Bhagya – Page 12 – Maharashtra Board Solutions

Post Mauryan India Question Answer Class 11 History Chapter 9 Maharashtra Board

February 10, 2025February 9, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 9 Post Mauryan India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 11 History Chapter 9 Question Answer Post Mauryan India Maharashtra Board

Class 11 History Chapter 9 Post Mauryan India Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 11 Chapter 9 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write complete sentences.

Question 1.
The last emperor of the Mauryan dynasty was ______________
(a) Ajatshatru
(b) Chandragupta Maurya
(c) Brihadratha
(d) Emperor Ashoka
Answer:
(c) Brihadratha

Question 2.
The Nashik inscription, mentions king ______________ as ‘Trisamudratoyapitavahana’.
(a) Gautamiputra Satakarni
(b) Hala
(c) Yadnashre Satakarni
(d) Simuka
Answer:
(a) Gautamiputra Satakarni

Question 3.
Satavahana King, Hala, compiled ______________
(a) Brihatkatha
(b) Gatha Saptashati
(c) Katantra
(d) Meghadoota
Answer:
(b) Gadha saptashati

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Kalidasa	Malavikagnimitram
(b) Gunadhya	Gatha Saptashati
(c) Sarvavarma	Katantra
(d) Patanjali	Mahabhashya

Answer:
(b) Gunadhya – Brihatkatha

2. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
During the Satavahana period, there was the rise of many trade centers.
Answer:

During the Satavahana period, many industries and trade flourished.
Various shrenis (guilds) emerged during this period.
The trade and industries were controlled with the help of these shrenis. The shrenis also provided loans. Indo-Roman trade also flourished during this period.
Trade centres like Pratishthan (Paithan), Tagar (Ter), Nasik (Nashik), Karhatak (Karhad) during the Satavahana period.

Question 2.
The caste system became rigid during the Satavahana period.
Answer:

The society of Satavahanas was organized into four varnas.
The caste system during this period became deep-rooted.
The intermixture of varnas and castes, the closed nature of different guilds, need of including foreigners in the social structure were some of the reasons why the caste system became rigid.

3 Give your opinion.

Question 1.
Prakrit language was encouraged during the Satavahanas period.
Answer:

Learning and art received royal patronage during the Satavahana period.
Prakrit language and literature flourished during this period.
Hala, the seventeenth king of the Satavahanas compiled ‘Gathasaptashati’.
Gunadhya, a minister in his court wrote a text ‘Brihatkatha’ in Prakrit language named Paishachi.
Thus, the Prakrit language was encouraged during the Satavahanas period.

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Nashik inscription of Gautami Balasri
Answer:

The reign and achievements of Satavahana Emperor Gautamiputra Satakarni can be found in the Nashik inscription of his mother Gautami Balashri.
Gautamiputra Satakarni is mentioned as ‘Shakapahlavyavannisudan’ i.e., destroyer of Shakas, Pallavas, and Greeks,
Satavahanakulayashahpratishthapankar’ i.e., one who reinstalled the success of the Satavahana family and ‘Trisamudratoyapitavahana’ i.e., one whose horses drank the water of the three seas.

Question 2.
Naneghat-ancient trade route in Maharashtra
Answer:

Naneghat is a mountain pass on the ancient trade route in Maharashtra.
This route connects the ancient town of ‘Jirnanagar’ (Junnar) and the Kokan province.
Sopara and Kalyan were the most important trade centers in ancient Maharashtra.
Internal as well as foreign trade was carried on from these towns.
Goods imported from Rome were unloaded at Sopara and from there it was carried over to Paithan and Kolhapur.

Question 3.
Gatha Saptashati
Answer:

Hala compiled several poems in Prakrit. He selected 700 verses and compiled them and named them ‘Gaha Sattasai’ (Gatha Saptashati).
This was the first text compared in the Maharashtri Prakrit language.
The subject of these poems portrays human nature and transaction.
Various religious observance, ethical norms, and contemporary festivals are described in it. Gathasaptasati reflects the social life in Maharashtra of the Satavahana period.

5. Write information about the Satavahana dynasty with the help of given points.

Question 1.
(a) Rise and expansion
(b) Administrative system
(c) Trade and industries
(d) Literature and art
Answer:
(a) Rise and expansion: After the disintegration of the Mauryan Empire, many new powers arose. Among them, the Satavahanas are mentioned as the earliest ruling dynasty in Maharashtra. The Satavahanas ruled over a vast region of Maharashtra, Andhra, and Karnataka. Parithan. Maharashtra was the capital of the Satavahanas. The mention of Puranas the Andhras or Andhrabhrutyas’ Probably these terms refer to the Satavahanas. Simuka was the first Satavahana king to be mentioned in the Naneghat inscription.

The most important king of this dynasty was Shri Satakarni, Hala, Gautamiputra Satakarni and Yajna Satakarni. Gautamiputra Satakarni conquered the Shakas and also Central India and the entire regions of Dakshinapatha. He also established his dominance over the Republic states in Central India and Rajasthan. Gautamiputra proved his strength by gaining victory over Nahapana. The Satavahana rule became weak due to the constant struggle between Shakas and Satavahanas.

(b) Administrative system: The state was divided into small provinces. Every province was under civil and military officials. Civil officials such as ‘Amatya’ ‘Mahabhoj’ and military officials such as ‘Mahasenapati’ and ‘Maharathi’ were appointed. Grama (village) was the smallest unit of administration. Grama was a source of revenue and also for the recruitment of soldiers during war-like situations. Grama was an integral part of the central machinery.

(c) Trade and industries: Agriculture was the main source of income. Along with it many industries and trade flourished. Various Shrenis (Guilds) also emerged during this period. The trade and industries were controlled with the help of these shrenis. Indo-Roman trade also flourished during the Satavahana period. Trade centers like Pratishthan (Paithan), Tagar (Ter), Nasik (Nashik), Karhatak (Karhad) developed during this period. Cotton cloth, muslin, and sackcloth, and other merchandise were the terms of trade. Kalyan, Sopara, Bhadoch were important trade centers.

(d) Literature and art: Learning and art received royal patronage. Prakrit language and literature flourished. Hala compiled ‘Gathasaptashati’. Gunadhya, a minister wrote Brihatkatha in a Prakrit language called Paishachi. Sarvavarma wrote a treatise on Sanskrit grammar named ‘ Katantra’. A new native Indian style emerged in this period. The four gateways (Toranas) of the Sanchi Stupa No.1 built during this period are excellent examples of this style. Many incidents from the life of Gautama Buddha are carved on these gateways. A number of rock-cut caves at Bhaje, Nashik, Karle, etc., belong to this period. Especially the Chaitya at Karle, its magnificent facade entrance and sculptural are the finest examples of the sculptural art of this period.

Activity

Collect information about historical remains in your surrounding area and prepare an information booklet based on the gathered information.
Answer:
Prepare a booklet based on the information gathered on the historical remains.

11th Std History Questions And Answers:

India During Mauryan Period Question Answer Class 11 History Chapter 8 Maharashtra Board

February 10, 2025February 9, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 8 India During Mauryan Period Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 11 History Chapter 8 Question Answer India During Mauryan Period Maharashtra Board

Class 11 History Chapter 8 India During Mauryan Period Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 11 Chapter 8 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
The first well-known king of the Haryank dynasty is _____________
(a) Chandragupta Maurya
(b) Bimbisara
(c) Ajatashatru
(d) Mahapadma
Answer:
(b) Bimbisara

Question 2.
The Nanda dynasty was established by _____________
(a) Dhanananda
(b) Shishunaga
(c) Mahapadma Nanda
(d) Emperor Ashoka
Answer:
(c) Mahapadma Nanda

Question 3.
The great drama in Sankrit literature, Swapnavasavadatta, was written by _____________
(a) Kautilya
(b) Bharat
(c) Kalidasa
(d) Bhasa
Answer:
(d) Bhasa

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Built the foundation of the Magadha Empire	Bimbisara
(b) Brought an end to Nanda rule	Chandragupta Maurya
(c) Chinese traveller who visited India during the period of Chandragupta Maurya	Megasthenes
(d) Changed his mind due to the destruction in Kalinga was	Emperor Ashoka

Answer:
(b) Greek ambassador who visited India during the period of Chandragupta Maurya – Megasthenes

2. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Emperor Ashoka erected many pillars.
Reason _____________
(a) Spread of art
(b) Spread of ‘Dhamma’
(c) Growth of trade
(d) For recognition of his work
Answer:
(a) Spread of art

3. Explain the following Statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Ashoka’s victory at Kalinga proved to be a turning point in history as well as the life of Ashoka.
Answer:

There was a great loss of human life in this (Kalinga)war. Ashoka became victorious.
The destruction caused due to the Kalinga war brought about a great change in the mind of Ashoka.
His mind got diverted towards the non-violent, peaceful Buddhist religion.
The desire of Digvijaya was replaced by Dharma Vijaya (Dhamma Vijaya).
His career proved to be important because of the religious ideals propagated by him and the creation of a mechanism to until it in people’s life.

Question 2.
The war between Chandragupta and the Greek King Seleucus was very important.
Answer:

Chandragupta Maurya defeated the Nandas and established the Mauryan dynasty.
In the text of Mahavamsa, Chandragupta is referred to as ‘the emperor of Jambudvipa i.e. emperor of Bharatvarsh’.
The Mauryas created a huge empire by conquering the big and small states in the northwest, north, and southern regions.
As a consequence, the boundaries of the Mauryan Empire extended to the Hindukush in the northwest.
The Mauryan Empire extended from Hindukush to the Bay of Bengal in the east and Gujarat in the west, as well as the Himalayas in the north to the Krishna river in the south.
Thus, the war between Chandragupta and the Greek King Seleucus was very important.

Question 3.
The Mauryan administration acquired a definite form.
Answer:

Chandragupta Maurya was a valiant king and an efficient administrator.
He set up a defined mechanism of state administration which suited the economic conditions and the needs of the Maurya empire.
The Mauryan emperors created a unified empire.
At the same time, they devised a decentralized administrative system for the efficient functioning of the empire.

4. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Chandragupta Maurya is the first Chakravarti emperor in the history of India.
Answer:

The concept of ‘Chakravarti’ occurs in the literature on ancient Indian polity.
The sovereign ruler whose chariot could roll in all four directions without any obstruction was known as Chakravarti.
It was expected that his rule should be ethical and for the welfare of the state.
During his tenure, the wheel of ‘Ruta’ remains intact. His rule is on an extended territory.
Thus, Chandragupta Maurya was the first Chakravarti Emperor.

Question 2.
The rock edicts of Ashoka are an important source of history.
Answer:

The rock edicts and pillar inscriptions are found in many places in the regions of Afghanistan, Nepal, and India.
These rock edicts and pillar inscriptions give information about the boundaries of the Mauryan empire.
Ashoka’s effects to spreads Buddhist ideals and the written evidence of the spread of Buddhism and Indian culture in distant countries through the Buddhist monks sent by Ashoka occurs in these inscriptions.
Thus, the rock edicts of Ashoka are an important source of history.

Question 3.
Various trade guilds developed during the Mauryan period.
Answer:

During the Mauryan period, there was an increase in revenue due to a well-organized taxation system.
Several industries and professions flourished during this period.
As a result of this these professions were organised into trade guilds, for e.g., there were guilds of carpenters, weavers, farmers, etc.
Thus, Various trade guilds developed during the Mauryan period.

5. Observe the map/picture on page 58 of your textbook and answer the questions based on it.

Maharashtra Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 8 India During Mauryan Period 3

Question 1.
Regions included in Ashoka’s Empire.
Answer:
Regions of Afghanistan, Nepal, and India are included in Ashoka’s Empire.

Question 2.
Locations of Ashoka’s rock and pillar edicts.
Answer:
Ashoka’s rock edicts are found in locations such as Mansehra, Taxila, Kalsi, Toshali, Maski, Kupaga, Brahmagiri, Siddhapur, Sopara, Girnar, Kasi, Rupnath, Bairat.
Ashoka’s pillar edicts are found in locations such as Topra, Meerut, Nigliva, Rummindei, Lauruja Nandangarh, Saurya, Araraj, Ramparva, Sanchi, Sannati.

Activity

Collect information about the stupas during the period of Ashoka.
Answer:
In the Mauryan Period, mainly in the period of Ashoka numerous stupas were built and scattered all over the country. The stupas of solid domes were constructed of brick or stone of different sizes. The Ashoka stupas were constructed to celebrate the achievements of the Gautam Buddha. It is said that 84,000 stupas were built all over the country. One example of a stupa constructed by Ashoka is that of Sanchi Stupa.

11th Std History Questions And Answers:

India and Iran (Persia) Question Answer Class 11 History Chapter 7 Maharashtra Board

February 10, 2025February 9, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 7 India and Iran (Persia) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 11 History Chapter 7 Question Answer India and Iran (Persia) Maharashtra Board

Class 11 History Chapter 7 India and Iran (Persia) Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 11 Chapter 7 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
The Greek historian ___________ is said to be the father of modern historiography.
(a) Herodotus
(b) Alexander
(c) Scylax
(d) Daryush
Answer:
(a) Herodotus

Question 2.
Taxila was ruled by King ___________ at the time of Alexander’s advent.
(a) Chandragupta
(b) Ambhi
(c) Porus
(d) Shashigupta
Answer:
(b) Ambhi

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Persopolis	City built by Daryush-I
(b) Halicarnassus	Herodotus was born here
(c) Taxila	Centre of knowledge and education
(d) Nysa	Persian settlement

Answer:
(d) Nysa – Greek settlement

1C. Write the names.

Question 1.
Last emperor of Achaemenid Empire-
Answer:
Daryush – III

Question 2.
Name of coins issued by Daryush-I
Answer:
Darik and Siglos

2. Explain the statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Alexander invaded Persia.
Answer:

The Persians invaded Greece but were defeated. Thereafter the conflict between the Achaemenids and Greeks continued over a prolonged time.
An impact of this conflict was to manifest in the way of the invasion of Persia by Alexander III, the King of Macedonia.
Thus, Alexander invaded Persia.

Question 2.
Alexanders’ invasion of India did not have a far-reaching impact on the political scenario of India.
Answer:

Alexander invaded India and conquered some kingdoms from Afghanistan to Sindh-Punjab. He could not however establish his rule for a long time.
After his confrontation with Porus, Alexander proceeded in the direction of Chenab and Ravi.
He conquered the kingdoms on the way and reached the bank of Beas. Alexander’s soldiers had lost spirit and they refused to march forward.
Before setting on the return journey. Alexander handed over the regions in Punjab to Porus and those in Sindh to Ambhi.
He appointed Greek satraps and in 325 B.C.E.
Alexander died in Babylon. After his death, Chandragupta Maurya established his vast empire from Bihar to Afghanistan.

3. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Herodotus is said to be the father of modern history writing.
Answer:

Herodotus was the first historian who collected information-seeking answers to a particular question and then put it in chronological order. While doing this he did not bring in notions like a god, human destiny, etc.
Putting historical events in a chronological sequence became an essential theme of history writing.
This theme proved to be fundamental in the development of history writing as an independent discipline.
Therefore, Herodotus is said to be the father of historiography.

Question 2.
Ancient Taxila was the center of knowledge and education.
Answer:

Buddhist literature and writings of the Greek historians give information about Taxila.
There were several learned individuals (Acharyas) staying in Taxila.
Many students from various regions of the Indian subcontinent were attracted to Taxila because of the fame of the acharyas.
Thus, Taxila had become a great center of education.
Thereby it had assumed the magnitude of a natural university.

4. Answers the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Describe the political and cultural effects of the Achaemenid rule on India.
Answer:

The Persian supremacy prevailed in the Indian subcontinent for at least two centuries.
The Persian rulers set up an administrative system.
Every conquered region was annexed to their territory as a satrapy and a satrap (governor) was appointed as its chief administrator.
A newly opened waterway for the transport between Persia and the Indian subcontinent facilitated trade between Achaemenid provinces in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent and the regions of Sindh-Punjab.
The ivory and teak exported from India had great demand in the Persian markets. The architects, sculptors, and other artisans lost the royal patronage so they had to move out in search of work. They migrated to India.
They received royal patronage in the court of emperor Ashoka. Their style is reflected in the stone pillars erected by Emperor Ashoka.
Thus, the sculptural art in ancient India has its roots in the Persian; and accordingly, in the Greek sculptural style.

Question 2.
Describe Alexander’s invasion of India.
Answer:

Alexander invaded the Indian subcontinent and conquered some kingdoms from Afghanistan to Sindh-Punjab.
He, however, could not establish his rule there for a long time.
Alexander became the king of Macedonia in 334 B.C.E. He defeated emperor Daryush III in 331 B.C.E.
After conquering the region of Kabul, he reached the foothills of the Hindukush mountains.
Then he camped at a place called Nicaea situated on Uttarapatha. Ambhi welcomed Alexander and sought friendship with him.
Alexander conquered almost all kingdoms in Kabul, Sindh, and Punjab.
On the bank of Jhelum, Alexander and King Porus confronted each other and there was a fierce battle between them.
Porus was defeated but Alexander and his army were greatly influenced by his valour.
Alexander’s soldiers had lost spirit due to the frequent battles and refused to march forward. Alexander was forced to return.
Before returning, Alexander handed over the regions in Punjab.

Activity

Collect additional information about the palace at Persepolis and Apadana at Susa with the help of the internet.
Answer:

Persepolis was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire.
Earliest evidence shows that the earliest remains of Persepolis date back to 515 BC.
Apadana at Susa.
Apadana is a large hypostyle hall. The palace complex in Susa, Iran, the capital of the Achaemenid Empire.
The construction was parallel to that of Persepolis. This palace was built during the reign of Darius I, the Great.

11th Std History Questions And Answers:

Second Urbanisation in India Question Answer Class 11 History Chapter 6 Maharashtra Board

February 10, 2025February 9, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 6 Second Urbanisation in India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 11 History Chapter 6 Question Answer Second Urbanisation in India Maharashtra Board

Class 11 History Chapter 6 Second Urbanisation in India Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 11 Chapter 6 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
Ashmaka is the name in ____________ language.
(a) Pali
(b) Sanskrit
(c) Ardhamagadhi
(d) Prakrit
Answer:
(b) Sanskrit

Question 2.
The capital of Kashi Mahajanapadas was ____________
(a) Gorakhpur
(b) Chandranagar
(c) Raj agriha
(d) Varanasi
Answer:
(d) Varanasi

Question 3.
Gautam Buddha was born in ____________
(a) Kushinagara
(b) Sarnath
(c) Lumbini
(d) Pataliputra
Answer:
(c) Lumbini

Question 4.
The river ____________ was the natural boundary between Uttara Panchala and Dakshina Panchala.
(a) Yamuna
(b) Bhagirathi
(c) Ganga
(d) Niranjana
Answer:
(b) Bhagirathi

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Kosala	Shravasti
(b) Anga	Champa
(c) Matsya	Mathura
(d) Gandhara	Taxila

Answer:
(c) Matsya – Virat Nagar

2. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Gautam Buddha travelled continuously for 45 years ____________
(a) in search of a Guru
(b) to practice austerities
(c) to preach dhamma
(d) to attain enlightenment
Answer:
(c) to preach dhamma

3. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 6 Second Urbanisation in India 3 Q1
Answer:

4. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The rise of Mahajanpadas came into being.
Answer:

By 600 B.C.E. sixteen Mahajanapadas were established in India, from the northwest region to Magadha.
Conquering other janapadas and annexing their territory permanently to one’s own, became a regular practice in the times of Mahajanapadas.
Ultimately, this conflict resulted in the creation of a large empire like Magadha.
Ancient India once again witnessed the rise of cities.

Question 2.
The process of second urbanisation began in ancient India.
Answer:

The Janapadas with definite geographic borders and administrative systems were established roughly around 1000 B.C.E.
It resulted in the creation of sixteen Mahajanapadas from Afghanistan stretching to the banks of the Godavari in the south.
The capital cities of the mahajanapadas and some other cities, which flourished because of prospering trade once again brought the age of urbanisation in India.
It is known as the ‘Second Urbanisation’.
By the 6th century B.C.E. these and a few other cities had become very prosperous.
Thus, the process of second urbanisation began in ancient India.

Question 3.
Vardhamana Mahavira and Gautama Buddha attracted a large number of followers.
Answer:

Among the various stream of thought that arose in the 6th B.C.E, a large number of people were attracted to the teaching of Vardhamana Mahavira and Gautama Buddha.
Their teachings showed the way to overcome the disparity in the society resulted from the Varna and caste system.
At the age of 42, Vardhamana Mahavira attained absolute knowledge (Keval Dnyana).
Thereafter, people started addressing him as ‘Kevali’, ‘Jina’ and ‘Mahavira’.
While Buddha attained enlightenment at the age of 35. After that, he was known as ‘Buddha’, ‘Tathagata’ and also as ‘Shakyamuni’.

5. Explain the following concepts.

Question 1.
Nastik Darshan
Answer:

Nastik Darshan refers to the Jain and the Buddhist schools of thought.
In other words, both, the Jain and the Buddhist schools of thought are considered as the ‘nastik’
Both refuse to accept the authority of the Vedas and the Vedic rituals.
Both the schools had followers in large numbers from all strata of the society.

Question 2.
The eightfold path was preached by Gautama Buddha.
Answer:
Gautama Buddha explained the eightfold path by including:

Samyak Drishti (To understand and accept that nothing happens against the rules of nature)
Samyak Sankalp (Right determination)
Samyak Vacha (Right speech)
Samyak Karmanta (Right behaviour)
Samyak Aajiva (Livelihood by right means)
Samyak Vyayam (Conscious avoidance of offensive things)
Samyak Smriti (Watchfulness and memory of right things)
Samyak Samadhi (Establishing the mind firmly in equanimity; a state beyond pleasure and sorrow)

6. Describe the administrative system of the Mahajanapadas with the help of the following points.

Question 1.
(a) Terms showing types of states
(b) King’s installation
(c) Authority of the king
(d) Decision-making
Answer:
(a) Terms showing types of states: Rajya, Swarajya, Bhavjya, Vairajya, Maharajya, Samrajya, and Prameshthya were the different types of states that existed during the 6th B.C.E.

(b) King’s installation: A ‘Raja’ was expected to be a ‘Kshtriya’ and according to the existing norms, a Brahmin was expected to refrain from accepting the position of a Raja. The position of Raja was generally hereditary. However, at times, a king was elected by the people.

(c) Authority of the king: The coronation of a king gave him absolute authority over his subjects. He was the one to decide the amount of taxes to be collected from them. He was the ultimate lord of all the land in his kingdom and so he could donate any portion of that land according to his wish. Nevertheless, his power was not totally unrestricted.

(d) Decision-making: The king made his decisions by seeking advice from his officials such as Purohita, Senani, Amatya, Gramani, etc. Besides, there was an assembly of people of all classes. When it assembled everybody present could participate in the decision-making process. There were times when people’s assemblies made a king steps down from the throne.

Activity 1.

Collect and compile the information about Jain Tirthankaras.
Answer:
A “Tirthankara” is a saviour and spiritual teacher of the Jain dharma. Tirthankara in Sanskrit means ‘Ford-maker’ and is also known as “Jina” or “Victor”.
A Tirthankara is a rare individual who has conquered samsara, the cycle of death and rebirth
There were 24 Tirthankaras in Jainism. They are as follows:

Lord Rishabhdev
Lord Ajitnath
Lord Sambhavnath
Lord Abhinandananath
Lord Sumatinath
Lord Padmaprabh
Lord Suparshvanath
Lord Chandraprabh
Lord Suvidhinath Swami or Puspadanta
Lord Sheetalnath
Lord Shreyansnath
Lord Vasupujya
Lord Vimalnath
Lord Anantnath
Lord Dharmnath
Lord Shantinath
Lord Kunthunath
Lord Aranath
Lord Mallinath
Lord Munisuvrat
Lord Naminath
Lord Neminath
Lord Parshvanath
Lord Mahavir

Activity 2.

Collect information about Jataka stories. Select any of the Jataka stories and present, them as a stage play.
Answer:
Students have to do it on their own.

11th Std History Questions And Answers:

Janapadas and Republics Question Answer Class 11 History Chapter 5 Maharashtra Board

February 10, 2025February 9, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 5 Janapadas and Republics Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 11 History Chapter 5 Question Answer Janapadas and Republics Maharashtra Board

Class 11 History Chapter 5 Janapadas and Republics Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 11 Chapter 5 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
A region occupied by the ‘janas’ was called as __________
(a) Ganarajya
(b) Janapada
(c) Mahajanapada
(d) Gotra
Answer:
(b) Janapada

Question 2.
The principal functionary of a Ganasangha was known as __________
(a) Senapati
(b) Bhandagarika
(c) Raja
(d) Uparaja
Answer:
(c) Raja

Question 3.
The author of the ‘Ashtadhyayi’ which mentions ‘Janapadin’ was __________
(a) Kautilya
(b) Panini
(c) Chanakya
(d) Vyas
Answer:
(b) Panini

Question 4.
The sense of territoriality and the ensuing awareness __________ were the main factors responsible for the formation of ancient Janapadas in India.
(a) of unity
(b) of authority
(c) of autonomy
(d) of public authority
Answer:
(c) of autonomy

1B. Find the incorrect pairs from set ‘B’ and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Praachya	of the east
(b) Praatichya	of the west
(c) Udichya	of the north
(d) Aparanta	the region to the north of Vindhya ranges

Answer:
(d) Aparanta – the region to the south of Vindhya ranges

2. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The Ganasangha of the Youdhey, Malav, Kshudraka were mentioned as Ayudhajivi. Because-
(a) it was in the northeast region of the Indian Subcontinent.
(b) these people were skilled warriors and warfare was the means of their livelihood.
(c) they were skilled in trade and commerce.
(d) these were the ganasanghas dependent on agriculture and animal husbandry.
Answer:
(b) these people were skilled warriors and warfare was the means of their livelihood.

3. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 5 Janapadas and Republics 3 Q1
Answer:

4. Explain the concepts with examples.

Question 1.
Ganarajya and Sangharajya
Answer:

‘Gana’ means the ruling class comprising members of equal social status.
Similarly, ‘sangha’ means a state formed by many kulas or janapadas by coming together.
By the 6th century B.C.E. many sangharajyas had come into existence.
There were three main types of the ancient federation of states in India:
Ganarajya of the members of the same kula. For example, Malava and Shibi.
Ganarajya was created by more than one kulas coming together. For example, Vajji Ganasangha. It included eight kulas. Vajji, Lichchhavi, Dnyatruk, and Videha were the important ganas among them.
More than one ganrajyas coming together to create a sangharajya. For example, Yaudheya- Kshudrak Sangh.

Question 2.
Vartashastarpajivi Ganasnagh
Answer:

Ancient Indian literature mentions two more types of ganasanghas.
‘Ayudhjivi’ sangh and ‘Varta-Shastropajivi’ sangh.
‘Varta’ means trade and commerce.
The people in the Varta-Shastropajivi ganasanghas lived by trade and commerce, agriculture and animal husbandry, as well as their skills in warfare.
People in the Kamboj and Saurashtra ganasanghas earned their livelihood by these means.

Question 3.
‘Jana’ and ‘Janapada’
Answer:

Vedic people used the term Jana to designate a group of people, united under a common bond of singular kinship structure.
Their settlement was known as ‘Grama’.
A cluster of gramas consisting of the same Jana was known by the name of that particular Jana.
A region occupied by a Janas was called Janapada.
Gradually the Janapadas had more formal administrative structures transforming them into independent states.
These were the first well-established states of ancient India.
However, this does not necessarily mean that every Janapada evolved into an independent state.

5. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Describe the democratic and oligarchic states in ancient India.
Answer:
Democratic States:

Some of the ganasanghas were divided into regional zones called ‘Khanda’.
They functioned through a group of elected individuals, who were found capable.
Each of the elected members represented his respective khanda.
These elected members were installed with collective authority for the smooth running of the ganasangha.
This was a democratic system. Ganasanghas which functioned in this democratic way existed in Punjab and Sindh at the time of Alexander’s invasion.
Each elective representative of the respective regional zone was designated as ‘Ganamukhya’.
Every ganamukhya was a member of the assembly known as ‘ganaparishada’.
The decisions made by the ganaparishada were implemented by designated functionaries of various cadres.
He was known as the ‘Adhyaksha’ or ‘Raja’.

Oligarchic States:

In this type the elite class in the society held all the powers of decision-making and administration,
Panini and Kautilya mention them as ‘Rajshabdopajivi’ Sangh.
Panini includes Vajji, Andhaka, Vrishni, Yaudheya in the Rajashabdopjivi type.
Kautilya includes the Vrijji or Vajji, Madrak, Kuru, Panchala, etc. in this type.
This type of ganasanghas was more prevalent in the eastern region of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

Activity

Present an act in the class based on the simulation of the administrative system of an oligarchic state.
Answer:
Students have to make the presentation in class.

11th Std History Questions And Answers:

Vedic Period Question Answer Class 11 History Chapter 4 Maharashtra Board

February 10, 2025February 9, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 4 Vedic Period Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 11 History Chapter 4 Question Answer Vedic Period Maharashtra Board

Class 11 History Chapter 4 Vedic Period Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 11 Chapter 4 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
The importance of agriculture is clearly emphasised in the ______________ mandala of the Rigveda.
(a) 4th
(b) 10th
(c) 8th
(d) 6th
Answer:
(b) 10th

Question 2.
A potter is mentioned as an artisan in the ______________ for the first time.
(a) Rigveda
(b) Yajurveda
(c) Samaveda
(d) Atharvaveda
Answer:
(b) Yajurveda

Question 3.
The god who protected the animals was known as ______________
(a) Indra
(b) Pushan
(c) Ashwin
(d) Varun
Answer:
(b) Pushan

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set ‘B’ and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Nishka	Gold ornament
(b) Barley	Maincrop of the Vedic people
(c) Krishtya	The apparatus of drawing water from the well
(d) Navya	River transport

Answer:
(c) Krishtya – Tribal settlements

1C. Write the names.

Question 1.
A branch of linguistics.
Answer:
Philology

Question 2.
A battle was fought among the ten tribal chiefs.
Answer:
Dasharajnya Yuddha

Question 3.
Cultivable land prepared by ploughing.
Answer:
Urvara

2. Complete the concept map given below:

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 4 Vedic Period 2 Q1
Answer:

3. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Panis were looked upon as enemies by the Vedic people because-
(a) they belonged to a different tribe.
(b) their language was impure.
(c) Panis used to steal the cattle of the Vedic people.
(d) Panis did not obey the orders of the Vedic people.
Answer:
(c) Panis used to steal the cattle of the Vedic people.

4. State your opinion.

Question 1.
There is a debate about the original home of the Aryans.
Answer:

The debate began in the 16th Century. Till then the concept of the ‘Aryans’ was not known.
The European academics became aware of the similarities between Sanskrit and Latin-Greek languages.
This resulted in the notion of the Indo-European language family which gave momentum to the search for a Mother language from which developed the Indo-European languages.

Question 2.
The Rigvedic people subsisted on agriculture.
Answer:

The Rigvedic tribal settlements have been mentioned as ‘Krishtya’ in the Rigveda. ‘Krish’ means ploughing.
Hence the people who ploughed and also their settlements were mentioned as ‘Krishtya’.
The importance of agriculture is clearly emphasised in the 10th mandala of Rigveda.
It states that for the farmer his ploughshare is the means of obtaining.

5. Explain the following concepts.

Question 1.
Origin of Aryan people.
Answer:

There are multiple unanswered questions, such as, who were the Aryans, did they arrive in India from a distant place or were they natives of India, which are the archaeological sites where the remains of their culture are found, how to identify those remains, etc.
Most of the information about their culture is derived from Vedic literature. There are various v opinions about the chronology of the Vedic culture.
However, there is a general agreement that the Vedic people composed Rigveda in India around 1500 B.C.E.
However, Lokmanya Tilak calculated this date as 6000 B.C.E. on the basis of astronomical events.
He was also of the opinion that the original home of the Aryans was in the Arctic region.
This debate began in the 16th century. Till then the concept of the ‘Aryans’ was not known.

Question 2.
Indo-European family of languages.
Answer:

In the year 1583, an Italian merchant by the name of Filippo Sassetti came to Kochi (Cochin) the port city in Kerala.
He never returned to his motherland. He stayed in Kerala and Goa. During his stay, he wrote detailed letters to his family members about Indian life, language and culture. He happens to be the first European who wrote about his observations of Indian society.
He also studied Sanskrit. He was the first one who observed the similarities between Sanskrit and Latin.
His observations could be said to be the first, to give impetus to the notion of a family of Indo-European languages.

11th Std History Questions And Answers:

Chalcolithic Villages in India Question Answer Class 11 History Chapter 3 Maharashtra Board

February 10, 2025February 9, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 3 Chalcolithic Villages in India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 11 History Chapter 3 Question Answer Chalcolithic Villages in India Maharashtra Board

Class 11 History Chapter 3 Chalcolithic Villages in India Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 11 Chapter 3 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
On one of the cemetery H pots, dead humans are seen carried by ____________ in their stomach.
(a) deer
(b) peacock
(c) fish
(d) bull
Answer:
(b) peacock

Question 2.
The archaeological evidence shows that Balathal was a center of mass production of ____________
(a) stone pots
(b) copper pots
(c) earthen pots
(d) glassware
Answer:
(c) earthen pots

Question 3.
Permanent villages of farmers were first established in Maharashtra by ____________ people.
(a) Savalda
(b) Malwa
(c) Harappa
(d) Kayatha
Answer:
(b) Malwa

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set ‘B’ and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘A’
1. Savalda Culture	Daimadabad
2. Malwa Culture	Navadatoli
3. Ahar Culture	Sonpur
4. Jorwe Culture	Inamgaon

Answer:
3. Ahar Culture – Balathal

2A. Explain the statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Harappan people had to migrate.
Answer:

When the Mature (urban) Harappan civilisation collapsed completely, the people of Late Harappan cultures who had settled on the ruins of Mature Harappan cities had to migrate elsewhere.
The urban Harappans and the Late Harappans dispersed. Wherever these people reached, new rural cultures came into being.
Thus, as the Harappan civilisation collapsed, Harappan people had to migrate.

Question 2.
People of ‘Malwa’ culture were the first farmers of Maharashtra.
Answer:

The people of Malwa culture reached Maharashtra around 1600 B.C.E. Permanent villages of farmers were first established in Maharashtra by the Malwa people.
After arriving in Maharashtra, they came into contact with the neolithic people in Karnataka.
It resulted in a few changes in the pot-making technology of Malwa people as far as shapes of the pots and designs are concerned.
Thus, they were considered the first farmers of Maharashtra as they were the first to establish in Maharashtra.

3. State your opinion.

Question 1.
It seems that the Harappan people had gone as far as Bihar.
Answer:

Chalcolithic sites have been discovered in Bihar, Bengal, Odisha, and Madhya Pradesh.
The excavations at sites like Chirand, Sonpur, etc. yielded earthen pots of black-and-red ware.
The shapes of these pots are similar to those of Harappan culture.
Thus, it seems that the Harappan people had gone as far as Bihar, and the local cultures were influenced by them.

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Banas Culture
Answer:

The chalcolithic culture in India generally belongs to, the Post-Harappan period.
However, the ‘Ahar’ or ‘Banas’ culture in the Mewad region of Rajasthan was contemporary to the Harappan civilisation.
Balathal and Gilund are important sites of Ahar culture.
It was first discovered at Ahar near Udaipur, so it was named as ‘Ahar’ culture.
Ahar is a tributary of the river Banas, so it is also known as ‘Banas culture’.

Question 2.
Malwa Culture
Answer:

The name ‘Malwa’ tells us that this culture originated and spread first in the Malwa region.
It flourished in Madhya Pradesh during 1800 B.C.E. – 1200 B.C.E. Navadatoli, situated on the bank of Narmada is an important site of Malwa culture.
The people of Malwa culture reached Maharashtra around 1600 B.C.E.
Permanent villages of farmers were first established in Maharashtra by the Malwa people. They were the first farmers of Maharashtra.

Question 3.
Kayatha Culture
Answer:

Kayatha is a chalcolithic site situated on the banks of the river known as Chhoti Kali Sindh at a distance of 25 km from Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh.
Kayatha culture was contemporary to the Harappan civilisation.
The Kayatha people followed agriculture and animal husbandry.
They mainly used handmade pots and microliths.

5. Write about the chalcolithic cultures in Gujarat with the help of the given points.

Question 1.
(a) Period
(b) Means of livelihood
(c) Geographical spread
(d) Evidence of cultural contact with other people.
Answer:
(a) Period: The chalcolithic settlements in Gujarat coincide with the following phases of the Harappan culture:

Early Harappan phase (3950-2600 B.C.E.)
Mature (urban) phase (2600-1900 B.C.E.)
Post-Harappan phase (1900-900 B.C.E.)

(b) Means of livelihood: There are ample sources of semi-precious stones in Gujarat. Making beads of these stones was a big industry during Harappan times. The Neolithic settlements in Gujarat played a major role in procuring these stones. People residing in the neolithic settlements of Gujarat were mainly pastoral, that is people whose primary occupation was animal husbandry. Thus, making beads, animal husbandry, pottery making were some of the means of livelihood.

(c) Geographical spread: There are regional variations in the characteristics of the chalcolithic cultures of Gujarat. The chalcolithic pottery of Kutch – Saurashtra and Northern Gujarat are distinct from each other. The chalcolithic villages in Kutch-Saurashtra were abandoned by 1900 B.C.E.

(d) Evidence of cultural contact with other people: In the post-Harappan period there were two chalcolithic cultures in Gujarat. The culture in south Gujarat was known as ‘Prabhas’ culture and the one in northeastern Gujarat was known as ‘Rangpur’ culture. These cultures existed till 1800-1200 B.C.E.

Activity

With the help of the Internet, reference books, field trips, newspaper articles, etc. obtain pictures of excavated artifacts and architectural remains and arrange an exhibition under the guidance of your teachers.
Answer:
To be done by students.

11th Std History Questions And Answers:

First Cities of India Question Answer Class 11 History Chapter 2 Maharashtra Board

February 10, 2025February 9, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 2 First Cities of India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 11 History Chapter 2 Question Answer First Cities of India Maharashtra Board

Class 11 History Chapter 2 First Cities of India Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 11 Chapter 2 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
In the early phase of agriculture, making __________ pots and farming were the jobs of women.
(a) copper
(b) bronze
(c) earthen
(d) stone
Answer:
(c) earthen

Question 2.
Lothal is known for its ancient __________
(a) agriculture
(b) dock
(c) textiles
(d) tools
Answer:
(b) dock

Question 3.
A general impression prevailed that the Harappan seals had some connection with the __________ civilisation.
(a) Chinese
(b) Greek
(c) Mesopotamian
(d) Egyptian
Answer:
(c) Mesopotamian

Question 4.
The bodies (mummies) of dead royalties in Egypt were wrapped in __________ coloured cloth.
(a) white
(b) black
(c) red
(d) blue
Answer:
(d) blue

2A. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The major reason for the decline of the Mesopotamian civilisation was __________
(a) foreign invasion
(b) deteriorating environment
(c) loss in trade
(d) migration
Answer:
(b) deteriorating environment

2B. Find the incorrect pair from set ‘B’ and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Dilmun	Bahrain
(b) Makan	Oman-Iran-Baluchistan Coastal region
(c) Shortugai	Mesopotamia
(d) Meluhha	Region of Harappa civilisation

Answer:
(c) Shortugai – Badakshan province of Afghanistan

3. Explain the statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The remains found in cities like Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Kalibangan, Lothal, Dholavira, Rakhigarhi, etc. are evidence of the past glory of this civilization.
Answer:

A well-developed and rich civilisation flourished in the Indian subcontinent in the period from 3500-3000 B.C.E.
This period is characterised by systematic town planning, with houses of baked brick, granaries, excellent drainage systems, public baths, and impressive public movements.
Good administrative control over the distribution of water and other resources.
Remains also prove a good social organisation, a proper social hierarchy based on the position of power.
Flourishing internal and distant trade, mass production of goods, and craft specialisation developed writing system of script on Harappan seals give evidence of the past glory of the civilisation.

Question 2.
Lapis lazuli had a very important place in the Harappan trade.
Answer:

A network of small towns, big and small villages, and campsites of semi-nomadic people functioned to cater to the needs of major urban centres of the Harappan civilisation.
The Harappan settlement of ‘Shortugai’ in the Badakshan province of Afghanistan, is rich with mines of lapis lazuli, a semi-precious stone in Mesopotamia.
The Mesopotamian epics describe Goddess Inanna’s palace, the walls of which were embedded with this stone, lapis lazuli.
This stone was a very important commodity in the Harappan trade with Mesopotamia.

Question 3.
Harappan civilisation declined.
Answer:

Sir Mortimer Wheeler in his study has concluded that the Harappan civilisation was destroyed by Indra, who destroyed the fortified cities.
Vedic Aryans destroyed the Harappan cities under the leadership of Indra.
The civilisation also declined due to the cumulative effects of factors such as the decline in trade, climatic changes, and the weakening of the economy.

4. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The Harappan cities and villages in the vicinity were interdependent.
Answer:

The interrelationship between Harappan cities and villages was dependent on the mechanism of making available food grains and raw materials.
A network of small towns, big and small villages, and campsites of semi-nomadic people, functioned to cater to the needs of major urban centres of Harappan civilisation.
The city people were dependent on natural sources and villages in their vicinity, to meet the needs of urban lifestyle and urban administration.

Question 2.
The Harappan cities seem to have a well-organised administrative system.
Answer:

The Harappan cities had a well organised administrative system to manage industrial production, import-export, the interrelationship between cities managing trading operations and villages around them.
The town planning, standardization of bricks, weights, seals, shapes, and ornamentation of various objects, confirm the presence of an efficient administrative system.
Cities like Harappa and Mohenjodaro were perhaps regional capitals.
Lothal and Kalibangan were important religious centres.
However, the nature of Harappan polity, whether it was a single state or a federation of small states, is not yet known.

5. Answer the following questions with the help of given points.

Question 1.
Write about the characteristics of Harappan cities with the help of the given points:
(a) Town planning
(b) Social organisation
(c) Administration
(d) Economy
Answer:
(a) Town planning:

The town planning of Harappan cities was very systematic.
Houses were of baked bricks, which included bathrooms, toilets, wells.
Granaries existed, with impressive public monuments.
The excellent drainage systems, public baths, and independent fortification walls are highlights.
The grid pattern was used, where streets crossed each other in right angles, and the resulted blocks were used for building houses.
The English bond masonry method was used with two headers and two stretchers to build a wall, which was especially useful for earthquake-prone areas.

(b) Social organisation:

Social hierarchy was based on the position of power.
Classes of skilled artisans and individuals were based on craft specialisation.
Belief systems existed, with evidence of burials indicating rituals after death.
Artifacts and architecture also indicate belief systems.

Administrative control existed over the distribution of water and other resources.
The size of bricks indicates the use of standardisation and ratio.
Weights, set style of shapes and painted designs of pottery, majestic and non-residential buildings for public administrative offices are also seen.

(d) Economy:

Harappan civilisation practiced mass production of goods for trade purposes.
The concentration of factories and residences of artisans in a particular area of the city indicates the purpose of convenience of production, flourishing internal and distant trade, and administrative control over trade transactions.
Well-shaped, beautiful earthen pots, statues, metal objects of gold, silver, copper, and bronze were made.
Various types of beads were prepared, indicating a sound economy.

Activity

Collect information and illustrations with the help of the internet about the town planning of the Harappan cities and Chandigarh. Compare them.
Answer:
The town planning of the Harappan Cities:

The Harappans were the first to build planned cities with a scientific drainage system.
Their cities were built on a uniform plan.
The people of Indus valley lived a highly civilized and developed life.
This highly developed and scientific plan can be seen in the following areas.

Streets:

The streets were straight and cut each other at right angles
They were 13 to 34 feet wide and were well lined.
The streets and roads divided the city into rectangular blocks.
Lamp posts were provided at regular intervals.
Dust bins were also provided on the streets which proves the presence of a good municipal administration.

Drainage System:

The city was provided with an excellent closed drainage system.
Each house had its own drainage and soak pit which was connected to the public drainage.
Brick-laid channels were found through every street.
The drains were covered and had manholes at regular intervals for cleaning and clearing.
Large brick culverts were constructed on the outskirts of the city to carry excess water.
The Indus valley civilization had a perfect underground drainage system.

The Great Bath:

The most striking feature of Mohenjo Daro is the Great Bath.
It consists of a large quadrangle. In the center, there is a large swimming pool approx. 39 ft long, 23 ft wide, and 8 ft deep.
This swimming pool had rooms and galleries on all four sides.
It had a flight of steps at either end and a well in one of the adjoining rooms. The water was discharged by a huge drain.
The Great Bath had 8ft thick outer walls.

Granaries:

The largest building in Mohenjo Daro is the granary which is 45.71 m long and 15.23 m wide.
Granaries have also been found in Harappa and the southern parts of Kalibangan.
These granaries were used to store grains which were probably collected as revenue or storehouses to be used in emergencies.

Buildings:

People of the Indus valley civilization built houses and other buildings on the side streets.
Built terraced houses of burnt bricks.
Every house had two or more rooms, there were also more than one-storied houses.

The town planning of Chandigarh City:

Chandigarh, the capital of the northern Indian states of Punjab and Haryana was designed by the Swiss-French modernist architect, Le Corbusier.
Buildings include the Capitol Complex with its High Court, Secretariat, and Legislative Assembly.

11th Std History Questions And Answers:

First Farmers Question Answer Class 11 History Chapter 1 Maharashtra Board

February 10, 2025February 9, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 1 First Farmers Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 11 History Chapter 1 Question Answer First Farmers Maharashtra Board

Class 11 History Chapter 1 First Farmers Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 11 Chapter 1 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
“Yellow River” is the English translation of the Chinese name ____________
(a) Kemet
(b) Mother
(c) Sorrow
(d) Huang He
Answer:
(d) Huang He

Question 2.
The Australian archaeologist ____________ coined the term ‘Neolithic Revolution’.
(a) Gorden Willey
(b) Gordon Childe
(c) Herodotus
(d) Collingwood
Answer:
(b) Gordon Childe

Question 3.
The neolithic people at Gilgal had systematically planted ____________ trees.
(a) guava
(b) sapodilla
(c) fig
(d) Indian blackberry
Answer:
(c) fig

Question 4.
____________ in the Shirur taluka of Pune district is an important site of the village of Chalcolithic farmers in Maharashtra.
(a) Saradwadi
(b) Ranjangaon
(c) Pabal
(d) Inamgaon
Answer:
(d) Inamgaon

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set ‘B’ and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(1) The valley of Tigris and Euphrates	Mesopotamia
(2) The valley of Nile	Iran
(3) The valley of Huang He	China
(4) The valley of Sindhu (Indus) and Saraswati	Indian Subcontinent

Answer:
(2) The valley of Nile – Egypt

2. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 1 First Farmers 2 Q1
Answer:

3. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The camps of Mesolithic people developed into the first settled villages of neolithic people in Mesopotamia.
Answer:

Mesopotamia is between the two rivers, Tigris and Euphrates.
The Mesolithic people began to settle in the region (Mesopotamia) for a longer time, due to the availability of ample water.
As both the rivers flooded annually, fertile soil was deposited on their banks.
Ample water and fertile soil resulted in camps of Mesolithic people, who developed into the first settled neolithic villages, which grew wheat and barley.

Question 2.
‘’Huang He’ river is considered to be the mother of the Chinese culture.
Answer:

The yellow silt brought by the ‘’Huang He’ river, earns her the name of “Yellow River” in English.
The other names ‘River’ and ‘Mother’, indicate her extraordinary place in the Chinese culture.
The name ‘River’ indicates her importance as a river.
The Chinese culture evolved here, with wheat, foxtail millet, and rice being grown by neolithic farmers in the villages.

Question 3.
In the latter half of the neolithic age, Pottery-making had become an art that required special skills.
Answer:

The neolithic pottery, in the beginning, was in monochrome, i.e., single colour with a burnished surface. Pots were polished by rubbing with a wooden or stone tool.
Some pots had carved designs, using techniques of stamping and applique work.
Gradually Neolithic people began to decorate their pots with painted designs.
Thus, in the latter half of the Neolithic age, pottery making had become an art that required special skills.

4. State your opinion.

Question 1.
There were radical changes in the way of human life during the neolithic age.
Answer:

In the neolithic age, people lived settled lives with permanently occupied dwellings.
The common storage places of food grains indicated that transactions related to food production were centrally controlled.
Hierarchical social and family structure and concept of inheritance have their roots in Neolithic times.
Pottery making along with polished stone tools is an essential characteristic of neolithic culture.
Beads of various types of siliceous stones and chank shells were made, indicating craft specialization and various classes of skilled artisans.

Question 2.
The Neolithic people invented the wheel and the technology they had developed so far, underwent a revolution.
Answer:

Neolithic people produced wheel-made pottery.
Wheel technology made it possible to produce pottery on a large scale.
The invention of the wheel made it possible to obtain raw material from distant places in lesser time.
It became easier to send the finished goods to distant markets, where it was in more demand.
It helped to develop trade and commerce and transport on a greater scale.

5. Observe the map on page 2 of your textbook and answer the following questions based on it.

Maharashtra Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 1 First Farmers 5

Question 1.
What is the name of the sea on the African continent?
Answer:
The name of the sea on the African continent is the Mediterranean Sea.

Question 2.
In which continent did Harappan civilization originate?
Answer:
The Harappan civilization originated in the Continent of Asia.

Question 3.
What is the name of the ocean in the south of India?
Answer:
The Indian Ocean is the name of the ocean in the south of India.

6. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Neolithic ‘Jericho’
Answer:

The Palestinian city of Jericho, on the banks of the River Jordan, is the first neolithic permanent settle’ in 9000 B.C.E.
It started getting organized into a well-knit society by about 8000 B.C.E.
The village had a protective wall around it, with a watchtower, giving evidence of an organized society.
It is proved that cultivation began in Jericho, as discovered at Gilgal a site near Jericho.
Laboratory analysis has proved that neolithic people had systematically planted fig cuttings,
This stands to be the first attempt at planned cultivation.

Question 2.
‘Holocene’ epoch
Answer:

The last glacial period in the history of our planet came to an end about 12000-11000 years ago.
This was the beginning of a new epoch, known as ‘Holocene’.
With the beginning of the Holocene, glaciers began to melt, increasing the volume of water in rivers and oceans.
As a result, the availability of animals and vegetation for food increased.
The period witnessed the extinction of gigantic mammoth.
A variety of fishes, small animals like goats, sheep, deer were available for food.

7. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Write in detail about the ‘first farmers’ and the beginning of agriculture in India.
Answer:

Archaeological sites of Neolithic villages, which have been discovered prove that there were well-settled villages in the Indian subcontinent, as early, as 8000 B.C.E.
Historian scholars generally agree that the Harappan cities evolved from these early villages.
Barley was the main crop grown by the farmers in these villages, where wheat was grown on a smaller scale.
The farmers in these villages were the ‘first farmers’ of the Indian Sub-continent. They lived in mud houses and domesticated cattle and goat-sheep.
The transition from hunter-gatherer’s life to the beginning of cultivation spans through 10000¬8700 B.C.E.
The beginning of cultivation is also the beginning of the Neolithic age. The period also marked the domestication of animals along with cultivation.
While wheat and flaxseeds were grown, barley was the main crop in this period.
Modified composite tools like fishing harpoons, spears, and arrows were made. Blades known as microliths and tools like sickle and scythe were used for harvesting cereals and fruits.

Question 2.
What knowledge was essential for the Neolithic people to make pottery?
Answer:

The neolithic pottery, in the beginning, was in monochrome (single colour) with a burnished i.e., polished by running with a wooden or stone tool, surface. Some pots had carved designs.
The techniques of stamping and applique work i.e., pasting wet clay ribbons and making patterns on them were also used.
Painted designs on pots in the latter half of the neolithic age, made pottery art that required special skills.
To master the art of pottery-making one needs to possess knowledge of the following things:
- To know the source of clay of excellent quality.
- To manage to obtain clay.
- To knead and prepare the clay for pottery production.
- To be able to turn the pot to the desired shape.
- To have artistic skills for decorating the pottery.
- To know the technique of making pottery at proper temperatures, approximately 850° – 900° Celsius.
Pottery helps us to know the cultural history, the material richness of the place, where it was found.
With the help of pottery, we can also know about the contacts of the residents of the place with other cultures.

Question 3.
Write about the trade and transport in the Neolithic age.
Answer:

In the latter half of the Neolithic age, people had started using beasts of burden for transporting goods.
Tools like axes, scrapers, and chisels enabled neolithic people to cut trees and work on wood.
Probably the round-shaped pieces of wooden logs were used as wheels, as they could easily gain momentum.
The neolithic people invented the wheel and the technology they had developed so far underwent a revolution.
The Neolithic people began to produce wheel-made pottery. The wheel technology made it possible to obtain the raw material from distant places in much lesser time.
It became easier to send the finished goods to distant markets where it was more in demand.
It helped to develop trade and transport on a greater scale.

Question 4.
Write about the beginning of urbanization in the Neolithic age.
Answer:

After settling down at one place for a long time, a feeling of ownership arose among neolithic people.
This feeling was focused on their individual dwellings and the piece of land cultivated by them.
With social organization and administration, the villages expanded.
Along with it, awareness of collective landholdings and the village boundaries became prominent.
It was thus felt that the village community had a natural right over the immediate territory around the village periphery.
This kind of awareness of natural rights over a particular region is known as ‘territoriality’.
Rules and norms were created to manage the collective resources, water sources, crafts dependent on it, trade and community life, etc. Consequently, rituals and their details gained importance.
The need of managing and keeping records of trade, rituals, writing, systems, and administrative machinery developed.
It gave rise to administrative centers. Such administrative centers attract a large population that includes officials, people from various occupations.
As a result, the periphery of the original settlement kept expanding and cities came into being.
Thus, began the process of urbanization in the Neolithic age.

Activity (Textbook Page No. 9)

Write in detail about any of the ancient civilizations.
Answer:
Among the ten oldest civilizations in the world, Mesopotamian, Indus Valley, Egyptian and Chinese are well known.
1. The Mesopotamian Civilization:
Mesopotamia is the Greek name of the region between two rivers, Tigris and Euphrates. Meso means the ’middle one’ and Potamos means ’river’. The region between the two rivers is ’Mesopotamia’.

Name of the Civilization: Mesopotamian civilization
Period: 3500BC-500BC
Original Location: Northeast by the Zagros mountains, Southeast by the Arabian Plateau
Current Location: Iraq, Syria, and Turkey
Meaning: Land between rivers (ancient Greek)
Major Highlights:
- The first civilization in the world.
- People developed the idea of agriculture and started domesticating animals for both food and farming.

2. The Indus Valley Civilization:

Name of the Civilization: Indus Valley civilization
Period: 3300 BC-1900 BC
Original Location: Around the basin of the Indus river
Current Location: Northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India
Major Highlights:
- One of the oldest civilizations in the world.
- One of the three earliest civilizations along with Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt.
- Most widespread covering an area of 1.25million kilometers. Also known as Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro civilization named after the excavation sites where the remains were originally found.
- A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture. This culture was rich in arts and crafts.

3. The Ancient Egyptian Civilization:

Name of the Civilization: Egyptian civilization
Period: 3150 BC-30 BC
Original Location: Banks of the Nile
Current Location: Egypt
Major Highlights:
- Construction of Pyramids
- One of the oldest and culturally rich civilizations and a majestic civilization on the banks of the River Nile is known for its Pharaohs, Pyramids, and the Sphinx.

4. The Chinese Civilization:

Name of the Civilization: The Chinese civilization
Period:1600 BC -1046 BC
Original Location: Yellow River and Yangtze region
Current Location: Country of China
Major Highlights:
Agriculture in the Neolithic villages of China began around 7000 B.C.E.
Wheat, foxtail millet, and rice were grown by farmers in these villages.
The invention of paper and silk.

11th Std History Questions And Answers:

Disaster Management Question Answer Class 11 Geography Chapter 9 Maharashtra Board

February 10, 2025February 9, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Geography Solutions Chapter 9 Disaster Management Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 11 Geography Chapter 9 Question Answer Disaster Management Maharashtra Board

Class 11 Geography Chapter 9 Disaster Management Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Geography Class 11 Chapter 9 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. Identify the correct Alternative.

Question 1.
Which of the following groups shows the correct type of disaster?
Answer:

a	b	c	d
Tectonic	Flood	Tectonic	Tectonic
Geological	Geological	Geological	Human
Human	Human	Volcanic	Biological
Climate	Climate	Climate	Volcanic

Answer:
a

Question 2.
The Meteorological Department has given information that a cyclone is likely to make a landfall at Odisha in 2 days. Which of the following group shows the correct sequence of management process?

a	b	c	d
Recovery	Rehabilitation	Preparedness	Response
Rehabilitation	Preparedness	Mitigation	Recovery
Preparedness	Mitigation	Response	Rehabilitation
Mitigation	Response	Recovery	Preparedness
Response	Recovery	Rehabilitation	Mitigation

Answer:
c

Question 3.
Statement A – The cyclonic depression originating in the Bay of Bengal is marching towards Tamil Nadu at a velocity of 350 km/hr.
Statement B – The loss of life was not much but property loss occurred on a large scale.
(a) A indicates a disaster and B indicates a hazard.
(b) A indicates a hazard while B indicates a disaster.
(c) A indicates a disaster but B does not indicate a hazard.
(d) A does not indicate a disaster but B indicates a hazard.
Answer:
(b) A indicates a hazard while B indicates a disaster.

Question 4.
India has been successful in mitigation the effects of the following disaster.
(a) Earthquake
(b) Volcanic eruptions
(c) Floods
(d) Cyclones
Answer:
(c) Floods

2. Write short notes on.

Question 1.
Vulnerability
Answer:

The geographical conditions and circumstances of people or region that make them susceptible to a disaster is known as vulnerability.
People living in certain areas are exposed to particular disasters. Example, in case of a cyclone, people in the coastal areas of India are more likely to be affected than those in the interior.
People living in seismically active areas are prone to earthquakes.
At times, the social, economic and political conditions may make people more likely to be affected by disasters. Example, poor people are more likely to be affected by disaster.
Old people and children can easily become victims of disasters. Densely populated areas are more likely to be affected than sparsely populated areas.
If people are more vulnerable, they have to be better prepared, so that the risk of getting affected by the disaster is less.

Question 2.
Disaster
Answer:

A hazard becomes disaster when it affects human population, settlement and their activities.
When natural events like volcanic eruptions occur in areas inhabited by humans and cause damage, they are termed as disasters.
Disaster causes widespread loss of life and property.

Generally man-made disasters can be prevented as they happen due to mistakes or carelessness by humans.
Disasters can be classified into various types depending on their origin as per following:

Tectonic Disasters : Earthquakes, Volcanic eruptions, Tsunamis.
Geological Disasters : Landslides, Mudslides, Avalanches, etc.
Meteorological Disasters : Floods, Cyclones, Storms, Heat Waves, etc.
Biological Disasters : Locust attacks, Pest attacks, Epidemics, etc.
Anthropogenic or Man-made Disasters: Industrial accidents, Transportation accidents, Nuclear accidents, etc.

Question 3.
Hazard
Answer:

Hazards are phenomena that pose a threat to people, structural or economic assets and which may cause a disaster.
They could be either naturally occurring in the environment or man-made.
Example, high rainfall is a hazard as it may cause floods.
A hazard becomes a disaster when it affects human population, settlements and their activities. An earthquake or storm occurring in any area in the world is a hazard but when it occurs in inhabited areas it is called disaster.

Question 4.
Man-made Disasters
Answer:

Disasters can be natural or man-made.
Man-made disasters are also called Anthropogenic disasters. Example, industrial accidents, transportation accidents, nuclear accidents.
The natural disasters cannot be prevented but man-made disasters can be prevented as they happen due to mistakes or carelessness by humans.

3. Write in short.

Question 1.
Mitigation for Cyclone
Answer:

Any measure taken to minimize the impact of a disaster before it occurs is called mitigation.
It is mainly carried out for those disasters which cannot be prevented.
Mitigation for cyclones involve all possible steps taken against potential disaster and reduce the losses.
With the help of satellites, forecasting of cyclones can help in knowing the timing of their landfall.
People can be evacuated from the vulnerable coastal areas.
Thus, mitigation helps the people by creating safer communities and reducing loss of life and property of people.

For example, Effective mitigation measures were taken before the arrival of cyclone Fani in India, Due to proper mitigation measures, there was less financial impact of disaster on government agencies.

Question 2.
Preparedness for Floods
Answer:
Preparedness involves measures taken to prepare and reduce the effect of disaster. You can
prepare for flooding in a number of ways:

Carry out awareness campaign like warn the people not to come out of the house during flooding.
Ask authorities about relocation centres.
Hospitals should be ready for the treatment of victims.
Prepare an emergency kit.
Prepare a household flood plan.
Keep a list of emergency telephone numbers on display.
Check your insurance policy to see if you are covered for flood damage.
Tell people to be ready with medicines, food, water, etc.
Strengthen the weak structures so that loss of property and life of people will be less.

Question 3.
Rehabilitation after Earthquakes
Answer:

Rehabilitation is the last stage of disaster management.
It tries to restore normalcy in the long term.
It may take many years efforts.
It may include providing housing to the affected people, reconstructions of schools, hospitals, water and gas pipelines, restoring electricity, transport and communication.

4. Answer in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the types of disaster according to origin.
Answer:
Disasters can be classified into various types depending on their origin: They can be of the following types:
1. Tectonic Disasters : Earthquakes, Volcanic eruptions, Tsunamis, etc. Example, in 2004, there was one of the deadliest tsunamis in the Indian Ocean. It affected many surrounding countries like India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Maldives, Indonesia. Nearly 2,30,210 people were killed.

2. Geological Disasters : Landslides, mudslides, avalanches. Example, Malin landslide of 2014 in Maharashtra, on 7th May 2018, landslides occurred due to heavy rainfall along NH-6 connecting Shillong with Assam, Tripura And Mizoram.

3. Meteorological Disasters : Flood, cyclone, storm, heatwave, etc. Example, in 2008, due to heavy rain, Kosi river was flooded and abruptly changed her course,

4. Biological Disasters : Locust attacks, pest attacks, epidemics, such as flu, dengue, cholera, etc. Example, the 2009 swine flu pandemic.

5. Anthropogenic or Man-made: Industrial accidents, transportation accidents, nuclear accidents, etc. There have been 30 industrial accidents in India, killing 75 workers and injuring over hundred others within two months from May 2020 to July 2020.

Question 2.
Explain the effects of disasters with the help of examples.
Answer:
The disasters can bring a lot of immediate and long-term effects on various sectors of a society:

Primary effects : They occur as a result of the disaster itself like damage during a flood or collapse of buildings during earthquake. Example, the great Tsunami and earthquake of Indonesia that occurred on 26th December, 2004 or the Malin mudslide of 2014 in Maharashtra.
Secondary effects : They occur because a primary effect has caused them. Example, fires ignited, disruption of electrical power and water service as result of earthquakes.
Tertiary effects : They are long-term effects that are a result of a primary and secondary Effect. Example, like loss of homes, permanent changes in the position of river channel and adverse effect on tourism in an affected area due to an earthquake, etc.

Question 3.
Write about the preparedness in Disaster Management in India.
Answer:
1. India’s geo-climatic conditions and its high degree of socio-economic vulnerability, makes it one of the most disaster-prone country in the world.

2. After the Tsunami in 2004, approach towards disaster management has drastically changed. Various State Governments were requested to set up a disaster management office.

3. At the Government of India level two institutes were set up in New Delhi – the National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) and the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). The aim was to mitigate the damage potential of natural disasters in future.

4. The disaster management authorities have been established at different levels. At the centre level, the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has been established. At state level, State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) has been established, at district level, District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) has been established.

5. The National Crisis Management Committee, also functions at the centre.

6. The nodal ministers are identified for different disaster types of function under the overall guidance of the ministry of Home Affairs (Nodal Ministry for Disaster Management). These ministers interact at different levels within the disaster management framework. Example, for disasters, such as drought, the Ministry for Agriculture is the Nodal Agency.

7. Military forces and para-military forces such as Home Guard, etc., play an important role.

8. Various agencies such as ISRO, NRSC (National Remote Sensing Centre) etc., also play an important role in disaster management.

Question 4.
Explain with example, how will you carry out disaster management in your region or premises?
Answer:
In Mumbai region there is always flooding either due to continuous heavy downpour or due to cyclone. Disaster management can be done in following ways:
Preparedness and mitigation

People be made aware of floods through media. People be warned not to come out of the house during floods.
People should be told to be ready with food, medicines, water, etc.
People can be evacuated from vulnerable areas.
Strengthening of existing building be done.
Hospitals should be ready for the treatment of affected people.

Disaster response

Government and NGOs should supply food, medicines and temporary shelter to affected people.
People should be rescued from affected areas.
Efforts be made to restore normal condition.

Recovery

Giving financial assistance to victims.
Restoration of basic services like transport and repair of physical, economic and social damages.

Rehabilitation

Houses be provided to the affected people.
Rehabilitation of affected farmers and people involved in agriculture and other sectors of economy.
It may also include reconstructions of schools, hospitals, water and gas pipelines, restoring electricity, transport and communication.

11th Geography Digest Chapter 9 Disaster Management Intext Questions and Answers

Try this.

Read about the following disasters which have occurred across the world and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 97)
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Geography Solutions Chapter 9 Disaster Management 1

Question 1.
Classify these disasters into natural and man-made disasters.
Answer:

Natural Disasters	Man-made Disasters
Earthquake, Cyclone, Tsunami, Volcanic, eruption, Landslide, Flash Floods, Hailstorm	Landslide, Release of Gas Methyl Isocyanate. Rail Accident.

Question 2.
Which of these disasters occurred due to climatic conditions?
Answer:
Bhola Cyclone (India and Bangladesh), Cyclone of Odisha, India; Hailstorm in Maharashtra, India; Cyclone Fani in Odisha, India are disasters that occurred due to climatic conditions.

Question 3.
Which of these disasters occurred due to geological causes?
Answer:
Earthquakes (in China, India, Japan, Pakistan) Ruiz Volcanic Eruption (Colombia), Landslide (Varandha Ghats, Maharashtra, India), Tsunami (India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka) occurred due to geological causes.

Question 4.
Can you relate the location of a disaster with its cause?
Answer:

Release of gas Methyl Isocyanate during the Bhopal Gas Tragedy in 1984, India, was an Industrial accident caused by human mistake or carelessness.
Tsunami that affected India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka was caused by an earthquake that occurred in the sea-bed off the Indonesian shore.

Question 5.
Besides the number of deaths, what other losses might be occurring after the disasters?
Answer:
Breaching of ghat road, damage to coastal road in the Konkan, many standing crops were destroyed.

Question 6.
Comparing the cyclones of 1999 and 2019, can you think of the reasons behind the reduction in the number of deaths?
Answer:
In the two decades between 1999 and 2019, the capacity to cope with disasters, manage them, the ability of the people and organisations has undergone a huge improvement.

Question 7.
Which of these disasters can be predicted in advance?
Answer:
Cyclones and Tsunamis can be predicted in advance.

Question 8.
Of those disasters for which prediction can be made, can the people be evacuated from the area?
Answer:
Cyclones can be predicted in advance and the people can be evacuated in advance.

Question 9.
Why do some people get affected by the disaster in specific regions?
Answer:
Some people get affected by disasters in specific areas.

In case of a cyclone, people in the coastal areas of India are more likely to be affected than those in the interior.
People living in seismically active regions are prone to earthquakes.
The poor, the old people and children are more likely to be affected by disasters in the same region.
Densely populated areas are more likely to be affected than sparsely populated areas.
Sometimes due to social, economic and political conditions, people are more likely to be affected by disaster in some regions. E.g. poor people are more likely to be affected by disasters.

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 99)

If an earthquake occurs with a magnitude of more than 6 in Sahara Desert area which is totally uninhabited by humans and a similar one occurs in Assam, which one would you call a disaster?
Answer:
An earthquake is a hazard but when it occurs in inhabited area, it is called disaster. An earthquake which occurs in Assam can be called a disaster because it is an inhabited area. But an earthquake in Sahara Desert area is not a disaster because it is not inhabited by people.

Can you do it? (Textbook Page No. 99)

Classify the above components of disaster management into pre-disaster and post-disaster.
Answer:

Pre-disaster	Post-disaster
(i) Preparedness	(i) Evacuation, search and rescue.
(ii) Monitoring, Early warning and mitigation	(ii) Providing relief in terms of medical help, basic needs such as food, clothes and shelter.
	(iii) Reconstruction and rehabilitation.

Use your brain power! (Textbook Page No. 100)

Question 1.
In 1988, an earthquake of magnitude 6.9 struck Armenia and took 25,000 lives. On the other hand, an earthquake in 1989 in Californ ia of magnitude 7 took only 63 lives. Can you think of the reason behind this difference?
Answer:
Armenia is densely populated whereas California has a lesser population. Hence, the damage and death caused in Armenia is much higher than that in California.

Question 2.
Why is disaster management called a cycle? See the figure given below. (extbook Page No. 101)
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Geography Solutions Chapter 9 Disaster Management 2
Answer:
The disaster preparedness, mitigation, disaster response, recovery and rehabilitation are the five stages of disaster management which are followed by one after another so it is called disaster management cycle.

Give it a try. (Textbook Page No. 101)

Given below are a list of measures taken for disaster. Write whether they are pre-disaster or post-disaster and structural or non-structural. Also write the name of the disaster for which they are used. Complete the table.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Geography Solutions Chapter 9 Disaster Management 3
Answer:

Find out! (Textbook Page No. 102)

Question 1.
Who is responsible for looking after disaster management in our country?
Answer:

The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) with the Prime Minister as the Chairperson heads the Disaster Management in our country.
Another institute is National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM).
Both are located in Delhi.
At the state level, the State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) is in charge.
There is also the National Crisis Management Committee which also functions at the centre with NDMA and NIDM.
Other agencies are Ministry of Agriculture (disasters such as drought); Military forces and para-military forces like Home Guards.
ISRO, NRSC (National Remote sensing Centre) also play an important role.

Question 2.
Find out about the role of the military and paramilitary forces in disaster management of India. (Textbook Page No. 103)
Answer:
Military and paramilitary forces evacuate people from the flood-affected areas. They distribute food packets and clothing in the flood-affected areas. They also help in cleaning debris.

11th Std Geography Questions And Answers: