Class 12

Accounts of ‘Not for Profit’ Concerns 12th BK Commerce Chapter 2 Solutions Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 12th Commerce Book Keeping & Accountancy Solutions Chapter 2 Accounts of ‘Not for Profit’ Concerns Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 12 Commerce BK Chapter 2 Exercise Solutions

1. Objective Type Questions:

A. Select the most appropriate alternatives from the following and rewrite the sentences:

Question 1.
Not for Profit concern renders ___________ services to public at large.
(a) commercial
(b) social
(c) individual
(d) group
Answer:
(b) social

Question 2.
Donation for Scholarship Fund is ___________
(a) Capital Receipt
(b) Revenue Receipt
(c) Capital Expenditure
(d) Revenue Expenditure
Answer:
(a) Capital Receipt

Question 3.
Income and Expenditure Account is a ___________ Account.
(a) Capital
(b) Real
(c) Personal
(d) Nominal
Answer:
(d) Nominal

Question 4.
Outstanding subscription at the end of the Accounting Year represents ___________
(a) Liability
(b) an Expenditure
(c) an Asset
(d) Capital Fund
Answer:
(c) an Asset

Question 5.
Subscription received in advance during the accounting year is ___________
(a) an Income
(b) an Expense
(c) an Asset
(d) a Liability
Answer:
(d) a Liability

Question 6.
Excess of Income over Expenditure is termed as ___________
(a) Deficit
(b) Profit
(c) Surplus
(d) Loss
Answer:
(c) Surplus

Question 7.
Not for Profit concern prepares ___________ Account instead of Profit and Loss Account to know the result.
(a) Trading
(b) Income and Expenditure
(c) Cash
(d) Receipt and Payments
Answer:
(b) Income and Expenditure

Question 8.
The closing balance of Receipts and Payments Account usually represent ___________
(a) Closing stock
(b) Cash and Bank Balance
(c) Surplus
(d) Deficit
Answer:
(b) Cash and Bank Balance

Question 9.
Not for Profit organization is also called ___________ organization.
(a) service
(b) trading
(c) profit-making
(d) commercial
Answer:
(a) service

Question 10.
Expenditure on Purchase of Building is a ___________ Expenditure.
(a) Capital
(b) Revenue
(c) General
(d) Recurring
Answer:
(a) Capital

B. Write the Word/Phrase/Term, which can substitute each of the following Statements.

Question 1.
The Form of Organization providing services to the society only.
Answer:
Not for Profit concern

Question 2.
An account which is prepared by Not for Profit concern instead of Profit and Loss Account.
Answer:
Income and Expenditure Account

Question 3.
Donations are received for a specific purpose.
Answer:
Specific donation/Capital Receipt

Question 4.
The Receipts are not recurring in nature.
Answer:
Capital Receipt

Question 5.
An Account that records only revenue items in case of Not a for-profit concern.
Answer:
Income and Expenditure Account

Question 6.
Accounts which records only cash transactions in case of Not for Profit concerns.
Answer:
Receipts and Payments Account

Question 7.
The income is earned during the year but not received during the year.
Answer:
Outstanding income

Question 8.
The credit balance of Income and Expenditure Account.
Answer:
Surplus

Question 9.
To excess of total assets over total liabilities of a Not for Profit concern.
Answer:
Capital Fund

Question 10.
All such receipts are non-recurring in nature and not forming a part of a regular flow of income.
Answer:
Capital Receipts

C. State whether the following statements are True or False with reasons.

Question 1.
Not for Profit concerns do not have a profit motive.
Answer:
This statement is True.
Not for profit concerns, the main aim is to give services to its members or to the society at large. They do not carry any Trading activity or Manufacturing activity so there is no question of having a profit motive for ‘Not for Profit’ concerns.

Question 2.
Charitable Institutions prepare Profit and Loss Accounts at the end of every financial year.
Answer:
This statement is False.
Charitable Institutions, Not for Profit concerns, do not undertake any trading activities and hence instead of Profit and Loss Account prepare Income-Expenditure Account to record all revenue expenses/losses and revenue incomes/gains of the current year.

Question 3.
There is no difference between Receipts and Payments Account and Income and Expenditure Account.
Answer:
This statement is False.
In the Receipts and Payments Account, all receipts and payments transactions in cash or through the bank are recorded irrespective of the current year, previous year, or next year while in Income-Expenditure Account, only the current year’s incomes and expenses (Revenue) are recorded.

Question 4.
Income and Expenditure Account represents either surplus or deficit.
Answer:
This statement is True.
In the Income and Expenditure Account, all revenue incomes and expenses are recorded and at the end of the specified period, the difference is found out which is known as ‘Surplus’ (Revenue incomes are more than Revenue expenses) or ‘Deficit’ (Revenue expenses are more than Revenue incomes).

Question 5.
Receipts and Payments Accounts do not have any opening balance.
Answer:
This statement is False.
Receipts and Payments Account is just like a cash book of trading concern and opening balance (Cash or Bank or Cash and Bank) must be there to start recording of transactions.

Question 6.
Not for Profit concerns do not prepare a Balance Sheet.
Answer:
This statement is False.
To know the financial position of the organization, at the end of the particular period, Not for Profit concerns prepare Balance Sheet.

Question 7.
Purchases of Sports Equipments is a Capital Expenditure.
Answer:
This statement is True.
Generally, the life span of sports equipment is more than one year, so the purchase of sports equipment is considered a capital expenditure.

Question 8.
Income and Expenditure Account is a Real Account.
Answer:
This statement is False.
In the Income and Expenditure Account, all the revenue incomes and revenue expenses are recorded and therefore it is a Nominal Account and not a Real Account.

Question 9.
The Receipts and Payments Account contains only the transactions relating to the current year.
Answer:
This statement is False.
In the Receipts and Payments Account, transactions of not only the current year but of the previous year or of the next year are also recorded.

Question 10.
Excess of Assets over liabilities is called Capital Fund.
Answer:
This statement is True.
For ‘Not for Profit’ concerns in the Balance Sheet, when a total of Assets is more than the total of Liabilities, the difference of amount is considered as ‘Capital Fund’.

D. Fill in the blanks.

Question 1.
Not for Profit organization is never engaged in ___________ activities.
Answer:
trading

Question 2.
Not for Profit organization is called ___________ organization.
Answer:
service

Question 3.
Receipts and Payments Account falls under the category of ___________ Account.
Answer:
Real

Question 4.
In Receipts and Payment Account the summary of ___________ transactions are recorded.
Answer:
cash

Question 5.
Income and Expenditure Account is similar to the ___________ Account of Trading concern.
Answer:
Profit and Loss

Question 6.
Credit side of Receipts and Payments Account shows cash ___________
Answer:
payments

Question 7.
Income and Expenditure Account is a ___________ Account.
Answer:
Nominal

Question 8.
Mumbai University prepares ___________ Account instead of a Profit and Loss account.
Answer:
Income and Expenditure

Question 9.
Subscription received from the members is considered as ___________ receipts.
Answer:
revenue

Question 10.
The transactions recorded in the Income and Expenditure Account related only to the ___________ year.
Answer:
current

E. Answer in one sentence only.

Question 1.
What do you mean by ‘Not for Profit’ Concern?
Answer:
A concern or organization which is formed and established to serve its members and society or the general public by undertaking various activities without any profit motive is called a ‘Not for Profit’ concern.

Question 2.
Which organizations prepare Income and Expenditure Account?
Answer:
‘Not for profit’ concern prepares Income and Expenditure Account.

Question 3.
What is Receipts and Payments Account?
Answer:
An account that is prepared by a ‘Not for Profit Concern’ to record a summary of all types of cash receipts and cash payments inclusive of bank transactions is called Receipts and Payments Account.

Question 4.
Why Income and Expenditure Account is prepared?
Answer:
Income and Expenditure Account is prepared to ascertain, whether the concern has sufficient income to meet its expenses, or not.

Question 5.
What is Capital Fund?
Answer:
Excess of Assets over Liabilities is known as Capital Fund which also consists of contributions, subscription, entrance fees, surplus income, etc.

Question 6.
What is a Subscription?
Answer:
Subscription is the periodical payment made by the members to the ‘Not for Profit’ concern for maintaining their membership.

Question 7.
What is ’Legacy’?
Answer:
Any asset, property, or amount of cash which ‘Not for Profit’ concern receives as per the provisions made in the will of the donor after his death is called Legacy.

Question 8.
What is Surplus?
Answer:
Excess of income over expenditure shown by Income and Expenditure Account represents Surplus for the financial year.

Question 9.
What do you mean by Non-recurring Expenses?
Answer:
Non-recurring expenses are the expenses that are made for the acquisition of fixed assets that gives benefits for a long period.

Question 10.
To which account ‘Surplus’ or ‘Deficit’ is transferred?
Answer:
‘Surplus’ or ‘Deficit’ is transferred to the Balance Sheet by adding it or subtracting it from Capital Fund.

F. I. Complete the Table:

Question 1.

Sr. No.	Income (₹)	Expenditure (₹)	Surplus/Deficit (₹)
1	10,000	?	5,000 (Deficit)
2	8,000	?	4,000 (Surplus)
3	?	15,000	8,000 (Surplus)
4	7,500	9,000	?
5	15,000	11,300	?

Solution:

Sr.No.	Income (₹)	Expenditure (₹)	Surplus/Deficit (₹)
1	10,000	15,000	5,000 (Deficit)
2	8,000	4,000	4,000 (Surplus)
3	23,000	15,000	8,000 (Surplus)
4	7,500	9,000	1,500 (Deficit)
5	15,000	11,300	3,700 (Surplus)

II. Salaries paid during the year:

Question 1.

Sr.No.	Total (₹)	Prepaid/Outstanding	₹	Expenditure for the year
1	1,100	Prepaid	100	?
2	2,700	Prepaid	?	2,000
3	8,250	Prepaid	?	6,650
4	1,200	Outstanding	200	?
5	?	Outstanding	600	5,100
6	1,800	Outstanding	?	2,200

Solution:

Sr. No.	Total (₹)	Prepaid/Outstanding	₹	Expenditure for the year
1	1,100	Prepaid	100	1,000
2	2,700	Prepaid	700	2,000
3	8,250	Prepaid	1,600	6,650
4	1,200	Outstanding	200	1,400
5	4,500	Outstanding	600	5,100
6	1,800	Outstanding	400	2,200

III. Rent received during the year:

Question 1.

Sr.No.	Total Received (₹)	Rent Received in Advance/Accrued	₹	Income for the year (₹)
1	1,300	Received in Advance	200	?
2	?	Received in Advance	400	1,400
3	2,650	Received in Advance	?	2,000
4	?	Accrued	290	3,190
5	1,700	Accrued	?	2,150
6	2,600	Accrued	500	?

Solution:

Sr.No.	Total Received (₹)	Rent received in Advance/Accrued	₹	Income for the year (₹)
1	1,300	Received in Advance	200	1,100
2	1,800	Received in Advance	400	1,400
3	2,650	Received in Advance	650	2,000
4	2,900	Accrued	290	3,190
5	1,700	Accrued	450	2,150
6	2,600	Accrued	500	3,100

G. Calculate the following:

Question 1.
10 % p.a. Depreciation on Furniture ₹ 50,000 (for three months)
Solutions:
Depreciation = Cost of Asset × Rate × Period
= 50,000 × \(\frac{10}{100}\) × \(\frac{3}{12}\)
= ₹ 1250 Depr. for 3 months
Thus, Depreciation on furniture @ 10 % on ₹ 50,000 for 3 months = ₹ 1250.

Question 2.
12 % p.a. Interest on Bank loan ₹ 80,000 for 1 year.
Answer:
I = \(\frac{\mathrm{PRN}}{100}\)
= 80,000 × \(\frac{12}{100}\) × 1
= ₹ 9600.
Thus, interest on a Bank loan ₹ 80,000 for 1 year = ₹ 9600.

Question 3.
Opening stock of stationery ₹ 5,000, purchases of stationery ₹ 7000, outstanding stationery bill ₹ 12,000, closing stock ₹ 1000. What is the amount of stationery consumed?
Answer:

Question 4.
Salary ₹ 10,000, outstanding salary ₹ 5,000. Calculate the salary to be debited to the Income and Expenditure Account.
Answer:

Question 5.
Library Books ₹ ……………? Less 10% Depreciation ₹ 5,000 = ₹ 45,000.
Answer:
Library books ₹ 50,000. Less 10% Depreciation ₹ 5,000 = ? 45,000

H. Find odd one:

Question 1.
Trading Account, Profit and Loss Account, Receipts and Payments Account, Balance Sheet.
Answer:
Receipts and Payments Account

Question 2.
Machinery, Furniture, Computers, Salaries.
Answer:
Salaries

Question 3.
Subscription, Stationery, Interest Received, Locker Rent received.
Answer:
Stationery

Question 4.
Reliance Industries, Venna Vidya Mandir, Laxmi Hospital, Manoj Sports club.
Answer:
Reliance Industries

Question 5.
Surplus, Deficit, Net Profit, Capital fund.
Answer:
Net Profit

Practical Problems

Question 1.
Calculation of stationery consumed during the year

Adjustments:
1. ₹ 1,000 outstanding for the stationery bill.
2. Stock of Stationery as of 31 – 03 – 2019 was valued at ₹ 1,800.
With the above information, calculate the amount of Stationery consumed during the year and show its presence in final Accounts of a concern.
Solution:
In the books of ___________________

Balance Sheet as of 31 – 03 – 2019

Question 2.
Presentation of Subscription only

Adjustments:
The outstanding subscription for 2018-19 is ₹ 32,000.
With the above information, present the item Subscription in Income and Expenditure Account for the year ended 31 -03-2019 and Balance Sheet as on the date.
Solution:
In the books of ___________________

Balance Sheet as of 31st March 2019

Working Note:
Outstanding subs, given in the balance sheet as on 01-04-2018 are ₹ 26,000 (for 2016-17) and ₹ 35,000 (for 2017-18). Against that, as shown in Receipt – Payment A/c ₹ 23,000 and ₹ 30,000 are received respectively. Means ₹ 3,000 and ₹ 5,000 are still outstanding which are known in the current year balance sheet.

Question 3.

Adjustments:
Subscription outstanding for the year 2017-18 is ₹ 6,000.
During the previous year subscription received in advance for 2017-18 is ₹ 2,000.
The outstanding subscription of 2016-17 is ₹ 2,500.
With the help of the above information present the item Subscription in Income and Expenditure Account for the year ending 31-03-2018 and Balance Sheet as on that date.
Solution:
In the books of ___________________

Balance Sheet as of 31st March 2018

Question 4.
Preparation of Income and Expenditure Account only
Following is the Receipts and Payments Account of “Satara Sports Club” Satara.
Prepare Income and Expenditure Account for the year ending 31-03-2019.

Adjustments:
1. Outstanding subscription for the current year is ₹ 4,500.
2. Outstanding rent for the current year amounted to ₹ 1,000.
3. Entrance fees are to be treated as Revenue Income.
4. Stock of sports material as of 01-04-2018 ₹ 6,000 and on 31 – 03 – 2019 ₹ 14,000.
Solution:
In the books of ‘Satara Sports Club’ Satara

Working Notes:
1. Entrance fees are to be treated as Revenue income. Therefore entire amount is recorded on the income side.
2. Since the selling price of Furniture ₹ 4,500 is lower than its cost price of ₹ 8,000, there is a Loss in the sale of furniture.
It is calculated as follows:
Loss on sale of furniture = Book value (cost) – Selling price
= 8,000 – 4,500
= ₹ 3,500
It is debited to Income and Expenditure A/c.

Question 5.
“Bhartiya Kala Kendra”, Solapur gives you the following information for the year ended on 31-03-2018. Prepare Income and Expenditure Account for the year ending 31-03-2018.

Additional Information:
1. Legacies are to be capitalized.
2. Outstanding salary ₹ 200.
3. 50% of Entrance fees are to be capitalized.
Solution:
In the books of Bhartiya Kala Kendra, Solapur

Question 6.
Accounts of a Charitable Hospital
From the following particulars relating to “Radha-Krishna Charitable Hospital”, Pune.
Prepare Income and Expenditure Account for the year ending 31-03-2020 and Balance Sheet as of that date.

Additional Information:

Provide Depreciation on Equipments ₹ 1,900 and on Building ₹ 1,500.
Solution:
In the Books of Radha-Krishna Charitable Hospital, Pune

Balance Sheet as of 31st March 2020

Working Notes:
1. To find medicines consumed, here in the opening stock, purchases are added and the closing stock of medicine is subtracted.
2. For equipment, in opening balance, add equipment purchased during the year and subtract depreciation to get the closing balance of equipment.
3. Interest ₹ 10,000 is received on 10% investments means there is no outstanding interest.

Question 7.
From the following transactions of Receipts and Payments Account of “Pavan-putra Hanuman Vyayamshala”, Parbhani and the adjustments are given, you are required to prepare Income and Expenditure Account and Balance Sheet as of 31st March 2019.

Adjustments:
1. There are 500 members paying an annual subscription of ₹ 50 each.
2. Outstanding salary was ₹ 1,200.
3. The Assets on 01-04-2018 were as follows:
Building ₹ 50,000, Furniture ₹ 15,000
4. Provide depreciation on Building and Furniture at 5% and 10% respectively.
5. 50% Entrance fees are to be capitalized.
6. Interest on investment at 5% p.a. has accrued for 6 months.
7. Capital fund ₹ 70,000 on 01-04-2018.
Solution:
In the Books of Pavan-putra Hanuman Vyayamshala, Parbhani

Balance Sheet as of 31st March 2019

Working Notes:
1. Interest on investment is receivable for 6 months:
I = \(\frac{\text { PRN }}{100}\)
= 15,000 × \(\frac{5}{100} \times \frac{6}{12}\)
= ₹ 375 (outstanding interest on investment)
2. 50 % of entrance fees (i.e. \(\frac{6200}{2}\) = ₹ 310o) is to be capitalised means add it to capital fund.
3. Total subscription of current year = 500 members × ₹ 50 = ₹ 25,000
But actual subscription received = ₹ 18,000
means difference (25,000 – 18,000) of ₹ 7,000 is outstanding subscription.

Question 8.
Newly Started Art Circle
“Jeevan Jyoti Art Circle” a newly established concern has presented the following information:

Adjustments:
1. Subscription outstanding for the year was ₹ 5,000.
2. Depreciate Furniture @ 10% p.a.
3. Full amount of admission fees and 50% donations are to be capitalized.
You are required to prepare an Income and Expenditure Account for the year ending 31-03-2018 and a Balance Sheet as of that date.
Solution:

Balance Sheet as of 31st March 2018

Working Notes:
The full amount of admission fees and 50% of donations are added to the surplus amount to get capital funds. (Opening balance of the capital fund is not given.)

Question 9.
Given below is the Receipts and Payments Account of “Vithai Mahila Mandat”, Pandharpur for the year ending 31-03-2018. Prepare an Income and Expenditure Account for the year ended 31-03-2018 and Balance Sheet as of that date.

Adjustments:
1. Capital fund on 01-04-2017 was ₹ 90,000.
2. Outstanding subscription ₹ 4,000.
3. Entrance fees are to be capitalized.
4. Rent paid includes ₹ 800 paid for April 2018.
5. They have the following Assets and Liabilities as of 01-04-2017:
Furniture ₹ 9,000, Building ₹ 70,000, and Outstanding Expenses ₹ 12,000.
Solution:
In the books of Vithai Mahila Mandal, Pandharpur

Balance Sheet as of 31st March 2018

Working Notes:
1. Outstanding subscription of ₹ 4,000 is first added to subscription received on the credit side of Income and Expenditure A/c and then it is shown on the Assets side of Balance Sheet.
2. Entire amount of entrance fees ₹ 3,500 is added to the capital fund.
3. Prepaid ₹ 800 is first deducted from rent paid on the debit side of Income & Expenditure A/c and then shown on the Assets side of the Balance Sheet.
4. Outstanding expenses ₹ 12,000 is directly shown on the Liabilities side of the Balance Sheet.

Question 10.
From the following Receipts and Payments Account “K.B.P. Engineering College”, Nashik for the year ending on 31 – 03 – 2019 and additional information, prepare Income and Expenditure Account for the year ending 31-03-2019 and Balance Sheet as on that date.

Additional Information:

1. 50% of donations are for the Building funds and the balance is to be treated as Revenue income.
2. Outstanding subscription ₹ 5,300.
3. Life membership fees are to capitalize.
Solution:
In the books of K.B.P. Engineering College, Nashik

Balance Sheet as of 31st March 2019

Working Notes:
1. Life membership fees are to be capitalized, which means add the entire amount to the capital fund.

2. 50% of Donations of ₹ 7,00,000 i.e., ₹ 3,50,000 is to be added to the Building Fund, and the remaining amount of donation i.e., ₹ 3,50,000 is credited to Income and Expenditure A/c.

3. The depreciation on Fixed assets is calculated by using the following formula:
Depreciation = Opening balance + Purchases – Closing value
∴ Depreciation on Books = 6,00,000 + 61,000 – 6,00,000
= 6,61,000 – 6,00,000
= ₹ 61,000
∴ Depreciation on Furniture = 3,19,000 + 51,000 – 3,00,000
= 3,70,000 – 3,00,000
= ₹ 70,000

4. Fixed deposit: Opening balance given = ₹ 9,10,000
Fixed deposit (31-03-2019) = ₹ 8,50,000
(Newly purchased)
∴ Total fixed deposits = ₹ 17,50,000

5. Admission Fees ₹ 60,000 are recorded on the credit side of Income and Expenditure A/c because it is taken as Revenue income.

Question 11.
Account of a School
From the following Balance Sheet and Receipts and Payments Account of “New English School”, Barshi, prepare Income and Expenditure Account for the year ending 31 – 03 – 2020 and a Balance Sheet as on that date.


Additional Information:
1. Outstanding salary of ₹ 9,000.
2. Outstanding tuition fees ₹ 15,000.
3. Depreciate library books by ₹ 9,000 and Furniture by ₹ 10,000.
Solution:
In the books of New English School, Barshi

Balance Sheet as of 31st March 2020

Working Notes:
1. Donation (Capital) is added to the Capital fund.
2. Government Grant ₹ 1,20,000 is recorded on the credit side of Income & Expenditure A/c because it is the revenue income of the organization.
3. Outstanding tuition fees ₹ 15,000 and outstanding salary ₹ 9,000 are added to the respective head of Account and then they are shown separately on the Assets side and Liabilities side of the Balance Sheet respectively.

Question 12.
Account of a Library
Following is the Receipts Payments Account of “Dhananjay Library”, Mumbai for the year ending 31-03-2020.

You are required to prepare an Income and Expenditure Account for the year ended 31-03-2020 and a Balance Sheet as of that day.
The following information is also made available to you.
1. On 31 -03-2019, the library had the following Assets also; Books ₹ 50,000, Furniture ₹ 6,500, and Machinery of ₹ 30,000.
2. Subscription received in advance amounted to ₹ 500.
3. Outstanding salaries ₹ 1300 and Rent ₹ 950.
4. 50% of the admission fees should be capitalized.
5. Furniture to be depreciated at 10% p.a.
6. Library books were purchased on 1st April 2019 charge depreciation at 10% p.a.
7. The Investments were purchased on 01-04-2019 and they carry interest at 20% p.a.
Solution:
In the books of Dhananjay Library, Mumbai

Balance Sheet as of 31st March 2020

Working Notes:
1. Opening Balance Sheet is prepared to find out opening capital fund:
Balance Sheet as of 31st March 2019

2. Outstanding expenses of the previous year, paid in the current year so no entry for outstanding expenses (2018-19)

3. Interest on Investment @ 20% on ₹ 6,000 = ₹ 1,200
Interest on Investment received = ₹ 900
Outstanding interest on investment = ₹ 300

4. Depreciation on library books at 10% p.a.
On opening balance of ₹ 50,000 (for whole year) = ₹ 5,000
On purchases on 01-04-2019 (for whole year) = ₹ 500
Total Depreciation = ₹ 5,500

5. Subscriptions received in advance ₹ 500 is deducted from subscription received on the credit side of Income and Expenditure A/c and then subscription received in advance is shown separately on the Liabilities side of Balance Sheet.

6. Outstanding salaries and outstanding rent are added to the respective head of Account on the debit side of the Income & Expenditure Account and both the outstanding items are recorded on the Liabilities side of the Balance Sheet.

Question 13.
Outstanding Expenses and Prepaid Expenses
From the following information supplied to you, prepare Income and Expenditure Account for the year ending 31-03-2020 and Balance Sheet as on that date for “Morya Sports Club”, Thane.
Balance Sheet as on 01-04-2019


Adjustments:
1. Subscription received includes ₹ 3,000 for 2018-19 and outstanding subscription for 2019-20 was ₹ 14,000.
2. On 31-03-2020, the Prepaid insurance premium was ₹ 2,500.
3. Depreciate Furniture by ₹ 3,000.
4. Locker rent outstanding for 2019-20 is ₹ 400.
Answer:
In the books of ‘Morya Sports Club’ Thane

Balance Sheet as of 31st March 2020

Working Notes:
1. Outstanding subscription (2018-19) ₹ 8,000 given in b/s against that ₹ 3,000 received in 2019-20.
Means still receivable subscription = ₹ 5,000 (8,000 – 3,000).

2. Prepaid insurance premium (2018-19) ₹ 2,000 is for the current year. Therefore, in the current year’s insurance premium, ₹ 2,000 is to be added and then subtract the current year’s prepaid insurance premium.

3. Outstanding salary of (2018-19), ₹ 4,000 of the previous year is to be subtracted from current year’s salary.

4. Total amount of donations and entrance fees are to be capitalized so add the entire amount of both the items to Capital fund.

5. Outstanding locker’s rent (2018-19) ₹ 500 is given in the Balance Sheet. It is to be subtracted from the current year’s locker’s rent and then adds the current year’s outstanding locker rent.

Question 14.
Charitable Hospital
Following information has been provided by “Vivekanand Charitable Hospital”, Latur. You are required to prepare an Income and Expenditure Account for the year ending 31-03-2019 and the Balance Sheet as of that date.


Adjustments:
1. On 31-03-2019 stock of drugs was valued at ₹ 22,000.
2. Depreciation on Building at 5% p.a. and on Ambulance ₹ 30,000.
3. Life membership fees are to be capitalized.
Answer:
In the books of Vivekanand Charitable Hospital, Latur

Balance Sheet as of 31st March 2019

Working Notes:
1. Purchase of drugs ₹ 2,00,000 includes ₹ 40,000 of 2017-18 and in the Balance Sheet of 2017-18, the outstanding bill of drugs is ₹ 50,000 given. So, ₹ 10,000 is still outstanding.

2. Consumption of drugs:
Opening stock (2017-18) = ₹ 42,000
Add: Purchase of drugs = ₹ 1,60,000
Total = 1,60,000 + 42,000 = ₹ 2,02,000
Less: Closing stock of drugs = ₹ 22,000
Consumption of drugs = 1,80,000

Class 12 Commerce BK Textbook Solutions Digest

• 12th Bk Chapter 1 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 2 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 3 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 4 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 5 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 6 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 7 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 8 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 9 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 10 Practical Problems

Reconstitution of Partnership (Retirement of Partner) 12th BK Commerce Chapter 4 Solutions Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 12th Commerce Book Keeping & Accountancy Solutions Chapter 4 Reconstitution of Partnership (Retirement of Partner) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 12 Commerce BK Chapter 4 Exercise Solutions

A. Select the most appropriate alternatives from those given below and rewrite the sentence.

Question 1.
The profit or loss from revaluation on retirement of partner is shared by ______________
(a) the remaining partners
(b) all the partners
(c) only retiring partner
(d) bank
Answer:
(b) all the partners

Question 2.
Descrease in the value of assets should be ______________ to Profit and Loss Adjustment Account.
(a) debited
(b) credited
(c) added
(d) equal
Answer:
(a) debited

Question 3.
The balance of the capital account of retired partner is transferred to his ______________ account if it is not paid.
(a) loan
(b) personal
(c) current
(d) son’s
Answer:
(a) loan

Question 4.
Gain ratio = ______________ Ratio less Old Ratio.
(a) New
(b) Equal
(c) Capital
(d) Sacrifice
Answer:
(a) New

Question 5.
New Ratio = Old Ratio + ______________ Ratio.
(a) Gain
(b) Capital
(c) Sacrifice
(d) Current
Answer:
(a) Gain

Question 6.
Apte, Bhate and Chitale are sharing 1/2, 3/10, and 1/5 if Apte retire their new ratio will be ______________
(a) 5 : 2
(b) 3 : 2
(c) 5 : 3
(d) 2 : 5
Answer:
(b) 3 : 2

B. Write the word, term, phrase, which can substitute each of the following statement.

Question 1.
Credit balance of Profit and Loss Adjustment Account.
Answer:
Profit on Revaluation Accounts

Question 2.
The ratio in which the continuing partners are benefited due to retirement of partner.
Answer:
Gain Ratio

Question 3.
Debit balance of Revaluation Account.
Answer:
Loss on Revaluation

Question 4.
The ratio which is obtained by deducting Old Ratio from New Ratio.
Answer:
Gain Ratio

Question 5.
Money value of business reputation earned by the firm over a number of years.
Answer:
Goodwill

Question 6.
Partner’s Account where Loss or Profit on revaluation is transferred.
Answer:
Capital/Current Account

C. State whether the following statement are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Gain ratio means New ratio minus Old ratio.
Answer:
This statement is True.
As per definition, profit sharing ratio which is acquired by the continuing partners from the retiring partner is called gain ratio. If gain ratio added to old ratio we will get New ratio. It means New ratio = Old ratio + Gain ratio by interchanging the terms, we will get Gain ratio = New ratio – Old ratio.

Question 2.
Retiring partner’s share in profit up to the date of his retirement will be debited to Profit and Loss Suspense Account.
Answer:
This statement is True.
If a partner retires from the firm during the accounting year, the profit or loss for the period from the date of last balance sheet to the date of retirement is calculated on the basis of last year’s profit or average profit and it is credited to retiring partner’s capital A/c and for time being it debited to new account called Profit and Loss Expense A/c. This is because final accounts cannot be prepared on any date during the accounting year.

Question 3.
On retirement of a partner, sacrifice ratio is considered.
Answer:
This statement is False.
On retirement of a partner, his share is acquired by continuing partners in certain proportion and it is nothing but gain for them. Therefore, on retirement of a partner instead of sacrifice ratio gain ratio is considered.

Question 4.
Retiring partner is called an outgoing partner.
Answer:
This statement is True.
When a person retires from the firm due to health issues, financial issues or personal reasons then it is known as person retires from the business and for the business, he is an outgoing partner.

Question 5.
On retirement of a partner, remaining partner will share the goodwill in their profit sharing ratio.
Answer:
This statement is False.
On retirement of a partner, after giving retiring, partner’s share in goodwill and if goodwill is written off, then remaining partners will adjust the goodwill in their new profit sharing ratio. (If raised to full extent and written off)

Question 6.
Retiring partner is not entitled to share in general reserve and accumulated profit.
Answer:
This statement is False.
General reserve and accumulated profit are created out of past undistributed profit, such profits are the outcome of hard work of all the partners including retiring partner. Hence, retiring partner’s has right to share general reserve and accumulated profit. He is therefore, entitled to get share in general reserve and accumlated profit.

D. Fill in the blanks and rewrite the following sentence:

Question 1.
New Ratio (less) ______________ = Gain ratio.
Answer:
Old ratio

Question 2.
Retiring partner’s share of goodwill is ______________ to remaining Partner’s Capital Account.
Answer:
debited

Question 3.
Revaluation A/c is also known as ______________ Account.
Answer:
Profit and Loss Adjustment

Question 4.
On retirement, the balance at a Current Account of a partner is transferred to his ______________ Account.
Answer:
Capital

Question 5.
A proportion in which the continuing partners get the share of retiring partner is known as ______________ Ratio.
Answer:
Gain

E. Answer in one sentence.

Question 1.
What is meant by Retirement of a Partner?
Answer:
Retirement of a partner refers to a process in which a partner leaves the firm or severes his relations with other partners on account of his old age, continued ill health, loss of interest in the firm, misunderstanding amongst the partners, etc.

Question 2.
What is Benefit Ratio?
Answer:
Profit sharing ratio which is acquired by the continuing partners on account of retirement or death of a partner is called Benefit Ratio or Gain Ratio.

Question 3.
What is New Ratio?
Answer:
The ratio in which profits or losses are shared by the continuing partners after retirement of a partner is called New Profit Sharing Ratio.

Question 4.
How is the amount due to the retiring partner settled?
Answer:
The amount due to a retiring partner is settled as per the terms of partnership agreement or otherwise mutually agreed upon either in lumpsum or in instalments.

Question 5.
How is Gain Ratio calculated?
Answer:
Gain ratio is calculated at the time of retirement of a partner by deducting old ratio from new ratio.

Question 6.
Why is retiring partner’s capital account credited with goodwill?
Answer:
Goodwill is an intangible assets or benefits accrued to the firm and its benefits are transferred to retiring partner’s Capital A/c by giving credit.

Practical Problems

Question 1.
The Balance Sheet of Mr Mama, Kaka and Mr Baba who shared profits and losses as 4 : 3 : 3 respectively.
Balance Sheet as on 31st March, 2018

Kaka retires on 1st April, 2018 on the following terms.
1. The share of Kaka in Goodwill of the firm is valued at ₹ 2,700.
2. Furniture to be depreciated by 10% and Motor car by 12.5%.
3. Live Stock to be appreciated by 10% and Plant by 20%.
4. A provision of ₹ 2,000 to be made for a claim of compensation.
5. R.D.D. is no longer necessary.
6. The amount payable to Kaka should be transferred to his Loan A/c.
Prepare Profit and Loss Adjustment A/c, Partners’ Capital A/cs and Balance Sheet of the new firm.
Solution:
In the books of Partnership Firm

Balance Sheet as on 1st April, 2018


Working Notes:
1. R.D.D. is no longer require means it is a gain for firm.
2. A provision of ₹ 2,000 to be made for a claim of compensation, ₹ 2,000 is recorded on debit side of Profit and Loss Adjustments A/c and then on liability side of Balance Sheet.
3. Total payable amount to Kaka ₹ 20,175 is recorded as Kaka’s Loan A/c.

Question 2.
The Balance Sheet of Ram, Shyam and Ghanshyam sharing profits and losses in 3 : 2 : 1 respectively and their position on 31-3-19 were as follows:
Balance Sheet as on 31st March, 2019

Ghanshyam retired on 1st April, 2019 on the following terms:
1. Building and Investment to be appreciated by 5% and 10% respectively.
2. Provision for Doubtful Debts to be created at 5% on Debtors.
3. The provision of ₹ 3,000 be made in respect of Outstanding Salary.
4. Goodwill of the firm is valued at ₹ 90,000 and partners decide that goodwill should be written back.
5. The amount payable to the retiring partner be transferred to his Loan A/c.
Prepare: Profit and Loss Adjustment A/c, Partners’ Capital A/c, Balance Sheet of new firm.
Solution:
In the books of Partnership Firm


Balance Sheet as on 1st April, 2019

Working Notes:
1. Provision of ₹ 3,000 for outstanding salary is recorded on debit side of Profit and Loss Adjustment A/c and then on the Liability side of Balance Sheet.
2. Goodwill of the firm is valued at ₹ 90,000 and share of retiring partner in it is ₹ 15,000 (\(\frac{1}{6}\)th part) and it is to be written back means it is to be shared by remaining partners in their profit-loss ratio.

Question 3.
The Balance Sheet of the Anu, Renu and Dinu is as follows, and the partners are sharing profits and losses in the proportion of 2 : 2 : 1 respectively.
Balance Sheet as on 31st March, 2019

Dinu retires from the firms on 1st April, 2019 on the following terms:
1. The assets are to be revalued as : freehold property ₹ 30,000, Machinery ₹ 5,000, Furniture ₹ 12,000, All debtors are good.
2. Goodwill of the firm be valued at thrice the average profit for preceding five years. Profits of the firm for the year.
2014-15 – ₹ 14,500
2015-16 – ₹ 10,500
2016-17 – ₹ 10,000
2017-18 – ₹ 16,000
2018-19 – ₹ 10,000
3. Dinu should be paid ₹ 3,000 by cheque.
4. The Balance of Dinu’s Capital A/c should be kept in the business as loan.
Prepare: Profit and Loss Adjustment A/c, Capital Accounts of Partners, Balance Sheet of the new firm.
Solution:
In the books of Partnership Firm

Balance Sheet as on 1st April 2019

Working Notes:
1. Average profit = \(\frac{\text { Total Profit }}{\text { No. of years }}\)
= \(\frac{1000+10,500+10,000+16,000+10,000}{5}\)
= \(\frac{47,500}{5}\)
= ₹ 9,500
Goodwill = Avg. profit × No. of years
= 9,500 × 3 years
= ₹ 28,500
Goodwill value given in balance sheet = ₹ 30,000
New value arrived at = ₹ 28,500
Loss due to revaluation = ₹ 1,500
To be recorded in P & L Adj. A/c – Dr. Side.
In asset side of Balance sheet, write ₹ 28,500 for Goodwill.

2. Balance of Bank A/c = Opening Balance – Cheque given to Dinu
= 5,000 – 3,000
= ₹ 2,000

Question 4.
Rohan, Rohit and Sachin are partners in a firm sharing profits and losses in the proportion 3 : 1 : 1 respectively. Their balance sheet as on 31st March, 2018 is as shown below:
Balance Sheet as on 31st March, 2018

On 1st April, 2018 Sachin retired and the following adjustments have been agreed upon:
1. Goodwill was revalued on ₹ 50,000.
2. Assets and Liabilities were revalued as follows:
Debtors ₹ 50,000, Live stock ₹ 45,000, Building ₹ 1,25,000, Plant and Machinery ₹ 30,000, Motor truck ₹ 95,000 and Creditors ₹ 30,000.
3. Rohan and Rohit contributed additional capital through Net Banking of ₹ 50,000 and ₹ 25,000 respectively.
4. Balance of Sachin’s Capital Account is transferred to his Loan Account.
Give Journal entries in the books of new firm.
Solution:
Journal entries in the books of Partnership Firm

Working Notes:
1. Calculation of Profit on Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities.

Question 5.
Shah, Lodha and Dhole were partners sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 4 : 3 : 3. Their Balance Sheet as on 31st March, 2019 is given below:
Balance Sheet as on 31st March, 2019

On 1st April, 2019 Mr. Lodha retired from the firm on the following terms:
1. Goodwill is to be valued at an average profits and losses of the last five years which were as follows:
Year – Profit/Loss
2015 – ₹ 35,000
2016 – ₹ 20,000
2017 – ₹ 30,000
2018 – ₹ 20,000
2019 – ₹ 25,000
2. Computers to be depreciated by 10%.
3. Furniture to be revalued at ₹ 27,500.
4. Vehicles appreciated by 20%.
5. R.D.D. was no longer necessary.
6. Shah and Dhole will share the future profits and losses in the ratio of 2 : 1.
7. It was decided that goodwill should not appear in the books of a new firm and amount payable to Lodha is to be transferred to his Loan A/c.
Prepare: Profit and Loss Adjustment A/c, Partners’ Capital Accounts, Balance Sheet of new firm.
Solution:
In the books of Partnership Firm

Balance Sheet as on 1st April 2019

Working Note:
Average profit = \(\frac{\text { Total Profit }}{\text { No. of Years }}\)
= \(\frac{35,000+20,000+30,000+20,000+25,000}{5}\)
= \(\frac{1,30,000}{5}\)
= ₹ 26,000
∴ Goodwill = ₹ 26,000
Goodwill should not appear in the books of accounts.
Therefore, ₹ 26,000 credited in Partners’ Capital Account in partners’ old profit and loss ratio. ₹ 26,000 will be debited in Partners’ Capital Account in partners’ new profit-loss ratio.

Class 12 Commerce BK Textbook Solutions Digest

• 12th Bk Chapter 1 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 2 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 3 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 4 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 5 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 6 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 7 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 8 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 9 Practical Problems
• 12th Bk Chapter 10 Practical Problems

Psychology Class 12 Chapter 5 Emotions Question Answers Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 5 Emotions Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Emotions Class 12 Psychology Chapter 5 Questions and Answers

1. Choose the correct option and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
…………… is a combination of bodily arousal, expressive behavior, thoughts, and feelings.
(a) Response
(b) Reaction
(c) Emotions
Answer:
(c) Emotions

Question 2.
According to James Lange we first experience ……………….. then emotions.
(a) physical arousal
(b) feelings
(c) thoughts
Answer:
(a) physical arousal

Question 3.
Emotion is used as a …………….. to control others.
(a) weapon
(b) measure
(c) opportunity
Answer:
(a) weapon

Question 4.
When you allow another person to exploit you, you are a victim of ………….. abuse.
(a) physical
(b) emotional
(c) social
Answer:
(b) emotional

Question 5.
Exercising releases ………………… which makes you feel good as a stress buster.
(a) endorphins
(b) thyroxin
(c) insulin
Answer:
(a) endorphins

2. Identify the odd items from the following and write a suitable reason for your choice

Question 1.
admiration, disgust, acceptance, trust

Question 2.
kicking, ignoring, shoving, screaming

Question 3.
Reassess, React, Respond, Relax

Question 4.
meditation, social work, compassion, engage in hobbies

3. Match the pair.

Question 1.

Group A	Group B
(1) Happiness	(a) basic emotion
(2) Paul Ekman	(b) fight and flight
(3) Anger	(c) surprise
(4) Fear	(d) sadness
(5) Grief	(e) triggers
(6) Anger management technique	(f) powerful emotion

Answer:

Group A	Group B
(1) Happiness	(c) surprise
(2) Paul Ekman	(a) basic emotion
(3) Anger	(f) powerful emotion
(4) Fear	(b) fight and flight
(5) Grief	(d) sadness
(6) Anger management technique	(e) triggers

4. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
Emotional well-being is not easily observable.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Positive emotions energise you.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
You should feel guilty for standing up for yourself.
Answer:
false

Question 4.
Anger is a basic negative emotion.
Answer:
True

5. Answer the following questions in 35 – 40 words each.

Question 1.
Explain the term facial feedback hypothesis.
Answer:
According to the facial feedback hypothesis, our facial expressions provide feedback to our brain about our emotions. Facial expressions are not only the result of our emotions, e.g., smiling in happiness, but they are also capable of influencing emotions, e.g. laughter can actually make us feel happier. The same might hold true for other emotions as well. In the 1840’s, William James presented the idea that awareness of our bodily experiences is the basis of emotion.

Question 2.
When does an individual face social rejection?
Answer:
Social rejection occurs when an individual is deliberately excluded from a social relationship or interaction. This can be done by a person or a group. It includes rejection of the person by family/ peers/ colleagues or even in intimate relationships. Rejection may be active, i.e., by ridiculing, bullying, etc., or passive, i.e., ‘silent treatment’. Social rejection may be faced due to individual differences e.g., attractiveness, shyness or due to intergroup exclusion on the basis of prejudice, e.g., in case of Dalits or ethnic minorities.

Question 3.
With the help of an example write the non-verbal triggers of anger.
Answer:
Anger is a common emotion that everybody experiences in life from time to time. Anger is a normal response to some real or perceived threat. It is a protective emotion that help us to defend ourselves against physical or psychological harm.

Triggers of Anger refer to any event that signals the brain to activate the body’s anger system. The triggers of anger may be (i) verbal, for e.g., being blamed, disrespected or abused (ii) non¬verbal, for e.g., being ignored unappreciated or rejected, (iii) physical such as physical threats, sexual/ physical assault, etc.

Non-verbal triggers of anger are feelings of being neglected, disregarded, disappointed, unloved or frequently spurned. It is expressed through gestures such as pointing a finger, shrugging the shoulders; by facial expressions such as sneering, frowning and also by behaviours such as groaning/sighing/whining or speaking in a mocking tone.

There are three factors involved in the experience of anger : A trigger (causes of anger) → individual’s personality → particular interpretation of that situation.

Question 4.
What are the aspects of emotional well-being?
Answer:
Emotional well-being means managing our emotions, both positive and negative ones, so that we can lead a healthy and productive life. It is the absence of negative affect as well as general satisfaction with life. A person who experiences emotional well-being is positively engaged with the world.
The aspects of emotional well-being are at three levels viz. physical, emotional and social.

1. Physical level, i.e., well balanced diet, exercise.
2. Emotional level, i.e., practise mindfulness, raising levels of motivation and optimism.
3. Social level, i.e., engaging in prosocial behaviour, meaningful relationships.

6. Compare and Contrast

Question 1.
Happiness and Sadness

Question 2.
James Lange theory and Cannon Bard’s Theory

7. Write short notes on the following in 50 – 60 words each.

Question 1.
Measures of dealing with Emotional Abuse
Answer:
Emotional abuse is any kind of abuse that is emotional rather than physical in nature. It occurs when one person subjects or exposes another person to intentionally harmful behaviour that may result in anxiety, depression and psychological trauma to the victim.
The types of emotional abuse may be-

1. verbal abuse such as blaming, insulting, labeling, threatening, swearing, etc.
2. non verbal abuse such as ignoring, rejection, bullying, spying, etc.

The most important technique is to break the silence and stand up for yourself.

1. Accept that emotional abuse is not because of you, i.e., don’t justify the actions of the abuser.
2. Respond assertively to the abuser but seek distance from him.
3. Give yourself time to heal.
4. Prioritize your self-care, e.g., eating right, exercise, etc.
5. Mobilise support from family and friends. If needed, seek professional help.

Question 2.
Plutchiks’s Model of Emotions
Answer:

Robert Plutchik presented the wheel of emotions,

1. there are 8 basic emotions viz. joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, anticipation, anger and disgust.
2. each primary emotion has its polar opposite such as fear is opposite of anger.
3. primary emotions combine to produce complex emotions, for e.g., love (complex) is a combination of joy and trust.
4. intensity of emotions increases as we move toward the centre and decreases as we move outward. For e.g., apprehension (weak) → fear (basic) → terror (strongest).

This model is important from the perspective of emotional literacy, i.e., understanding emotional levels, complexity and change as well as appropriate emotional labelling

Question 3.
Anger -A powerful emotion
Answer:
Anger is a common emotion that everybody experiences in life from time to time. Anger is a normal response to some threat. It is a protective emotion that helps us to defend ourselves against physical/ psychological harm. However, anger may also be unwanted, irrational and destructive. When we experience anger, our amygdala goes into action and overrides the cerebral cortex which is in control of thinking and evaluation. Triggers of anger refer to any event that signals the brain to activate the body’s anger system. The triggers may be (i) verbal, for e.g., being blamed, disrespected or abused (ii) non-verbal, for e.g., being ignored unappreciated or rejected, (iii) physical such as physical threats, sexual/ physical assault, etc.

There are three factors involved in the experience of anger: A trigger (causes of anger) → individual’s personality → particular interpretation of that situation. As the experience of anger is subjective, it can be controlled too. If we understand the triggers of anger, we can anticipate potential anger episodes and provide an intentional/ acceptable response such as it may energize us towards solving problems. As anger is a powerful emotion, it must be kept in check to avoid it’s destructive out comes.

Question 4.
Managing Emotions
Answer:
The word emotion is derived from the latin word ‘emovere’, which means to stir up or to move. An emotion refers to an involuntary, aroused state of an organism involving physical, cognitive and behavioural components. It is described as a combination of bodily arousal, e.g., increased heartrate, thoughts and feelings, i.e. emotional tone and expressive behaviour, i.e., facial expression.

Managing of emotions is an important life skill. Managing emotions can be defined as, ‘the ability to be open to feelings and modulate them in oneself and in others, so as to promote personal understanding and growth. It is the ability to be aware and constructively handle both positive and challenging emotions.

Sometimes, our emotions hijack our thinking due to which we act impulsively. This is because the limbic system (emotional section) developed before the prefrontal cortex (thinking part) and is hence, an extremely strong part of the brain. Emotional management is an art as it is a form of expression as well as a science as it is a skill that needs to be learnt and practiced If a person ignores of suppresses his/her emotions it leads to anxiety. The best way of manage emotions is to acknowledge the emotions, find out what is the cause of that emotion in you, chose how to respond in that situation.

Question 5.
Benefits of Emotional Well-being
Answer:
Emotional well-being means managing our emotions, both positive and negative ones, so that we can lead a healthy and productive life.
Persons who have high emotional well-being experience benefits such as- (i) better able to deal with stress (ii) better self-regulation (iii) increased productivity in tasks undertaken (iv) increased creativity (v) life satisfaction due to meaningful activities and relationship.

1. Coping with stress – It helps to deal with stress using healthy methods such as exercise, social support, etc.
2. Better self-regulation – It enables the person to label how they feel and accept negative emotions life fear, anger, etc.
3. Increases productivity in tasks undertaken – The ability to focus is enhanced, the person feels positive and energized.
4. Increases creativity – The person indulges in divergent thinking, shows curiosity is open to new experiences.
5. Life satisfaction – The individual is able to have meaningful interactions and relationships, show empathy, altruism and engage in activities like volunteer work.

8. Answer the following 50 – 60 words.

Question 1.
Using the 3 R model of Anger Management present a case study of your own experience.
Answer:
Anger management is an intervention programme to prevent anger from turning into a habit or obstacle. It enables the person to create an awareness of and responsibility for his/her emotions. This involves two aspects (i) managing one’s own anger (ii) learning to respond effectively to anger in others.

The 3 R’s in anger management a Relax, Reassess and Respond.
1. Relaxation – Relaxation and connection with the inner self helps to enhance thinking and concentration so that we ‘respond’ rather than ‘react’ impulsively.
2. Reassess – This helps the person to revisit the situation objectively. It involves

• taking complete responsibility for your emotion
• developing empathy for the person you perceive has wronged you
• conduct a reality check e.g., is your anger justified given the facts of what happened.

The feeling’s thermometer helps to focus on the extent of anger we are experiencing and helps in the process of reassessment.

3. Respond – It entails re-engaging with the other person/situation. Responding involves

• consulting a trustworthy person to get another perspective
• engage in talks with the other party in a calm respectful manner with a willingness to sort out the situation.
• active listening and assertive speaking – Allow the person to express their viewpoint. However, we should stand up for our feeling while exhibiting the same for the other person. The right approach is a practical, positive communication style.
• cage your rage i.e. establish boundaries and moderate your anger – We must guard against escalation of our own anger which may lead us to provoke the other person. Moderation of anger and establishing clear boundaries of interaction with each other is essential.

CASE STUDY – 1 was in the passenger seat and my brother was driving the car. Suddenly, a cyclist swerved right in front after he had failed to observe the red light. This led me to get enraged at this uncalled-for action. Using the 3R technique. I tried to breathe for a few seconds to give me recovery time, i.e. Relaxation. I revisited the situation – Is my anger justified? Was it a genuine error? Is the cyclist hurt? Did the incident cause injury to us or damage to the car.? Is the anger worth my time/effort? Reassess. I allowed my elder brother to handle the situation but also assertively cautioned the teenage cyclist about the dangers of riding in a rash manner, i.e. Respond.

Question 2.
How does the brain work when angry?
Answer:
Anger is a common emotion that everybody experiences in life from time to time. Anger is a normal response to some threat. It is a protective emotion that help us to defend ourselves against physical/ psychological harm. However, anger may also be unwanted, irrational and destructive. When we experience anger, our amygdala goes into action and overrides the cerebral cortex which is in control of thinking and evaluation.

Triggers of anger refer to any event that signals the brain to activate the body’s anger system. The triggers may be (i) verbal, for e.g., being blamed, disrespected or abused (ii) non-verbal, for e.g., being ignored unappreciated or rejected, (iii) physical such as physical threats, sexual/ physical assault, etc.

There are three factors involved in the experience of anger: A trigger (causes of anger) → individual’s personality → particular interpretation of that situation. As the experience of anger is subjective, it can be controlled too. If we understand the triggers of anger, we can anticipate potential anger episodes and provide an intentional / acceptable response.

The emotional center of the brain is the Limbic system and is more primitive than the cerebral cortex. It is located in the lower section of the brain. Hence when a person is experiencing and expressing anger, he or she is not using the cortex (thinking section) but primarily functioning from the limbic system. In the limbic system, a small structure called Amygdala which is a storehouse of emotional memories plays an important role in the emotional outbursts. The data coming in from the world around us passes through the amygdala where the decision is made whether to send the data to the limbic or cortex area of the brain.

If the incoming data triggers enough of an emotional charge, the amygdala can override the cortex, which means the data will be sent to the limbic system causing the person to react using the lower part of the brain. During an overriding event, the amygdala goes into action without much regard for the consequences (since this area of the brain is not involved in judging, thinking, or evaluating).

Eg. You are waiting patiently in the queue at the bank, a person comes and cuts the line and moves ahead of you, you scream at them and ask them to go back. On an average, it can take 20 minutes for a person who has experienced an angry state of arousal to calm, to move from functioning from the emotional area to the thinking area of the brain.

Question 3.
After having realised you are emotionally abused by your best friend, write the steps you will take to deal with it.
Answer:
Emotional abuse is any kind of abuse that is emotional rather than physical in nature. It occurs when one person subjects or exposes another person to intentionally harmful behaviour that may result in anxiety, depression and psychological trauma.
The types of emotional abuse may be (i) verbal abuse such as blaming, insulting, labeling, threatening, swearing, etc. (ii) non verbal abuse such as ignoring, rejection, bullying, spying, etc. Some of the techniques to deal with emotional abuse are-

1. Accept that emotional abuse is not because of you i.e. don’t justify the actions of the abuser.
2. Respond assertively to the abuser but seek distance from him/her.
3. Give yourself time to heal.
4. Prioritize your self-care, e.g., eating right, exercise, etc.
5. Mobilise support from family and friends. If needed, seek professional help.

If I realize that I have been emotionally abused by my good friend I will adopt the following steps-

1. Disengage from the friendship and set personal boundaries
2. Understand that I am not the cause of abuse and so respond assertively to the abuser
3. Practice self care and give myself time to heal
4. If necessary seek guidance from other friends or my family / teachers.

9. Analyse the situations presented below and
a. Write the Emotion/s you experience.
b. What will be your response to this situation?

Question 1.
Anish was scolded by his boss. He came home and in a fit of rage hit his son. You are Anish’s friend who witnessed this outburst.
Answer:
I will feel anger as well as disgusted on witnessing this outbust. I will try to calm Anish and make him realise the harm that his anger can cause.

Question 2.
You helped your friend with study notes during his illness. But when your friend got better he did not respond nor show any sense of appreciation.
Answer:
I will feel disappointment as well as sadness. I will meet the friend and tell him that his lack of courtesy has hurt me.

Question 3.
Though you are a good friend of Anushka, she has not invited you to her new year’s party.
Answer:
I will feel disappointed and hurt. I will (if possible) try to find out if the action was deliberate or an oversight.

Question 4.
It’s your Birthday and you wake up that morning to find yourself surrounded with beautiful gifts.
Answer:
I will obviously feel immense happiness.

Question 5.
You have had a hectic day at college when you come home you find the door locked. You forgot your keys at home that day and your parents have not informed you of their plans.
Answer:
I will be angry at my at myself and my parents also. But since I forgot the keys, I will take full responsibility and wait it out some family member returns.

Question 6.
You have planned a surprise day out for your best friend and she tells you she is not interested and has other plans
Answer:
I will be a little sad and disappointed but will accept my friend’s decision sportingly.

Class 12 Psychology Chapter 5 Emotions Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITIES (Textbook Page. No. 44)

Activity 1

THINK AND ANALYSE
Think of the following situations and note down what will be the experience of each person in that situation.

1. It’s Mira’s Std. 12th result today. She comes to know that she has topped in the college.
2. Rahul’s mother passed away just few days before his 18th birthday.
3. Suchita was ridiculed by her classmate for wearing old fashioned clothes.
4. Yash had a fight at home because his parents were not allowing him to go for a late night party.

Answer:

1. Mira will experience happiness due to her success.
2. Rahul will experience grief and loneliness.
3. Suchita will experience a sense of helplessness and shame.
4. Yash will be angry with his parents and feel they are doing him an injustice.

Activity 2 (Textbook Page. No. 46)

Observe each figure carefully and write the emotion that corresponds to each in the blank spaces provided below. Can you identify which among these is a positive and negative emotion?

Answer:
(A) = Surprise (positive), (B) = Anger (negative), (C) = Disgust (negative), (D) = Sadness (negative),
(E) = Joy (positive), (F) = Fear (negative).

Activity 3 (Textbook Page. No. 46, 47)

Check whether you can name the emotions accurately from the following examples-

1. It’s Riya’s 18th birthday today and her friends have given her a surprise party.
2. Rohan recently had a break up with his long time girlfriend with whom he was in love deeply.
3. Sameer had a disagreement with his best friend over where to go for a picnic and the situation got heated up.
4. Sumi has come to know that she has failed in her exam and she is figuring out how she will convey this to her parents.
5. Ashmeet suddenly saw his school best friend across the street after many years.
6. Amy opened today’s newspaper and read the news of a 5 year old getting gang raped.

Answer:

1. Happiness
2. Surprise
3. Anger
4. Fear
5. Surprise
6. Disgust

Activity 4 (Textbook Page. No. 48)

THINK, REFLECT, ANALYSE AND DISCUSS
State what will you feel and how will /did you behave in the given following situations:-

1. You are crossing the road and suddenly find a car breaking the signal and speeding up towards you.
2. You reach home and find the table laid with your favourite dish cooked by your mother.
3. You receive a phone call telling you that your best friend is undergoing an operation and needs blood.
4. Recall an incident in your childhood when you were insulted by an adult.

Answer:

1. I will feel angry but also afraid. I will jump out of the way
2. I will feel happy and surprised.
3. I will fear but feel concerned and be motivated to arrange for the blood.
4. Students are expected to answer this question by themselves.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page. No. 49)

THINK, ANALYSE AND ACT

You see a snake ….. with reference to the above given components fill the process with your interpretations, feelings and actions.
Answer:

Class 12 Psychology Textbook Solutions Digest 

• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 1 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 2 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 3 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 4 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 5 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 6 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 7 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 8 Question Answers

Psychology Class 12 Chapter 2 Intelligence Question Answers Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 2 Intelligence Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Intelligence Class 12 Psychology Chapter 2 Questions and Answers

1. Choose the correct option and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
……………………. has given formula of I.Q.
(a) Binet
(b) Stern
(c) Wechsler
Answer:
(b) Stern

Question 2.
…………………. has given the concepts of fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.
(a) Cattell
(b) Thorndike
(c) Salovey
Answer:
(a) Cattell

Question 3.
…………………. is an individual test of intelligence.
(a) Army Alpha Test
(b) Army Beta Test
(c) Block Building Test
Answer:
(c) Block Building Test

2. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
Verbal tests of intelligence can be given easily to illiterate people.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
It is possible to increase emotional intelligence.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
There are certain limitations to Artificial Intelligence.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Group tests of intelligence are less expensive.
Answer:
True

3. Answer the following in one sentence each.

Question 1.
What is meant by intelligence?
Answer:
David Wechsler defines intelligence as, “the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.”

Question 2.
Who is considered as the father of intelligence test?
Answer:
Alfred Binet is considered as the father of intelligence tests.

Question 3.
What is meant by verbal tests of intelligence?
Answer:
Verbal tests of intelligence make use of words and numbers to measure intelligence and subjects respond verbally to the test items, for e.g., WAIS, Army Alpha Test, etc.

Question 4.
What is meant by individual test of intelligence?
Answer:
Individual tests of intelligence are tests which can be administered to a single person at a time, for e.g., Stanford Binet Scales, WAIS, Koh’s Block Design Test, etc.

4. Define / Explain the concepts in 25 – 30 words each.

Question 1.
Mental Age
Answer:
Alfred Binet introduced the concept of Mental Age. It is defined as the age at which the person successfully performs on all items of the test prepared for that age level. Mental Age need not correspond to Chronological Age. If Mental Age (MA) is the same as Chronological Age (CA), the person has average intelligence. For e.g., Sumit aged 10 years has successfully performed all items on the test for age 12. Hence, his Mental Age will be 12 years, i.e., he has above average intelligence.

Question 2.
Social Intelligence
Answer:
E.L. Thorndike proposed the term Social Intelligence. Howard Gardner included ‘interpersonal intelligence’in the Multiple Intelligences Theory. According to Karl Albrecht, ‘Social intelligence . is the ability to get along well with others and to get them to cooperate with oneself.’

A continued pattern of nourishing behaviour indicates a high level of social intelligence. Such persons are skilled at interacting with and understanding people around them. They respect and encourage others. They effectively comprehend social dynamics.

Question 3.
Emotional Intelligence
Answer:
The term Emotional Intelligence was used for the first time by John Mayer and Peter Salovey. The concept of emotional intelligence was popularized by Daniel Goleman. It is defined as “the ability to perceive and monitor one’s own and others emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and actions.” Emotional Intelligence refers to a set of cognitive abilities such as perceiving emotions, using emotions to facilitate thought, understanding emotions and managing (regulating) emotions. Persons with high emotional intelligence tend to be emotionally stable, patient, optimistic, enthusiastic and calm.

5. Write short notes on the following.

Question 1.
Intelligence Quotient
Answer:
Intelligence is the highest attribute of human beings. Different psychologists have defined intelligence differently. Lewis Terman explains intelligence as, “an ability to think on an abstract level.”

David Wechsler defines intelligence as, “the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.”

Intelligence Quotient refers to a measurement of intelligence.. In 1912, William Stern introduced the concept of intelligence quotient (IQ). Terman, refined the formula for calculating IQ, which is as stated below-
IQ = \(\frac {MA}{CA}\) × 100
Example: Ankush who is 10 years old has a Mental Age of 11 years. Let us calculate his IQ.
MA = 11 years CA = 10 years IQ = ?
IQ = \(\frac {MA}{CA}\) × 100 = \(\frac {11}{10}\) × 100 = 110
Ankush has an IQ of 110.

Question 2.
Charles Spearman’s theory of intelligence
Answer:
Intelligence is the highest attribute of human beings. Different psychologists have defined intelligence differently. Lewis Terman explains intelligence as, “an ability to think on an abstract level.”
David Wechsler defines intelligence as, “the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.”
In 1927, Charles Spearman with the help of a statistical method called factor analysis separated and identified two different factors of intelligence viz. General factor (g) and Specific factor (s).

1. General factor is the minimum competence required to carry out daily work.
2. Specific factor includes abilities which are required to solve problems in specific areas.

Question 3.
Verbal tests of intelligence
Answer:
Intelligence is the highest attribute of human beings. Different psychologists have defined intelligence differently. Lewis Terman explains intelligence as, “an ability to think on an abstract level.”
David Wechsler defines intelligence as, “the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.”

On the basis of material used in the tests, intelligence tests can be classified as Verbal tests and Non-verbal tests of intelligence. Intelligence tests that use language (words or numbers) for measuring intelligence are called verbal tests of intelligence. In these tests subjects are required to respond verbally to test items. Army Alpha Test, Wechsler’s Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), etc., are some of the examples of verbal tests of intelligence. These tests are language and culture bound and hence cannot be used with children, illiterates etc. However, they are useful in measuring higher mental abilities.

Question 4.
Non-verbal tests of intelligence
Answer:
Intelligence is the highest attribute of human beings. Different psychologists have defined intelligence differently. Lewis Terman explains intelligence as, “an ability to think on an abstract level.”
David Wechsler defines intelligence as, “the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.”
On the basis of material used in the tests, intelligence tests can be classified as Verbal tests and Non-verbal tests of intelligence.

Intelligence tests that use pictures, designs, material objects, etc., to measure intelligence are called non-verbal tests of intelligence. In these tests language is not used to measure intelligence. In these tests subjects are not required to respond verbally to test items. Non-verbal tests are of two types viz.

1. Performance tests for e.g., Koh’s Block Design test, Dr. Bhatia’s Non Verbal test, Alexander’s Pass-along test, etc. and
2. Paper-pencil tests for e.g., Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices.

Question 5.
Artificial Intelligence
Answer:
The term Artificial Intelligence was suggested by John McCarthy. Artificial intelligence is an innovation created by human intelligence. It is a field of study that combines computer science, algorithms, psychology, etc. It refers to enabling software programmes and computer systems to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, weather forecasting, language translation, etc.

Artificial intelligence can take decisions only on the basis of stored information and so cannot be an alternative to human intelligence. Artificial intelligence has immense applications in daily life as well as to solve critical problems. Artificial intelligence is used in devices like robots, computers, self-driving cars, automatic missiles, smart phones, medical diagnostic tools, etc.

6. Answer the following questions with the help of the given points.

Question 1.
Write in brief about individual tests of intelligence
(i) Meaning
(ii) Advantages
(iii) Disadvantages
Answer:

(i) Meaning – Intelligence tests that can be administered to a single person at a time are called individual tests of intelligence, for e.g., Stanford Binet Scales, Koh’s Block Design Test, etc.

(ii) Advantages-

1. The test administrator can establish a rapport with the client.
2. The test administrator can get additional information about the client’s feelings, moods and expressions during testing.
3. Individual tests are more capable of measuring creative thinking, compared to group tests.

(iii) Disadvantages-

1. Individual tests are time consuming and costly to administer.
2. Individual tests require a trained and skillful examiner to administer, score and interpret them.
3. These tests cannot be used for mass testing.

Question 2.
Write in brief about group tests of intelligence
(i) Meaning
(ii) Advantages
(iii) Disadvantages
Answer:

(i) Meaning – Group test of intelligence are tests that can be administered to more than one person at a time, i.e., for mass testing, for e.g., Army Alpha and Army Beta Test, OTIS self¬administrating tests, etc.

(ii) Advantages-

1. Group tests are less time consuming and more economical to administer.
2. In administrating of group tests, the role of the examiner is minimal. So, he/she need not go through any specialised training.
3. These tests can be used in cases where mass testing is needed.

(iii) Disadvantages-

1. The test administrator has much less opportunity to establish rapport, obtain cooperation and maintain interest of the clients.
2. Compared to individual tests, group tests are less capable of measuring the creative aspect of intelligence.

7. Answer the following questions in Detail.

Question 1.
Write in detail about the history of intelligence testing.
Answer:
Intelligence is the highest attribute of human beings. Different psychologists have defined intelligence differently. Lewis Terman explains intelligence as, “an ability to think on an abstract level.”

David Wechsler defines intelligence as, ‘the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment’. Many psychologists have contributed to the measurement of Intelligence.

Sir Francis Galton thought that he could determine intelligence by measuring the size of the human skull. He administered a battery of tests to measure variables such as head size, reaction time, visual acuity, etc. However, these tests did not prove useful to measure intelligence.

Raymond Cattell, used the term ‘mental test’ for the first time. Like his mentor, Sir Galton, Cattell also believed that intelligence is best measured by sensory tasks. However, be emphasized that test administration must be standardized.

In 1905, Alfied Binet in collaboration with Theodor Simon, published the First Scale of Intelligence. This scale was revised in 1908 and 1911. In 1916, Lewis Terman revised the scale, i.e., adapted few items, established new age norms etc. This came to be called ‘Stanford Binet Test’. Binet also introduced the concept of Mental Age. It is defined as the age at which the person successfully performs on all items of the test prepared for that age level.

In 1917, Robert Yerkes and his colleagues developed the Army Alpha (verbal test) and Army Beta (performance test) intelligence tests. These two tests were used to recruit soldiers. In 1939, during World War II also, to recruit army personnel, the Army General Classification Test was used.

In 1939, David Wechsler published the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Test. In 1955, the test was revised and then called Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). It has a verbal scale and performance scale. Wechsler also developed a test to measure intelligence of children, i.e., Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC).

Mental Age – Alfred Binet introduced the concept of Mental Age. It is defined as the age at which the person successfully performs on all items of the test prepared for that age level. Mental Age need not correspond to Chronological Age. It Mental Age (MA) is the same as Chronological Age (CA), the person has average intelligence.

Intelligence Quotient – In 1912, William Stern introduced the concept of Intelligence Quotient (IQ). Terman, refined the formula for calculating IQ which is as stated below-
IQ = \(\frac {MA}{CA}\) × 100 IQ made it possible to compare the intelligence of individuals of different age CA groups.

Question 2.
‘Intelligence testing has a wide usage in various areas’. Justify with examples.
Answer:
David Wechsler defines intelligence as, ‘the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.’
Types of Intelligence Tests-
(i) Individual tests of intelligence-
Individual tests of intelligence are tests which can be administered to a single person at a time, for e.g., Stanford Binet Scales, WAIS, Koh’s Block Design Test, etc.

(ii) Group tests of intelligence-
Group test of intelligence are tests that can be administered to more than one person at a time, i.e., for mass testing, for e.g., Army Alpha and Army Beta Test, OTIS self-administrating tests, etc.

(iii) Verbal tests of intelligence-
Verbal tests of intelligence make use of words and numbers to measure intelligence and subjects respond verbally to the test items, for e.g., WAIS, Army Alpha Test, etc.

(vi) Non-verbal tests of intelligence-
Non-verbal tests of intelligence do not use language to measure intelligence. They make use of pictures, designs, objects, etc. Such tests may be (i) Performance tests, e.g., Koh’s Block Design Test or (ii) Paper-pencil test e.g., Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices.

Application of Intelligence Testing

1. Effective Schooling – On the basis of intelligence test scores, teachers can classify students into intellectual categories and devise special instructional programmes suited to their mental development.
2. Aids Mental Health Personnel – Intelligence tests are helpful to Mental Health personnel such as psychologists, etc., for diagnosis purposes and therapy.
3. Effective Parenting – Parents can provide appropriate educational facilities to their children based on their IQ scores.
4. Career Counselling – Scores obtained on intelligence tests help the student to select the right educational options/ courses.
5. Vocational Counselling – Individuals can choose a suitable career and achieve job satisfaction when they make a realistic choice of vocation based on IQ scores.

Question 3.
Explain the characteristics of people having high social intelligence.
Answer:
E.L. Thorndike proposed the term Social Intelligence. Howard Gardner included ‘interpersonal intelligence’ in the Multiple Intelligences Theory. According to Karl Albrecht, “Social intelligence is the ability to get along well with others and to get them to cooperate with oneself’.

According to Karl Albrecht our behaviour towards others falls somewhere on a spectrum between toxic behaviour and nourishing behaviour. Devaluing others, refusing cooperation to others, negative talking, discouraging others, etc., are some of the examples of toxic behaviours. A continued pattern of toxic behaviour indicates a low level of social intelligence. Respecting others, cooperating with others, positive talking, encouraging others, etc., are some of the examples of nourishing behaviour. A continued pattern of nourishing behaviour indicates a high level of social intelligence.

The following are some of the characteristics of people having high social intelligence:

1. They are good at understanding and interacting with other people.
2. They have ability to monitor their verbal and non-verbal expressions while communicating with others.
3. They are good speakers and good listeners.
4. They are skilled at assessing the emotions, motivations, desires, and intentions of those around them.
5. They understand social dynamics in an effective way.
6. They are flexible in their approach while dealing with others.
7. They are goal orientated, persistent and self- confident.
8. They can resolve conflicts in social contexts.
9. They are successful negotiators.
10. They enhance personal and professional relationships with others.

Class 12 Psychology Chapter 2 Intelligence Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page. No. 12)

Activity 1
Read the following sentences and decide whether the given sentences are the facts or just beliefs about intelligence :
(i) Intelligence is something that is inborn.
(ii) Students who are intelligent can get good marks in examinations.
(iii) Students who do not get good marks in examinations are less intelligent.
(iv) People who are intelligent are very smart.
(v) Intelligent people can impress anyone by their talk.
Answer:
[All the statements are just beliefs, not facts.]

Activity 2 (Textbook Page. No. 15)
Read the following examples. Using the formula, calculate the I.Q. of the following students:
(i) Aabha is a genius girl. Her chronological age is 8 years and her mental age is 14 years. Find out her I.Q.
(ii) Mayur has learning disabilities. His chronological age is 8 years and his mental age is 6 years. Find out his I.Q.
Answer:
(i) In case of Aabha – Mental Age (MA) = 14 years
Chronological Age (CA) = 8 years, IQ = ?
IQ = \(\frac {MA}{CA}\) × 100 = \(\frac {14}{10}\) × 100 = 175
IQ = 175.

(ii) In case of Mayur – Mental Age (MA) = 6 years.
Chronological Age (CA) = 8 years, IQ = ?
MA 6
IQ = \(\frac {MA}{CA}\) × 100 = \(\frac {6}{10}\) × 100 = 75
IQ = 75.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page. No. 16)

Make a chart listing the advantages and disadvantages of individual tests of intelligence.
Answer:
(i) Advantages-

1. The test administrator can establish a rapport with the client.
2. The test administrator can get additional information about the client’s feelings, moods and expressions during testing.
3. Individual tests are more capable of measuring creative thinking, compared to group tests.

(ii) Disadvantages-

1. Individual tests are time consuming and costly to administer.
2. Individual tests require a trained and skillful examiner to administer, score and interpret them.
3. These tests cannot be used for mass testing.

Activity 4 (Textbook Page. No. 16)

Make a chart listing the advantages and disadvantages of group tests of intelligence.
Answer:
(i) Advantages-

1. Group tests are less time consuming and economical to administer.
2. In administrating group tests, the role of the examiner is minimal. So, he/she need not go through any specialized training.
3. These tests can be used in cases where mass testing is needed.

(ii) Disadvantages-

1. The test administrator has much less opportunity to establish rapport, obtain cooperation and maintain interest of the clients.
2. Compared to individual tests, group tests are less capable of measuring creative aspect of intelligence.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page. No. 17)

Verbal test of intelligence Choose the correct option:
(i) Shoe – Foot : : Hat – ……………..
(a) Kitten
(b) Head
(c) Knife
Answer:
Shoe – Foot: : Hat – Head

(ii) Eye – Head : : Window – ………………
(a) Key
(b) Floor
(c) Room
Answer:
Eye – Head : : Window – Room

Activity 6 (Textbook Page. No. 19)

Read the examples given in Activity 6 on textbook page no. 18 and decide the positions of Chetan, Sagar and Anil on the following spectrum of behaviour:

Answer:

Activity 7 (Textbook Page. No. 20)

Study the differences between the characteristics of people having high emotional intelligence and low emotional intelligence and think about what you can do to develop your emotional intelligence?

Characteristics of people having high emotional intelligence	Characteristics of people having low emotional intelligence
Emotionally stable, Patient	Emotionally unstable, Impatient
Optimistic, Independent	Pessimistic, Dependent
Happy, Enthusiastic	Sad, Apathetic
Calm, Satisfied	Restless, Dissatisfied

Answer:
I will try to develop emotional intelligence by adopting the following ways-

1. active listening skills .and effective style of communication.
2. practice self-evaluation and self-awareness.
3. respond instead of reacting in conflict situations.
4. stay motivated, rational and have a positive outlook.
5. show empathy, be approachable.
6. adopt effective stress management techniques.

Activity 8 (Textbook Page. No. 20)

Discuss how the following devices use Artificial Intelligence:
(i) Computers
(ii) Self-driving cars
(iii) Robots
(iv) Medical diagnostic tools
(v) Translation devices
(vi) Automatic Missiles
(vii) Chatbots, etc.
Answer:
(i) Computers – AI is the ability of a computer programme to think and learn. It makes computers smart, i.e., work without being encoded with commands.

(ii) Self-driving cars – Autonomous driving is a key application of AI. Self-driving cars are equipped with multiple sensors such as cameras, radars, etc., which generate massive amount of data and simulate human perceptual and decision making processes in driving.

(iii) Robots – AI gives robots the computer vision to navigate, sense and calculate their reaction accordingly. Robots learn to perform tasks from humans through machine learning which is a part of computer programming and AI.

(iv) Medical diagnostic tools – Abnormalities in body fluids and tissue can be automatically detected using AI in medical diagnosis solutions. AI can help to speed up process of diagnosis, i.e., biomarkers.

(v) Translation devices-AI uses Neural Machine Translation (NMT), i.e., an electronic, neural network trained to recognize patterns in the input data set and translate it into desired output data, for e.g., a sentence in Japanese into English. It is more accurate than simple machine translation.

(vi) Automatic Missiles – AI is leading the world towards a battlefield that has no boundaries, may not even have humans involved and will be impossible to control across the human ecosystem in Cyberspace, Geospace and Space (CGS). It refers to the weaponisation of AI, i.e., a weapon system that can select human/ non-human targets without further intervention by a human operator.

(vii) Chatbots – AI makes it possible for chatbots to ‘learn’ by discovering patterns in data. A chatbot is a computer programme that imitates spoken and written conversation, i.e., voice commands and texts, for e.g., Siri.

Class 12 Psychology Textbook Solutions Digest 

• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 1 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 2 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 3 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 4 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 5 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 6 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 7 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 8 Question Answers

Psychology Class 12 Chapter 8 Positive Psychology Question Answers Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 8 Positive Psychology Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Positive Psychology Class 12 Psychology Chapter 8 Questions and Answers

1. Choose the correct option and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
……………. is the father of positive psychology.
(a) Carver
(b) Masten
(c) Seligman
Answer:
(c) Seligman

Question 2.
Barbara Fredrickson introduced the Broaden and ………………. theory.
(a) Build
(b) Emotion
(c) Learning
Answer:
(a) Build

Question 3.
The belief that good things will happen is called as ………………..
(a) pessimism
(b) resilience
(c) optimism
Answer:
(c) optimism

Question 4.
The capacity to understand what the other person is experiencing is………………
(a) sympathy
(b) empathy
(c) emotion
Answer:
(b) empathy

2. Answer the following questions in 35 – 40 words each.

Question 1.
Explain the theories of happiness
Answer:
Happiness is a positive emotional state that is subjective to each person, for e.g., people feel happy when they are successful or surprised or loved, etc.
The main theories of happiness are-

1. Need/ goal satisfaction theories – Happiness is experienced when some need or goal is satisfied, e.g., Rohit feels happiness when he clears IIT-JEE exams.
2. Process/ activity theories – Happiness is experienced when one engages in a particular activity, e.g., Sumit enjoys trekking.
3. Genetic/ personality theories – Genetic and personality characteristics are involved in the experience of happiness.

Question 2.
What is mindfulness?
Answer:
Mindfulness is the basic human ability to be fully aware of where we are and what we are doing. It means that we should not be overly reactive or overwhelmed by what’s going on around us. Mindfulness refers to mental awareness that helps to focus on the ‘Here and Now’. It helps to increase self-regulation, which results in growth and happiness. Mindfulness is maintaining moment by moment awareness of our bodily sensations, environment, thoughts and feelings.

Question 3.
What is resilience?
Answer:
According to the American Psychological Association, resilience is the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats or significant sources of stress such as family and relationships, health, work and finances, etc. It is the act of ‘bouncing back’ inspite of barriers or set backs.

Resilience helps the person to recover form setbacks with the least negative consequences. Individuals high on resilience exhibit the following characteristics-

1. they regain their confidence after a period of emotional disturbance
2. they are able to maintain their psychological well-being.

The types of resilience are physical, psychological, emotional and community resilience.

3. Write short notes on the following in 50 – 60 words each.

Question 1.
Life above zero
Answer:
Traditional psychology focused on life at and below zero. Zero is the line that divides illness form
health. Hence, life below zero indicates a life that is full of problems stress, diseases, etc. Positive psychology emphasizes the study of life above zero.

-1 to +1 indicates neutral charactristics while below 0 indicates disorders, dysfunction or illness. Life above zero covers a large area of positive aspects of behaviour such as mindfulness, resilience, happiness, hope, trust and empathy. It acknowledges elements of living that enrich and meaningfully sustain what is referred to as “the good life” in positive psychology.

Question 2.
Determinants of happiness
Answer:
Happiness is a positive emotional state. Factors like health, prestige, income, success, etc., contribute to only a small portion of our total happiness.
Some factors are predictors of long lasting happiness-

1. Strong, intimate social relationships, positive contacts and good support system.
2. Optimism leads to less of negative emotions like stress.
3. Self-esteem enhances our confidence level and ability to approach challenges in a constructive manner.
4. Achieving challenging goals- If the goals are too easy, it leads to boredom and if they are too difficult, it leads to frustration. Moderately challenging goals, increase the chance of success, leading to happiness.
5. Perceiving meaning and purpose in life, without which we will experience frustration, boredom, etc.
6. Looking at life’s challenges as an opportunity rather than a threat helps to develop our potential.

Question 3.
Characteristics of an optimist
Answer:
Optimism is a mental attitude that includes feelings of hopefulness and a belief that the future will be positive and favourable. It is the belief that negative events are merely setbacks that are temporary and can be overcome.
The characteristics of optimists are:

1. they try to choose the best options available
2. they tend to be high on self confidence
3. they face difficulties positively as they view them as a challenge for a person to become strong
4. they are hopeful about the future and do not generalize present failure to future events.

Question 4.
Methods to promote empathy
Answer:
Empathy is the capacity to understand and feel what another person is experiencing from within their frame of reference i.e. capacity to place oneself in another’s position.

According to Simon Baron-Cohen there are three components of empathy viz. cognitive empathy emotional reactivity and social skills. Empathy builds a sense of security and trust. It is closely related to emotional intelligence and is a key to successful relationships.
Empathy can be promoted by using the following methods-

1. Increase social interactions – Especially with people who need help in order to understand their perspectives and motives.
2. Connecting through similarities – With others, e.g., those having same hobbies/ work/ goals, etc.
3. Understanding what you are feeling – Those who are able to accurately judge their own motives, can empathize better.
4. Challenge yourself – Tasks that are challenging lead to the person struggling to achieve a goal. This lead to humility which enables empathy.
5. Cultivate a sense of curiosity – This leads to open-mindedness and a better understanding of those around us.
6. Widen our social circle – Contact with people of different races, cultures, viewpoints helps to increase empathy towards them at a neurological level.

4. Explain the Following concepts.

Question 1.
Positive Psychology
Answer:
Positive Psychology is a newly emerging branch of psychology. Martin Seligman officially introduced Positive Psychology as a subfield of psychology. It is the science of happiness, human strength and growth. Positive Psychology focuses on building of character strengths like courage, happiness, perseverance, etc., rather than on anxiety, conflict, avoidance, etc. According to Seligman, positive psychology is “the scientific study of positive human functioning and flourishing on multiple levels that include the biological, personal, relational, institutional, cultural and global dimensions of life.”

Question 2.
Half glass full and half glass empty.
Answer:
Optimism is a mental attitude that includes feelings of hopefulness. It is a belief that the future will be positive and favourable and that negative events are merely setbacks that are temporary and can be overcome. Seligman explained about optimism in the book ‘Learned Optimism’. Our perspective determines whether or not we will show optimism.

A glass which has water upto its mid level may be perceived as half full (optimism) or as half empty (pessimism). This is described as ‘Half glass full and half glass empty’.

Question 3.
Empathy
Answer:
Empathy is the capacity to understand and feel what another person is experiencing from within their frame of reference, i.e., capacity to place oneself in another’s position. According to Simon Baron-Cohen, there are three components of empathy viz. cognitive empathy i.e., perspective taking, emotional reactivity (connecting in an intimate bond with another person) and social skills (moved to help the other). Empathy builds a sense of security and trust. It is closely related to emotional intelligence and is a key to successful relationships.

Question 4.
Mindfulness
Answer:
Mindfulness is the basic human ability to be fully aware of where we are and what we are doing. It means that we should not be overly reactive or overwhelmed by what’s going on around us. Mindfulness refers to mental awareness that helps to focus on the ‘Here and Now’. It helps to increase self-regulation, which results in growth and happiness. Mindfulness is maintaining moment by moment awareness of our bodily sensations, environment, thoughts and feelings.

Question 5.
Social resilience
Answer:
According to the American Psychological Association, resilience is the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats or significant sources of stress such as family, health, etc. It is the act of ‘bouncing back’ inspite of barriers or set backs.

Social resilience is also called community resilience. It is the ability of groups of people to respond to and recover from adverse situations such as natural disasters, epidemics, war and socio-economic challenges to their community. This is mainly due to strong connections or bonds that the community members have with each other.

5. Answer the following question in 150 – 200 words each.

Question 1.
What are the essential building blocks of resilience?
Answer:
According to the American Psychological Association, resilience is the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats or significant sources of stress such as family, health, etc. It is the act of ‘bouncing back’ inspite of barriers or set backs. Resilience helps the person to recover form setbacks with the least negative consequences. Individuals who are resilience tend to-

1. regain their confidence after a period of emotional disturbance
2. they are able to maintain their psychological well-being.

6. The types of resilience are physical, psychological, emotional and community resilience.

According to Ann Masten, building blocks is ‘ordinary magic’, which involves behaviour that can be easily learnt. The 7 C’s of reilience are-

1. Competence – Competence is the ability or know-how to handle situations effectively. Competence is acquired through actual experience.
2. Confidence – True confidence is a strong belief in one’s own abilities. Confidence is gained by demonstrating competence in real life situations.
3. Connection – Family is the central force in an individual’s life. Connections with other people, schools and communities gives the individual a sense of security that allows him/her to be independent and develop creative solutions.
4. Character – It refers to a clear sense of right and wrong and a commitment to integrity. An individual with character has a strong sense of self-worth and confidence.
5. Contribution – An individual who understands the importance of personal contribution develops a sense of purpose that can motivate him/her, further leading to him/her psychological well-being.
6. Coping – A person who learns to cope effectively with stress is better prepared to overcome life’s challenges.
7. Control – When an individual realizes that he can control the outcomes of his decisions and actions, he is more likely to know that he has the ability to bounce back.

Question 2.
Recollect the most challenging situation you faced in your life till now and the way you dealt with it. With reference to the 7 C’s of Resilience, which qualities helped you to overcome the challenge? For each of the C’s write the process you adopted to deal with the situation.
Answer:
[Students are expected to answer this question by themselves.]

7. Find out the positive aspects of behaviour from the example given below and answer in one word.

Question 1.
Mahesh studies so attentively that he never gets distracted.
Answer:
Mindfulness

Question 2.
Sujata lost her hands in an accident. Now she has learned to write with her leg.
Answer:
Resilience

Question 3.
Vasanta’s daughter died by cancer. He has opened a rehabilitation center for cancer patients.
Answer:
Empathy

8. Case Study

Anurag was a software engineer working in one of the leading company’s in the USA for almost 5 years. He was in a stable relationship and he had plans to start a family and to settle there. Unfortunately due to the poor economy in USA he lost his job and had to return back to India. He felt distressed as he realized that he had lost everything he had worked so hard to build. This made him feel like a failure.

1. How do you think Anurag can apply the 7 C’s of resilience to overcome the difficult situation he is in?
2. As Anurag’s friend how will you empathise with him and help him deal with this challenge?
3. Anurag has developed a very pessimistic approach after these setbacks, how will you guide him to stay happy and optimistic?

Answer:
According to the American Psychological Association, resilience is the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats or significant sources of stress such as family, health, etc. It is the act of ‘bouncing back’ inspite of barriers or set backs. Resilience helps the person to recover form setbacks. Individuals who are resilient tend to-
(i) regain their confidence after a period of emotional disturbance
(ii) maintain their psychological well-being.

Anurag can apply the 7 C’s of resilience as follows-
1. He has already worked in a reputed firm successfully. Hence he has the Competence and Confidence in his own abilities. Although he is feeling a sense of hopelessness and failure, he must live in the ‘Here and Now’ by taking stock of the situation. Character will provide Anurag self worth and provide a sense of purpose and motivation, i.e., Contribution. When he realizes that he can still succeed in life by applying for a similar job here and accepting the situation, i.e., Control he can use effective Coping mechanisms. Besides, he should not forget social support of family and friends, i.e., Connection.

2. As Anurag’s friend, I can understand and feel what he is going through, from his frame of reference. Since, he is feeling distressed and like a failure due to loss of job, I will empathize with him by being encouraging and supportive. I will try to make him understand that with his own competence and experience, he can easily find a well paying job in India. I will also encourage him to improve his professional skills and seek social support from family and friends.

3. It seems natural for a person who was in a good job, stable relationship and successful position to feel pessimistic and like a failure when all of these no longer exist in his life. I will help Anurag to have a positive approach towards the challenges and difficulties in his life, i.e., view all setbacks i.e. loss of job, being sent back from the USA, etc., as opportunities not as obstacles. This will help him to gain a better perspective.

Class 12 Psychology Chapter 8 Positive Psychology Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page. No. 99)

Activity 4

(a) Meera scored poor marks in the examination.
(b) Suresh’s scholarship application got rejected.
(c) Mahesh lost his job.
Imagine yourself in their position and answer the following questions-
(i) How does being in their situation make you feel?
(ii) What do you think about yourself and your future being in their position?
Answer:
(i) You may feel

• Hopeless and so you might think that your future is dark.
• Helpless and so you might think that you cannot do anything to get out of the situation.
• Worthless and so you might think that you are a failure.

(ii) In contrast you may also feel

• Hopeful and think that the current adverse situation can change in the future.
• Challenged and think that you have the ability to overcome the adversity.
• Confident and think that one failure does not define you

Activity 5 (Textbook Page. No. 100)

What would your feeling be in the following situations?
(i) After a long struggle your friend got a job.
(ii) You see a person who just met with an accident and is bleeding profusely.
(iii) Your cousin is awarded a PhD. degree.
Answer:
In all the above examples I would feel empathy i.e., feel what these persons are experiencing.
(i) I will also feel happy and hopeful.
(ii) I will also feel concerned and helpless,
(iii) I will feel elated and proud.

Activity 8 (Textbook Page. No. 104)

Think of someone you know who has faced a challenging situation in their life and were successfully able to deal with it. This situation may have been emotionally difficult to deal with like death of a loved one, loss of a job, dealing with chronic illness, failure etc. Answer the following questions and discuss the answers in class.

1. How did they handle the adverse situation?
2. Which obstacles did they have to overcome?
3. In your opinion which specific attitudes and skills helped them cope with the situation?
4. Do you think they received help and support from others?

Answer:
Sundari, a professor in a reputed college was diagnosed with cancer at age 35 years.

1. Initially, she was overcome by feelings of intense fear and hopelessness. However, she decided that she would not give up the fight against cancer.
2. She had to overcome obstacles such as intense pain, fear of chemotherapy, pity shown by some ‘well wishers’, financial constraints, etc.
3. Specific attitudes that helped her to cope with this trauma were Resilience, fighting spirit interacting with other cancer survivors and good coping skills.
4. Yes, she received immense support from family, colleagues, friends and support groups like CPAA and Cancer Aid Foundation.

Activity 9 (Textbook Page. No. 105)

Read about the life of Indian boxer Mary Kom. Discuss in class the struggles she faced and how she overcame them to win multiple medals for the country.
Answer:
Mary Kom was born in Kangathei in the north-east state of Manipur. She grew up in a humble surroundings in an agricultural family. She is the eldest of three siblings. Her father had been a keen wrestler. Since a young age, Mary exhibited an inclination towards sports, like athletics and football. She was inspired by Dingko Singh, (a fellow Manipur who won a gold medal in 1998 Asian games ) to take up boxing. She was unable to pass her matriculation exam but still cleared X Std., from NIOS, Imphal. When she was 15, she left home to study at the Sports Academy in Imphal.

Her first coach K. K. Meitei recalls her as being hard working, dedicated, a quick learner with a strong will power. She has won many accolades such as 6 World Championships, Bronze medal at London Olympics (2012), 1 gold medal each at Asian Games (2014) and at Commonwealth Games (2018). She has been awarded the Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan and Padam Vibushan.

Her life story exhibits how Mary overcome obstacles of poverty, family opposition, gender bias to become the undisputed Queen of Boxing. Even at age 37, she still has the hunger to compete and win medals for India. Mary showed resilience as she has returned to the very demanding sport of boxing, after the birth of each child and has exceeded all expectations.

Activities 1, 2, 3, and 6
Answer:
[These are personal response questions.]

Class 12 Psychology Textbook Solutions Digest 

• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 1 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 2 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 3 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 4 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 5 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 6 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 7 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 8 Question Answers

Psychology Class 12 Chapter 7 First Aid in Mental Health Question Answers Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 7 First Aid in Mental Health Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

First Aid in Mental Health Class 12 Psychology Chapter 7 Questions and Answers

1. Choose the correct option and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
One of the major obstacles to getting help from a mental health professional is the ………………… attached to mental illness.
(a) policy
(b) stigma
(c) society
Answer:
(b) stigma

Question 2.
Friends and family are not a substitute for …………………..
(a) solving problems
(b) giving solutions
(c) professional help
Answer:
(c) professional help

Question 3.
In our culture the ………………….. of an individual is considered to be the reflection of one’s family.
(a) intelligence
(b) behaviour
(c) status
Answer:
(b) behaviour

Question 4.
Individuals who experience ………………… commonly have a negative thinking style.
(a) depression
(b) phobia
(c) acute stress
Answer:
(a) depression

2. Answer the following questions in 35 – 40 words each.

Question 1.
Describe the term Mental Health First Aid?
Answer:
Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) is an internationally recognized training programme designed to teach people how to identify the signs and symptoms of mental health problems and to provide assistance on a first aid basis. MHFA was originally developed by Betty Kitchener and Anthony Jorm.

First Aid in Mental Health is a concept based on the idea of ‘prevention is better than cure’. If the early signs of mental illness are recognized, it can help in the following ways.

1. Diagnosis – timely diagnosis at the onset of mental illness helps to prevent it from developing into a more severe form.
2. Intervention – early intervention helps to get professional help.
3. Relapse prevention – it prevent reoccurrence of symptom of the mental illness.

Question 2.
What are the stigmas attached to mental illness?
Answer:
One of the major obstacles to getting help from a mental health professional is the stigma that is attached to mental illness. We fear things that we do not understand. In the same way, our lack of understanding of mental illness makes us fear it.
This lack of knowledge and awareness makes us-

1. Blame the individual, i.e., think that mental illness is a personal failing or weakness.
2. Think that mental illness is caused as punishment for our sins.
3. Think that the person is intentionally behaving in an inappropriate way.

Question 3.
Anxiety disrupts day to day functioning of an individual : State two predispositional factors contributing to anxiety.
Answer:
Anxiety that is excessive or persists after the anxiety creating situation has subsided leads to anxiety disorders such as phobias, acute stress disorder, etc.
Predispositional factors in anxiety are-

1. Genetic factors – if anyone in the family has anxiety issues, then the person will be at a higher risk of exhibiting high levels of anxiety as compared to other persons.
2. Childhood trauma such as physical or mental neglect or abuse, death of a loved one, parental divorce, etc.

Question 4.
Your friend confided in you that he is suffering from anxiety.
Suggest two self- help strategies to help him deal with this issue.
Answer:
The self help strategies that can be suggested to help him deal with excessive anxiety are-

1. Engage in some activity that he always wanted to pursue for e.g., pottery, writing, sketching or voluntary social service.
2. Indulge in physical activity like exercise, outdoor games or trekking.
3. Relaxation techniques like laughter therapy, meditation and breathing techniques.

3. Answer the following in 80 – 100 words based on the given points.

Question 1.
Explain the reasons why First Aid in Mental Health is required.
(a) Stigma associated with mental health
(b) Shame
(c) People do not always know how to respond
(d) People may not always seek professional help
Answer:
MHFA is an internationally recognized training programme whose objective is to teach people how to identify the signs and symptoms of mental health problems and to provide assistance on a first aid basis.
(a) Stigma associated with mental health:
Lack of understanding about mental illness makes us fear it. This lack of awareness leads us to blame the person for behaving inappropriately or showing personal failing.

(b) Shame:
Often, a person who has been diagnosed with a mental illness is ridiculed or blamed. He/she experiences shame, withdraws from social interaction and does not reach out to others or seek help. Hence, it is beneficial to show understanding and provide support.

(c) People do not always know how to respond:
Most people may not respond in an adequate way to a mentally ill person who reaches out to them. Sometimes, their advice/help may do more harm than good. However, MHFA programme can help friends/family to identify early signs of mental illness and help the person to get professional help.

(d) People may not always seek professional help:
The main reasons for this is-

1. Culture – Stigma attached to mental illness prevents people from seeking professional help as it may hurt the reputation of the family.
2. Advice from elders – A mentally ill person may incorrectly believe that advice of elders alone is sufficient to cure his illness.
3. Superstitions – If the person is convinced that his//her mental illness is caused due to sins/curses etc., they will not want to visit a mental health professional. Hence, they will be deprived of the benefits of early intervention.

Question 2.
Explain the ALGEE Model in your own words.
(a) Approach, Assess and Assist in any crisis
(b) Listen non-judgmentally
(c) Give support and information
(d) Encourage the person to get professional help
(e) Encourage self-help and other support strategies
Answer:
ALGEE is an action plan to carry out First Aid in Mental Health.
(a) Approach, Assess and Assist in any crisis – An attempt is made to understand the situation and observe if there are behavioural changes in the person whom we are concerned about.

(b) Listen non-judgmentally – We should listen to the other person without letting our opinions influence us. We should not judge/ criticise but listen with acceptance and empathy. It does not imply that we agree with what the other person is saying but it ensures that the person feels supported.

(c) Give support and information – This helps the person to feel more in control of the situation since they have emotional and informational support.

(d) Encourage the person to get professional help – Persons suffering from mental illness may hesitate to seek help due to lack of knowledge or due to stigma attached. Others may not know how to respond to someone showing ‘red flags’ of mental illness and may do more harm than good. Mental health professionals are trained to help the person to identify the problem and cope with the situation.

(e) Encourage self-help and other support strategies – Self-help strategies are tasks that help to increase our resources to deal with stress and to maintain mental health such as exercise, adequate sleep, having hobbies, etc.

Question 3.
Enumerate the various symptoms that are exhibited by an individual with anxiety disorders.
(a) Physical Symptoms
(b) Psychological Symptoms
(c) Behavioural Symptoms
Answer:
Anxiety is an emotion characterised by feelings of tension, hopelessness, etc. Excessive level of anxiety which persists even after the anxiety producing situation has gone away, can lead to anxiety disorders.
(a) Physical Symptoms

1. Heart palpitations and rapid heart rate
2. Shortness of breath
3. Dizziness or headaches
4. Restlessness, tremors and shaking

(b) Psychological Symptoms

1. Mind racing or going blank
2. Difficulty in concentration
3. Forgetfulness
4. Problems in decision making
5. Irritability, impatience and anger

(c) Behavioural Symptoms

1. Avoiding people and situations
2. Repetitive checking
3. Strong urge to escape the situation

Question 4.
Explain excessive dependence on the internet.
(a) Meaning
(b) Four C’s to identify excessive internet usage
(c) Red flags that indicate internet addiction.
Answer:
(a) Meaning
The amount of time as well as reason for using the internet may become a matter of concern for e.g., online gambling, gaming, etc. The person may socialise more online with friends than real life socialising. Spending excess time online may cause the person to neglect family, relationships, work etc. Virtual world enables games/gambling almost continuously. This leads to the person neglecting personal hygiene, real life relationships and become withdrawn and irresponsible. The person may feel guilty or defensive about internet use. He/ she may panic in the absence of internet service. A growing dependence on internet refers to an inability to stop and down down.

(b) Four C’s to identify excessive internet usage
Excessive internet usage is characterised by extensive, problematic addiction to the use of computer and internet. It signifies poorly controlled preoccupations or behaviour regarding such usage. Excessive internet usage leads to personal distress and social impairment.
The four C’s to identify excessive internet usage are as follows-

1. Craving – Do you have an intense desire to use the internet?
2. Control – Do you have an inability to control your self using the internet?
3. Compulsion – Do you find it difficult to stop using the internet? Even though you know you should not spend so much time on it?
4. Consequence – Have you ever experienced any physical or psychological ill effects as a result of excessive use of the internet? If you answer a ‘yes’ for at least three of the C’s, it can be a matter of concern.

(c) Red flags that indicate internet addiction
The Red Flags that indicate over dependence on internet are-

1. Feelings of euphoria while using the internet.
2. Physical symptoms like headache, dry eyes, etc.
3. Inability to keep to schedules and boredom with routine tasks.
4. Poor personal hygiene and nutrition to remain online.

4. Analysis the following case study.

Sujata is now a sad and lonely girl. She has cut off herself from all her relatives and family friends. She doesn’t participate in any college programmes nor family functions. She is mostly found in the library all by herself. She has lost her self-confidence. At home she prefers eating in the bedroom and mostly indulges in television or mobile activities. Apply the ALGEE model and help Sujata to evolve in her mental health.
Answer:
Sujata is showing symptoms of depression and anxiety such as sadness, withdrawing from family/ friends and social activities. The ALGEE model can be used.

1. Approach, assess and assist in any crisis – Behavioural changes are very noticeable in Sujata. I can voice my concern to the teachers/ counsellor of the school or to her family members.
2. Listen in a non-judgemental manner -1 will try to meet Sujata in the library or any place where she feels comfortable. I will explain my concerns to her about not interacting with others and overuse of mobile phones. I will listen patiently and compassionately.
3. Give support and information – Let Sujata know that she has emotional support of her friends. There is nothing to feel guilty or ashamed of. She should hence be forthcoming about her problems.
4. Encourage her to get professional help – I will encourage her to meet the college counsellor who will be able to help her professionally.
5. Encourage self-help strategies – This will help Sujata to regain control over her life. Some positive measures include breathing exercises, yoga, laughter therapy, etc.

Class 12 Psychology Textbook Solutions Digest 

• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 1 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 2 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 3 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 4 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 5 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 6 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 7 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 8 Question Answers

Psychology Class 12 Chapter 6 Psychological Disorders Question Answers Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 6 Psychological Disorders Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Psychological Disorders Class 12 Psychology Chapter 6 Questions and Answers

1. (A) Choose the correct option and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
………………… is the present system for the classification of mental disorders.
(a) DSM-5
(b) WHO
(c) APA
Answer:
(a) DSM-5

Question 2.
Term Schizophrenia was first used by ………………
(a) Albert Ellis
(b) Eugene Bleuler
(c) John Travis
Answer:
(b) Eugene Bleuler

Question 3.
World Health Organization has developed …………….. for classification of all types of disorders.
(a) ICD
(b) DSM
(c) MCA
Answer:
(a) ICD

Question 4.
We find alternate phases of depression and mania in …………………. disorders.
(a) depressive
(b) bipolar
(c) anxiety
Answer:
(b) bipolar

(B). Match the pairs.

Question 1.

Group A	Group B
(1) Phobia	(a) 2013
(2) DSM-5	(b) Wellness
(3) ICD – 11	(c) Schizophrenia
(4) Eugen Bleuler	(d) 2019
(5) John Travis	(e) Illogical fear
(6) Depressive disorders	(f) Sad feelings for a long period of time

Answer:

Group A	Group B
(1) Phobia	(e) Illogical fear
(2) DSM-5	(a) 2013
(3) ICD – 11	(d) 2019
(4) Eugen Bleuler	(c) Schizophrenia
(5) John Travis	(b) Wellness
(6) Depressive disorders	(f) Sad feelings for a long period of time

(C) State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
Socially or culturally deviant behaviours are signs of psychological disorders.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Schizophrenia is a serious psychological disorder.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Feeling of hopelessness is one of the symptoms seen in depressive disorders.
Answer:
True

(D) Answer the following in one sentence each.

Question 1.
From which Latin word is the term anxiety derived?
Answer:
The word ‘anxiety’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Anxietas’ which means ‘uneasy or troubled mind’.

Question 2.
In which disorder does the person experience sadness and guilt for a long period of time?
Answer:
In a depressive disorder the person experiences sadness and guilt for a long period of time.

Question 3.
What do you call the fear that you experience unnecessarily in a non threatening situation?
Answer:
The fear that is experienced unnecessarily in a non threatening situation is called a phobia.

2. Answer the following questions Briefly.

Question 1.
Explain the nature of psychological disorder.
Answer:
The major criteria of abnormality or psychological disorders are deviance, personal distress and impaired functioning. Illness and absence of illness are not distinct categories but are on opposite poles of the continuum sequence as explained below.

Stage 1 – The person is physically and psychologically healthy. They are motivated and emotionally stable.
Stage 2 – The person may get affected by life stressors, feel anxious, lack energy, etc. For e.g., before an examination. It is possible to push oneself back towards positive health by adopting a healthy lifestyle.
Stage 3 – The person shows signs of psychological damage and experience negative feelings like sadness, lack of motivation, fear and may even indulge in addictive behaviour. However, even this stage is not irreversible.
Stage 4 – The person exhibits extreme distress, impairment in mental, emotional and social functioning. He/She needs professional treatment.

Question 2.
What is meant by Anxiety disorders?
Answer:
The word ‘anxiety’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Anxietas’ which means ‘uneasy or troubled mind’. Anxiety refers to a condition in which the person feels worried and uneasy for a long time for no obvious reasons. Anxiety disorders include disorders in which anxiety is the main symptom or is experienced when an attempt is made to modify some maladjustment. The main anxiety disorder are Generalised Anxiety disorder, Phobic disorder. Panic disorder, O. C. D, etc.

Question 3.
Narrate indicators of psychological disorders.
Answer:
According to DSM-5, there are five criteria (indicators) for psychological disorders.

1. Clinically significant syndrome – In psychological disorders, there should be a cluster of symptoms together i.e., a syndrome.
2. Distress and Impairment – There should be distress, i.e., psychological pain due to negative feelings and stress, as well as impairment, i.e., inability to perform appropriate roles in personal and social situations.
3. Dysfunction – If the symptoms lead to developmental or psychological dysfunctions, it signifies mental disorders.
4. Responses to stressors that are normally accepted responses e.g., sadness experienced at the loss of a loved one or culturally sanctioned responses are not considered as signs of mental disorders.
5. Behaviour which is only deviant but does not produce any disability/ distress/ dysfunction
   does not become a sign of mental disorder.

Question 4.
What is meant by bipolar disorder?
Answer:
Bipolar Disorder is also known as Manic Depressive disorder. The person experiences alternate phases of two states viz. mania and depression. Mania includes symptoms such as high energy, excitement, reduced need for sleep and loss of touch with reality, impulsivity, delusion, etc. Depressive state symptoms include low energy and motivation, loss of interest in daily activities, extreme sadness, apathy, feeling of hopelessness, fatigue, guilt, etc. Main causative factors are genetic factors, imbalance in neurotransmitters such as dopamine and epinephrine; environmental factors such as traumatic event.

Question 5.
Describe Post Traumatic Stress Disorders?
Answer:
If the symptoms of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) continue for more than one month with the same intensity, the person is diagnosed with PTSD. A person who has suffered trauma goes through three stages viz-

1. Shock stage – the individual is in shock, i.e., extremely disturbed.
2. Suggestible stage – he/she may seek guidance from others and may either accept these suggestions unquestioningly or may get extra sensitive.
3. Recovery stage – the person shows signs of recovery.

However, some persons still show signs of mental illness i.e., PTSD.
The symptoms of PTSD include

1. nightmares, flashbacks, severe anxiety
2. hyper vigilance and avoidance of situations that bring back the trauma
3. irritability, social isolation
4. survivour’s guilt

3. Explain the Following concepts.

Question 1.
DSM-5
Answer:
Presently, the two major systems of classifying psychological disorders are DSM and ICD. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM) was published in its first version by the APA in 1952, i.e., DSM-I. In 2013, the DSM-5 was introduced which contains 22 broad categories of mental disorders with subcategories. It is the classification of officially recognized psychiatric disorders, for e.g., categories in DSM-5 include anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders and personality disorders.

Question 2.
ICD 11
Answer:
Presently, the two major systems of classifying psychological disorders are DSM and ICD. The International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) was created by the WHO for documenting all types of diagnoses, diseases, signs and symptoms and social circumstances. It contains a section on psychological disorders. The latest, 11th version of ICD was presented in 2019. According to the ICD-11, there are 19 broad categories of mental disorders, most of which overlap with DSM-5.

Question 3.
Phobia
Answer:
The main anxiety disorders include phobic disorders and generalized anxiety disorders. The word ‘phobia’ is derived from the Greek word ‘phobos’ which was used to refer to the God of Fear. A phobia is an intense, persistent but irrational and disproportionate fear of a specific object or situation. DSM classifies phobias as simple phobias, e.g., Acrophobia, Claustrophobia etc., and social phobias, e.g., fear of speaking or eating in public. The phobic object e.g., animals or situations e.g., elevators, almost always provide immediate anxiety.

Question 4.
Syndrome
Answer:
A syndrome refers to a cluster or collection of symptoms and signs that are characteristic of a diseases or disorder, e.g., Down’s syndrome. It is a group of symptoms which consistently occur together and indicate a particular condition. A syndrome refers to a set of symptoms that tend to occur together and can be associated with a particular physical or mental disorder. In psychological disorders, one of the criteria as suggested by DSM-5 is clinically significant syndrome.

Question 5.
Hallucination
Answer:
Hallucinations are false perceptions in the absence of appropriate stimuli. Hallucinations are a symptom of schizophrenia and other mental disorders. Commonly occurring hallucinations are visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory and olfactory in nature. For e.g., the person may hear voices telling him to do something. Hallucinations are also noticed due to substance abuse, medications, epilepsy, etc.

4. Write short notes on the following.

Question 1.
Nature of mental wellness
Answer:
According to the WHO, mental wellness refers to “a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope up with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.”
The important aspects of mental wellness are –

1. Emotional aspect – There is a sense of well-being and contentment
2. Psychological aspect – There is high self esteem and tendency of self actualization.
3. Life philosophy – There are clear goals and objectives in life.

The Illness Wellness Continuum Model by John Travis

Quadrant 1 – The person is in an ideal state of functioning.
Quadrant 2 – Thepersonhasnomentalillnessbutexperiencessubjectivefeelingofunhappiness.
Quadrant 3 – The person suffers from mental illness yet he/she experiences a high sense of subjective well-being.
Quadrant 4 – This is the lowest level of functioning. The person has mental illness and also experiences distress.

Question 2.
Drug addiction
Answer:
Addictive disorders refer to the physical and psychological inability to stop consuming some substance or indulging in some activity although it is harmful. This includes dependence on drugs, nicotine, alcohol, etc., or activities like gambling, eating, gaming etc. Drug addiction refers to an inability to control the use of alcohol, nicotine, narcotics, marijuana, medications, etc.
Symptoms of addiction are-

1. Excessive consumption of drugs or alcohol and inability to reduce the dosage.
2. In case the person tries to stop the drug use, then withdrawal symptoms occur which include sweating, tremors, muscle pain, goosebumps, etc.
3. Physical and psychological dependence may lead to drug abuse or overdose of the addictive substance and even death of the person.
4. The person’s physical, emotional, social and financial well-being break down.

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), Narcotics Anonymous (NA) are organizations that help addicts to overcome dependence.

Question 3.
Depressive disorders
Answer:
Depression is an emotional state typically marked by sadness and guilt, feelings of anxiety and hopelessness. Other symptoms include loss of appetite, interest and sleep, fatigue, sexual dysfunction and suicidal thoughts. Depression is associated with distractability, memory loss, neglect of personal hygiene, panic attacks and even substance abuse. Children may experience symptoms such as irritability, feelings of incompetence, difficulty in concentration, difficulty in sleeping, digestive problems etc.

Question 4.
Anxiety disorders
Answer:
The word ‘anxiety’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Anxietas’ which means ‘uneasy or troubled mind’. Anxiety refers to a condition in which the person feels worried and uneasy for a long time for no obvious reasons. The main anxiety disorders are.
(i) Generalized Anxiety Disorder – The person frequently experiences anxiety more intensely so that it starts interfering with the ability to perform daily tasks. Symptoms include irritability, headaches, insomnia, dizziness, breathlessness, etc.

(ii) Phobic disorders – The word ‘phobia’ is derived form the Greek word ‘phobos’ which was used to refer to the God of Fear. A phobia is an intense, persistent but irrational and disproportionate fear of a specific object or situation. DSM classifies phobias as simple phobias, e.g., Acrophobia, Claustrophobia etc., and social phobias, e.g., fear of speaking or eating in public.

5. Answer the following questions in 150 – 200 words.

Question 1.
Describe the criteria of psychological disorders.
Answer:
The major criteria of abnormality are deviance, personal distress and impaired functioning. Illness and absence of illness are not distinct categories but are on opposite poles of the continuum sequence as explained below.

Stage – 1: The person is physically and psychologically healthy. He/She are motivated and emotionally stable.
Stage – 2: The person may get affected by life stressors, feel anxious, lack energy, etc., for e.g., most students are tense before the exams. It is possible to push oneself back towards positive health by adopting a healthy lifestyle.
Stage – 3: The person shows signs of psychological damage and may experience negative feelings like sadness, lack of motivation, fear and may even indulge in addictive behaviour. However, even this stage is not irreversible.
Stage – 4: The person exhibits extreme distress, impairment in mental, emotional and social functioning. He/She needs professional treatment.

Psychological disorders are also called mental disorders. These are patterns of behavioural or psychological symptoms that impact multiple areas of life and create distress for the person.

According to DSM-5, there are five criteria for psychological disorders.

1. Clinically significant syndrome – In psychological disorders, there should be a cluster of symptoms together i.e., a syndrome.
2. Distress and Impairment – There should be distress, i.e., psychological pain due to negative feelings and stress, as well as impairment, i.e., inability to perform appropriate roles in personal and social situations.
3. Dysfunction – If the symptoms lead to developmental or psychological dysfunctions, it signifies mental disorders.
4. Responses to stressors that are normally accepted responses e.g., sadness experienced at the loss of a loved one or culturally sanctioned responses are not considered as signs of mental disorders.
5. Behaviour which is only deviant but does not produce any disability/ distress/ dysfunction does not become a sign of mental disorder.

Question 2.
Narrate any two psychological disorders in detail.
Answer:
Psychological disorders are also called mental disorders. These are patterns of behavioural or psychological symptoms that impact multiple areas of life and create distress for the person.
According to DSM-5, there are five criteria for psychological disorders are:

1. Clinically significant syndrome – In psychological disorders, there should be a cluster of symptoms together i.e., a syndrome.
2. Distress and Impairment – There should be distress, i.e., psychological pain due to negative feelings and stress, as well as impairment, i.e., inability to perform appropriate roles in personal and social situations.
3. Dysfunction – If the symptoms lead to developmental or psychological dysfunctions, it signifies mental disorders.
4. Responses to stressors that are normally accepted responses e.g., sadness experienced at the loss of a loved one or culturally sanctioned responses are not considered as signs of mental disorders.
5. Behaviour which is only deviant but does not produce any disability/ distress/ dysfunction does not become a sign of mental disorder.

(A) Anxiety Disorders – The word ‘anxiety’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Anxietas’ which means ‘uneasy or troubled mind’. Anxiety refers to a condition in which the person feels worried and uneasy for a long time for no obvious reasons.
The main anxiety disorders are-
(i) Generalized Anxiety Disorder – The person frequently experiences anxiety more intensely so that it starts interfering with the ability to perform daily tasks. Symptoms include irritability, headaches, insomnia, dizziness, breathlessness, etc.

(ii) Phobic disorders – The word ‘photjia’ is derived form the Greek word ‘phobos’ which was used to refer to the God of Fear. A phobia is an intense, persistent but irrational and disproportionate fear of a specific object or situation. DSM classifies phobias as simple phobias, e.g., Acrophobia, Claustrophobia etc., and social phobias, e.g., fear of speaking or eating in public.

(B) Trauma Trauma and Stress-Related Disorders
Stress is inevitable in life. Daily hassles, relationship issue, frustration, chronic illness, etc., lead to stress. If stress is in moderate intensity, it acts as a motivation. However, intense prolonged stress impairs normal functioning of the individual and may lead to stress disorders.
The two types of stress disorders are-
1. Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
If a person (aged 6 years and above) has experienced extremely stressful situations like death of a loved one, serious disease or injury, sexual abuse, natural disasters, etc., then he/she may experience ASD. The symptoms of ASD include-

• emotional numbness and instability
• nightmares and sleep disturbances
• insomnia, lack of concentration, irritability and guilt feelings
• depression

2. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
If symptoms of ASD continue for more than one month with the same intensity, the person is diagnosed with PTSD. A person who has suffered trauma goes through three stages viz.

• Shock stage – the individual is in shock, i.e., extremely disturbed.
• Suggestible stage – he/she may seek guidance from others and may either accept these suggestions unquestioningly or may get extra sensitive.
• Recovery stage – the person shows signs of recovery.

However, some persons still show signs of mental illness i.e., PTSD.

Question 3.
What is Schizophrenia? Describe the major symptoms of it.
Answer:
The term ‘Schizophrenia’ is derived from Greek words Schizein (to split) and phren (mind). Thus, the literal meaning of the word ‘schizophrenia’ is split mind. The term ‘schizophrenia’ was coined in 1911 by a Swiss psychologist, Paul Eugene Bleuler. Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder.
According to DSM-5 the two types of symptoms for schizophrenia are-
(a) Positive symptoms are an excess addition to normal thoughts or behaviour of the period. Such symptoms are-

1. hallucinations – mainly auditory and visual hallucination
2. delusions – mainly of grandeur, reference and persecution
3. disorganized thought and speech
4. bizarre body movements and disorganized behaviour
5. incongruent affect.

(b) Negative symptoms are deficits of normal emotional responses or of thought processes. They lead to low level of functioning and may not improve much even with treatment. This includes-

1. emotional blunting – diminished emotional expression
2. anhedonia – inability to experience deep positive emotions
3. alogia – diminished speed
4. asociality – lack of desire to form relationships
5. avolition – lack of motivation
6. apathy.

Sometimes, a schizophrenic exhibits positive as well as negative symptoms.

Class 12 Psychology Chapter 6 Psychological Disorders Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITIES (Textbook Page. No. 62)

Activity 1

On the basis of your understanding of various criteria for abnormality, which of these would you consider as normal or abnormal behavior?

1. Hemant wears the same lucky blue shirt for all his major competitive exams.
2. Seema is not able to fall asleep easily.
3. Rakesh throws pillows and pounding fists on the wall during arguments if he finds himself losing ground.
4. Reena always experiences fear but is not able to specify what is so scary.

Answer:
All the stated examples show at least one of the five criteria for abnormality.

1. Hemant seems superstitious and lacks confidence. He appears moderately healthy.
2. Seema exhibits personal distress and signs of sleep disorders.
3. Rakesh exhibits clear symptoms of abnormal behaviour and seems extremely unhealthy mentally.
4. Reena seems to have anxiety disorder and may need professional help.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page. No. 67)

In which Quadrants of wellness illness continuum will you place Karan, Lalita, Pramila and Santosh?
Answer:
Karan – Quadrant 2, Pramila – Quadrant 3, Lalita – Quadrant 4, Santosh – Quadrant 3.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page. No. 68)

Collect information about Anxiety disorders and discuss this with your friends or parents.
Answer:
Anxiety disorders are characterised by feelings of worry and restlessness that tend to interfere with daily activities. Besides generalized anxiety disorder and phobia which are explained in the chapter, anxiety disorders includes Panic disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD) and Social Anxiety disorders include disorders in which anxiety is the main symptom or is experienced. When an attempt is made to modify maladjustment.

Activity 6 (Textbook Page. No. 69)

Collect information about other types of phobia.
Answer:
A phobia is a persistent, irrational fear of a situation or object. Phobias are of three types viz. Social phobia (fear of social situations); specific phobias (fear of particular situations) and agoraphobia (fear of being alone in public places from which there is no easy escape). Some phobias are:

1. Claustrophobia (fear of enclose spaces)
2. Acrophobia (fear of heights)
3. Homophobia (fear of blood)
4. Zoophobia (fear of animals)
5. Arachnophobia (fear of spiders)
6. Pyrophobia (fear of fire)
7. Trypanophobia (fear of needles and injections)
8. Xenophobia (fear of foreigners or strangers)

Activity 7 (Textbook Page. No. 71)

We make use of various strategies to reduce our stress. Speak to five of your friends and make a list of atleast ten different strategies used by them to reduce stress. Share it with your group and discuss which are healthy and which are unhealthy.
Answer:
Some strategies to reduce stress are-

1. Negative coping such as use of alcohol/drugs, over eating, agression, etc.
2. Exercise
3. Developing a hobby
4. Indulging in some constructive activity
5. Following relaxation/meditation techniques
6. Seeking social support, i.e., of friends/ family, etc.
7. Having proper time management
8. Developing rational thinking and positive attitude
9. Indulging in self care, e.g., proper diet, rest, etc.
10. Seeking professional help if needed

Activity 9 (Textbook Page. No. 74)

Identify from the internet the red flags (signaling symptoms) for various disorders that you have already studied.
Answer:
Red flags for the following disorders.
(1) Phobias

• Displaying extreme nervousness or distress when in the presence of the source of the phobia
• Avoidance behaviour
• Refusal to face certain situations

(2) Depression

• Irritability, moodiness and agitation.
• Inability to concentrate
• Unexplained aches and pains
• Disruptions in sleep habits
• Changes in appetite and eating habits
• Suicidal thoughts.

(3) Bipolar disorder

• Change in thought processes, and concentration
• Change in sleep patterns
• Change is social interaction
• Uncharacteristic moodiness

(4) PTSD

• Persistent negative thoughts
• Trouble in concentration
• Irritability and aggression
• Engaging in reckless behaviour
• Changes in sleep and appetite
• Loss of interest in friends/ family / favourite activities.

Class 12 Psychology Textbook Solutions Digest 

• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 1 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 2 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 3 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 4 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 5 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 6 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 7 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 8 Question Answers

Psychology Class 12 Chapter 1 Psychology: A Scientific Discipline Question Answers Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 1 Psychology: A Scientific Discipline Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Psychology: A Scientific Discipline Class 12 Psychology Chapter 1 Questions and Answers

1. Choose the correct option and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
Till 1879, psychology was a branch of ……….
(a) physics
(b) philosophy
(c) physiology
Answer:
(b) philosophy

Question 2.
Psychology is a science.
(a) natural
(b) social
(c) biological
Answer:
(b) social

Question 3.
…………………. is considered as founder of Psychoanalysis.
(a) Wilhelm Wundt
(b) Carl Rogers
(c) Sigmund Freud
Answer:
(c) Sigmund Freud

2. Match the pair

Group A	Group B
(1) Structuralism	(a) John Watson
(2) Functionalism	(b) Carl Rogers
(3) Behaviourism	(c) Ulric Neisser
(4) Cognitivism	(d) William James
	(e) Wilhelm Wundt

Answer:

Group A	Group B
(1) Structuralism	(e) Wilhelm Wundt
(2) Functionalism	(d) William James
(3) Behaviourism	(a) John Watson
(4) Cognitivism	(c) Ulric Neisser

3. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
Psychology is a study of mental processes.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Case study method is quite often used by clinical psychologists.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
An experimenter is a person on whom the experiment is conducted.
Answer:
False

4. Answer the following in one sentence each.

Question 1.
In which year was the first psychology laboratory established?
Answer:
The first psychology laboratory was established in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt, at the University of Leipzig in Germany.

Question 2.
Who is considered as the ‘Father of American Psychology’?
Answer:
William James, founder of Functionalism school of thought of psychology is considered ‘Father of American Psychology’.

Question 3.
What is meant by an experimenter?
Answer:
The person who conducts the experiment is called the experimenter.

5. Define / Explain the concepts in 25 – 30 words each.

Question 1.
Replicability
Answer:
Replicability is one of the key features of science. Scientific knowledge can be replicated under the same circumstances as the original experiment. This ensures reliability of results towards establishing a scientific theory.

Question 2.
Correlation coefficient.
Answer:
Correlation coefficient is the measurement of the correlation between two or more variables. Its value extends between -1.00 to +1.00. The concept was first introduced by Sir Francis Galton. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is the most commonly used type of correlation coefficient.

6. Write short notes on the following in 50 – 60 words each.

Question 1.
Observation method
Answer:
Observation method is a research method that is employed in conditions where experiments may not be possible or even necessary. Observation is used by child psychologists and social psychologists. It may be carried out in a natural setting, for e.g., observing candidates waiting their turn for an interview. It may also be carried out in controlled conditions.
The following factors should be kept in mind while carrying out the observation

1. it should be done systematically.
2. a comprehensive list of behaviours to be observed must be prepared.
3. the persons should not be aware of being observed.

The disadvantages of observation are:

1. it is a time consuming method.
2. objectivity is difficult to maintain during observation.
3. it is difficult to establish cause-effect relationships.

Question 2.
Survey method
Answer:
A survey is a research method used to collect data from a pre-determined group of respondents, i.e., a sample. It is used to obtain information about the preferences, opinions, etc., of the ‘sample’ population. It makes use of tools like questionnaire, checklist, interviews, etc. Survey method is employed by social psychologists, industrial psychologists, etc. The researcher must ensure that-

1. sample of respondents is representative of the population.
2. questions should not be ambiguous.

The disadvantages of survey method are:

1. it is a very subjective method,
2. it lacks reliability.

Question 3.
Case study method
Answer:
Case study method is a qualitative research method employed by clinical psychologists. It provides intensive, descriptive information about an individual from multiple sources such as family, peers, school, academic and health records, etc. This helps to assess the person’s level of psychological and social functioning. Researchers may employ techniques like observation, interview, psychological tests, etc. Psychologist such as Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget made extensive use of case study method. However, this method is very time consuming and subjective.

Question 4.
Importance of rationality
Answer:
Rationality implies being agreeable to reason. According to Stanovich, “Rationality involves adaptive reasoning, good judgement and good decision making.”
According to Dr. Albert Ellis, rationality helps a person to successfully attain goals and be happy. He proposed Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT), which is a popular intervention method in counselling psychology.
Rationality is important because:

1. It allows us to make decisions in new or unfamiliar situations by helping us to gather and process relevant information.
2. It enables the person to exhibit tolerance and flexibility.
3. A rational person accepts oneself unconditionally and assumes responsibility for their own behaviour.
4. Rationality helps to understand and respect the views and interests of others.

7. Define / Explain the concepts in 25 – 30 words each.

Question 1.
Science
Answer:
The word science is derived from the Latin word ‘Scientia’ which means ‘knowledge’. Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world, following a systematic methodology based on evidence. The key features of science are empirical evidence, objectivity, scientific causality, systematic exploration and replication.

Question 2.
Objectivity
Answer:
Objectivity is one of the key features of science. It refers to the ability to observe and accept facts as they exist setting aside all sources of expectations, values, prejudices, etc. Science objectively studies some particular phenomenon.

8. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the types of correlation.
Answer:
A correlation refers to a statistical tool used to measure the relationship between two or more variables.
If the change in one variable is accompanied by a change in the other variable, this interdependence is called correlation. It is measured by correlation coefficient which extends between -1.00 to + 1.00.
The types of correlation are:
(i) Positive correlation – Both variables either increase or decrease at the same time, for e.g., extent of rehearsal (revision)↑ and recall score↑.
The value of positive correlation from 0.00 to + 1.00. It is represented as: variable 1 variable 2

(ii) Negative correlation – An increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other and vice-versa. The value of the correlation is between 0.00 to -1.00, for e.g., bunking of lectures (↑) and score in exams (↓).

(iii) Zero correlation – A change in one variable leads to no significant change in the other variable, for e.g., height and intelligence.

Question 2.
Explain some of the challenges in establishing psychology as a science.
Answer:
Many criticisms of psychology as a science have been made on practical, philosophical and ethical grounds. The challenges in establishing psychology as a science are:
(i) It is in preparadigmatic state – According to American philosopher, Thomas Kuhn, psychology is still in a preparadigmatic state as it has not succeeded in producing a cumulative body of knowledge that has a clear conceptual cove.

(ii) Issues related to objectivity and validity – Methods used in psychology such as introspection, surveys and questionnaires are subjective. Due to this, psychology lacks two criteria of science, i.e., objectivity and validity.

(iii) Issues related to predictability and replicability – In psychology it is difficult to make exact predictions as people respond differently in different situations. Test result are more varied and hence difficult to replicate.

(iv) Objectifying humans – According to some psychologists, subjecting human behaviour to experimentation amounts to objectifying individuals.

Question 3.
Explain the key features of science.
Answer:
The word science is derived from the Latin word ‘Scientia’ which means ‘knowledge’. Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world, following a systematic methodology based on evidence.
They key features of science are:

1. Empirical evidence – It refers to acquiring information through direct observation or experiments. Scientific knowledge is based on verifiable evidence.
2. Objectivity – This refers to the ability to observe and accept facts as they exist, setting aside all sources of expectations, values, prejudices, etc.
3. Scientific causality – Science aims to establish a cause-effect relationship between the variables under consideration, i.e., the effect of the Independent Variable on the Dependent Variable.
4. Systematic exploration – Science adopts a sequential procedure for studying various phenomena. It includes scientific steps like formulating a hypothesis, collection of facts, scientific generalisation etc.
5. Replication – Scientific knowledge can be replicated under the same circumstances as the original experiment. This ensures reliability of results towards establishing a scientific theory.
6. Predictability – Science involves describing and explaining phenomena as well as to make predictions accordingly.

Question 4.
Write detailed information of the experimental method in psychology.
Answer:
The systematic observation about a certain problem under controlled laboratory conditions is called an experiment.
For example, Albert Bandura conducted experiment to investigate if social behaviours i.e., aggression can be acquired by observation and imitation. The steps involved in an experiment are:

1. identifying the problem
2. formulation a hypothesis
3. selecting an experimental design
4. conducting the experiment and data collection
5. data analysis
6. drawing conclusions

The key terms of experimental method with examples are:

1. Problem: To study the effect of music on the level of blood Pressure.
2. Hypothesis: The music will help in regulating the level of blood pressure.
3. Independent variable: Music.
4. Dependent variable: Level of blood pressure.
5. Intervening variables: Age, gender, all other sounds other than music, etc.
6. Experimenter : A person who will be conducting this experiment. (May be you or your psychology teacher.)
7. Participant : A person on whom this experiment will be conducted. (May be your family member/ friend.)

The two variables in an experiment are:

1. Independent Variable (I.V.) – It is the variable that the experimenter manipulates or changes systematically to study it’s effect on the D.V. (Cause).
2. Dependent Variable (D.V.) – the variable that may change due to manipulation of the I.V. (effect).

The features of the method are:

1. it is the most objective and scientific method of studying behaviour
2. it helps to establish cause-effect relationship between two or more variables
3. the findings of an experiment are verifiable

The limitations of the method are:

1. it may not be possible to control all intervening variables
2. it has a limited scope, i.e., there may be ethical constraints or risk factors
3. experimenter’s expectations or participant attitude may influence the conclusions

Question 5.
Explain the characteristics of a rational individual.
Answer:
One of the significant aims of individuals is attainment of happiness. However, in the pursuit of happiness, one should not be driven by irrational influences or compromise on social norms and ethics. Psychology helps to improving life quality by applying the concept of rationality in daily life. According to Stanovich, “Rationality involves adaptive reasoning, good judgement and good decision making.”
According to Dr. Albert Ellis, rationality helps a person to successfully attain goals and be happy. He proposed Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT), which is a popular intervention method in counselling Psychology.

According to Ellis, rational people possess characteristics such as:

1. Understanding both self-interest and social interest – Rational people understand what choices help them to grow and take responsibility for their actions. They are also careful not to violate other’s rights.
2. Self-direction – The person does not demand excessive attention or support from others as he/she assumes the responsibility for his/her own life.
3. Tolerance – It is the willingness to accept beliefs and behaviour patterns of others that may differ from our own way of thinking.
4. Flexibility – Rational people tend to be flexible and unbiased in their thoughts and actions.
5. Self-acceptance and self-responsibility – A rational person accepts him/herself unconditionally as well as responsibility for his/her thoughts, emotions and behaviour.

The concept of rationality can be explained as:

B (Balance)	Balance between self-interest and interest of others
E (Estimate)	Estimate the time, efforts, gains and losses
R (Respect)	Respect oneself and others
A (Affiliate)	Affiliate with others
T (Tolerate)	Tolerate oneself and others
I (Intergrate)	Integrate personal wellbeing with social wellbeing
0 (Optimize)	Optimize potential fully
N (Navigate)	Navigate path of success
A (Accept)	Accept the limitations and overcome them
L (Live)	Live life fully

How Rational Am I?

Question 1.
Identify the strongest and the weakest characteristics in you from those explained by Dr. Albert Ellis.
Answer:
Rational people are psychologically healthy and show adaptive reasoning and good decision making.
According to Dr. Albert Ellis, some characteristics of rational persons are:

1. Understanding self-interest and social interest
2. Self-direction
3. Tolerance
4. Flexibility
5. Self-acceptance and self-responsibility.

The strongest characteristic in me is self-direction. The weakest characteristic in me is flexibility.

Question 2.
How will you work on your weakest characteristic? Write two strategies.
Answer:
Two strategies that I can use to improve the flexibility in my life is:

1. Adopt an unbiased perspective and non-judgmental thinking
2. Practicing meditation and mindfulness.

(A) Identify the Independent Variable and Dependent Variable.

1. To study the effect of colour on moods.
2. To study the effect of positive feedback on self-confidence.
3. To study the effect of loud noise on concentration levels.
4. To study the effect of exposure to classical music on reading skills.
5. To study the effect of a type of diet on weight loss.
6. To study the effect of a fertilizer on crop growth.
7. To study the effect of solving previous years exam papers on scores in the exam.
8. To study the effect of worker’s participation in decision making on job satisfaction.

Answer:

Independent Variable	Dependent Variable
1. Colour	Moods
2. Positive feedback	Self confidence
3. Loud noise	Concentration levels
4. Classical music	Reading skills
5. Type of diet	Weight loss
6. Fertilizer	Crop Growth
7. Previous year question papers	Scores in the exam
8. Workers participation in decision making	Job satisfaction

(B) Identify the type of correlation.

1. Gender and Intelligence.
2. Cold weather and sales of air conditioners.
3. Low income and standard of living.
4. Consuming foods with antioxidants and immune system.
5. Speed and time taken to cover a distance.
6. Heads/tails,on flipping a coin and result when you flip another time.
7. Colour of the hair and learning a dance form.
8. Average temperature in a city and ice cream sales in it.
9. Chain smoking and lifespan.
10. Intelligence and language development.
11. Increasing age after 60 years and physical agility.
12. Level of water in a fish tank and area of fish habitat.
13. Large number of trees felled and probability of soil erosion.
14.  More hours spent at work and available leisure time.

Answer:

Positive Correlation	3, 4, 8, 10, 12, 13.
Negative Correlation	2, 5, 9, 11, 14.
Zero Correlation	1, 6, 7.

Class 12 Psychology Chapter 1 Psychology: A Scientific Discipline Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITIES (Textbook Page. No. 1)

Activity 1

Read the following statements. Think and discuss whether the given statements are facts or myths and misconceptions about psychology:
(i) Psychology is just common sense and not a real science.
(ii) Psychology is simply a pseudoscience.
(iii) Psychologists are simply mind readers or the face readers.
(iv) Psychology is related only to the study of crazy people who are in need of therapy.
(v) Psychologists, psychiatrists and counsellors have the same professional qualifications and their jobs are almost of the same nature.
(vi) Anyone with a degree in psychology can provide counselling to a need person. Answer:
Answer:
All the statements are misconceptions.
Statement 1, 2 are misconceptions because Psychology is a social science that fulfils the criteria of a science, e.g., it employs the scientific method.

Statement 3 is a misconception. Psychologists are trained professionals in some field of psychology, e.g., counselling psychology. They employ tools like observation, case study, experiments, etc.

Statement 4 is a misconception. There are numerous branches of psychology such as Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Abnormal Psychology, Environmental Psychology, etc.

Statement 5 is a misconception. Psychiatrists are trained medical doctors and focus on medication management. Psychologists employ psychotherapy such as CBT, REBT, etc.

Statement 6 is a misconception. A counsellor is a person who has academic qualifications as well as professional training in counselling techniques.

Activity 2 (Textbook Page. No. 3)

Read the following statements and discuss about the same in the classroom:
(i) Psychology is a science because it fulfils many conditions of science.
(ii) Psychology is not an exact science like physics or chemistry.
(iii) Psychology is a social science that studies human (and animal) behaviour and mental processes.
(iv) Psychology uses some objective research methods, it examines cause-and-effect relationships to produce laws governing human behaviour and its findings can be verified.
(v) Psychology can be distinguished from pseudoscience and folk wisdom as psychology has evidence against its theories.
(vi) The subject matter of psychology is complex as human behaviour is dynamic and the mental processes are abstract. Therefore, the theories of psychology are not as universal, exact and precise as those in physics and chemistry.
Answer:

1. Psychology fulfils conditions of science such as acquiring empirical evidence, objectivity, predictability, scientific causality, etc.
2. Psychology is a social science which deals with human beings. It is not a physical science.
3. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of human behaviour and mental processes.
4. Psychology uses objective methods like controlled laboratory experiments and aims to establish scientific causality and verifiable theories.
5. Psychology is not based on folk wisdom, pseudo knowledge or myths. It is based on systematic exploration and acquisition of empirical evidence.
6. Psychology is a social science so its theories cannot be universal or exact as in the physical science. Human behaviour is constantly evolving and unpredictable.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page. No. 4)

Visit the website given below and collect information about various schools of thought of psychology: https://www. verywellmind.com/psychology-schools-of-thought-2795247
Answer:

1. Structuralism – Focused on breaking down mental processes into the basic elements using techniques like introspection.
2. Functionalism – Focused on the mind’s functions and adaptations.
3. Gestalt school – Focused on looking at the ‘whole’ rather than individual elements.
4. Behavioural school – Focused on study of observable behaviour.
5. Psychoanalytic school – Emphasized the influence of the ‘unconscious’ on behaviour.
6. Humanistic school – It developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviourism. It focused on individual free will, personal growth and concept of self-actualization (achieving one’s full potential).
7. Cognitive school (Cognitivism) – Focused on the study of mental processes like learning, perception, memory etc.

In recent times, Behavioural school, Cognitive school and Humanistic school remain influential. Most psychologists adopt an eclectic approach drawing upon different perspectives.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page. No. 5)

Find out the Independent Variable and Dependent Variable from the experiment ideas given below:
(i) To study the effect of practice on memory.
(ii) To study the effect of mental set on problem solving.
(iii) To study the effect of noise pollution on the speed of writing.
(iv) To study the effect of colour on perception.
(v) To study the effect of feedback on decision making.
Answer:

Independent Variable	Dependent Variable
(1) Practice	Efficient memory
(2) Mental set	Problem solving
(3) Noise pollution	Speed of writing
(4) Colour	Perception
(5) Feedback	Efficient decision making

Activity 6 (Textbook Page. No. 8)

Discuss about the following topics that can be studied using correlation study method:
(i) Bunking lectures and score in exams
(ii) Weight and intelligence
(iii) Amount of salary and level of job satisfaction
(iv) Rehearsal and forgetting
(v) Height and aptitude in music
(vi) Urbanization and pollution
(vii) Speed of vehicles and road accidents
Answer:
(a) Positive correlation

1. Urbanization and pollution
2. Speed of vehicles and road accidents

(b) Negative correlation

1. Bunking lectures and score in exams
2. Rehearsal and forgetting

(c) Zero correlation

1. Weight and intelligence
2. Height and aptitude in music

Class 12 Psychology Textbook Solutions Digest 

• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 1 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 2 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 3 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 4 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 5 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 6 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 7 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 8 Question Answers

Psychology Class 12 Chapter 4 Cognitive Processes Question Answers Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 4 Cognitive Processes Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Cognitive Processes Class 12 Psychology Chapter 4 Questions and Answers

1. Choose the correct option and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
When we select few stimuli from the environment and bring them into the center of our awareness, it is called ……………
(a) attention
(b) perception
(c) thinking
Answer:
(a) attention

Question 2.
Ivan Pavlov is known for explaining learning by …………..
(a) classical conditioning
(b) operant conditioning
(c) observation
Answer:
(a) classical conditioning

Question 3.
When we organise the information from the environment, group them and give some meaning, that process is called ……………..
(a) attention
(b) perception
(c) thinking
Answer:
(b) perception

Question 4.
In operant conditioning the experiment was conducted on ……………
(a) dog
(b) rat
(c) monkey
Answer:
(b) rat

Question 5.
The change in behaviour due to practice or experience is known as ……………
(a) perception
(b) thinking
(c) learning
Answer:
(c) learning

2. Answer the following questions in 35 – 40 words each.

Question 1.
What is fluctuation of attention?
Answer:
Attention is the mental process of bringing few stimuli into the centre of awareness out of the many stimuli present. It is difficult to attend to a single stimulus for a long period of time. Our attention shifts from the original stimulus to another stimulus for a fraction of time and then comes back to the original stimulus. This may be due to factors like fatigue, decreased interest, etc. In most cases, attention fluctuates due to the limitations of human attention and hence cannot be totally eliminated.

Question 2.
Give three examples of top-down processing in perception.
Answer:
Perception is defined as the process of assigning meaning to information received about the environment based on the past experiences. We make use of both top-down processing and bottom- up processing while perceiving a stimulus. When we utilize top-down processing, our ability to understand information is influenced by the context in which it appears.

Some examples of top-down processes in perception are-
(a) Mr. Kumar lives in Flat A not in Flat
The circled item will be perceived as the letter B as the brain has used the context of the sentence.

(b) If you are asked to identify (a) the rat (b) the man, your perception will be likewise.
(c) the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef but the wrod as a whole.

Most of you would be able to correctly read the above sentence as “The human mind does not read every letter by itself but the word as a whole”.

Question 3.
What is meant by thinking?
Answer:
Thinking is the mental activity that uses various cognitive elements and processes that involves the manipulation of information.
The core elements of thinking are-

1. Mental representation – It is a coded internal sensation acquired by direct experiences through the sense organs or by indirect experiences such as narrations, pictures, etc.
2. Concepts – They form the basis for all cognitive processes, acting as building blocks by connecting with each other to form more complex concepts.
3. Schema – It is an internal representation that organizes knowledge about related concepts and relationships among them.
4. Language – Mental representations, concept and schema are represented by language, for e.g., the word ‘cat’ is a symbol for a ‘cat’.

Question 4.
Describe any two processes of learning.
Answer:
Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs due to experience or practice. The characteristics of learning are : (i) It involves some relatively permanent change in behaviour, (ii) The change in behaviour is due to experience or practice, (iii) Change in behaviour may be in knowledge or in skill or in muscular movements, (iv) Learning is an inferred process. The main processes of learning are:
(i) Learning by classical conditioning – It was first explained by Ivan Pavlov. It is learning by forming associations and stimulus substitution. In daily life, we learn many things by classical conditioning for e.g. a child is given an injection by the doctor and begins to cry in pain. He soon makes the connection between ‘doctor’, ‘injection’ and ‘pain’ and begins crying as soon as he is taken to a doctor.

(ii) Learning by operant conditioning – Learning by operant conditioning was first explained by B. F. Skinner. He said that learning takes place to gain positive consequences or to avoid negative consequences.

3. Classify the following into Mental Representation, Concepts and Schemata.

(1) Image of your mother in your mind
(2) Building
(3) Tree
(4) School
(5) Theater
(6) Table
(7) Neil Armstrong
Answer:

Mental Representation	Concepts	Schemata
Image of your mother in your mind	Building	School
Neil Armstrong	Tree	Theatre
	Table

4. Find the odd one out.

Question 1.
Schema, Perception, Attention, Thinking
Answer:
Schema

Question 2.
Searching solution, Defining problem, Incubation, Implementation of the solution
Answer:
Incubation

Question 3.
Reasoning, Judgement, Decision making, Relaxing
Answer:
Relaxing

Question 4.
Concept, Schema, Solution, Mental Representation
Answer:
Solution

5. Identify if the following behaviours are due to learning or not. Give reasons for your answers.

Question 1.
After much hard work you are able to perform a dance step properly.
Answer:
It is due to learning as it involves a relatively permanent behavioural change due to practice.

Question 2.
In spite of getting hurt, Shayana, a five year old child, continues to play with knife.
Answer:
It is not learning as in spite of an unpleasant experience, there is no change in behaviour.

Question 3.
Once Hanif had to pay fine for breaking the signal while driving a car. Now he makes sure to stop the car at red signal.
Answer:
It is due to learning as Hanif has made an association between breaking the signal and paying a fine, i.e., negative consequences.

6. Answer the following questions with the help of given points.

Question 1.
Explain the stages of problem solving.
Points:
(i) Defining problem
(ii) Generating alternative solutions
(iii) Selecting a solution
(iv) Implementing and taking follow up of the solution.
Answer:
Problem solving is a type of thinking. It refers to the process of finding appropriate solutions to problems encountered in life. The main steps in problem solving are:
(i) Defining the problem – We need to identify and define the problem correctly. Otherwise, it will be difficult to reach a solution, for e.g., when a baby cries due to colic/stomach ache and if the mother interprets it as due to hungry, the problem will remain unresolved.

(ii) Generation alternative solutions – The person searches for possible solutions to the problem. Some solutions may be effective while other solutions have to be discarded, for e.g., Sunil finds maths difficult. He may think of solving more sums or of taking tuitions or of dropping the subject, etc.

(iii) Selecting a solution – The person selects what he considers the most effective solution, based on reasoning. This helps to resolve the problem in a realistic manner.

(iv) Implementing the solution and follow up on the solution – The person tries out the selected solution and evaluates the outcome i.e. whether it has helped to solve the problems. If the problem remains unresolved, the person may need to carry out the problem – solving procedure all over again.

Question 2.
Explain the stages of creative thinking.
Points:
(i) Preparation
(ii) Incubation
(iii) Illumination
(iv) Verification
Answer:
Creative thinking is characterised by the ability to perceive the world in new ways, to find hidden patterns, etc. It is a way of looking at problems or situations from a fresh/novel perspective. In involves divergent thinking that focuses on exploration of ideas and generating many possibilities. It is referred to as “thinking outside of the box.” Researchers, poets, designers, film makers always think in a creative way.

The four stages in creative thinking are-
(i) Preparation – This involves formulating the problem and gathering information about it. Many tentative solutions are tried out and discarded. No progress seems to be made by the person.

(ii) Incubation – If the person does not get the required results, he/she may focus on things unrelated to that problem. The period helps to work out the problem without consciously thinking about it. Incubation period appears to be non-fruitful.

(iii) Illumination – After incubation, suddenly the correct solution appears to the person, due to which he/she experiences excitement. It seems that a solution has fallen into place.

(iv) Verification – The new solution may need to be evaluated a number of times. In most cases, minor changes will be required but sometimes it may demand a major overhaul of the entire process.

For e.g., A teacher asks the students to think of unusual uses for a bottle.

• The students will begin brainstorming.
• The students will come up with many uses for e.g., to store liquids, to hold plants, etc. But these are not unusual uses. They will give up and focus on something else.
• The students will suddenly find novel uses for the bottle e.g., in juggling etc.
• The students will verify these solutions with their teacher.

7. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the laws of perceptual organization.
Answer:
Perception is defined as the process of assigning meaning to information received about the environment based on the past experiences. Our brain has the tendency to organize our sensations as a meaningful whole. Max Wertheimer first explained this tendency in the form of laws of perceptual organization.

Some laws of perceptual organization are as follows:
(i) Law of proximity – Stimuli that are near to each other are perceived as together, rather than stimuli that are far away from each other.

In the above figure, we perceive pairs of dots in each line because the dots which are near to each other are perceived together. So instead of perceiving a line of 8 dots, generally a line of four pairs of dots is perceived.

(ii) Law of similarity – Stimuli that are similar to each other are perceived together than stimuli that are distinct from each other.

In the above figure, we perceive 4 alternate vertical lines each of circles and crosses as similar stimuli are perceived together. Generally, we do not perceive 4 horizontal lines each having circles and crosses in alternate sequence.

(iii) Law of continuity – There is a tendency to perceive a stimulus in continuation according to its established direction.

In the above figure, a straight vertical line and a straight horizontal line are perceived together as a letter ‘L’ and a cutting line is perceived separately as a line following the smoothest path. Generally, we do not perceive here four different lines going in different directions.

(iv) Law of closure – There is a tendency to fill in the gaps in an incomplete stimulus so as to perceive it as a meaningful figure.

In the above figure, we fill in the gaps and perceive it as a triangle and square. Generally, we do not perceive here the three or four separate lines going in different directions.

Question 2.
Explain the core elements of thinking.
Answer:
Thinking is the mental activity that makes use of ideas or symbols instead of overt activity. The types of thinking are (i) Perceptual (concrete) thinking, (ii) Conceptual (abstract) thinking (iii) Reflective thinking, (iv) Creative thinking.
The core elements in thinking are-
(i) Mental representation – It is a coded internal sensation acquired by direct experiences through the sense organs or by indirect experiences such as narrations, pictures, etc. Mental representation is the mental imagery with the help of which the brain codes and stores the information. It is like a hypothetical internal cognitive symbol used by the brain to represent external reality. Example: a child is asked to imagine a peacock. The visual image of a peacock with its colouful plumage immediately comes to mind. This refers to “mental imagery” of an object.

(ii) Concepts – They form the basis for all cognitive processes, acting as building blocks by connecting with each other to form more complex concepts. Concepts involve extraction of some ‘idea’ on the basis of similarities and differences among the sensations. A concept is an idea which represents a class of objects, situations, etc which differentiates it from other classes of objects, situations, etc., for e.g. a child forms a mental image of a ‘dog’. He derives an idea of something similar in all examples of ‘dog’ that he has seen i.e. tail, fur, barking, etc. Thus, he has formed concept of dog. If he mistakenly identifies as a cat as a dog. he is corrected by others. So he tries to compare the mental images of dogs and cats. He has now learned and refined two concepts viz. dog and cat.

(iii) Schema – It is an internal representation that organizes knowledge about related concepts and relationships among them. Schema involves arranging many concepts in a particular system or organisation. It describes a pattern of thought or behavior that organises categories of information and the relationships among them. A child tries to organise the concepts that he has learned in a systematic way to generate a higher order understanding of patterns about information collected, for e.g. when a child visits a ‘zoo’ for the first time, images and concepts such as of different animals, caves/cages, etc., are activated in the brain simultaneously. Thus, he is forming the schema of ‘zoo’.

Conclusion:- Mental representation is sensory experiences in the form of mental images in the brain. Many similar mental representations denote concepts while many concepts put in a particular relationship to each other is schema.

Question 3.
With the help of your own examples explain the difference between distraction of attention and fluctuation of attention.
Answer:
Attention is the selective process by which we focus on only a few stimuli from among the various stimuli that are present in our environment. According to Norman Munn, “Attention is the mental process of bringing few stimuli into the centre of awareness out of the many stimuli present”. Attention is influenced by objective factors such as intensity, size, movement, etc., of stimuli as well as subjective factors like interest, mind-set, etc.

Distraction of attention refers to the drifting of attention from a specific stimulus to another stimulus. This occurs due to external factors such as intensity, novelty, movement, etc., of stimuli or internal factors like physical state, lack of interest, mental set, etc.

It is difficult to attend to a single stimulus for a long period of time. Our attention shifts from the original stimulus to another stimulus for a fraction of time and then comes back to the original stimulus. This is called fluctuation of attention. It may be due to factors like fatigue, decreased interest, etc.

In most cases, fluctuation of attention is due to the limitations of human attention whereas distraction of attention is due to an external powerful stimulus that has drawn our attention. When attention fluctuates, it is for a very short period of time and then it returns to the original stimulus, i.e., it is a temporary shift in attention, e.g., look at the below figure. Attention fluctuates on observing the figure as a closed book or open book.

Distraction of attention arises when you are studying and the doorbell suddenly rings, you get up to answer the door. You may or may not be able to return to the original stimulus. Fluctuation of attention cannot be controlled totally but distraction of attention should be avoided.

Class 12 Psychology Chapter 4 Cognitive Processes Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITIES (Textbook Page. No. 33)

Activity 1
Read the following examples and try to name the cognitive process described in each of them:

1. Reena immediately sensed the burning smell of pizza put in the oven.
2. Mahesh always pays attention to what the psychology teacher teaches in the class.
3. Professor Mr. Patil met one of his former students all of a sudden. He tried to recall the name of his student.
4. Saif was reading a story book and so he forgot to complete his homework.
5. After considering all pros and cons, Dinesh took a decision of changing his business.

Answer:

1. Sensation
2. Attention
3. Perception, Memory
4. Forgetting
5. Reasoning, Decision making.

Class 12 Psychology Textbook Solutions Digest 

• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 1 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 2 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 3 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 4 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 5 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 6 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 7 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 8 Question Answers

Psychology Class 12 Chapter 3 Personality Question Answers Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 3 Personality Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Personality Class 12 Psychology Chapter 3 Questions and Answers

1. Choose the correct option and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
A person who is shy and reserved is called an ……………..
(a) introvert
(b) extrovert
(c) ambivert
Answer:
(a) introvert

Question 2.
The Ink-Blot test was developed by psychologist ………………….
(a) Murray
(b) Rorschach
(c) Morgan
Answer:
(b) Rorschach

Question 3.
……………….. traits are the dominant characteristics of a person.
(a) Cardinal
(b) Secondary
(c) Central
Answer:
(a) Cardinal

2. Match the Pair

Question 1.

Group A	Group B
(1) Self-report technique	(a) Interview
(2) Behavioural analysis	(b) MMPI
(3) Projective methods	(c) Permanent characteristics
	(d) TAT

Answer:

Group A	Group B
(1) Self-report technique	(b) MMPI
(2) Behavioural analysis	(a) Interview
(3) Projective methods	(d) TAT

3. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
Personality is merely related to external appearance.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
People with high neuroticism are emotionally reactive.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Children from families having a warm emotional atmosphere are well adjusted.
Answer:
True

4. Explain the concepts in 25 – 30 words each.

Question 1.
Personality
Answer:
The word personality is derived from the Latin word ‘persona’ which was used to refer to masks worn by actors during a stage performance, Thus, the meaning of personality was interpreted as ‘projected behaviour’ of an individual.

According to Gordon Allport, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustments to the environment.” According to Norman Munn, “Personality is a unique combination of individual’s physical structure, needs, interests, abilities and aptitudes.”

Question 2.
Trait
Answer:
A trait is a relatively enduring and consistent way of thinking, feeling and acting. It is some distinctive characteristic of the person that leads him/her to behave in more or less consistent ways across situations and over a period of time. Allport categorised traits as: (i) Cardinal Traits (single, dominant trait) (ii) Central Traits (core or basic traits) (iii) Secondary Traits

Question 3.
Sentence Completion Test
Answer:
Sentence Completion Test (SCT) is a type of projective technique used to assess personality. The individual is given a series of incomplete sentences and is asked to complete them in his/her own words, for e.g., My mother, My greatest fear is It is assumed that the endings provided by the person will reflect their motivation, urges, internal conflicts etc.

Question 4.
Structured interview
Answer:
Interview is a process in which the interviewer collects information about the personality of an interviewee by asking him/her specific questions. The main types of interview depending on the purpose of assessment are – structured and unstructured interview.

In structured interview, the number, type and sequence of questions to be asked are pre-determined. The answers expected from the interviewee are also specific. This type of interview is used where exact quantification is required, for e.g., industrial psychologists use structured interviews to select employees for a job.

Question 5.
Unstructured interview
Answer:
Interview is a process in which the interviewer collects information about the personality of an interviewee by asking him/her specific questions. The main types of interview depending on the purpose of assessment are – structured and unstructured interview.

In unstructured interview, the type and sequence of questions to be asked by the interviewee are not pre-determined. Detailed answers can be given and scoring is often subjective. It is employed by clinical psychologists, counsellors, etc.

5. Write short notes on the following in 50 – 60 words each.

Question 1.
Gordon Allport’s trait theory of personality.
Answer:
The word personality is derived from the Latin word ‘persona’. According to Gordon Allport, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustments to the environment.”

A trait is a relatively enduring and consistent way of thinking, feeling and acting. It is some distinctive characteristic of the person that leads him/her to behave in more or less consistent ways across situations and over a period of time. Allport categorised traits as Cardinal traits, Central traits and Secondary traits.
(i) Cardinal Traits – It is a single trait that dominates the individual’s personality. Every action of the person can be traced to the influence of this trait, for e.g., in case of Gandhiji honesty is the cardinal trait, in case of Napoleon, the cardinal trait was ambition.

(ii) Central Traits – These traits are ‘core’ traits or ‘basic’ characteristics that form the building blocks of personality. There are about 5-10 traits such as sensitivity, sociability, diligence, etc., that can best describe an individual’s personality.

(iii) Secondary Traits – These traits play a minor role in personality as they appear only in specific situations or under specific circumstances. They are sometimes related to preferences or attitudes.

Question 2.
Effect of mass media on personality development.
Answer:
The word personality is derived from the Latin word ‘persona’ which was used to refer to masks worn by actors during a stage performance, Thus, the meaning of personality was interpreted as ‘projected behaviour’ of an individual.

According to Gordon Allport, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustments to the environment.”

The psycho-social factors that have an effect on personality include heredity, family, peer group, culture and mass media. Mass media includes print media e.g., newspapers; audio-visual media e.g., T.V. and new media e.g., internet. Media is a source of information, education, entertainment and even socialization. It has a considerable effect on our value system, behaviour patterns and personality. However, excessive dependence on media may lead to egocentrism, poor academic performance, difficult in concentration, sleep disturbance, etc.

6. Answer the following questions with given points in 100 – 150 words each.

Question 1.
Explain the Big Five Factors model of Personality.
Points:
(i) Openness to experience
(ii) Conscientiousness
(iii) Extroversion
(iv) Agreeableness
(v) Neuroticism
Answer:
The word personality is derived from the Latin word ‘persona’ which was used to refer to masks worn by actors during a stage performance, Thus, the meaning of personality was interpreted as ‘projected behaviour’ of an individual.

According to Gordon Allport, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustments to the environment.” According to Norman Munn, “Personality is a unique combination of individual’s physical structure, needs, interests, abilities and aptitudes

The Five Factor Model of or Big Five Personality theory, based on the trait perspective proposed by Robert McCrae and Paul Costa. The five broad trait factors are-

1. Openness to Experience
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extroversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism.

1. Openness to Experience – People who are open to experience are intellectually curious imaginative, appreciative of art, sensitive to beauty. They sometimes tend to think and act in nonconforming, adventurous ways. Individuals who score low on openness to experience tend to be conventional, resistant to change and prefer familiarity and routine. They may lack creativity and aesthetic sense.

2. Conscientiousness – It concerns the way in which people control, regulate and direct their impulses. People high in conscientiousness are hardworking, disciplined, responsible, dependable, etc, while those low on conscientiousness tend to be careless, unorganised, spontaneous, undisciplined, etc.

3. Extroversion – Extroversion is marked by pronounced engagement with the external world. People high on this trait are assertive, talkative, sociable, enthusiastic, etc. Individuals showing low extroversion tend to be shy, reserved, lack the activity levels of extroverts. They are low-key and disengaged from the social world.

4. Agreeableness – It refers to the ability of a person to get along with others and show a concern for social harmony. People high on this trait tend to be friendly, cooperative, generous and believe that people are basically decent and trustworthy. Persons low on agreeableness tend to be uncooperative, suspicious, even hostile and jealous.

5. Neuroticism – It refers to a tendency to experience negative emotions such as anger, anxiety or depression more intensely and for longer periods than normally experienced by others. Those who score high on neuroticism tend to be irritable, fearful, emotionally unstable and interpret ordinary situations as threatening and hopeless. People who score low in neuroticism are less emotionally reactive and hence tend to be calmer, emotionally stable and experience more of positive feelings.

Question 2.
Explain the factors influencing personality.
Points:
(i) Family
(ii) School
(iii) Peer group
(iv) Culture
Answer:
The word personality is derived from the Latin word ‘persona’ which was used to refer to masks worn by actors during a stage performance, Thus, the meaning of personality was interpreted as ‘projected behaviour’ of an individual.

According to Gordon Allport, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustments to the environment.” According to Norman Munn, “Personality is a unique combination of individual’s physical structure, needs, interests, abilities and aptitudes

Personality is shaped by biological factors such as heredity and hormones secreted by endocrine glands as well as psychosocial factors such as family, school, peer group, culture, mass media, etc.

(i) Family – As the first agency of socialization, the family exerts a strong influence on personality. Aspects of family such as family structure, atmosphere, and relationships, family interactions and childrearing practices influence personality, for e.g., if parents show rejection or over protection, etc., towards the child it leads to low self-esteem and adverse effects on the personality. A family with a warm emotional atmosphere and where parents adopt democratic discipline and show love, respect and concern for the children will positively influence the child’s personality, i.e., boost self-esteem.

(ii) School – Various aspects of school such as teaching-learning process, academic and co- curricular facilities, role of the teachers, school location, management and discipline, etc., influence the child’s personality, for e.g., teachers who are well qualified, creative, build a rapport which the students, tend to motivate students and help them to develop a good personality.

(iii) Peer group – It refers to individuals of the same age group, e.g., classmates or sharing the same interests, e.g., members of a sports club. Influence of the peer group is most noticed in adolescence since it serves as a reference group. The influence of peer group on the person may be positive such as developing healthy gender attitudes, skills of communication, etc., or it may be negative e.g., developing aggressive tendencies, prejudices, etc.

(iv) Cultural factors – Culture refers to the customs, values and social behaviour of a particular society. Every culture has its own set of beliefs, norms, expectations, etc., which influence the thoughts, feelings and behaviour of its members.

Question 3.
Explain the various methods of personality measurement.
Points:
(i) Behavioural analysis
(ii) Self-report technique
(iii) Projective method
Answer:
The word personality is derived from the Latin word ‘persona’ which was used to refer to masks worn by actors during a stage performance, Thus, the meaning of personality was interpreted as ‘projected behaviour’ of an individual.

According to Gordon Allport, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustments to the environment.”

According to Norman Munn, “Personality is a unique combination of individual’s physical structure, needs, interests, abilities and aptitudes. Personality can be assessed using techniques such as Self Report measures (inventories), Behavioural Analysis Techniques and Projective techniques.

(i) Behavioural Analysis Techniques
Behavioural Analysis techniques such as Interview and Observation can provide information about an individual’s personality in a variety of situations.
(a) Interview – It is a process in which the interviewer collects information about the personality of an interviewee by asking him/her specific questions. The main types of interview depending on the purpose of assessment are- Structured and unstructured interview.

• Structured interview – The number, type and sequence of questions to be asked in the interview are pre-determined. The answers expected are also specific. This type of interview is used where exact quantification is required, for e.g., industrial psychologists use structured interviews to select employees for a job.
• Unstructured interview – The type and sequence of questions to be asked by the interviewer are not pre-determined. Detailed answers can be given and scoring is often subjective. It is employed by clinical psychologists, counsellors, etc.

(ii) Self-Report Technique (Inventories)
The individual provides information about his/her personality by responding to statements/ questions on the inventory, for e.g., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PFQ), etc. Responses are scored in quantitative terms and interpreted on the basis of norms that are developed for the test.

(iii) Projective Techniques
Projective techniques emerged from the psychoanalytic perspective. The individual responds freely to relatively unstructured or ambiguous stimuli/material. It is assumed that individuals project their own personality onto these stimuli, often revealing personal conflicts, coping styles, etc. Projective techniques cannot be scored in an objective manner. They use various materials like ink-blots, ambiguous pictures, incomplete sentences, word associations, etc. Main projective techniques include Rorschach’s Ink-Blot Tests, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Sentence Completion Test, etc.

Class 12 Psychology Chapter 3 Personality Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITIES (Textbook Page. No. 23)

Activity 1

Read the following examples and express your opinion about the concept of personality:
(i) Rohan is a good looking boy. He is a genius, but extremely arrogant. He always shouts at his friends. He always talks very rudely to his parents.
(ii) Ruchi is a girl with ordinary looks. She is poor in her studies but always gets along nicely with her friends. She always talks in a polite manner to everyone.
Answer:
[Information based question – refer textbook page no. 23 (3.1)]

Activity 2 (Textbook Page. No. 24)

Look at the list given below and discuss which of these factors have a stronger influence in shaping personality :
(i) Nutritious diet (ii) Junk food (iii) Physique (iv) Exercise (v) Technology (vi) Peer group (vii) Parents (vii) Neighbours (ix) Relatives (x) Childhood experiences.
Answer:
All the given factors tend to shape our personality. However, parents, peer group, physique, childhood experiences tend to exert greater influence.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page. No. 25)

Think how the peer group may influence you with respect to factors given below:
(i)Hairstyle (ii) Dressing style (iii) Eating habits (iv) Study habits (v) Communication skills (vi) Attitudes (vii) Decision making (viii) Likes and dislikes, etc
Answer:
The peer group refers to individuals who are of the same age or who tend to share similar interests. Peer group influences personality tremendously in late childhood and in adolescence. This may be in regard to physical appearance like hairstyle and dressing style. Peer group also influences how we interact with others i.e., interpersonal aspects like communication skills, decision-making, attitudes as well as personal preferences eating habits, study habits, like/dislikes, etc.

Activity 4 (Textbook Page. No. 27)

Make two separate lists of jobs requiring more need of talking and jobs requiring less need of talking. Try to find out which of your friends will be suitable for these two types of jobs.
Answer:
Jobs requiring more need of talking.

1. Teacher
2. Salesperson
3. Human resource manager
4. Lawyer
5. Event planner

Jobs requiring less need of talking.

1. Writer
2. Computer programmer
3. Librarian
4. Accountant
5. Researchers.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page. No. 29)

Use observation method and try to get few ideas of the personalities of the following individuals:

1. Traffic controller
2. News reporter
3. Private detective
4. Interior designer
5. Nurse
6. Teacher

Answer:

1. Traffic controller – He/she must have physical stamina, mental agility, negotiation skills, organizational skills.
2. News reporter – He/she must have curiosity, alertness, courage, language skills, empathy.
3. Private detective – He/she must be trustworthy, persistent, sociability, technological skills.
4. Interior designer – He/she must have creativity, interpersonal skills, aesthetic skills, communication skills.
5. Nurse – He/she must show empathy, stamina, communication skills, diligence, interpersonal skills.
6. Teacher – He/she must have good interpersonal and communication skills, be patient, creative.

Class 12 Psychology Textbook Solutions Digest 

• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 1 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 2 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 3 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 4 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 5 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 6 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 7 Question Answers
• Psychology Class 12 Chapter 8 Question Answers