievement of equilibrium, i.e., a balance in the cycling of the nutrients between the spheres.
• Human activities that are known to be environmentally unfriendly can disrupt this balance.
• We should avoid deforestation as trees play an important role in maintaining the balance.
• We should avoid overuse of fertilizers. The fertilizers get washed away in the nearby water bodies disrupting the balance.
• Avoid burning of fossil fuels as these fuels release a large amount of carbon in the form of carbondioxide, thus disrupting the balance.
• Vehicular emissions is another contributor to the disruption in balance of the various cycles.
• These emissions release oxides of nitrogen and carbon and other hazardous air pollutants.
• So, we must use better quality fuel like CNG or ethanol to reduce vehicular emissions.

6. Explain in detail the inter-relationship between the food chain and food web.
Answer:

• Interaction go on continuously between producers, consumers and decomposers.
• There is a definite sequence in these interactions which is called the food chain.
• Each chain consists of four, five or more links.
• An ecosystem consists of many food chains that are interconnected at various levels. Thus, a food web is formed.
• An organism may be the prey for many other organisms.
• For example, an insect feeds upon leaves of various plants but the same insect is the prey for different animals like frog, wall lizard, birds, etc.
• Thus, many food chains interconnected together form an intricate web called as food web.

7. State the different types of bio-geochemical cycles and explain the importance of those cycles.
Answer:

• The different types of bio-geo-chemical cycles are nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, water vapour, iron, calcium, phosphorus, etc.
• Nutrients, necessary for the growth of the organisms are continuously transferred from abiotic to biotic factors and biotic to abiotic factors within an ecosystem.
• These cycles operate continuously through the medium of the biosphere formed by the lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere.
• (iv) The recycling of biological, geological and chemical sources of nutrients takes place through these cycles.
• Nutrients from the biosphere enter the bodies of plants and animals. Eventually, after death, all types of consumers are decomposed by decomposers like bacteria and fungi and they are again released into the biosphere and are used again by living organisms.
• Therefore, these cycles help in maintaining the flow of nutrients and energy through ecosystem and maintaining the equilibrium in the ecosystem.

8. Explain the following with suitable examples.
a. What type of changes occur in the amount of energy during its transfer from plants to apex consumers?
Answer:

• Plants of the ecosystem store some of the solar energy in the form of food.
• Before reaching the decomposers, this energy is passed on from one trophic level to the next.
• At every trophic level, some amount of energy is used by the organism for its own life processes and some amount of energy is lost to the surroundings.
• Decomposers dissipate some amount of energy in the form of heat.
• However, no part of the energy ever returns to the Sun. Hence, such passage of energy is referred to as ‘one way’ transport.
• Therefore, energy is maximum at the base of the pyramid and is least at the apex, e.g.
• phytoplanktons which form the base of the pyramid have 10,000 kcal of energy while humans at the apex have 10 kcal of energy.

b. What are the differences between flow of matter and of energy in an ecosystem? Why?
Answer:

Flow of matter	Flow of energy
(i) It involves the circulation and recycling of nutrients in a cyclic manner within the biosphere.	(i) It involves the flow of energy from one trophic level to another in a unidirectional or non-cyclic manner.
(ii) There is no dissipation of matter at any level.	(ii) There is the dissipation of energy at every level.
(iii) Biosphere is the source of nutrients.	(iii) The Sun is the most important source of energy.

Class 9 Science Chapter 7 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem Intext Questions and Answers

Can you recall?

7 Energy Flow In An Ecosystem Exercises  Question 1.
What is meant by nitrogen fixation?
Answer:
The process of conversion of Nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites is called Nitrogen fixation.

Energy Flow In An Ecosystem Class 9 Questions And Answers Question 2.
Which microbes bring about the process of nitrogen fixation?
Answer:
Rhizobium present in the root nodules of the leguminous plant bring about the process of nitrogen fixation.

Class 9 Science Chapter 7 Energy Flow In An Ecosystem Question 3.
What is meant by ‘ecosystem’?
Answer:
An ecosystem includes all of the living things like plants, animals and other organisms in a given area, interacting with each other and also with non-living environmental factors like weather, earth, sun, soil, climate and atmosphere.

Energy Flow In An Ecosystem Class 9 Exercise 1Question 4.
Which are different types of ecosystems?
Answer:

Class 9 Science Chapter 7 Energy Flow In An Ecosystem Exercise Question 5.
How do interactions take place between biotic and abiotic factors of an ecosystem?
Answer:

• Abiotic factors include non-living factors such as soil, water etc. and biotic factors include all living organisms.
• Both these abiotic and biotic ecosystems are connected through various bio-geo-chemical cycles.
• These connections/interactions are important for the flow of matter and flow of energy.

Class 9 Science Chapter 7 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem Additional Important Questions and Answers

Choose and write the correct option:

Question 1.
An intricate network of food chains is called
(a) Biosphere
(b) Food web
(c) Energy pyramid
(d) Ecosystem
Answer:
(b) food web

Question 2.
Fungi and other microbes are called
(a) Producers
(b) Consumers
(c) Decomposers
(d) Omnivores
Answer:
(c) decomposers

Question 3.
Oxygen forms of the atmosphere.
(a) 78%
(b) 21%
(c) 10%
(d) 90%
Answer:
(b) 21%

Question 4.
Microbes which do not need oxygen are called
(a) Producers
(b) Aerobes
(c) Anaerobes
(d) Decomposers
Answer:
(c) anaerobes

Question 5.
The pattern of energy exchange in an ecosystem is called a
(a) Food chain
(b) Food web
(c) Pyramid of energy
(d) Trophic levels
Answer:
(c) Pyramid of energy

Question 6.
Carbon atoms are circulated and recycled through
(a) Nitrification and denitrification
(b) Photosynthesis and respiration
(c) Respiration and nitrification
(d) Photosynthesis and ammonification
Answer:
(b) photosynthesis and respiration

Question 7.
Conversion of ammonia into a nitrite and then nitrate is called
(a) Nitrogen fixation
(b) Denitrification
(c) Nitrification
(d) Ammonification
Answer:
(c) nitrification

Question 8.
The conversion of nitrogen compounds into gaseous nitrogen is called
(a) Nitrogen fixation
(b) Denitrification
(c) Ammonification
(d) Nitrification
Answer:
(b) denitrification

Question 9.
is an important component of proteins and nucleic acids.
(a) Carbon
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Phosphorus
(d) Oxygen
Answer:
(b) Nitrogen

Question 10.
Amount of matter and energy from the lowest level to the highest level.
(a) decreases
(b) increases
(c) remains the same
(d) multiplies
Answer:
(a) decreases

Question 11.
is the most important source of energy in any ecosystem.
(a) The Sun
(b) The Moon
(c) Producers
(d) Decomposers
Answer:
(a) The Sun

Question 12.
Flow of energy in an ecosystem is
(a) cyclical
(b) two way transport
(c) o ne way transport
(d) to and fro transport
Answer:
(c) one way transport

Question 13.
The Indian Institute of Ecology and Environment, Delhi, has published
(a) Invasive species in a changing Environment
(b) Encyclopaedia of Ecology and Environment
(c) Environment and Ecology Magazine
(d) Biodiversity and Disaster Management
Answer:
(b) Encyclopaedia of Ecology and Environment

Question 14.
Oxygen is released in the process of
(a) Respiration
(b) Decomposition
(c) Combustion
(d) Photosynthesis
Answer:
(d) photosynthesis

Question 15.
cycle is a gaseous cycle.
(a) Carbon
(b) Phosphorus
(c) Calcium
(d) Iron
Answer:
(a) Carbon

Question 16.
is a sedimentary cycle.
(a) Carbon
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Oxygen
(d) Calcium
Answer:
(d) Calcium

Question 17.
is a primary consumer.
(a) Elephant
(b) Frog
(c) Owl
(d) Tiger
Answer:
(a) Elephant

Question 18.
is a secondary consumer.
(a) Grasshopper
(b) Elephant
(c) Frog
(d) Human
Answer:
(c) Frog

Question 19.
Tiger is a /an
(a) Producer
(b) Primary consumer
(c) Apex consumer
(d) Secondary consumer
Answer:
(c) apex consumer

Question 20.
Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere through
(a) burning of fossil fuels
(b) volcanic activity
(c) respiration
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 21.
in 1942 studied the food chain and energy flow through it
(a) Linderman
(b) Darwin
(c) Calypso
(d) Chu win lee
Answer:
(a) Linderman

Question 22.
fter the death of apex consumers, energy becomes available to.
(a) Decomposers
(b) Producers
(c) Herbivores
(d) Carnivores
Answer:
(a) Decomposers

Question 23.
Green plants of the ecosystem store in the form of food.
(a) Solar energy
(b) Chemical energy
(c) Thermal energy
(d) Electrical energy
Answer:
(a) Solar energy

Question 24.
Plants convert carbon dioxide into by the process of photosynthesis.
(a) Carbohydrates
(b) Proteins
(c) Fats
(d) Vitamins
Answer:
(a) Carbohydrates

Question 25.
Carnivores feed upon
(a) Decomposers
(b) Herbivores
(c) Producers
(d) Secondary producers
Answer:
(b) Herbivores

Question 26.
is used up in the processes like respiration, combustion, decomposition, corrosion, rusting, etc.
(a) Nitrogen
(b) Oxygen
(c) Argon
(d) Helium
Answer:
(b) Oxygen

Question 27.
Nitrogen forms % of the atmosphere.
(a) 79
(b) 78
(c) 21
(d) 2
Answer:
(b) 78

Question 28.
Most organisms cannot use the free form of
(a) Oxygen
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Carbon dioxide
(d) Carbon monoxide
Answer:
(b) Nitrogen

Question 29.
first proposed the concept of Ecological Pyramid in 1927.
(a) Darwin
(b) Newton
(c) Elton
(d) Edison
Answer:
(c) Elton

Question 30.
Ecological Pyramid is called
(a) Hills
(b) Mounts
(c) Eltonian
(d) Darwinism
Answer:
(c) Eltonian

Question 31.
is produced from oxygen through various atmospheric processes.
(a) Nitrogen dioxide
(b) Nitrites
(c) Ozone
(d) CFC
Answer:
(c) Ozone

Question 32.
Interactions between producers, consumers and saprophytes in a definite sequence is called
(a) Links
(b) Internet
(c) Food chain
(d) Connectors
Answer:
(c) Food chain

Question 33.
Many food chains interconnected at various levels is called
(a) Links
(b) Internet
(c) Connectors
(d) Food web
Answer:
(d) Food web

Question 34.
Decomposers dissipate some amount of energy in the form of
(a) Light
(b) Electricity
(c) Sound
(d) Heat
Answer:
(d) Heat

Question 35.
The flow of nutrients in an ecosystem is
(a) Non- cyclic
(b) Mono directional
(c) Reverse directional
(d) Cyclical
Answer:
(d) Cyclical

Question 36.
The cyclical flow of nutrients within an ecosystem is called
(a) Biological cycle
(b) Chemical cycle
(c) Solar cycle
(d) Bio-geo chemical cycle
Answer:
(d) Bio-geo chemical cycle

Question 37.
is an accumulation of the main abiotic gaseous nutrient materials found in the earth’s atmosphere.
(a) Gaseous cycle
(b) Water cycle
(c) Solar cycle
(d) Lunar cycle
Answer:
(a) Gaseous cycle

Question 38.
Oxygen is released into the atmosphere by the process of
(a) Photosynthesis
(b) Respiration
(c) Oxidation
(d) Decomposition
Answer:
(a) Photosynthesis

Question 39.
Charles Elton studied the of the Beer islands in England..
(a) Tundra ecosystem
(b) Mediterranean ecosystem
(c) Equatorial ecosystem
(d) Taiga ecosystem
Answer:
(a) Tundra ecosystem

Question 40.
in 1942 studied the food chain and energy flow through it.
(a) Charles Elton
(b) Lindeman
(c) Robert Whittaker
(d) Eichler
Answer:
(b) Lindeman

Question 41.
After the death of apex consumers, energy becomes available to
(a) Primary consumer
(b) Secondary consumer
(c) Decomposer
(d) Sun
Answer:
(c) Decomposer

Question 42.
Nitrogen forms % of the atmosphere.
(a) 28%
(b) 78%
(c) 48%
(d) 82%
Answer:
(b) 78%

Question 43.
first proposed the concept of the Ecological Pyramid in 1927.
(a) Charles Elton
(b) Lindeman
(c) Eichler
(d) John Muir
Answer:
(a) Charles Elton

Question 44.
Oxygen is released into the atmosphere by the process of
(a) respiration
(b) Photosynthesis
(c) Combustion
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) Photosynthesis

Find the odd man out:

Question 1.
Photosynthesis, Respiration, Decomposition, Forest Fires
Answer:
Forest Fires

Question 2.
Combustion, Corrosion, rusting, formation of ozone, Photosynthesis
Answer:
Photosynthesis

Question 3.
Biological nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, industrial nitrogen fixation
Answer:
Industrial nitrogen fixation

Question 4.
Frog, Owl, Squirrel, Fox
Answer:
Squirrel

Question 5.
Grasshopper, squirrel, elephant, lion
Answer:
Lion

Question 6.
Nitrogen cycle, oxygen cycle, carbon cycle, phosphorus cycle
Answer:
Phosphorus cycle

Question 7.
Photosynthesis, Nitrification, Ammonification, Denitrification
Answer:
Photosynthesis

Find out the correlation:

1. Grasshopper : Primary consumer :: Tiger : ………………..
2. Owl : Secondary consumer :: Squirrel : ………………..
3. Flow of energy : One way :: Flow of nutrients : ………………..
4. Plants : Producers :: Bacteria and Fungi : ………………..
5. Nitrogen : Gaseous cycle :: Phosphorus : ………………..
6. Oxygen : 21% :: Nitrogen : ………………..
7. Photosynthesis: Carbon cycle:: Ammonification : ………………..
8. Respiration : Oxygen cycle :: Nitrification : ………………..
9. Respiration : Biotic process :: Combustion : ………………..
10. Microbes using oxygen : Aerobes :: Microbes not using oxygen : ………………..
Answer:
(1) Apex consumer
(2) Primary consumer
(3) Cyclic
(4) Decomposers
(5) Sedimentary cycle
(6) 78%
(7) Nitrogen cycle
(8) Nitrogen cycle
(9) Abioticprocess
(10) Anaerobes

Q.l. (B) 3. Difference between:
(1) Azotobacter and Rhizobium
Answer:

Azotobacter	Rhizobium
Free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria	Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria

(2) Biotic components and Abiotic component
Answer:

Biotic components	Abiotic component
Living component of an ecosystem	Physical/Chemical non-living components of an ecosystem

(3) Producers and Herbivores
Answer:

Producers	Herbivores
They are present in the 1st trophic level	They are present in the 2nd trophic level

(4) Carnivores and Herbivores
Answer:

Carnivores	Herbivores
They depend on Herbivores for nutrition	They depend on Producers for nutrition

(5) Phosphorus and Carbon
Answer:

Phosphorus	Carbon
It cycles through the Sedimentary cycle	It cycles through the Gaseous cycle

(6) Food chain and Food web
Answer:

Food chain	Food web
Interactions between producers, consumers and decomposers in a definite sequence is called as a food chain.	The interconnection among different food chains in an ecosystem at various levels is called as a food web

State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements:

(1) Herbivores occupy the third trophic level in a food chain.
(2) Apex consumers use herbivores and carnivores as their food.
(3) Humans are apex consumers.
(4) Omnivores feed only on carnivores.
(5) A food chain has two links.
(6) The number of consumers in a food web is fixed.
(7) The amount of matter and energy goes on increasing at every level in a food chain.
(8) Robert Brown first proposed the concept of Ecological Pyramid.
(9) After the death of apex consumers, the energy becomes available to decomposers.
(10) The gaseous cycle is a speedier cycle than the sedimentary cycle.
(11) Climatic changes and human activities seriously affect the speed, intensity and equilibrium of bio-geo-chemical cycles.
(12) Carbon dioxide is released in the atmosphere through photosynthesis.
(13) The equilibrium of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases is maintained by decomposers.
(14) The conversion of ammonia into a nitrite and then nitrate is called nitrogen fixation.
(15) Conversion of nitrogen compounds into gaseous nitrogen is called nitrogen fixation.
(16) Release of ammonia through decomposition of dead plants and excretory wastes of organisms is called ammonification.
(17) The cyclic flow of nutrients within an ecosystem is called Energy Pyramid.
Answer:
(1) False, herbivores occupy the second trophic level in a food chain as they are directly dependent on producers.
(2) True
(3) True
(4) False. Omnivores feed on both herbivores and carnivores.
(5) False. A food chain consists of four, five or more links.
(6) False. A food web can have many consumers.
(7) False. The amount of matter and energy goes on decreasing at every level in a food chain.
(8) False. Charles Elton first proposed the concept of Ecological Pyramid.
(9) True
(10) True
(11) True
(12) False. Carbon dioxide is released in the atmosphere through respiration, burning of fossil fuels and wood, forest fires and volcanic activity. (13) False. The equilibrium of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases is maintained by plants.
(14) False. The conversion of ammonia into a nitrite and then nitrate is called nitrification.
(15) False. Conversion of nitrogen compounds into gaseous nitrogen is called denitrification.
(16) True
(17) False. The cyclic flow of nutrients within an ecosystem is called bio-geochemical cycle.

Name the following:

Question 1.
The animals that feed on herbivores.
Answer:
Carnivores.

Question 2.
Organisms that feed on herbivores and carnivores.
Answer:
Omnivores.

Question 3.
Two examples of primary consumers.
Answer:
Grasshopper, squirrel.

Question 4.
Two examples of secondary consumers.
Answer:
Frog, owl.

Question 5.
Two examples of Apex consumers.
Answer:
Lion, tiger.

Question 6.
Levels in the food chain.
Answer:
Trophic level.

Question 7.
Organisms that decompose the dead bodies of plants and animals.
Answer:
Decomposers.

Question 8.
Process which releases oxygen.
Answer:
Photosynthesis.

Question 9.
Release of ammonia through decomposition of dead bodies and excretory wastes of organisms.
Answer:
Ammonification.

Question 10.
Conversion of nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites through atmospheric, industrial and biological processes.
Answer:
Nitrogen fixation.

One line answers:

Question 1.
What is Food chain?
Answer:
Interactions between producers, consumers and decomposers in a definite sequence is called as a food chain.

Question 2.
What is Food web?
Answer:
The interconnection among different food chains in an ecosystem at various levels is called as a food web.

Question 3.
What is Trophic level?
Answer:
A trophic level is the step at which the organism obtains its food in the chain.

Question 4.
What is Pyramid of energy?
Answer:
The pattern of energy exchange in an ecosystem is called a ‘Pyramid of energy’.

Question 5.
What is Bio-geo-chemical cycle?
Answer:
The cyclical flow of nutrients within an ecosystem is called bio-geo-chemical cycle.

Question 6.
What is Carbon cycle?
Answer:
The circulation and recycling of carbon from the atmosphere to living organisms and aher their death back to the atmosphere is called the carbon cycle.

Question 7.
What is Oxygen cycle?
Answer:
The circulation and recycling of oxygen within the biosphere is called as oxygen cycle.

Question 8.
What is Nitrogen cycle?
Answer:
The circulation and recycling of nitrogen gas into the form of different compounds through various biotic and abiotic processes in nature is called the nitrogen cycle.

Question 9.
What is Nitrogen fixation?
Answer:
The process of conversion of free nitrogen gas of the atmosphere into nitrogen compounds is called of nitrogen fixation.

Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Gaseous Cycle and Sedimentary Cycle.
Answer:

Gaseous Cycle	Sedimentary Cycle
(i)      It is an accumulation of the main abiotic gaseous nutrient materials found in the earth’s atmosphere. (ii)    It includes nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapour etc.	(i)     It is an accumulation of the main abiotic nutrient materials found in the soil, sediment and sedimentary rocks, etc. of the earth. (ii)    It includes soil components like iron, calcium, phosphorus etc.

Question 2.
Carbon Cycle and Nitrogen Cyde.
Answer:

Carbon Cycle	Nitrogen Cycle
(i) The circulation and recycling of carbon from the atmosphere to living organisms and after their death back to the atmosphere is called the carbon cycle.	(i) The circulation and recycling of nitrogen into the form of different compounds through various biotic and abiotic processes in nature is called the nitrogen cycle.
(ii) Main processes involved in the carbon cycle are photosynthesis and respiration.	(ii) Main processes involved in the nitrogen cycle are nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification and denitrification.
(iii) Carbon in the form of carbon dioxide is directly absorbed by plants for photosynthesis.	(iii) Nitrogen gas cannot be directly absorbed by plants. So nitrogen is fixed by the process of nitrogen fixation and then absorbed from the soil.

Complete the flow chart:

Question 1.
Energy Pyramid.

Question 3.
Nitrogen Cycle

Question 4.
Bio-Geo Chemical cycle

Write short notes on:

Question 1.
Trophic level.
Answer:

• Each level in the food chain is called a trophic level.
• A trophic level is the step at which the organism obtains its food in the chain.
• The amount of matter and energy gradually decreases from producers at the lowest level to the top consumers at the highest level.

Question 2.
Food web.
Answer:

• An ecosystem consists of many food chains that are interconnected at various levels. This is called food web.
• An organism may be the prey for many other organisms.
• For example, an insect feeds upon leaves of various plants but the same insect is the prey for different animals like wall lizards, birds etc.
• This forms an intricate web instead of a linear food chain. Such an intricate network is called as food web.
• Generally food webs are formed everywhere in nature.

Question 3.
Energy Pyramid.

Answer:

• Each level in the food chain is called a trophic level.
• The amount of matter and energy gradually decreases from producers at the lowest level to the top consumers at the highest level.
• The initial quantity of energy goes on decreasing at every level of energy exchange.
• Similarly, the number of organisms also decreases from the lowest level to the highest level.
• This pattern of energy exchange in an ecosystem is called a Pyramid of energy.

Explain the following statements

Question 1.
justify the statements
(a) Producers form the first trophic level in the food chain. Herbivores depend directly on producers.
(b) The flow of nutrients in an ecosystem is cyclic.
(c) Plants in an ecosystem are called autotrophs.
Answer:

1. So herbivores form the second trophic level, whereas carnivores depend on herbivores, so they form the third trophic level in the food chain.
2. The nutrients are circulated and recycled from the biosphere to living organisms and after their death back to the biosphere.
3. They produce their own food by the process of photosynthesis. All animals in an ecosystem directly or indirectly depend on plants for food.

Explain the diagram

Question 1.
Food chain in a forest ecosystem:

Answer:

• In a forest ecosystem, grass is eaten by a deer, which in turn is eaten by a tiger.
• The grass, deer and tiger form a food chain.
• In this food chain, energy flows from the grass (producer) to the deer (primary consumer) to the tiger (secondary consumer).

Question 2.
Food chain in an aquatic ecosystem (Pond)

Answer:

• In a aquatic ecosystem algae are eaten by insects.
• Insects are eaten by small fish, small fish are in turn eaten by big fish.
• And the big fish are eaten by fish eating birds.
• In this food chain, energy flows from the algae (producer) to the insects (primary consumers) to the small fish (secondary consumers) to the big fish (tertiary consumer) and to the fish eating birds (apex consumer).

Question 3.
Carbon cycle

Answer:

• The circulation and recycling of carbon from the atmosphere to living organisms and after their death back to the atmosphere is called carbon cycle.
• Main processes involved in carbon cycle are photosynthesis and respiration.
• Carbon in the form of carbon dioxide is directly absorbed by plants for photosynthesis

Question 4.
Nitrogen cycle

Answer:
(i) The circulation and recycling of nitrogen into the form of different compounds through various biotic and abiotic processes in nature is called the nitrogen cycle.
(ii) Main processes involved in nitrogen cycle are nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification and denitrification.
(iii) Nitrogen gas cannot be directly absorbed by plants. So nitrogen is fixed by the process of nitrogen fixation and then absorbed from the soil.

Question 5.
Oxygen cycle

Answer:

1. Oxygen forms 21% of the atmosphere. It is also present in the hydrosphere and lithosphere.
2. Circulation and recycling of oxygen within the biosphere is called the oxygen cycle.
3. This cycle, includes both the biotic and abiotic components.
4. Oxygen is continuously produced as well as used up in the atmosphere.
5. Oxygen is highly reactive and it readily reacts with other elements and compounds.
6. As oxygen is found in various forms like molecular oxygen (O₂), water (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), inorganic compounds etc, the oxygen cycle of the biosphere is extremely complex.
7. Oxygen is released in the process of photosynthesis, whereas it is used up in processes like respiration, combustion, decomposition, corrosion, rusting, etc.

Answers based on figures.

Question 1.
Nitrogen Cycle

Answer:

• Oxygen forms 21% of the atmosphere. It is also present in the hydrosphere and lithosphere.
• The circulation and recycling of oxygen within the biosphere is called the oxygen cycle.
• This cycle, includes both the biotic and abiotic components.
• Oxygen is continuously produced as well as used up in the atmosphere.
• Oxygen is highly reactive and it readily reacts with other elements and compounds.
• As oxygen is found in various forms like molecular oxygen (O₂), water (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), inorganic compounds etc, the oxygen cycle of the biosphere is extremely complex.
• Oxygen is released in the process of photosynthesis, whereas it is used up in processes like respiration, combustion, decomposition, corrosion, rusting, etc.

Answers based on figures.

Question 1.
Nitrogen Cycle

(i) Is nitrogen a reactive gas?
Answer:
Nitrogen in its atmospheric state non-reactive gas

(ii) Name process of nitrogen conversion from atmosphere to green plants.
Answer:
Nitrogen fixation is the process of nitrogen conversion atmosphere to green plants

(iii) Name the process of converting usable nitrogenous products into atmospheric inert nitrogen.
Answer:
Denitrification is the process of converting usable nitrogenous products into atmospheric inert nitrogen

(iv) Animals produce which product of nitrogen?
Answer:
Animals produce ammonia as a product of nitrogen

(v) Name two nitrifying organisms.
Answer:
Azotobacter and Rhizobium are the two nitrifying organisms

(vi) Which type of bio-geo-chemical cycles does nitrogen follow?
Answer:
Nitrogen follows gaseous and sedimentary bio-geo-chemical cycles

Question 2.
Carbon cycle

(i) Is carbon dioxide gas freely available in the atmosphere?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide gas is freely available in the atmosphere

(ii) How is carbon found in water?
Answer:
Carbon is found in water in the form of carbonates

(iii) How are we using carbon as a fuel?
Answer:
Fossil fuels are a form of carbon which are used as fuel by us

(iv) How to plants use carbon as their food source?
Answer:
Plants take up carbon in photosynthesis and convert it into starch which is their food source

(v) How do animals use carbon?
Answer:
Animals use carbon in form of organic compounds and inorganic compounds

(vi) Which type of bio-geo-chemical cycles does carbon follow?
Answer:
Carbon follows gaseous and sedimentary bio-geo-chemical cycles

Question 3.
Oxygen cycle

(i) Is oxygen gas freely available in the atmosphere?
Answer:
Oxygen gas is freely available in the atmosphere

(ii) How is oxygen used by animals?
Answer:
Oxygen is used in respiration by the animals

(iii) How are we using carbon as a fuel?
Answer:
Fossil fuels are a form of carbon which are used as fuel by us

(iv) How to plants use carbon as their food source?
Answer:
Plants take up carbon in photosynthesis and convert it into starch which is their food source

(v) How do animals use carbon?
Answer:
Animals use carbon in form of organic compounds and inorganic compounds

(vi) Which type of bio-geo-chemical cycles does carbon follow?
Answer:
Carbon follows gaseous and sedimentary biogeo-chemical cycles

Question 4.
Food web

(i) What is the basic unit of food web?
Answer:
The basic unit of food web is food chain

(ii) Which organisms are on the 1st level of this food web?
Answer:
Producers are p. the 1st level of this food web

(iii) What are the animals which depend on producers directly for nutrition called?
Answer:
The animals which depend on producers directly for nutrition are called Herbivores

(iv) What are the animals which eat any type of food for nutrition called?
Answer:
The animals which eat any type of food for nutrition are called Omnivore

(v) What will happen if one animal in the food chain goes extinct?
Answer:
If one animal in the food chain goes extinct the entire food chain collapse

(vi) What are the factors badly affecting the food web?
Answer:
Factors like hunting, pollution, deforestation, human-animal conflicts etc. are the factors badly affecting the food web

Complete the paragraph

(1) Elemental oxygen is normally found in the form of a diatomic molecule. However, in the upper reaches of the atmosphere, a molecule containing three atoms of oxygen is found. This would mean a formula of 03 and this is called ozone. Unlike the normal diatomic molecule of oxygen, ozone is poisonous and we are lucky that it is not stable nearer to the Earth’s surface. But it performs an essential function where it is found. It absorbs harmful radiations from the Sun. This prevents those harmful radiations from reaching the surface of the Earth where they may damage many forms of life.

Recently it was discovered that this ozone layer was getting depleted. Various man-made compounds like CFCs (carbon compounds having both fluorine and chlorine) which are very stable and not degraded by any biological process) were found to persist in the atmosphere. Once they reached the ozone layer, they would react with the ozone molecules. This resulted in a reduction of the ozone layer and recently they have discovered a hole in the ozone layer above the Antarctica. It is difficult to imagine the consequences for life on Earth if the ozone layer dwindles further, but many people think that it would be better not to take chances. These people advocate working towards stopping all further damage to the ozone layer.

(2) The utilisation of glucose to provide energy to living things involves the process of respiration in which oxygen may or may not be used to convert glucose back into carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide then goes back into the atmosphere. Another process that adds to the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the process of combustion where fuels are burnt to provide energy for various needs like heating, cooking, transportation and industrial processes.

In fact, the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is said to have doubled since the industrial revolution when human beings started burning fossil fuels on a very large scale. Carbon, like water, is thus cycled repeatedly through different forms by the various physical and biological activities. Heat is trapped by glass, and hence the temperature inside a glass enclosure will be much higher than the surroundings. This phenomenon was used to create an enclosure where tropical plants could be kept warm during the winters in colder climates. Such enclosures are called greenhouses.

Greenhouses have also lent their name to an atmospheric phenomenon. Some gases prevent the escape of heat from the Earth. An increase in the percentage of such gases in the atmosphere would cause the average temperatures to increase worldwide and this is called the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases. An increase in the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere would cause more heat to be retained by the atmosphere and lead to global warming.

(3) Nitrogen gas makes up 78% of our atmosphere and nitrogen is also a part of many molecules essential to life like proteins, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and some vitamins. Nitrogen is found in other biologically important compounds such as alkaloids and urea too. Nitrogen is thus an essential nutrient for all life-forms and life would be simple if all these life-forms could use the atmospheric nitrogen directly. However, other than a few forms of bacteria, life-forms are not able to convert the comparatively inert nitrogen molecule into forms like nitrates and nitrites which can be taken up and used to make the required molecules.

These nitrogen-fixing bacteria may be free-living or be associated with some species of dicot plants. Most commonly, the nitrogenfixing bacteria are found in the roots of legumes (generally the plants which give us pulses) in special structures called root nodules. Other than these bacteria, the only other manner in which the nitrogen molecule is converted to nitrates and nitrites is by a physical process. During lightning, the high temperatures and pressures created in the air convert nitrogen into oxides of nitrogen. These oxides dissolve in water to give nitric and nitrous acids and fall on land along with rain. These are then utilised by various lifeforms.

Read the paragraph and answer the questions:

(1) Nitrogen cycle
The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification, The majority of Earth’s atmosphere (78%) is atmosphere nitrogen, making it the largest source of nitrogen.

However, atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use, leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems. The nitrogen cycle is of particular interest to ecologists because nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes, including primary production and decomposition, Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers, and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically altered the global nitrogen cycle. Human modification of the global nitrogen cycle can negatively affect the natural environment system and also human health.

(i) Why nitrogen cycle is called bio-geochemical cycle?
Answer:
Nitrogen cycle is called bio-geochemical cycle as it undergoes biological as well as geochemical processes.

(ii) Why is nitrogen cycle important to us?
Answer:
Nitrogen cycle is important to us as nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes, including primary production and decomposition.

(iii) Name important process of nitrogen cycle.
Answer:
Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification.

(iv) What can affect the nitrogen cycle negatively?
Answer:
Human modification of the global nitrogen cycle can negatively affect the natural environment system and also human health.

(v) Which human activities change the nitrogen cycle?
Answer:
Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers, and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically altered the global nitrogen cycle.

(2) Food web
A food chain is a linear network of links in a food i web starting from producer organisms (such asgrass or trees which use radiation from the Sun to make their food) and ending at apex predator species (like grizzly bears or killer whales), detritivores (like earthworms or woodlice), ordecomposer species (such as fungi or bacteria), A food chain also shows how the organisms are related with each other by the food they eat. Each level of a food chain represents a different trophiclevel. A food chain differs from a food web, because the complex network of different animal’s feeding relations are aggregated and the chain only follows a direct, linear pathway of one animal at a time.

Natural interconnections between food chains make it a food web. A common metric usedto the quantify food web trophic structure is foodi chain length. In its simplest form, the length of a chain is the number of links between a trophici consumer and the base of the web and the meanchain length of an entire web is the arithmetic average of the lengths of all chains in a food web. The food chain is an energy source diagram. Many food webs have a keystone species. A keystonespecies is a species that has a large impact on thei surrounding environment and can directly affectthe food chain.

If this keystone species dies off it can set the entire food chain off balance. Keystonespecies keep herbivores from depleting all of thei foliage in their environment and preventing ai mass extinction. Food chains were first introduced by the Arab scientist and philosopher Al-Jahiz inthe 10th century and later popularized in a book I published in 1927 by Charles Elton, which also i introduced the food web concept.

(i) What is a food web?
Answer:
Food web is a linear network of links of food chains.

(ii) In a food web which organism are called producers?
Answer:
In a food web which organism which can produce food by photosynthesis are called producers.

(iii) What is the role of keystone species?
Answer:
Keystone species keep herbivores from depleting all of the foliage in their environment and preventing a mass extinction.

(iv) What is a keystone species?
Answer:
A keystone species is a species that has a large impact on the surrounding environment and can directly affect the food chain.

(v) What does each level of food chain represent?
Answer:
Each level of a food chain represents a different trophic level.

(3) Carbon cycle
The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. Carbon is the main component of biological compounds as well as a major component of many minerals such as limestone. Along with the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle, the carbon cycle comprises a sequence of events that are key to make Earth capable of sustaining life. It describes the movement of carbon as it is recycled and reused throughout the biosphere, as well as long-term processes of carbon sequestration to and release from carbon sinks.

The carbon cycle was discovered by Antoine! Lavoisier and Joseph Priestley, and popularised by Humphry Davy. Carbon in the Earth’satmosphere exists in two main forms carbon dioxide and methane. Both of these gases absorb and retain heat in the atmosphere and are partially responsible for the greenhouse effect. Methane produces a larger greenhouse effect per volume as compared to carbon dioxide, but it exists in much lower concentrations and is more short-lived than carbon dioxide, making carbon dioxide the more important greenhouse gas of the two.

Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere primarily through photosynthesis and enters the terrestrial and oceanic biospheres. Carbon dioxide also dissolves directly from the atmosphere into bodies of water (ocean, lakes, etc.), as well as dissolving in precipitation as raindrops fall through the atmosphere. When dissolved in water, carbon dioxide reacts with water molecules and forms carbonic acid, which contributes to ocean acidity. It can then be absorbed by rocks through weathering. It also can acidify other surfaces it touches or be washed into the ocean.

(i) Which gas has greener house effect as compared to CO₂?
Answer:
Methane gas CH₄ has greener house effect as compared to CO₂.

(ii) How does dissolved CO₂ affect oceans?
Answer:
When dissolved in water, carbon dioxide reacts with water molecules and forms carbonic acid, which contributes to ocean acidity.

(iii) Why is carbon cycle called bio-geochemical cycle?
Answer:
The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.

(iv) How is carbon dioxide removed from atmosphere?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere primarily through photosynthesis and enters the terrestrial and oceanic biospheres.

(v) Who discovered the carbon cycle?
Answer:
The carbon cycle was discovered by Antoine Lavoisier and Joseph Priestley.

Answer the questions in detail:

Question 1.
Write the important processes of the nitrogen cycle.
Answer:

• Nitrogen fixation: Conversion of nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites through atmospheric, industrial and biological processes.
• Ammonification: Release of ammonia through decomposition of dead bodies and excretory wastes of organisms.
• Nitrification: Conversion of ammonia into a nitrite and then nitrate.
• Denitrification: Conversion of nitrogen components into gaseous nitrogen.

Make a concept diagram and explain.

Question 1.
Food chain

Answer:
According to the mode of nutrition the organisms are classified into producers, consumers, saprotrophs (saprophytes) and decomposers. Primary consumers are directly dependent on autotrophs (producers), e.g.: Grasshopper, squirrel, elephant) Secondary consumers use herbivores as their food, e.g.: Frog, owl, fox, etc. Apex or top consumers use herbivores and carnivores as their food. No animals feed on top consumers, e.g.: Tiger, lion, etc. Omnivores feed on herbivores and carnivores, e.g.: Humans, bear, etc. A continuous interaction between producers, consumers and decomposers in a definite sequence is called as food chain.

Food chain, in ecology is the sequence of transfers of matter and energy in the form of food from organism to organism. Food chains intertwine locally into a food web because most organisms consume more than one type of animal or plant. Plants, which convert solar energy to food by photosynthesis, are the primary food source. In a predator chain, a plant-eating animal is eaten by a flesh-eating animal. In a parasite chain, a smaller organism consumes part of a larger host and may itself be parasitized by even smaller organisms. In a saprophytic chain, microorganisms live on dead organic matter.

Question 2.
Energy pyramid
Answer:

An energy pyramid is a model that shows the flow of energy from one trophic, or feeding, level to the next in an ecosystem. The model is a diagram that compares the energy used by organisms at each trophic level. The energy in an energy pyramid is measured in units of kilocalories (kcal). Energy pyramids are similar to biomass pyramids, another type of trophic pyramid that models the amount of biomass at each trophic level in an ecosystem, energy flow in ecosystems. The structure of an energy pyramid reflects the trophic structure of an ecosystem.

The pyramid is divided into trophic levels similar to those in a food chain. At the pyramid base are the producers, autotrophic organisms that make their own food from inorganic substances. All of the other organisms in the energy pyramid are consumers. These are heterotrophs, meaning that they get food energy by consuming other organisms. The consumers at each trophic level feed on organisms from the level below and are themselves consumed by organisms at the level above. Primary consumers are organisms that consume producers; thus, most primary consumers are herbivores, though some may be detrivores (organisms that feed on decaying organic matter).

Secondary consumers are carnivores that feed on primary consumers and tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat secondary consumers. In rare instances, an ecosystem may have an additional trophic level composed of quaternary consumers camivores that consume tertiary consumers’ energy pyramid. The shape of an energy pyramid shows that the amount of food energy that enters each trophic level is less than the amount that entered the level below. Approximately 90 percent of the food energy that enters a trophic level is “lost” as heat when it is used by organisms to power the normal activities of life such as breathing and digesting food the remaining 10 percent is stored in the various organisms’ tissues.

It is this latter energy that is available to be passed to the next trophic level. Thus, the higher the trophic level on the pyramid, the lower the amounts of available energy ecosystem energy transfer through an ecosystem. The number of organisms at each level decreases relative to the level below because there is less energy available to support those organisms. The top level of an energy pyramid has the fewest organisms because it has the least amount of energy. Eventually there is not enough energy left to support another trophic level; thus most ecosystems only have four trophic levels.