Class 12 – Page 18 – Maharashtra Board Solutions

Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Question Answer Class 12 History Chapter 1 Maharashtra Board

February 14, 2025February 13, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 History Chapter 1 Question Answer Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Maharashtra Board

Class 12 History Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 12 Chapter 1 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
In 1440 ________ started the printing press.
(a) James Watt
(b) Gutenberg
(c) Aristotle
(d) Homer
Answer:
(b) Gutenberg

Question 2.
In 1609 _______ made a modified telescope.
(a) John Kay
(b) Copernicus
(c) Galileo
(d) Kepler
Answer:
(c) Galileo

Question 3.
_________ was the first explorer to circumnavigate the African continent.
(a) Henry the Navigator
(b) Marco Polo
(c) Bartholomew Dias
(d) Columbus
Answer:
(c) Bartholomew Dias

B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) John Kay	Flying shuttle
(b) Samuel Crompton	Cotton gin
(c) Edmund Cartwright	Power loom
(d) James Watt	Steam engine

Answer:
Samuel Crompton – Spinning Mule

2. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
Father of the empirical science —
Answer:
Galileo

Question 2.
Scientists who told the world that the centre of our planetary system is the ‘Sun’ and not the ‘Earth’ —
Answer:
Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 3.
The treatise was written by Varahmihir —
Answer:
Brihatsamhita

3. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Q3
Answer:

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
European Crusades.
Answer:

The two cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem considered holy by the Jews, Christians, and Muslims were under Islamic rule in the 11th century.
Christians of Europe wanted to regain hold over these cities and fought several wars known as ‘Crusaders’.
The common people in Europe were highly inspired to be part of such religious wars.
When the Pope announced that the sins of those who took part in such wars would be forgiven and would immediately go to Heaven, there was spontaneous participation by the common people in the crusaders.
Besides social and political circumstances, the Roman emperors were also trying to bring Syria and Asia Minor under their control.
Moreover, the rich merchants in Genova and Venice in Italy were looking for Central Asian markets to establish their trade.
The first crusade started in 1096 C.E.
A second call for the crusade was given by Pope Eugenius III who sought help from the French King Louis VII and the German King Conrad III.
The crusaders were ultimately defeated by the Turks and in 1187 C.E. Saladin, the Sultan of Egypt defeated the crusaders by conquering Jerusalem.
However, the crusaders failed for several reasons such as the attitude of the Pope and the European rulers common people losing faith, the rift between the Pope and the European kings, etc.

Question 2.
Metallurgy in Europe.
Answer:

England had a number of iron mines.
Therefore, it was necessary to advance the technique of smelting iron to acquire purified iron from it.
The fuel for iron furnaces was replaced from wood to coal.
Special machines were made to keep the furnaces at a set temperature and to maintain their aeration.
In 1865, the process of producing steel from molten iron was invented and the nature of the iron industry underwent a major transformation.
At about the same time, a method was adopted to pour the molten metal into casts for making iron bars (e.g. rails).

5. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The European Renaissance is supposed to have reached its zenith in the 15th-16th centuries.
Answer:

The European Renaissance began in the 14th century C.E.
It reached its zenith in the 15th and 16th centuries.
These three centuries laid the foundations of a culture based on rationalism and science.
This age gave a new direction to human intellect genius and way of life.
People started writing poetry, drama, and fiction.
Novel experiments were conducted in the field of science.
In the pre-renaissance period, the thought about the existence of the universe revolved around ‘God’.
In short, in this period new inventions, machinery, art, drama, literature, and geographical discoveries have taken place.

Question 2.
The ‘Industrial Revolution first began in England.
Answer:
‘Industrial Revolution’ indicates the transition from manual production to mechanized production.

In England, the atmosphere was suitable for the industrial revolution.
Large amounts of iron ore and coal were available.
The humid climate of England was suitable for producing yarn.
These conditions proved to be favourable for the textile industry in England.
England had also established a large number of colonies by then so England could obtain raw material at cheap rates from these colonies.
England could also export the processed goods and sell it in their colonies with large profit margins using their navy.
The availability of cheap labour made it possible for them to maintain an optimum level of costs.
These factors prepared the ground for the industrial revolution in England thus giving a boost to its economy. Because of the above reasons Industrial revolution first began in England.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The European natural scientists of the 17th century laid the foundations of modern science.
Answer:
The scientists of the 17th century emphasized the following things:

To prove that scientific principles established by empirical experiments are true despite time and space.
To convert the emergent scientific rules into scientific formulae.
To create new scientific parlance and so on.
These efforts helped the progress of science.

Question 2.
The economy based on surplus production supported economic nationalism and also imperialism.
Answer:

Economic nationalism began the vicious circle of continuously capturing new marketplaces, searching for sources of a cheap supply of raw material, maintaining an unbroken chain supply of raw material), to attract more and more investors, to safeguard their investments. This resulted in limitless exploitation of the colonies.
Extreme nationalism, industrialization, concepts of racial superiority, aggressive colonial policies further supported the growth of imperialism.
The result was the immense expanse of the empires like England, France, Belgium, Germany, etc.

7. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the causes and effects of European crusades.
Answer:
Causes of European crusades:

The two cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem considered holy by the Jews, Christians, and Muslims were under Islamic rule in the 11th century.
Christians of Europe wanted to regain hold over these cities and fought several wars known as ‘Crusaders’.
The common people in Europe were highly inspired to be part of such religious wars.
When the Pope announced that the sins of those who took part in such wars would be forgiven and would immediately go to Heaven, there was spontaneous participation by the common people in the crusaders.
Besides social and political circumstances, the Roman emperors were also trying to bring Syria and Asia Minor under their control.
Moreover, the rich merchants in Genova and Venice in Italy were looking for Central Asian markets to establish their trade.
The first crusade started in 1096 C.E.
A second call for the crusade was given by Pope Eugenius III who sought help from the French King Louis VII and the German King Conrad III.
The crusaders were ultimately defeated by the Turks and in 1187 C.E. Saladin, the Sultan of Egypt defeated the crusaders by conquering Jerusalem.
However, the crusaders failed for several reasons such as the attitude of the Pope and the European rulers common people losing faith, the rift between the Pope and the European kings, etc.

The crusades had far-reaching effects:

According to some historians, the crusades led to the end of feudalism in Europe.
The faith in the Pope began to decline.
The contact with the regions in Central Asia led to the increased trade and new venues were opened for cities in Italy and Germany.
It led to the rise of a new class of traders.
European warfare went through many changes for e.g. they acquired expertise in building forts, managing the forts as military outposts, building bridges, etc.
The European kings levied new taxes which were added to the royal treasury.
The Europeans were introduced to newer types of plants, fruits, perfumes, etc.
The Europeans came in contact with the Arabs and adopted many Arabic words in Alchemy, Music, and Commerce.

Question 2.
Give detailed information on the development of science and scientific inventions during the renaissance period.
Answer:
The scientists of the 17th century emphasized the following things:

To prove that scientific principles established by empirical experiments are true despite time and space.
To convert the emergent scientific rules into scientific formulae.
To create new scientific parlance and so on.
These efforts helped the progress of science.
The compass, the barometer, telescope, and the thermometer were invented during this period.
Microscopes were invented to observe various types of micro-organisms.
Robert Boyle, an alchemist discovered that that the absolute pressure and the volume of a gas are inversely proportional.
The research in physics was more focused on heat and sound.
In zoology, a methodology known as ‘Taxonomy’ was developed to classify animals.
Benjamin Franklin’s research was on lightning and electricity. He coined many technical terms which are used in science even today.

Class 12 History Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Intext Questions and Answers

Try to do this. (Textbook Page No. 3)

Collect information about how the early European universities worked.
Answer:

Early European universities were the University of Bologna in 1088 or the University of Paris (1150-1170).
the University of Bologna is considered the ‘mother of universities’.
European universities concentrated on science and research
Original Medieval universities arose from the Roman Catholic Church schools
Purposes included training of professionals, scientific investigation, and teaching critical thinking and research.
During Renaissance, the humanist ideas were slowly accepted
Universities began preparing the student for a civilized life
The curriculum included liberal arts such as Trivium (grammar, rhetoric, logic) and Quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music)

Find it out. (Textbook Page No. 8)

Make a list of the European countries where the Industrial Revolution spread in its first stage.
Answer:
The industrial revolution first began in Britain in the late 1770s and first spread to Belgium followed by France and the German states and in North America.

Project (Textbook Page No. 9)

Collect detailed information about the voyages of Bartholomew Dias and Vasco-da- Gama and read it aloud in the class.
Answer:
(A) Bartholomew Dias:

Bartholomew Dias was a Portuguese explorer.
He was the first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa which the Portuguese would name as the ‘Cape of Good Hope.
Dias and his crew departed from Lisbon, Portugal in August 1487 with three ships.
Dias’s expedition sailed along the African coast following the route of Diogo Cao who had earlier sailed along the African coast in the 1480s.
Near the southern tip of Africa Dias’s 3 ships sailed into a dangerous storm that pushed them away from the African coast. They sailed around the tip of Africa in January 1488 without seeing the land.
After 30 days without seeing land, he entered what he named Aguada de Sao Bras (Bay of Saint Blaise) in February 1488.
Dias wanted to continue to India but he was forced to turn back when his crew refused to go further and the rest of the officers favored going back home.
It was on his return journey that he actually discovered the Cape of Good Hope in May 1488.
Dias returned to Lisbon in December 1488 after an absence of 16 months and 17 days.

(B) Vasco da Gama:

Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea.
His initial voyage to India was the first to link Europe and Asia by an ocean route, connecting the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and therefore the West and the Orient.
This discovery is considered to be a milestone in world history.
Vasco da Gama’s discovery of the sea route to India opened the way for an age of imperialism in Asia.
Vasco da Gama landed in Calicut, India on May 20, 1498.
This boosted the economy of the Portuguese Empire.
Vasco da Gama led the two of the India Armadas, the first and the fourth.
In 1524, Vasco da Gama was appointed as Governor of India, with the title of Viceroy, and was ennobled as Count of Vidigueria in 1519.

12th Std History Questions And Answers:

Cold War Question Answer Class 12 History Chapter 10 Maharashtra Board

February 14, 2025February 13, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 10 Cold War Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 History Chapter 10 Question Answer Cold War Maharashtra Board

Class 12 History Chapter 10 Cold War Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 12 Chapter 10 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
The headquarters of SEATO were located at ___________
(a) Thailand
(b) the Philippines
(c) Pakistan
(d) the United Kingdom
Answer:
(a) Thailand

Question 2.
A fund named ‘Africa Fund’ was raised at ___________ for providing necessary aid to neighbouring nations of South Africa.
(a) Jakarta
(b) Harare
(c) Namibia
(d) Indonesia
Answer:
(b) Harare

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
On 30th June 1977, this organisation ceased to exist –
Answer:
SEATO

Question 2.
The idea of Commonwealth games was introduced by –
Answer:
Reverend Astley Cooper

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
No country was included in the ANZUS treaty except Australia, New Zealand, and the United States of America ___________
(a) they did not want to let the United Kingdom and France have an upper hand
(b) it was a military pact
(c) it was a secret pact
(d) it was a pact only among countries with friendly relations
Answer:
(a) they did not want to lot the United Kingdom and France to have an upper hand

3. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 10 Cold War 3
Answer:

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Cold War.
Answer:

Definition: The tussle between Capitalist nations and Communist nations for power and ideological influence, which began after the Second World War is referred to as the ‘Cold War.
Walter Lippmann, an American political columnist was the first to use the term ‘Cold War’.
‘Cold War’ is characterized by the following factors –
- No Direct War.
- The intense race for armament.
- Aggressive Political Policies.
- Mutual lack of Faith among Nations.
- Political and Economic Pressurisation.
- Ideological Conflict.
The aftermath of the Second World War created conditions leading to the Cold War.
England and France lost their primary positions in world politics.
During the world war, Russia gained prominence in Eastern Europe while America, England, and France gained prominence in Western Europe.
The Eastern European nations under the influence of Soviet Russia adopted communist ideology while the Western European nations under the influence of America adopted capitalist ideology and democratic system. This situation caused the emergence of the ‘Cold War.

Question 2.
Non- Alignment Movement.
Answer:

After the Second World War, India decided not to join either Russia or America. India adopted the policy of development by its own efforts and shape its own strategies leading towards peace. This policy is known as the ‘NAM-Non Alignment Policy’.
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. Sukarno (Indonesia), Nkrumah (Ghana), Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt), and Marshal Tito (Yugoslavia) were the architects of the concept ‘NAM’.
The nations, which adopt an independent foreign policy based on the concept of peaceful co-existence, support other nations in their independence struggle, and do not involve themselves in the military agreements or bilateral treaties with the superpowers is known as ‘Non-Aligned Nations’.
Non-Alignment is a concept concerned more with progress and peace than war and poverty, so it is positive.

5. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
CENTO became non-operational.
Answer:

CENTO stands for Central Treaty Organisation.
CENTO earlier known as the ‘Baghdad Pact’ or Middle East Treaty Organisation (METO) is a treaty among four nations namely, Turkey, Pakistan, Iran, and England.
This treaty was signed on 24th February 1955. Iraq joined later.
America started providing the member nations of CENTO economic and military aid.
America feared that if Soviet Russia attacked any of the member nations, then all member nations should fight it collectively.
But in reality, none of the member nations had the military capacity to fight.
Except for the United Kingdom, the rest of the three were in need of military and technological aid but America was too involved to pay attention to their need.
Hence, the other members of CENTO were not satisfied. They wanted to withdraw from the treaty and act independently.
Iran and Pakistan withdrew from the treaty and hence CENTO became non-operational.

Question 2.
SAARC has achieved success in some fields.
Answer:

SAARC has achieved success in some fields for e.g. a centre for the dissemination of agro-related information was started in Bangladesh and it has also been used as a platform for research related to seeds, animal husbandry, and fisheries.
A SAARC center for meteorological research was established in Dhaka.
In Kathmandu, an orthopedic center was established.
Efforts are being made to promote tourism in SAARC countries.
SAARC is also working to eliminate poverty in South Asia with the help of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (ESCAP).
An inter-Governmental group was established to formulate an agreement (SAFTA- South Asia Free Trade Area) for promoting free trade and economic cooperation among SAARC nations.
The SAARC Documentation Centre was established in Delhi for the dissemination of information.
SAARC Human Resources Development Centre was established in Islamabad (Pakistan).
Agreements were signed to counter the smuggling of narcotic drugs. Committees were appointed for development in the fields of postal services and transportation.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The Cold War began between America and Soviet Russia.
Answer:

The tussle between the Capitalist nations and Communist nations for power and ideological influence which began after the second world war is referred to as the ‘Cold War.
During the world war, Russia gained prominence in Eastern Europe while America, France, and England gained prominence in Western Europe.
The Eastern European nations under the influence of Soviet Russia adopted Communist ideology.
The Western European nations under the influence of America adopted a Capitalist ideology and democratic system.
This situation caused the emergence of the ‘Cold War’ between Soviet Russia and America.

Question 2.
India has always opposed colonialism.
Answer:

India is acknowledged as a great democracy in the world.
After independence, India adopted the policy of active non-alignment in international politics.
India would always strive to establish global peace.
India would not tolerate foreign intervention in her internal matters. India shall respect the regional unity and sovereignty of other countries.
India emphasizes the principle of ‘live and let live’ supported by peaceful co-existence.
For e.g. in the post-independence period in 1949, a conference was held in Delhi in which support was declared to the issue of Indonesia’s independence. It was demanded that the Dutch should leave Indonesia before 1950 and grant its independence.
The position India took in the case of Africa, is also very important. India took a strong initiative in demanding independence of African countries especially the protectorates of European nations.
India insisted that the foreign rulers (colonialist European countries) should leave the colonies.
India cared about Africa because of its long-standing relations with African countries.
Mahatma Gandhi showed Africa the path to satyagraha for independence.
Thus, India had been at the forefront of the struggle against colonialism.

Class 12 History Chapter 10 Cold War Intext Questions and Answers

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 77)

Collect information about the ‘United Nations’ with the help of the internet. Create groups of students in the class and let them compile the information of various specialized agencies of the United Nations.
Answer:
The United Nations was established after World War II with the aim of preventing any war in the future and establishing peace in the world. UN is the largest and most powerful intergovernmental organisation in the world. It was established on 24th October 1945. Currently, 193 countries in the world are members of the UN. The headquarter of the UN is located in New York, USA. Since its establishment UN has been working for maintaining world peace and avoiding conflict among nations, it also works for remoting sustainable development, protection and preservation of the environment, and protecting human rights.

The important agencies of the UN are as follows:
(i) International Labour Organisation (ILO):
Established in – 1919 to improve the conditions and living standards of workers.
Headquarters – Geneva.

(ii) International Monetary Fund (IMF):
Established in – 1945 to promote international monetary cooperation.

(iii) Food and Agricultural Organisation:
Established in – 1945

(iv) United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO):
Established in – 1945.

(v) World Health Organisation:
Established in – 1948

(vi) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA):
Established in – 1957

(vii) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP):
Established in – 1965

(viii) World Trade Organisation (WTO):
Established in – 1995

(ix) UN Women:
Established in – 2010

(x) United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC):
Established in – 1997

(xi) United Nation Environmental Programme (UNEP):
Established in – 1972

(xii) International Development Association (IDA):
Established in – 1960

(xiii) United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF):
Established in – 1946

(xiv) International Telecommunication Union (ITU):
Established in – 1865

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 83)

Review the proceedings of NAM conferences held during the period from 1992 to the Venezuela conference of 2016.
Answer:
NAM was established in 1961 in Belgrade, SR Serbia, Yugoslavia through an initiative of the Indian Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is an organization of Redeveloping nations that are not formally aligned, with any major power flex. Here is the list of NAM summits:

10th NAM Summit: 1-6 September 1992 – Jakarta, Indonesia.
11th NAM Summit: 18-20 October 1995 – Cartagena, Colombia.
12th NAM Summit: 2-3 September 1998, Durban, South Africa.
13th NAM Summit: 20-25 Feb 2003, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
14th NAM Summit: 15-16 September 2006, Havana, Cuba.
15th NAM Summit: 11-16 July 2009, Sharm-El-Sheikh, Egypt.
16th NAM Summit: 26-31 August 2012, Tehran, Iran.
17th NAM Summit: 13-18 September 2016, Porlamar, Venezuela.

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 85)

Collect information about SAARC conferences till 2014, with the help of the internet.
Answer:
SAARC also known as The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation is the regional intergovernmental organisation in South Asia. Total 8 countries are members of SAARC.

Nepal
Bhutan
India
the Maldives
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Afghanistan.

The First Summit was held in Dhaka, Bangladesh on 7-8 December 1985, signed the SAARC charter on 8 December 1985 thereby establishing the regional association and study groups on the problems of terrorism, drug trafficking, etc.
Second Summit India: Date – 17-18 November 1986 in Bangalore.
Appointment of Ambassador Abdul Ahsan of Bangladesh as the first Secretary-General of South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation.
3rd Summit: 2-4 November 1987 in Kathmandu, Nepal.
4th Summit: 29-31 December 1988 in Islamabad, Pakistan.
5th Summit: 21-23 November 1990 in Male, Maldives.
6th Summit: 21 December 1991 in Colombo, Sri Lanka
7th Summit: 10-11 April 1992, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
8th Summit: 2-4 May 1995, New Delhi, India
9th Summit: 12-14 May 1997, Male, Maldives.
10th Summit: 29-31 July 1998, Colombo, Sri Lanka
11th Summit: 4-6 January 2002, Kathmandu, Nepal.
12th Summit: 4-6 January 2004, Islamabad, Pakistan.
13th Summit: 12-13 November 2005, Dhaka, Bangladesh
14th Summit: 3-4 April 2007, New Delhi, India
15th Summit: 1-3 August 2008, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
16th Summit: 28-29 April 2010, Thimphu, Bhutan
17th Summit: 10-11 November 2011, Addu City, Maldives.
18th Summit: 26-27 November 2014, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Project (Textbook Page No. 87)

Collect information about the ‘Commonwealth Games’ with the help of the internet.
Answer:
The Commonwealth Games is an international multi-sport event involving athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. The event was first held in 1930, and, with the exception of 1942 and 1946, has taken place every four years since then. The Commonwealth Games were known as the British Empire Games from 1930 to 1950, the British Empire and Commonwealth Games from 1954 to 1966, and British Commonwealth Games from 1970 to 1974. Athletes with a disability are also included as full members of their national teams, making the Commonwealth Games the first fully inclusive international multi-sport event. It is also the world’s first multi-sport event that inducts an equal number of women’s and men’s medal events and was implemented recently in the 2018 Commonwealth Games. With such unique features, the World Economic Forum called the event inspiring and significant.

Their creation was inspired by the Inter-Empire Championships, as a part of the Festival of Empire, which was held in London, England in 1911. Melville Marks Robinson founded the games as the British Empire Games which were first hosted in Hamilton, Canada in 1930. During the 20th and 21st centuries, the evolution of the movement of the game has resulted in several changes to the Commonwealth Games. Some of these adjustments include the creation of the Commonwealth Winter Games for snow and ice sports for the commonwealth athletes, the Commonwealth Paraplegic Games for commonwealth athletes with a disability, and the Commonwealth Youth Games for commonwealth athletes aged 14 to 18. The first edition of the winter games and paraplegic games were held in 1958 and 1962 respectively, with their last edition held in 1966 and 1974 respectively and the first youth games were held in 2000. The 1942 and 1946 Commonwealth Games were canceled because of the Second World War.

12th Std History Questions And Answers:

India: Social and Religious Reforms Question Answer Class 12 History Chapter 5 Maharashtra Board

February 14, 2025February 13, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 5 India: Social and Religious Reforms Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 History Chapter 5 Question Answer India: Social and Religious Reforms Maharashtra Board

Class 12 History Chapter 5 India: Social and Religious Reforms Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 12 Chapter 5 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy wrote an English letter against the ___________
(a) caste system
(b) child marriage
(c) practice of sati
(d) segregation of women (Purdah system)
Answer:
(c) practice of sati

Question 2.
‘Arya Samaj’ was founded by ___________
(a) Swami Vivekanand
(b) Mahatma Jotirao Phule
(c) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
(d) Ramaswamy Naikar
Answer:
(c) Swami Dayanand Saraswati

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Brahmo Samaj	Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(b) Satyashodhak Samaj	Mahatma Jotirao Phule
(c) Paramhamsa Sabha	Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde
(d) Ramkrishna Mission	Swami Vivekanand

Answer:
Paramhamsa Sabha – Dadoba Pandurang Tarkhadkar

2. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
The title conferred on Raja Ram Mohan Roy by the Mughal Badshah-
Answer:
Raja

Question 2.
The one who founded ‘Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College’-
Answer:
Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan

Question 3.
The one who participated in ‘Vykom Satyagraha’-
Answer:
Ramaswamy Naikar

Question 4.
The one who made the law of free and compulsory primary education in Kolhapur Princely State-
Answer:
Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj

3. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Prarthana Samaj.
Answer:
Prarthana Samaj:

Had its origins in Paramhamsa Sabha.
Founded by Dadoba Pandurang Tarkhadkar.
Founding members like Dr. Atmaram Pandurang, Justice M. G. Ranade, Dr. R. G. Bhandarkar opposed idol worship and emphasized monotheism.
Opened schools for girls, orphanages, and night schools for workers.
Focussed on gender equality, wiping outcaste discriminations, and appreciating the values of mundane life.

Question 2.
Satyashodhak Samaj.
Answer:
Satyashodhak Samaj:

Founded in 1873 by Mahatma Jotirao Phule in Pune.
Cracked a whip on the social customs and practices which pushed the Indian masses into a miserable state.
Showed a new path to artisans, workers, and other downtrodden people.
Characteristics of Satyashodhak Samaj included monotheism, rejection of the authority of Vedas and Puranas, acceptance of rationality, opposition to the dominance of priests and idol worship, etc.
Mahatma Phule and his wife Savitribai Phule started a school for girls.
His work was continued by Gopalbaba Walangkar who criticized untouchability in his book ‘Vital Vidhwamsan’.
Shivram Janba drew attention to the problems of deprived women like Murali, Jagatini, and Devdasi.

4. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
What were the social reforms on which Raja Ram Mohan Roy put a great emphasis?
Answer:
Contribution of Raja Ram Mohan Roy:

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was born in Bengal.
Translated Sanskrit Upanishads into Bengali.
He was a witness to his brother’s wife immolating herself on her husband’s funeral pyre and this incident made him raise his voice against this evil social custom which according to him is not mentioned in any of the religious scriptures as a prescribed social obligation.
It was due to the efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy that a law was passed by the Governor-General of Bengal Lord William Bentinck abolishing Sati in 1829.
He was also opposed to child marriage and purdah, opened an English medium school, launched the first periodical in Bengali, and also another publication in Persian.
He started ‘Atmiya Sabha’, a philosophical discussion circle,’ Brahmo Samaj in 1828.
He spoke in support of the anti-colonial movements in Spanish colonies in South America.
Ram Mohan Roy laid the foundation of modernity in India.
Organizations like Manavdharma Sabha, Paramahamsa Sabha, and Dnyanprasar Sabha were inspired by his work.

Question 2.
Write about the contributions of the Ramkrishna Mission.
Answer:
Ramkrishna Mission:

Swami Vivekananda founded the Ramkrishna Mission in 1897.
Focussed on serving needy people, working for people affected by famine, health care for the sick people, education for women, etc.
It also gave a message to the Indian youth to get up to awaken and keep moving until the goal is achieved.

Question 3.
Write about the contributions of Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan.
Answer:
Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan:

Was born in 1817 in Delhi.
Fluent in Urdu, Persian, Arabic, and English.
Established ‘Scientific Society’ for Muslims.
After returning from England he founded the Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875 which later developed into ‘Aligarh Muslim University.
Started a periodical entitled ‘Mohammadan Social Reformer’.
Worked for the propagation of modern education, science, and technology.

Question 4.
Describe the contribution of Ramaswamy Naikar.
Answer:
Ramaswamy Naikar:

Born in ‘Erode’ in Tamil Nadu in 1879.
He became a follower of Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy and worked for propagating the use of ‘Swadeshi’.
He participated in the Vykom Satyagraha in Travancore against untouchability.
Started the ‘Swabhiman Andolan’ in Tamil Nadu.
Fought against the varna system and child marriage.
He was addressed as ‘Periyar’ or Great Soul because of his magnanimous work.
Was a great speaker and author.
Took a radical position on issues like women’s rights and family planning.

Class 12 History Chapter 5 India: Social and Religious Reforms Intext Questions and Answers

Let us find out. (Textbook Page No. 36)

Collect information about ‘Singh Sabha’ that was founded in Amritsar.
Answer:
The Singh Sabha Movement was a Sikh movement that began in Punjab in the 1870s in reaction to the proselytizing activities of Christians, Hindu reform movements (Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj), and Muslims (Aligarh movement and Ahmadiyah). The movement was founded in an era when the Sikh Empire had been dissolved and annexed by the British, the Khalsa had lost its prestige, and mainstream Sikhs were rapidly converting to other religions.

The movement’s aims were to propagate the true Sikh religion and restore Sikhism to its pristine glory; to write and distribute historical and religious books of Sikhs, and to propagate Gurmukhi Punjabi through magazines and media. The movement sought to reform Sikhism and bring back into the Sikh fold the apostates who had converted to other religions; as well as to interest the influential British officials in furthering the Sikh community. At the time of its founding, the Singh Sabha policy was to avoid criticism of other religions and political matters.

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 36)

Collect information with the help of the internet and teachers about these people: Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Vishnushastri Pandit, Veereshlingam Pantalu, and Maharshi Dhondo Keshav Karve.
Answer:
(A) Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar:

Pandit Vidyasagar was born on 26th September 1820 in the Midnapore district of Bengal Presidency (now in West Bengal).
A Sanskrit scholar, he joined Fort William College as the Head Pandit in the Sanskrit department in 1846.
In 1846, he left Fort William and joined Sanskrit College as ‘Assistant Secretary’.
In 1851, he became the principal of Sanskrit College.
In 1854, Vidyasagar started his campaign for widow remarriage.
Due to his efforts, the ‘Widow Remarriage Act was passed in 1856.
He was keen to advocate for education for women.
He exercised his power and lobbied hard for the opening of schools for girls.
He gave more importance to educational reforms than social reforms.
He emphasized teaching through Mother’s tongue.
He has enriched Bengali Education System by writing many good textbooks for students.
Vidyasagar died in 1891 at the age of 70.

(B) Vishnushastri Pandit:

Vishnushastri Pandit was born in a Chitpavan Brahmin family to Sanskrit scholar Krishnashastri Chiplunkar.
Worked as a school teacher in government schools during the years 1872-1879.
Co-founded the newspapers Kesari (Marathi) and Mahratta (English) along with Lokmanya Tilak and Gopal Ganesh Agarkar.
Also co-founded The New English School in Pune.
Began his career as a writer
In 1874, he started the monthly ‘Nibandmala’ for which he is principally remembered.
Translated the following works in Marathi-
- Rasselas by Samuel Johnson
- Kadambari by Banabhatta
- The Arabian Nights

Rao Bahadur Kandukuri Veereshlingam Pantalu was considered the ’Father of Renaissance movement in Telugu’.
Born on 16th April 1848 at Rajamundry, Andhra Pradesh.
Social reformer and writer at Madras Presidency under British rule.
After completing his matriculation in 1869, he started working as a school teacher in a village.
A scholar of three languages namely Telugu, Sanskrit, and English.
He is most revered for his contribution to the reformation of Telugu society.
Wrote extensively on the emancipation of women, advocated widow remarriage, and denounced child marriages.
Set up schools for the education of girls and women.
In 1887, he started a Brahmo Mandir at Rajamundry.
In 1893, the government of India conferred the title ‘RaoBahadur’ on him
He passed away on 27th May 1919 aged 71.

(D) Maharshi Dhondu Keshav Karve:

Born on 18th April 1858 at Sheravali, India, Dhondu Keshav Karve, or Maharshi Karve he was popularly known as a social reformer in India.
Was a Professor, Activist, Writer, and Social Worker.
Noted for supporting the education of women and for organizing associations for the marriage of Hindu widows.
In 1893, he established the Widow Marriage Association.
He set an example by marrying a widow after his first wife had died in 1891.
Established an educational institution in 1896, Hindu Widows Home in Poona.
He started Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women’s University in 1916.
On his 100th birthday, he was conferred India’s highest honour the ‘Bharat Ratna’.
He died in Pune on November 9, 1962, aged 104.

Project (Textbook Page No. 39)

Collect information about the efforts for women’s education in Maharashtra with the help of the internet.
Answer:
Students can use the following points as reference:

Trace women’s education down the ages.
Education in Maharashtra from 1818-1903.
Pioneer of Women’s education in India-Savitribai Phule.
Female literacy in Maharashtra today.
Schemes for women by the Government of Maharashtra.

12th Std History Questions And Answers:

World: Decolonisation Question Answer Class 12 History Chapter 9 Maharashtra Board

February 14, 2025February 13, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 9 World: Decolonisation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 History Chapter 9 Question Answer World: Decolonisation Maharashtra Board

Class 12 History Chapter 9 World: Decolonisation Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 12 Chapter 9 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
In the First World War ____________ and Turkey were defeated.
(a) America
(b) France
(c) England
(d) Germany
Answer:
(d) Germany

Question 2.
In 1935 ____________ was separated from India.
(a) Myanmar
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) the Maldives
(d) Iran
Answer:
(a) Myanmar

Question 3.
In 1947, first conference of ____________ countries was held.
(a) Unity
(b) Asian
(c) Atlantic
(d) Manchester
Answer:
(b) Asian

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
a. Bandung	Bandung conference
b. Paris	The first Pan-African Congress in 1919
c. London	The first Conference of ‘African Association’ in 1900
d. Manchester	Asian Unity Conference

Answer:
Manchester – The 5th Pan-African Congress in 1945

2. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
During the Second World War, the independence movements in Africa were more intensified ____________
(a) The colonies in Africa threw away the dominance of alien European powers
(b) African leaders were trained in the western education system
(c) During the Second World War the British and the French began to give some rights to the people in their colonies
(d) European countries were involved in the Second World war
Answer:
(c) During the Second World War the British and the; French began to give some rights to the people in their colonies

3. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Bandung Conference.
Answer:

India called the first conference of Asian countries in 1947 which was attended by the representatives of 25 Asian countries.
In this conference, the concept of Asian regionalism was shaped. The issues like common problems faced by Asian people, the social, economic, and cultural problems of the Asian countries, and the need for mutual co-operation among Asian countries were discussed in this conference.
This conference was followed by the first conference of Asian and African countries held in 1955 at Bandung in Indonesia. This is known as the ‘Bandung Conference’.
In this conference, the problems of Afro-Asian countries were discussed and it was decided to focus on world peace and mutual co-operation.

Question 2.
Concept of African Unity.
Answer:

The concept of African unity was first put forward by H.S. Williams. He formed an organization while in London, called as ‘African Association’ (later called as Pan-African Association).
He organised its first conference in 1900. W.E.B. Du Bois, an American sociologist of African origin was present at this conference.
In 1919, the second conference of African leaders and thinkers was held in Paris, known as the ‘Pan-African Congress’.
Thereafter, W.E.B. Du Bois and his associates called a series of Pan-African Congress at various places. This resulted in the idea of Pan-African unity taking deep roots in Africa.
The 5th Pan-African Congress was held at Manchester in 1945 by people of African origin living in Manchester.

4. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
There were three wars fought between the British and Myanmar.
Answer:

Myanmar is a Southeast Asian country. In 1599 the Portuguese defeated the king of one of the kingdoms in Myanmar.
However, in 1611 various dynasties ruling in Myanmar got together, defeated the Portuguese, and amalgamated their kingdoms.
United Myanmar adopted an expansionist policy and conquered Manipur and Assam.
It means that the British Indian territory was under threat of being invaded, a situation that caused three wars between the British and Myanmar is known as the Anglo-Burmese war.
The first war in 1826 was won by the British and they took over Assam and Manipur and Arakan.
British also defeated Myanmar in the second war. At about the same time the French had taken over the regions of ‘Upper Burma’.
In the third war, the British won this region too, thereby ruling over the entire Myanmar.
In this way during three Anglo-Burmese wars British annexed the entire Myanmar.

Question 2.
The end of the Second World War created an environment in which the process of decolonisation gained speed.
Answer:

The Second World War dealt a serious blow to the colonial powers, depriving them of their former prestige.
The process of decolonisation accelerated in a short time because of the conflicts among European coloniser countries and the anti-colonial movements in the colonies.
The European countries could not have reasoned out colonisation and the exploitation of colonies from an intellectual platform.
The Asian and African continents were filled with a heightened spirit of independence movements.
The awareness about these movements spread rapidly. Many countries in both continents obtained their freedom.
In ten years following the end of the Second World War, with successive waves of decolonisation in Asia and Africa, the Third World took its place as a new player in the international arena.

Class 12 History Chapter 9 World: Decolonisation Intext Questions and Answers

Get to know: (Textbook Page No. 72)

Collect more information regarding the ‘Atlantic Charter’ and organise a class discussion on the topic.
Answer:
Introduction: The Atlantic Charter was a pivotal policy statement issued on August 14, 1941, that defined goals for the post-war world. The Atlantic Charter was drafted by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President F.D. Roosevelt at the Atlantic Conference in Newfoundland. All the allies of World War II later confirmed it. The terms of the Atlantic Charter were as follows:

No territorial expansion and territorial changes were against the wishes of the people.
All people had a right to self-determination.
No territorial gains were sought by the U.S. and the U.K.
Trade and barriers were to be lowered.
There was to be global economic co-operation and advancement of social welfare.
The participants would work for a world free of want and fear.
The participants would work for freedom of the seas.
There was to be disarmament of aggressor nations and post-war common disarmament. This agreement proved to be one of the first steps towards the formation of the United Nation.

Discuss in the Class (Textbook Page No. 75)

Make a list of the colonies of the British colonies in Asia and Africa with their geographical locations and discuss in the class their independence struggle and the dates of their independence.
Answer:
Introduction: The decolonisation of Asia was the gradual growth of independence movements in Asia, leading ultimately to the retreat of foreign powers and the creation of a number of nation-states in the region. A number of events were catalysts for this shift, most importantly the Second World War.

The freedom struggle of some of the countries like Sri Lanka, Maldives is mentioned in the textbook. The countries of Asia and Africa which got independence from British rule are as follows:
1. British colonies in Asia
Hong Kong:

Hong Kong is a coastal city and major port in southern China.
It was returned to the United Kingdom following its war. It was controlled directly by a British governor until the expiry of the 99-year lease of the New Territories which occurred in 1997. From that date, the territories were called as a Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China.

2. Singapore:

Singapore officially known as the Republic of Singapore is a sovereign island city-state in maritime Southeast Asia.
In 1819, Sir Thomas Raffles negotiated a treaty whereby King Johor allowed the British to locate a trading port on the island, leading to the establishment of the British crown colony of Singapore.
After the end of World War II British granted self-government culminating in Singapore’s merger with Malaysia.
On 9th August 1965, Singapore separated from Malaysia to become an independent and sovereign state.

3. India:

India is situated in South East Asia surrounded by the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Indian Ocean on the south.
India got independence from British rule on 15th August 1947. Indian National Movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi played an important role in the freedom of the country.

4. Pakistan:

Pakistan is in Asia, the neighbouring country of India.
As the United Kingdom agreed to the partitioning of India in 1947, the modern state of Pakistan was established on 14th August 1947.

5. Cyprus:

Cyprus is an island in the Eastern Basin of the Mediterranean Sea in Western Asia.
In 1914 it was annexed by U.K Between 1945 and 1959 EOKA was created that fought a campaign for the end of British rule in Cyprus.
An independent ‘The Republic of Cyprus’ was created in 1960.

6. British colonies in Africa:

On 31st May 1910, Britain gave South Africa nominal independence.
This union was a dominion that included the former colonies of the Cape and Natal.
This union only became fully sovereign in 1931 when all powers Britain had over the country were abolished.

7. Egypt:

Egypt has coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea, the River Nile, and the Red Sea.
The Egyptian Revolution of 1919 was a countrywide revolution against the British occupation of Egypt.
The revolution led to Great Britain’s later recognition of Egyptian independence in 1922.

8. Nigeria:

Lagos was invaded by British forces in 1851 and annexed in 1865.
It became a British protectorate in 1901 while her colonization lasted until 1960 when an independence movement succeeded in gaining independence and Nigeria became an independent republic in 1979.

9. Ghana:
Got independence on 6 March 1957.

10. Kenya:
Became independent on 12 December 1963.

Project (Textbook Page No. 76)

Collect information with the help of the internet regarding French colonies in Asia and Africa.
Answer:
In the 19th century starting with the conquest of Algiers in 1830 France began to establish a new empire in Africa and Southeast Asia. The following is a list of all countries that were part of the French colonial empires in the last 500 years.

French Indochinese Union (1887 – 1954)
Laos (protectorate) (1893 – 1953)
Cambodia (protectorate) (1863 – 1953)
Vietnam
India and Sri Lanka: French establishment of India composed of Puducherry (1765 – 1954), Karikal (1725 – 1954), Chandranagar (1673 – 1952), Yanam (1673 – 1952)
Taiwan (1884 – 1885)
Basilan (1845)
Lebanon (1920 – 1946)
Syria (1920 – 1946)
China: The territory of Kouang-Tcheou-Wan (1898 – 1945), The province of Yunan, Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Shamian island (1859 – 1949)

12th Std History Questions And Answers:

Colonialism and the Marathas Question Answer Class 12 History Chapter 4 Maharashtra Board

February 14, 2025February 13, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 4 Colonialism and the Marathas Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 History Chapter 4 Question Answer Colonialism and the Marathas Maharashtra Board

Class 12 History Chapter 4 Colonialism and the Marathas Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 12 Chapter 4 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
Marathas defeated the Portuguese during the siege of __________
(a) Vengurla
(b) Phonda
(c) Surat
(d) Rajapur
Answer:
(b) Phonda

Question 2.
The political relations between Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and the British began due to the __________ episode.
(a) Kudal campaign
(b) Afzal Khan
(c) Fazal Khan
(d) coronation
Answer:
(b) Afzal Khan

Question 3.
The younger brother of Bajirao Peshwa I defeated the __________ at Vasai.
(a) British
(b) French
(c) Dutch
(d) Portuguese
Answer:
(d) Portuguese

Question 4.
The ‘Third Battle of Panipat’ was fought between Marathas and the __________
(a) British
(b) Abdali
(c) Ahmed Khan Bangash
(d) Najib Khan
Answer:
(b) Abdali

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Cosme da Guarda	Portuguese historian
(b) Gonsalo Martez	Portuguese emissary
(c) Francois Martin	Chief of the Dutch factory
(d) Henry Revington	British Officer

Answer:
(c) Francois Martin – Governor General of Pondicherry

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
The first Europeans to arrive in India-
Answer:
Portuguese

Question 2.
The place where the Portuguese stored their ammunition-
Answer:
Panvel

Question 3.
They honoured Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj with tributes for ensuring the safety of their factories and issuing trade permits-
Answer:
The Dutch

Question 4.
The British agent at Jaitapur-
Answer:
Velaji

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj levied octroi on the salt trade to __________
(a) oppose the Portuguese
(b) stop the British trade of salt
(c) raise funds for Swarajya
(d) oppose the colonialists
Answer:
(b) stop the British trade of salt

3. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj built a naval force.
Answer:
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had foreseen the ulterior motives of the foreigners and their ways of infiltration. He built strategies to arrest their advances in India. He took immediate measures by creating a strong naval force. He levied octroi on British trade salt as a measure to protect the local salt trade. Thus, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj adopted a strong policy against the European colonizers.

Question 2.
Maratha’s policies were anti-colonial.
Answer:
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had foreseen the ulterior motives of the Europeans and their ways of infiltration. So, he built strategies to arrest their advances in India. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj adopted a very strong policy against the European colonisers by levying octroi on the British salt trade etc. The Marathas were the only Indian rulers to adopt a policy of resistance against the European colonisers.

4. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Write about Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj’s policies regarding the European traders as seen in his Adnyapatra.
Answer:
The strategy of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj against the Europeans is clearly seen in Adnyapatra.
The following were his policies:

They should be kept at bay maintaining only business relations.
Not allotting them any space near the entrance of a creek or a sea fort.
Their establishments should not be a nuisance.
They should not be allowed to flaunt their military strength.
Not allow them to construct any permanent buildings.
They must accept these conditions otherwise they are of no use.
He also said that a fine should be collected if any foreign traders were found in the enemy land during expeditions.
After they pay the fine, they should be sent back to their factory or the place from where they had arrived.
They should not be treated in the same manner as the enemy is treated.

Question 2.
Explain Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj’s resolute policy of safeguarding Maratha sovereignty.
Answer:
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj took several steps to safeguard the Maratha empire.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj created a strong naval force and constructed forts for e.g., Hillforts, Sea forts, and Land forts.
Henry Oxenden, a British agent who was present at the coronation of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj sought permission to open a factory at Rajapur.
He also levied 2.5% octroi on British goods.
An agreement was signed between the British and the Marathas on 12th June 1674.
According to this agreement, the Marathas issued permission to open factories at Rajapur, Dabhol, Chaul, and Kalyan. He also prohibited the usage of British coinage.
He also refuted some of the conditions put by the British such as the British goods found afloat from the wrecked ships should be returned to them and the Marathas should enter a treaty with the Siddis of Janjira.
This clearly reveals his resolute policy of safeguarding Maratha’s sovereignty.

Question 3.
Why did the strongest Maratha rule come to an end?
Answer:
There were several reasons for the downfall of the Maratha empire:
(i) Internal weakness of the Maratha Empire: The empire of the Marathas was not well knit. It was a confederacy of the Maratha chiefs who were in conflict with one another. The nominal unity of the Marathas remained only up to the period of the rule of Madhav Rao I.

(ii) Lack of Political Foresight: The Marathas lacked wisdom and farsightedness. They failed to achieve the political unity of India and therefore failed to utilise the resources of the country either for the benefit of the people or for meeting the challenge of a foreign foe.

(iii) Incapable Leadership: All capable Maratha chiefs died by the end of the eighteenth century. After that the leadership of the Marathas was taken over by Bajirao II, Daulatrao Scindia, Yashwant Rao Holkar, and Nana Phadnavis. The Marathas thus lacked leadership.

(iv) Military weakness of the Marathas: The Marathas were militarily weak compared to the English as they had left their traditional method of guerrilla warfare and adopted European methods which they failed to perfect.

(v) Diplomacy of the English: The English were more diplomatic than the Marathas. The quarrels among the Marathas provided a good opportunity for the English to take advantage. Besides, the English had their eyes on the politics of the entire India.

5. Observe the map on textbook page 29 and answer the questions based on it.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 4 Colonialism and the Marathas 5

Question 1.
Where were the Dutch colonies on the west coast of India?
Answer:
On the west coast of India, there were warehouses at Vengurla in Konkan and at Photo Novo (Parangi Pettai) and Tegna Pattam (Devanapattinam) in Karnataka.

Question 2.
Where did the French establish their colonies on the east coast of India?
Answer:
The French had their colony in Pondicherry (Puducherry) on the east coast.

Question 3.
Whose warehouses were at Agra and Allahabad?
Answer:
This warehouse is not mentioned on the map. This area was ruled by the Mughals.

Project (Textbook Page No. 33)

Question 1.
Collect information about the colonies established by the European colonialists in various countries with the help of internet.
Answer:
The European colonialists had their colonies in the following countries.
(A) Africa:

Belgium – Belgian Congo, Lado Enclave, Rwanda, and Burundi
Britain – Sudan, Basutoland, Balleland, British East Africa (Kenya), British Somaliland, British Togoland
Gold Coast, South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, Botswana, Nigeria, Ghana, etc.
France – Gambia, Comoros, French Algeria, French Congo, French Guinea, Ivory Coast, French Madagascar, etc.
Dutch – Dutch East Indies, Curacao, The Dutch Slave Coast, the Dutch Gold Coast, Surinam.
Germany – German East Africa, German Southwest Africa, German West Africa.
Portugal – Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique.

(B) Asia:

Britain – Colony Aden, British Borneo, Burma, Ceylon, Cyprus, India, Iraq, Malay, North Borneo, Palestine, etc.
France – Cochin, China, Annam, Laos, and Cambodia.
Dutch – Dutch East Indies, Malacca, Taiwan, Tonkin/Annam, Maluku Islands.
Portugal – Goa, Malacca and Southeast Asia, China and Japan, Spice Islands, South Asia, Persian Gulf, and the Red Sea.

Britain – Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York,
Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
France – New France (including Canada and Louisiana), French West Indies and
French Guiana.
Dutch – New Netherland was the first Dutch colony in North America.

(D) South America:

Spain – Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic.

12th Std History Questions And Answers:

World Wars and India Question Answer Class 12 History Chapter 8 Maharashtra Board

February 14, 2025February 13, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 8 World Wars and India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 History Chapter 8 Question Answer World Wars and India Maharashtra Board

Class 12 History Chapter 8 World Wars and India Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 12 Chapter 8 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
When Austria declared war against Serbia, it was _________, who helped Serbia.
(a) Germany
(b) America
(c) Hungary
(d) Russia
Answer:
(d) Russia

Question 2.
The first atom bomb was dropped on the city of _________ during the aerial attack of America on Japan.
(a) Nagasaki
(b) Hiroshima
(c) Pearl Harbour
(d) Stalingrad
Answer:
(b) Hiroshima

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. America	Woodrow Wilson
2. England	Winston Churchill
3. Germany	Hitler
4. Italy	Linlithgow

Answer:
Italy – Benito Mussolini

2. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
The name of the group of nations including England, France, Russia, Italy, and America in the First World War –
Answer:
Allied Nations

Question 2.
The name of the group of nations including Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria in the First World War –
Answer:
Central Powers

3. Write short notes.

Question 1.
‘League of Nations.
Answer:

A peace-loving American president Woodrow Wilson took a lead in the formation of the League of Nations.
All the nations involved in the war felt the need to create some solution to avoid any situation that could lead to war.
The main objectives of the League of Nations were –
- finding peaceful solutions for conflicts between nations.
- establishing peace in the world.
Austria, Germany, and other defeated nations were not allowed to become members of the league.
America was not a member of the league so England and France retained their dominance in the league.

Question 2.
Dr. Kotnis.
Answer:

Dr. Dwarkanath Kotnis was born on 10th October 1910 at Solapur.
When Japan had attacked China in 1937, the Chinese Government requested Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru to send a team of doctors to attend to the injured Chinese soldiers.
Dr. Kotnis was the chief of the team of Indian doctors sent to China.
He attended the Chinese soldiers for years but unfortunately died in China on 9th December 1942 in the plague epidemic.
Dr. Kotnis by the virtue of his selfless work formed the bridge of friendship between India and China.
The eminent Indian filmmaker, V. Shantaram made a film on his life, entitled ‘Dr. Kotnis Ki Amar Kahani’ which immortalized Dr. Kotnis’ memory.

4. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
‘The Treaty of Versailles’ had the seeds of the Second World War. The Text does not have any comment to this effect.
Answer:

The Treaty of Versailles was signed between the Allied nations and Germany at Versailles palace in 1919. It was drafted by American President Woodrow Wilson.
The Treaty of Versailles was very harsh on Germany because Germany had lost the war.
Germany was forced to accept the responsibility for the war damages suffered by the Allies.
The victorious powers had deprived Germany of huge tracts of its territory. Germany was burdened with an immense war indemnity.
The peace settlement at Paris was made in a spirit of revenge. The Germans felt that too much injustice had been done to them.
The German economy was ruined completely. People were starving and the government was in chaos.
It was impossible for a proud German race to forget the consequences of the war, which they had lost so humiliatingly.
This fuelled the rise of Nazism in Germany which adopted the policy of aggression.
In this way, the Treaty of Versailles sowed the seeds of the Second World War.

Question 2.
The British Government in India decided to return home.
Answer:

The Second World War ended in the month of August 1945 with the surrender of Japan.
In this war, England emerged victoriously but it lost heavily in terms of human life and economic conditions.
As a result of this England grew weaker. The British Government in India is now aware that Indian soldiers and people are not as meek and submissive as before, ruling them was no easier.
India was not going to be the perennial source of profit for them as it used to be. There was a lot of pressure on England to give freedom to its colonies. Freedom struggles began in India which demanded ‘Poorna Swarajya’ which means total independence. Hence, the British Government in India decided to return home.

5. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Give the causes of the Second World War.
(i) Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles
(ii) Rise of Hitler
(iii) Rise of Communism
(iv) Hitler’s attack on Poland
(v) Hitler’s violation of the Non-aggression Pact
Answer:
The Second World War was fought between 1939 to 1945. Following were the causes of the Second World War:
(i) Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles: The Treaty of Versailles was very harsh on Germany. It was made in a spirit of revenge. Germany was burdened with huge war indemnity. The German economy was ruined completely. This fuelled the rise of Nazism in Germany.

(ii) Rise of Hitler: The Nazis under the leadership of Hitler grabbed power in Germany. Hitler began to escalate Germany’s military power so as to avenge the demeaning conditions imposed on Germany by the treaty of Versailles. He focussed on increasing the strength of the military as well as the navy.

(iii) Rise of Communism: Meanwhile, Soviet Russia, a communist nation was becoming more powerful. It made nations like England, France, America uneasy. Soviet Russia and imperialistic Germany viewed each other as arch enemies. England and France ignored the advances of Germany thinking that it will keep a check on the rising power of Soviet Russia.

(iv) Hitler’s attack on Poland: In 1938, Hitler won the Sudeten province in Czechoslovakia, which was populated in majority by people of German origin. In 1939, he attacked Poland which was looked upon as a neutral country by all European nations. In spite of this, Hitler attacked Poland. Therefore, England declared war against Germany.

(v) Hitler’s violation of the Non-aggression pact: Denmark, Norway surrendered to Germany. Germany conquered Holland, Belgium, and France. In 1939, Hitler violated the ‘Non-aggression Pact’ made with Stalin and attacked Soviet Russia so Stalin declared war against Germany.

Question 2.
Why did Indian people participate in the national movement in great numbers?
Answer:

India was a colony of the British during wartime. England started exploiting their colonies to meet the needs of war.
During wartime, England felt an increasing need for manpower and money. Therefore, the British Government began recruiting army personnel from India.
At times the recruitment was enforced on Indians.
Extra taxes were levied on Indians for raising funds. Taxes on trade and industries were raised.
During the war period prices of essential commodities went up. Indians suffered from the problems of inflation, hike in prices, increasing unemployment caused by the industrial recession.
Indians could see that the exploitative rule of the British was responsible for this miserable state of affairs.
Hence, Indians from all strata of society, workers, farmers, and the middle class joined in large numbers in the national movements against British rule.

12th Std History Questions And Answers:

India and European Colonialism Question Answer Class 12 History Chapter 3 Maharashtra Board

February 14, 2025February 13, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 3 India and European Colonialism Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 History Chapter 3 Question Answer India and European Colonialism Maharashtra Board

Class 12 History Chapter 3 India and European Colonialism Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 12 Chapter 3 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
Vasco da Gama was a seafarer from ___________
(a) Poland
(b) England
(c) France
(d) Portugal
Answer:
(d) Portugal

Question 2.
The license was given by England to the East India Company to trade with eastern countries by ___________
(a) Sir George Oxenden
(b) Princess Braganza
(c) Queen Elizabeth
(d) Homer
Answer:
(c) Queen Elizabeth

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Arcebispo	Chief Executive Officer
(b) Chancellor	Judge
(c) Vedor da Fazenda	In charge of Company’s Possessions
(d) Capitaon	Captain

Answer:
(a) Arcebispo – Archbishop

2. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 3 India and European Colonialism 2
Answer:

3. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The Indian rulers had to obtain Cartaz.
Answer:
Cartaz: The Cartaz was a license issued by the Portuguese to the Indian rulers for sailing on the Indian Ocean when they established firm control of the Indian Ocean. It usually carried details like the name of the vessel (ship), the name of the captain of the ship, port of departure and arrival, the list of weaponry on the ship loaded for the purpose of self-defense, etc.

Question 2.
Indian rulers found it difficult to fight the Portuguese.
Answer:
The Portuguese established a strong navy. They used to launch sudden attacks on their enemy’s territory from the sea and wreck it completely. The Indian rulers could not match the Portuguese in their war tactics. Later when they established their firm control on the Indian Ocean it became necessary for the Indians to get a license from them for sailing on the Indian Ocean.

4. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Which are the places where the Portuguese established their colonies?
Answer:
By 1608, the Portuguese had established their colonies on the western coast of India at Diu, Daman, Chaul, Goa (including Sashti and Bardish), Honnavar, Gangoli, Basrur, Mangalore, Kannur, Kodungallur, Kochi, and Kollam. Similarly, on the eastern coast, they had trader colonies at Nagapattinam, Mylapore or Sao Tome/San Thom, and Hugli in Bengal. This stretch of the Portuguese empire had its capital at Goa.

Question 2.
What were the rights given to United East India Company by the Dutch government?
Answer:
The Dutch government issued a license to the company to conduct trading with the eastern countries. The same license permitted them to appoint staff, establish factories, build forts, engage in battles against the eastern countries, and also sign treaties with them. Accordingly, the company appointed a Governor-General to take care of Indian affairs.

Class 12 History Chapter 3 India and European Colonialism Intext Questions and Answers

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 19)

Collect information of the church in Kerala, named after Vasco da Gama, with the help of the internet.
Answer:
St. Francis Church:

Built-in 1503 as one of the oldest European churches in India.
Originally known as St. Bartholomew.
Constructed of wood and stone.
First Portuguese church in India.
Founded by Pedro Alvarez De Cabral.
Built-in Persian architecture style.
The Portuguese built a fort and within the fort, they built a church.
History has it that Vasco da Gama died during his third visit to India and was buried here in 1524.
After 14 years his body was moved to Lisbon.

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 21)

Make a list of the ship-building facilities in pre-independence and post-independence India and collect information about the development of the shipbuilding industry.
Answer:
Students can use the following points as references.

India’s maritime history began during the 3rd millennium B.C.E.
When Indus valley had trade contact with Mesopotamia.
Strabo mentions Rome and Greece had maritime trade relations with India.
The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach India by sea and traded in spices etc. followed by the Dutch.
The shipbuilding activities of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj are particularly noteworthy. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj built a strong naval force.
In the modern period, the British East India Company shipped substantial quantities of spices.
Ship Building was a well-established craft.
Some of the well-known shipyards in India today are Sembmarine Kakinada Ltd (SKL) India, Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL) India, Western India Shipyard Ltd.

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 21)

The currency of various countries is known by specific names. Prepare a list of countries and their currencies.
Answer:

Country	Currency
1. Afghanistan	Afghan Afghani (AFN)
2. Argentina	Argentine peso (ARS)
3. Australia	Australian dollar (AUS)
4. Bahrain	Bahraini dinar (BHD)
5. China	Chinese yuan (CNY)
6. Denmark	Danish krone (DKK)
7. Egypt	Egyptian pound (EGP)
8. Germany	Euro (EUR)
9. India	Indian rupee (INR)
10. Japan	Japanese yen (JPY)
11. United States of America	US dollar (USD)
12. United Kingdom	Pound sterling (GBP)

Project (Textbook Page No. 23)

Compile the names of Governors of British East India Company from 1600 to 1857. C.E.
Answer:
The Regulating Act of 1773 created the office with the title of Governor-General of Presidency of Fort William or Governor-General of Bengal. He was appointed by the Court of Directors of the East India Company.

Governor-General	Years Active
1. Warren Hastings	1772 – 1785
2. Sir John Macpherson	1785 – 1786
3. Lord Cornwallis	1786 – 1793
4. Sir John Shore	1793 – 1798
5. Lord Wellesley	1798 – 1805
6. Sir George Barlow	1805 – 1807
7. Lord Minto I	1807 – 1815
8. Lord Hastings	1813 – 1823
9. Lord Amherst	1823 – 1828
10. Lord William Bentinck	1828 – 1835
11. Sir Charles Metcalfe	1835 – 1836
12. Lord Auckland	1836 – 1842
13. Lord Dalhousie	1848 – 1856
14. Lord Canning	1856 – 1862
15. Lord Lawrence	1864 – 1869
16. Lord Mayo	1869 – 1872
17. Lord Lytton	1876 – 1880
18 .Lord Ripon	1880 – 1884
19. Lord Dufferin	1884 – 1888
20. Lord Lansdowne	1888 – 1894
21. Lord Curzon	1894 – 1905
22. Lord Minto	1905 – 1910
23. Lord Hardinge	1910 – 1916
24. Lord Chelmsford	1916 – 1921
25. Lord Reading	1921 – 1926
26. Lord Irwin	1926 – 1931
27. Lord Willingdon	1931 – 1936
28. Lord Linlithgow	1936 – 1944
29. Lord Wavell	1944 – 1947
30. Lord Mountbatten	March 1947 – August 1947

12th Std History Questions And Answers:

Decolonisation to Political Integration of India Question Answer Class 12 History Chapter 7 Maharashtra Board

February 14, 2025February 13, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 7 Decolonisation to Political Integration of India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 History Chapter 7 Question Answer Decolonisation to Political Integration of India Maharashtra Board

Class 12 History Chapter 7 Decolonisation to Political Integration of India Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 12 Chapter 7 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
In 1946, under the leadership of the movement of ____________ ‘Civil Disobedience’ was launched in
Goa.
(a) Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia
(b) Dr. T.B. Kunha
(c) Dr. P.P. Shirodkar
(d) Dr. Ram Hegde
Answer:
(a) Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia

Question 2.
Hyderabad’s struggle of freedom was led skillfully by ____________
(a) King Hari Singh
(b) Swami Ramanand Tirth
(c) Pandit Mahadevshastri Joshi
(d) Keshavrao Jedhe
Answer:
(b) Swami Ramanand Tirth

Question 3.
The princely states in India were merged in India mainly through the efforts of ____________
(a) Jayantrao Tilak
(b) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
(c) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) Dr. T.B. Kunha
Answer:
(b) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. Merger of the princely state of Hyderabad	Swami Ramanand Tirth
2. Merger of the princely state of Kashmir	Shaikh Abdullah
3. Significant contribution in the ‘Goa Liberation Movement	Mohan Ranade
4. The trade unionist leader in Puducherry	V. Subbayya

Answer:
The merger of the princely state of Kashmir – King Hari Singh (Instrument of Accession)

2. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
The President of Goa Congress Committee –
Answer:
Dr. T.B. Kunha

Question 2.
The princely states that did not merge in India immediately after its independence –
Answer:
Junagadh, Hyderabad, Kashmir, Dadra and Haveli, Goa and Puducherry

3. Observe the map on textbook page 61 and answer the questions based on it.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 7 Decolonisation to Political Integration of India 3

Question 1.
Name the countries located at the northwest border of India.
Answer:
Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Question 2.
Which places in India were the centers of Portuguese rule?
Answer:
Goa, Dadra and Nagar haveli, Diu and Daman.

Question 3.
Which place on the eastern coast of India were the centers of French rule?
Answer:
Puducherry, Yanam and Karaikal.

Question 4.
Which nation is located at the southern tip of India?
Answer:
Sri Lanka

4. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 7 Decolonisation to Political Integration of India 4
Answer:

5. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Ultimately the princely state of Hyderabad was merged in India.
Answer:

Hyderabad was under Nizam rule, it was the largest amongst princely states along with Telugu, Kannada, and Marathi regional sections.
The various organisation was formed to fight against Nizam’s policies for his people.
Swami Ramanand Tirth alongside loyal workers were leading this organisation to gain freedom from the Nizam.
Hyderabad State Congress passed a resolution that Hyderabad will merge in India and this was not liked by Nizam, he was willing to join Pakistan.
The people of Hyderabad wanted to merge in India.
Kasim Razvi formed a ‘Razakar’ organisation against people.
In the end, the Indian Government launched a police campaign against Nizam, under the name ‘Operation Polo’.
In 1948 Nizam surrendered and Hyderabad merged in India.

Question 2.
Puducherry was declared as a Union territory.
Answer:

Puducherry was under the French colony. India was under the impression that the British and Portuguese will send a message to the French to leave India, however, this did not happen.
Puducherry, Mahe, Yanam, and Chandranagar in West Bengal were under French control.
The people of Puducherry got united under Subbayya, a communist politician and leader.
The government noticed it as serious and strongly demanded that French governments should return all the regions held by them.
In 1948, a bilateral agreement was signed by both governments. In 1949, Chandranagar was merged.
In 1954, all French colonies were merged in India. In 1962, the French Parliament approved the bilateral agreement and in 1963, Puducherry became the ‘Union Territory’ of India.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Andhra, Karnataka, Maharashtra Councils (Parishad) were found in the princely state of Hyderabad.
Answer:

Hyderabad was the largest amongst princely states in India. It comprised Telugu, Kannada, and Marathi regional sections. It was ruled by Nizam.
Nizam of Hyderabad had put many restrictions on the Civil and Political rights of his subjects to a great extent.
To fight against such restrictions in the state, people had formed organizations like ‘Andhra Parishad’ in Telangana, ‘Maharashtra Parishad’ in Marathwada, and ‘Karnataka Parishad’ in Karnataka.

Question 2.
The Portuguese rule in Goa remained untouched till 1961.
Answer:

Goa was under Portuguese control. There prevailed a general notion among Indians that the departure of the British from India would send a signal to the Portuguese and the French to leave India on their own.
However, this did not happen and many freedom fighters like Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, Dr. Kunha, and many more have contributed to the struggle against the Portuguese.
At last, the Indian govt has sent the army, under Operation Vijay, to make Goa free from Portuguese control and became a part of India on 19th December 1961.

Class 12 History Chapter 7 Decolonisation to Political Integration of India Intext Questions and Answers

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 58)

Try to collect information about the newspapers published during ‘Hyderabad Freedom Struggle’ with the help of the internet.
Answer:
Students should do it on their own.

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 60)

Collect information about the fort of Panaji and make a poster about the fort.
Answer:
Students should do it on their own.

Project (Textbook Page No. 62)

Collect information about the ‘Gorta Massacre’ a very important instance in the struggle for liberating Hyderabad. To get more information about it visit the following website: www.bhausahebumate.com
Answer:
(i) As we know Qasim Razvi, had founded the Razakar organisation (Nizam’s private military) to help Nizam to suppress the voice of people against Nizam of Hyderabad. Gorta was the name of a village (Karnataka) and people were massacred by Razakars of Hyderabad in 1948. Gorta Village is also known as Jaliyanwala Bag of Karanataka, it was a mass killing on May 9th and 10th 1948. Though a plaque kept in front of the village gives fight date May 5th, and it continued for two weeks. It is said that around 200 people were killed by Razakars and property destruction was worth ₹ 70 lakhs.

(ii) A folk song called ‘Bhulai pada’ sung by village women in bitter memory of the massacre. There is demand from village people in front of the Government for the construction of the memorial at Gorta. Local people and local political parties had collected ₹ 27 lakh for a 35-foot memorial and laid the foundation on September 17th, 2014.

12th Std History Questions And Answers:

European Colonialism Question Answer Class 12 History Chapter 2 Maharashtra Board

February 14, 2025February 13, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 2 European Colonialism Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 History Chapter 2 Question Answer European Colonialism Maharashtra Board

Class 12 History Chapter 2 European Colonialism Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 12 Chapter 2 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
‘Declaration of Independence was drafted by __________
(a) George Washington
(b) Thomas Jefferson
(c) Lord Amherst
(d) Lord Cornwallis
Answer:
(b) Thomas Jefferson

Question 2.
The second Anglo-Burmese war was fought during the times of __________
(a) Lord Amherst
(b) Lord Dufferin
(c) Lord Dalhousie
(d) Ashley Eden
Answer:
(c) Lord Dalhousie

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. Togoland	German colony
2. Egypt	British colony
3. Orange Free State	Dutch colony
4. Ivory Coast	Portuguese colony

Answer:
Ivory Coast – French colony

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
The region from Florida to California on the southern coast of America was under the control of-
Answer:
Spain

Question 2.
The sea voyages for exploration were encouraged in the reign of-
Answer:
Queen Elizabeth I

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The British wanted to gain control over Myanmar because __________
(a) they wanted to expand their empire
(b) it was very important to control the natural resources and the market in Myanmar
(c) they wanted to be at the forefront of the colonial competition amongst the European nations
(d) they wanted to teach a lesson to King Thibaw of Myanmar
Answer:
(b) it was very important to control the natural resources and the market in Myanmar

3. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 2 European Colonialism Q3
Answer:

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Nature of Colonialism.
Answer:

Colonialism is the act of a developed nation occupying the land of a less developed, distant nation and establishing its rule on the occupied country. Europeans travelled all over the world with various intentions such as the urge for adventures, to earn a name, to discover unknown lands, to search for gold mines, etc.
The Europeans established colonies wherever they went and in doing so there was a competition to gain economic, social, and political supremacy among the nations. Extreme nationalism, feeling of racial superiority, industrialization, aggressive approach, etc., are the factors that led to the growth of colonialism.
Thus, Europeans went to America, Australia, and New Zealand. The Europeans also colonised Asia. However, the climate of Asia did not favour them. Favourable or unfavourable, Europeans disposed of the indigenous people in their own lands.
The Europeans saw these colonies as potential marketplaces to sell their surplus goods which were accumulated as a result of mass production. The Europeans also needed additional sources that would provide ample raw material.
In the latter half of the 19th century, England built a flourishing trade as a result of the industrial revolution.

Question 2.
American War of Independence.
Answer:
The colonies got into several battles with the British army even after gaining independence. The colonies finally at Saratoga got a decisive victory over the British army. This victory proved to be a turning point for the colonies as the French agreed to support them in their conflict against the British. Eventually, Spain also joined the conflicts in their struggle for independence.

On 7th October 1780, George Washington defeated the British army. On 19th October, British General Lord Cornwallis surrendered and America became independent. The American revolt for independence is also known as the ‘American Revolution’. America proved to the world that the subjects have a right to fight their rulers who deny them their natural rights.

5. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The industrial revolution gave momentum to colonialism.
Answer:
Colonialism was a result of the industrial revolution. Production increased enormously because of the new machines. However, the rate of local consumption was much less compared to the surplus rate of production. Hence, the immediate need of the Europeans was to find new markets for selling their products. It was also necessary that these markets be dependable and easy to dominate.

Question 2.
European nations established colonies in America.
Answer:
The stronger European nations dominated the weaker countries by establishing colonies there and pushed them to subjection. The lands of the original inhabitants in America were seized by the Europeans and were also massacred. The original inhabitants were forced into slavery. The Europeans discovered gold mines and the Spanish colonizers brought African slaves to work in sugarcane and tobacco fields. Farming and mining earned them enormous wealth. Essential raw materials were exported to Spain and the finished goods used to be imported for sale in the local markets for the colonies. The trade of gold and silver also earned huge profits for the king. Witnessing Spain’s prosperity England, Holland and France also began to establish colonies in America.

Class 12 History Chapter 2 European Colonialism Intext Questions and Answers

Try to do this. (Textbook Page No. 11)

Locate the following regions under British domination on the map: Gibraltar, Malta in the Mediterranean Sea; British Guyana, British Honduras, British West Indies, Bermuda and Falkland islands in the Western Hemisphere; Aden, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Hongkong, India; also, the countries in Africa.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 2 European Colonialism Intext Q1

Project (Textbook Page No. 18)

Question 1.
Collect information about the biodiversity and sources of minerals in the African continent.
Answer:
1. Meaning of Biodiversity:
Biodiversity consists of two words ‘Biological’ and ‘Diversity’. It refers to all the variety of life that can be found on earth (plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms) as well as to the communities that they form and the habitats in which they live.

2. Biodiversity in Africa:

Rich in biodiversity.
Africa supports the earth’s largest assemblages of large mammals which roam freely in many countries.
Africa is home to a rich and diverse animal, plant, and marine biodiversity that provide critical ecosystem services.

3. Minerals in Africa:
Africa is rich in mineral reserves and ranks first or second in quantity of world reserves of bauxite, cobalt, industrial diamond, phosphorite, platinum, etc.

12th Std History Questions And Answers:

Indian Struggle against Colonialism Question Answer Class 12 History Chapter 6 Maharashtra Board

February 14, 2025February 13, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 6 Indian Struggle against Colonialism Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 History Chapter 6 Question Answer Indian Struggle against Colonialism Maharashtra Board

Class 12 History Chapter 6 Indian Struggle against Colonialism Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 12 Chapter 6 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
The region of __________ had become a stronghold of Hansaji Naik.
(a) Satara
(b) Nanded
(c) Pune
(d) Nagpur
Answer:
(b) Nanded

Question 2.
The British plant owners in Bihar were pressing the local farmers to grow only __________
(a) indigo
(b) tea
(c) coffee
(d) sugarcane
Answer:
(a) indigo

Question 3.
The first session of the Indian National Congress was presided by __________
(a) Dwarkanath Tagore
(b) Vyomeshchandra Banerjee
(c) Dadabhai Nauroji
(d) Surendranath Banerjee
Answer:
(b) Vyomeshchandra Banerjee

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1.Kunwar Sinh	Lucknow
2. Nanasaheb Peshwa	Kanpur
3. Queen Lakshmibai	Jhansi
4. Chimasaheb	Kolhapur

Answer:
Kunwar Singh – Patna

2. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
The region of the regime of the parallel government established in 1942 –
Answer:
Satara District

Question 2.
The islands were conquered by Azad Hind Sena from the British in 1943 –
Answer:
Andaman and Nicobar Islands

3. Write short notes.

Question 1.
The Extremists.
Answer:

The Indian National Congress split into two groups-The Moderates and The Extremists at the Surat session of the Congress in 1907.
The ‘Extremists’ wing of thinkers insisted that independence should be a natural priority. An independent nation could provide the right set-up for social reformation.
Lokmanya Tilak who was the leader of the Extremists said that the home taken over by others should be recovered first, then only we can reform it.
He also felt that the British Government will not yield to applications, requests, and speeches.
The Extremists did not agree with the Moderators’ policy of avoiding the resolutions of ‘Swadeshi’ and ‘Boycott’ and wanted to stop these attempts of the Moderators.
The three leaders of the Extremists group were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Bipin Chandra Pal. (Lal-Bal-Pal).

Question 2.
Azad Hind Sena.
Answer:

The Azad Hind Sena was built by Rasbihari Bose by recruiting Indian soldiers and later on was reorganized under the leadership of Subhash Chandra Bose.
These were the Indian soldiers of the British army who were taken captive by the Japanese army.

Question 3.
Prati Sarkar.
Answer:

Prati Sarkar or Parallel Government was established by Krantisinha Nana Patil, a revolutionist in the Satara district of Maharashtra.
He, with the help of his associates, put an end to the British regime in the Satara district and established ‘People’s Government’.
This government took over the administrative task of collecting revenue, maintaining law and order, solving court cases, and punishing criminals.

4. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Lieutenant Outram was successful in crushing the revolt by the Bhils by the end of 1822.
Answer:

A revolt of the Bhils in which thousands of Bhils participated was crushed by Lt. Outram.
However, he also stayed among the Bhils and won their confidence. He tried to bring them into the mainstream of urban life.
He adopted measures like the declaration of amnesty, land grants, agricultural loans and reprieve from the past crimes, and recruitment in the army to weaken the opposition from the Bhils.

Question 2.
Ravindranath gave up his title (Sir.)
Answer:

On 13th April 1919, the day of Baisakhi thousands of people had gathered for a meeting at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar for celebrating the festival.
Many of them were not aware of the ban put by the government on public gatherings.
Genera Dyer opened fire on these people without any prior warning.
About four hundred innocent people were killed and thousands were injured in this incident. It is known as the ‘Jallianwala Bagh Massacre’.
It created a wave of rage all through India.
Rabindranath Tagore criticized this act and gave up his title (Sir).

5. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The rise of colonialism was the result of the spreading of European trade.
Answer:

The Europeans reached all over the world for several reasons such as the urge for adventures, to earn a name to discover unknown lands, to search for gold mines, etc.
Later, trade and commerce increased to such a great extent for which there was economic, social, and political supremacy among them.
The Europeans found potential markets in continents like Asia, America, and Africa where they established their colonies. And the first to do so were the Portuguese.

Question 2.
According to Swatantryaveer Savarkar, the Independence War of 1857 was the First War of Independence.
Answer:

The revolt of 1857 was a unified and national uprising against the British authority.
The Indian war of Independence as described in his book ‘1857-The First War of Independence was considered to be the first war where the entire nation irrespective of caste, creed, race, and religion had come together and staged an armed protest against the British to gain independence from their colonial rule.

Class 12 History Chapter 6 Indian Struggle against Colonialism Intext Questions and Answers

Try this. (Textbook Page No. 43)

Collect more information about ‘Kayamdhara’, ‘Ryotwari’, ‘Mahalwari’ land revenue systems and discuss it in the class. Also, discuss the present land system of ‘Anewari’.
Answer:
(A) Kayamdhara or Jamindari:

This system was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793.
It was introduced in the provinces of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, and Varanasi.
Zamindars were recognized as the owners of the lands.
Zamindars were given the right to collect rent from the peasants.

(B) Ryotwari:

The Ryotwari system was a land revenue system in British India introduced by Thomas Munro in 1820 based on a system administered by Captain Alexander Read in the Baramahal district.
This was practiced in Madras and Bombay areas as well as Assam and Coorg provinces.
In this system, the peasants or cultivators were regarded as the owners of the land.
Ryot means peasant cultivator.

The government of Lord William Bentinck Governor-General of India (1828-1835) introduced the Mahalwari system of land revenue in 1833.
This system was introduced in N W Frontier, Agra, Gangetic Valley, Central Provinces, Punjab, etc.
Had elements of both the Zamindari and the Ryotwari systems.
This system divided the lands into Mahals. Sometimes the Mahals constituted one or more villages.
The tax was assessed on the Mahal.
Each individual farmer gave his share.
Revenue was collected by the village headman or village leaders (Lambardar).

(D) Anewari System:

Paisewari (originally known as Anewari) is a system of survey used by the government to decide whether a village is drought-hit or not
Prior to the harvest, the Tehsildar along with farmers and representatives of the agricultural department takes stock of the crop and compares it with the yield of the last ten years
If the value is less than 50 paise, the village is declared drought-hit, and drought mitigating measures are put in place.

Try to do this: (Textbook Page No. 46)

Vishnubhat Godse from Vasai was in Jhansi in 1857. Get the book, ‘Maza Pravas’ authored by him as the eyewitness of the happenings and read it.
Answer:

‘Maza Pravas’ translates into English as “My Travels: The story of 1857 Mutiny” is a Marathi travelogue written by Vishnubhat Godse, who traveled on foot from Varsai, a village near Pen (present-day Maharashtra) to the Central and Northern parts of India during 1857-1858 and witnessed several incidents of what he calls “The Mutiny of 1857” also known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
During his travel, he witnessed the events at Mhow, worked for the Rani of Jhansi for a few months, visited Ayodhya, eventually returning penniless to his village.
Apart from his encounters with the mutiny he also visited most of the Hindu holy places.

Try to do this: (Textbook Page No. 55)

Collect information and pictures about revolutionaries and freedom fighters from your area and make a presentation.
Answer:
Students should do this activity by themselves

Projects (Textbook Page No. 56)

(a) The Rising Ballad of Mangal Panday
(b) The Legend of Bhagat Singh
(c) Khele Hum Jee Janse
These are some Hindi films. Watch them and verify the historical truth of the incidences shown in it.
Answer:
Students do by themselves

12th Std History Questions And Answers: