Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 15 India During Mughal Period Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 15 India During Mughal Period

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
Mughal Emperor Babur was born in ___________
(a) Baluchistan
(b) Kazakhstan
(c) Uzbekistan
(d) Afghanistan
Answer:
(c) Uzbekistan

Question 2.
Mughal Emperor Humayun was defeated by ___________
(a) Ibrahim Lodi
(b) Shershah Sur
(c) Babur
(d) Akbar
Answer:
(b) Shershah Sur

Question 3.
Akbarnama was written by ___________
(a) Mohammad Qasim
(b) Abul Fazl
(c) Mirza Hyder
(d) Badauni
Answer:
(b) Abul Fazl

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(1) Khafi Khan	Akbarnama
(2) Malik Muhammad Jayasi	Padmavat
(3) Sant Kabir	Doha
(4) Mirza Hyder	Tarikh-i-Rashidi

Answer:
(1) Khafi Khan – Tarikh-i-Khafikhan

1C. Write the names.

Question 1.
He defeated Ibrahim Lodi.
Answer:
Babur

Question 2.
She successfully resisted the attack of Akbar and saved the Nizamshahi kingdom.
Answer:
Chand bibi

2. Explain the statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The Rajput rulers united against Babur.
Answer:

• The grand army of Ibrahim Lodi could not survive in front of Babur in the battle of Panipat.
• Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi on the strength of configuration skills, strong artillery, a system of secret intelligence, and strong leadership. This was a direct threat to the Rajputs in Rajasthan.
• Rajputs were brave warriors and proud advocates of their religion.
• Babur established his rule in Delhi.
• The Rajput kings came together under the leadership of Mewar King Rana Sangha to counter him.
• Babur defeated the Rajputs in the Battle of Khanwa.

Question 2.
Shershah Sur was well-known for his ideal administration.
Answer:

• Humayun was deprived of the kingdom due to the defeat at the hands of Shershah Sur of Bihar.
• Shershah Sur made some reforms in the administrative setup. He also made changes in the land revenue system.
• He erected the hierarchical setup of administrative units and officers.
• He brought together the Afghan sardars scattered in North India and established Afghan rule.
• The descendants of Shershah were not efficient. Thus, his power declined.

Question 3.
Emperor Akbar strengthened the foundation of his rule in India.
Answer:

• After Humayun, his son Akbar ascended the throne.
• He proved to be the greatest Mughal Emperor because of his qualities such as high intelligence, tolerance, firmness, and courage.
• The kingdom established by Babur was transformed into a great empire by Akbar.
• He established his rule from Kabul to Bengal and Kashmir to Varhad-Khandesh.
• He entered into political matrimonial relations with the Rajputs in order to strengthen his kingdom.
• He erected an efficient administrative setup.

Question 4.
Mughal art declined during the period of Aurangzeb.
Answer:

• During the period of Aurangzeb, the royal patronage of the art of painting was withdrawn.
• Aurangzeb was a fanatic ruler. Under Aurangzeb’s rule, art declined, since he had banned all art forms.
• The artists were forced to seek patronage elsewhere under various rulers in Rajasthan, Bundelkhand, Gujarat, and the provinces of the Himalayan ranges.
• New local styles of paintings emerged there.

3. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Mughal Art
Answer:

• The reign of the three emperors, Akbar, Jahangir, and Shahjahan was a period of peace, order, and prosperity. Arts flourish when there is stability.
• A new era began in the field of art and architecture.
• The etched designs on the marble walls of mosques, tombs, and palaces are evidence of the highly advanced styles of art and architecture.
• The influence of the Persian style of architecture was more prominent till Akbar’s period.
• In the later period, it evolved by absorbing Indian elements, which came to be known as the Indo-Islamic style of architecture.
• During the period of Akbar and Jahangir, the art of ivory carving received royal patronage.
• The Mughal paintings originated from the Persian styles of painting.
• There are miniature paintings of Persian style in the manuscript of ‘Baburnama’. The art of painting received encouragement during the period of Akbar. He appointed skilled painters in his court.
• During the period of Jahangir, paintings were done based on the court and hunting scenes. The paintings of this period were done in a more realistic style, which is vibrant and attractive. These paintings, portray birds and animals, cloud formations, human figures, and natural scenery.
• During the Mughal period, the art of music seems to have received royal patronage.

Question 2.
Mughal Literature
Answer:

• During the Mughal period, excellent literature was created in the Persian language.
• Babur himself knew Persian and Turkish languages. His autobiography known as ‘Baburnama’ is well known.
• Another important text is ‘Tarikh-i-Rashidi’ by Mirza Hyder written during the period of Humayun.
• Akbar got many Sanskrit texts translated in Persian which includes ‘Rajatarangini’, ‘Lilavati’, ‘Ramayana’, ‘Mahabharata’, ‘Harivamsh’ and ‘Panchatantra’. Abul Fazal wrote the famous ‘Akbarnama’ and ‘Ain-i- Akbari’.
• Dara Shukoh, the son of Shahjahan, was a Sanskrit scholar. He translated the text of several Upanishads texts in the Persian language from Sanskrit.
• During the Mughal period, a number of biographical, historical texts were written. Among them Khafi Khan’s ‘Tarikhi- Khafikhan’ is well-known.
• During the Mughal period, a number of literary works of high quality were created in local north Indian dialects. To mention a few, ‘Ramacharitamanas’ written by Goswami Tulsidas, the compositions of Surdas and Meerabai, Padmavat composed by Malik Muhammad Jaysi, dohas of Saint Kabir.

4. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
During the Mughal period, what were the changes made in the revenue system?
Answer:

• Akbar made further reforms in the revenue system implemented by Shershah Sur.
• This bought a certain discipline in the Mughal revenue system.
• He graded the cultivable land based on the systematic land survey.
• The land was classified into four types on the basis of annual yield, i.e. fertile (supik), infertile (napik), irrigated (bagayat), and dry crop (jirayat) land.
• Individual land holdings of farmers were registered.
• An average of the annual yield in the last ten years was calculated and one-third of this average yield was fixed as the base for the tax to be paid.
• The tax, thus fixed, was applicable for the span of ten years. This offered considerable respite to farmers for a span of ten years.
• Documents are known as ‘Kabulayat’ and ‘Patta’ were prepared by the farmers after the fixing of the tax rate. The tax was collected in cash or in kind.

Question 2.
Elaborate on the features of Mughal architecture.
Answer:

• The architectural style during the Sultanate period had great implements on strength and simplicity.
• But during the Mughal period, the focus shifted to aesthetics.
• During the period of Babur, the Kabulbag mosque at Panipat and Jama Masjid at Sambhal in Uttar Pradesh were built in Persian style.
• The memorial built during the period of Shershah Sur at Sahastram (Bihar) is an excellent example of the Indo-Islamic style of architecture.
• The Purana Qila was built by Shershah in Delhi. The city of Fatehpur Sikri was set up during Akbar’s period.
• Later the buildings like Jama Masjid, Buland Darwaza were built in Fatehpur-Sikri.
• Akbar built important forts like Agra fort, Lahore fort, Allahabad fort, and Attock fort.
• The use of Red stone and marble, huge domes, arches were the salient features of the architecture of this period.
• The period of Shahjahan was the most glorious period of Mughal architecture.
• ‘Diwan-i-Aam’ and ‘Diwan-i-Khaas’ in Red fort, ‘Jama masjid’, ‘Moti Masjid’, were built during his period.
• The ‘Taj Mahal’ of Agra built by him is incomparable and immortal.
• Later, Mughal architecture began to decline.

Activity

Collect information about the expansion of Mughal rule by Emperor Akbar and the contemporary cities.
Answer:

• Akbar was an Imperialist.
• The first conquest of Akbar was that of Malwa.
• His empire extended from Kabul in the west to Bengal in the east and from Kashmir in the north to Vindhyas in the south.
• Had consolidated the whole of north India under his administration.
• The following is the link for additional information: https://www.historydiscussion.net

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 14 Delhi Sultanate, Vijayanagar and Bahamani Kingdom Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 14 Delhi Sultanate, Vijayanagar and Bahamani Kingdom

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
The royal poet in the court of Balban was _________________
(a) Al-Beruni
(b) Tuli
(c) Amir Khusrow
(d) Husen Shah Sharukhi.
Answer:
(c) Amir Khusrow

Question 2.
The first ruler who built the buildings in Indo-Islamic style of architecture was _________________
(a) Ferozshah Tughluq
(b) Qutubuddin Aibak
(c) Alauddin Khalji
(d) Akbar
Answer:
(b) Qutubuddin Aibak

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Rajasthan	Chauhans
(b) Kanauj	Pratiharas
(c) Bundelkhand	Chandelas
(d) Tripuri	Paramaras

Answer:
(d) Tripuri – Kalachuris

2. Complete the concept Maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

3. Explain the statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The Arab rule did not expand in India.
Answer:

• There was political instability in India in the 13th century and the Turkish invaders took advantage of this instability.
• Muhammad bin Qasim of the Ummayad dynasty attacked Sindh in the year 712 C.E.
• He conquered the entire region from Sindh to Multan. After Muhammad bin Qasim, the Arabs rule in India grew unstable.

Question 2.
The Rajput rulers had to accept defeat in front of the Turkish invaders.
Answer:

• In the 13th century, many petty rulers existed such as Chauhans of Rajasthan, Pratiharas, and Gadhwals (Rathod) of Kanauj, Chandellas of Bundelkhand, Parmars of Malwa, Kalachuris of Gorakhpur, Kalachuris of Tripuri (Madhya Pradesh), Chalukyas (Solanki) of Gujarat, Palas of Bengal, etc.
• They did resist the invasions of the Turks individually but they did not unite for it.

4. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The textile industry flourished during the Sultanate’s rule.
Answer:

• The textile industry flourished on large scale.
• Delhi, Agra, Lahore, Multan, Banaras, Patna, Khambayat, Burhanpur, Devgiri were the main centers of the textile industry during this period.
• The cotton cloth was exported on a large scale from Bengal to Gujarat.
• The textile exports included muslin, linen cloth, satin, and jari cloth.
• The textile dyeing industry gained importance. Golconda, Ahmedabad, Dhaka, etc. were the centers of this industry.

5. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Khyber Pass.
Answer:

• The Khyber Pass has proved to be very important in Indian history.
• During the ancient period, the trade between India and Central Asia was carried via. this pass.
• After the Persian Emperor Darius, Alexander came, to India, via. this pass and so did Mahmud Ghazni, Babur, Nadir Shah, and Ahmed Shah Abdali.
• The British built a railway line with its last destination at a place called ‘Jamrud’ near Peshawar in Pakistan, Jamrud in the doorway of Khyber Pass.

Question 2.
Coins during Sultanate period.
Answer:

• During the sultanate period, there were major changes in the coinage system.
• The names of the Khalifa and the Sultan were inscribed on the coins.
• Details regarding the year of issue, place of minting, etc. were inscribed on it in the Arabic script.
• ‘Tola’ came to be considered as a standard unit for the weight of the coin.

6. Answer the following questions with help of given points.

Question 1.
Write down the information about the invasion of Alauddin Khilji on Yadavas of Devgiri with the help of points given below.
(a) Reasons of invasion
(b) Invasion and events
(c) Effects of invasion
Answer:
(a) Reasons of invasion:

• Devgiri was a prosperous city in the South.
• King Ramadevarai Yadava was ruling over Devgiri.
• Alauddin attacked Devgiri in 1296 C.E.
• In face of the sudden attack, Ramadevarai took shelter in the fort of Devgiri (Daulatabad). Alauddin seized the fort and plundered the city.
• Alauddin conquered nearby provinces of Devgiri as well and collected a large booty as part of the treaty.

(b) Invasion and events:

• Ramadevarai, the ruler of Devgiri had stopped paying tribute to Alauddin for some time.
• So Alauddin sent his commander Malik Kafur to the South.
• There were political and economic reasons behind this campaign.
• The most important reason was to subdue the Yadavas and to collect tribute from them.

(c) Effects of invasion:

• Alauddin had increased his army in size.
• He was the first Sultan to set up a permanent standing army on a large scale.
• He devised new economic reforms for controlling market prices.
• These new measures created a heavy strain on the state treasury.
• It was also necessary to keep the newly increased army and its officers are busy by planning new campaigns.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 12th Chemistry Textbook Solutions Chapter 14 Biomolecules Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Biomolecules

1. Select the most correct choice.

Question i.
CH₂OH-CO-(CHOH)₄-CH₂OH is an example of
a. Aldohexose
b. Aldoheptose
c. Ketotetrose
d. Ketoheptose
Answer:
(d) Ketoheptose

Question ii.
Open chain formula of glucose does not contain
a. Formyl group
b. Anomeric hydroxyl group
c. Primary hydroxyl group
d. Secondary hydroxyl group
Answer:
(b) Anomeric hydroxyl group

Question iii.
Which of the following does not apply to CH₂NH₂ – COOH
a. Neutral amino acid
b. L – amino acid
c. Exists as zwitterion
d. Natural amino acid
Answer:
(d) Natural amino acid

Question iv.
Tryptophan is called essential amino acid because
a. It contains an aromatic nucleus.
b. It is present in all the human proteins.
c. It cannot be synthesized by the human body.
d. It is an essential constituent of enzymes.
Answer:
(c) It cannot be synthesised by human body.

Question v.
A disulfide link gives rise to the following structure of protein.
a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
d. Quaternary
Answer:
(c) Tertiary

Question vi.
RNA has
a. A – U base pairing
b. P – S – P – S backbone
c. double helix
d. G – C base pairing
Answer:
(a) A – U base pairing

2. Give scientific reasons :

Question i.
The disaccharide sucrose gives negative Tollens test while the disaccharide maltose gives positive Tollens test.
Answer:
(1) In disaccharide sucrose, the reducing groups of glucose and fructose are involved in glycosidic bond formation, sucrose is a nonreducing sugar. As there is no free aldehyde group, it does not reduce Tollen’s reagent to metallic silver. Hence, sucrose gives negative Tollen’s test.

(2) While the disaccharide maltose is a reducing sugar because a free aldehyde group can be produced at C₁ of second sugar molecule. It is a reducing sugar. It reduces Tollen’s reagent to shining silver mirror. Hence, Maltose gives positive Tollen’s test.

Question ii.
On complete hydrolysis DNA gives equimolar quantities of adenine and thymine.
Answer:
On complete hydrolysis DNA yields 2-deoxy-D-ribose, adenine, thymine, guanine, cystosine and phosphoric acid. Since adenine always forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine, the hydrolysis of DNA gives equimolar quantities of adenine and thymine.

Question iii.
α – Amino acids have high melting points compared to the corresponding amines or carboxylic acids of comparable molecular mass.
Answer:

α-Amino acids have high melting points compared to the corresponding amines or carboxylic acids of comparable molecular mass due to the presence of both acidic (carboxylic group) and basic (amino group) groups in the same molecule. In aqueous solution, proton transfer from acidic group to amino (basic) group of amino acid forms a salt, which is a dipolar ion called zwitter ion.

Question iv.
Hydrolysis of sucrose is called inversion.
Answer:

Sucrose is dextro rotatory. On hydrolysis it gives equimolar mixture of D – ( + ) glucose and D – ( -) fructose. Since the laevorotation of fructose (- 92.4°) is more than dextrorotation of glucose ( + 52.7°), the hydrolysis product has net laevorotation. Thus, hydrolysis of sucrose brings about a change in the sign of rotation, from dextro ( + ) to laevo (-) and the product is called as invert sugar and so the hydrolysis of sucrose is called inversion.

Question v.
On boiling, egg albumin becomes opaque white.
Answer:
Upon boiling the egg, denaturation αcurs. During denaturation, secondary and tertiary structures are destroyed, but primary structure remains intact. Egg contains soluble globular proteins, which forms insoluble fibrous proteins (opque) on boiling egg.

3. Answer the following

Question i.
Some of the following statements apply to DNA only, some to RNA only and some to both. Lable them accordingly.
a. The polynucleotide is double stranded. ( …………… )
b. The polynucleotide contains uracil. ( …………… )
c. The polynucleotide contains D-ribose ( …………… ).
d. The polynucleotide contains Guanine ( …………… ).
Answer:
(1) The polynucleotide is double stranded. (DNA)
(2) The polynucleotide contains uracil. (RNA)
(3) The polynucleotide contain D-ribose (RNA)
(4) Thc polynucleotide contains Guanine (DNA, RNA)

Question ii.
Write the sequence of the complementary strand for the following segments of a DNA molecule.
a. 5′ – CGTTTAAG – 3′
b. 5′ – CCGGTTAATACGGC – 3′
Answer:
(1) DNA molecule : 5′ – CGTTTAAG – 3′
The complementary strand runs in opposite direction from the 3′ end to the 5′ end. It has the base sequence decided by complementary base pairs A – T and C – G.

(2) DNA molecule : 5′ – CCGGTTAATACGGC – 3′
The complementary strand runs in opposite direction from the 3′ end to the 5′ end. It has the base sequence decided by complementary base pairs A – T and C – G.

Question iii.
Write the names and schematic representations of all the possible dipeptides formed from alanine, glycine and tyrosine.
Answer:
(1) Dipeptide formed from alanine and glycine

(2) Dipeptide formed from alanine and tyrosine

(3) Dipeptide formed from glycine and tyrosine.

Question iv.
Give two pieces of evidence for the presence of the formyl group in glucose.
Answer:
(1) Glucose reacts with hydroxyl amine in an aqueous solution to form glucose oxime. This indicates the presence of – CHO (formyl group) in glucose.

(2) Glucose on oxidation with mild oxidising agent like bromine water gives gluconic acid which shows carbonyl group in glucose is aldehyde (formyl group) group.

4. Draw a neat diagram for the following:

Question i.
Haworth formula of glucopyranose
Answer:

Question ii.
Zwitter ion
Answer:

Question iii.
Haworth formula of maltose
Answer:

Question iv.
Secondary structure of the protein

Answer:
The structure of proteins can be studied at four different levels i.e. primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary levels. Each level is more complex than the previous one.
(1) Primary structure of proteins :
(a) Representation by structural formula

(b) Representation with amino acid symbols

Primary structure of proteins is the sequence of constituent a-amino acid residues linked by peptide bonds. Any change in the sequence of amino acid residue creates different protein molecule. Primary structure of proteins is represented by writing the three letter symbols of amino acid residues as per their sequence in the concerned protein. The symbols are separated by dashes. According to the convention, the N-terminal amino acid residue as written at the left end and the C-terminal amino acid residue at the right end.

(2) Secondary structure of proteins : The three-dimensional arrangement of lαalized regions of a long polypeptide chain is called the secondary structure of protein. Hydrogen bonding between N-H proton of one amide linkage and C = O oxygen of another gives rise to the secondary structure. There are two different types of secondary structures i.e. α-helix and β-pleated sheet.

α-Helix : In a-helix structure, a polypeptide chain gets coiled by twisting into a right handed or clαkwise spiral known as a-helixn. The characteristic features of α-helical structure of protein are :

(1) Each turn of the helix has 3.6 amino acids.
(2) A C = O group of one amino acid is hydrogen bonded to N – H group of the fourth amino acid along the chain.
(3) Hydrogen bonds are parallel to the axis of helix while R groups extend outward from the helix core.
Myosin in muscle and a-keratin in hair are proteins with almost entire a-helical secondary structure.

β-Pleated sheet : In secondary structure, when two or more polypeptide chains (strands) line up side-by-side is called β-pleated sheets. The β-picate sheet structure of protein consists of extended strands of polypeptide chains held together by intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The characteristics of β-pleated sheet structure are :

• The C = O and N – H bonds lie in the planes of the sheet.
• Hydrogen bonding occurs between the N – H and C = O groups of nearby amino acid residues in the neighbouring chains.
• The R groups are oriented above and below the plane of the sheet.

The β-pleated sheet arrangement is favoured by amino acids with small R groups.

(3) Tertiary structure of proteins :

The three-dimensional shape acquired by the entire polypeptide chain of a protein is called its tertiary structure. The structure is stabilized and has attractive interaction with the aqueous environment of the cell due to the folding of the chain in a particular manner. Tertiary structure gives rise to two major molecular shapes i.e. globular and fibrous proteins. The main forces which stabilize a particular tertiary structure include hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole attraction (due to polar bonds in the side chains), electrostatic attraction (due to the ionic groups like -COO^–, \(\mathrm{NH}_{3}^{+}\) in the side chain) and also London dispersion forces. Finally, disulfide bonds formed by oxidation of nearby – SH groups (in cysteine residues) are the covalent bonds which stabilize the tertiary structure.

(4) Quaternary structure of proteins The two or more polypeptide chains with folded tertiary structures forms complex protein. The spatial arrangements of these polypeptide chains with respect to each other is known as quaternary structure. Each individual polypeptide chain is called a subunit of the overall protein. For example: Haemoglobin consists of four subunits called haeme held together by intermolecular forces in a compact three dimensional shape. Haemoglobin can do its function of oxygen transport only when all the four subunits are together.

Question v.
AMP
Answer:

Question vi.
dAMP
Answer:

Question vii.
One purine base from nucleic acid
Answer:

Question viii.
Enzyme catalysis
Answer:

Activity :

• Draw the structure of a segment of DNA comprising at least ten nucleotides on a big chart paper.
• Make a model of DNA double stranded structure as group activity.

12th Chemistry Digest Chapter 14 Biomolecules Intext Questions and Answers

Try ….. this (Textbook Page No 298)

Question 1.
Observe the following structural formulae carefully and answer the questions.

(1) How many OH groups are present in glucose, fructose and ribose respectively?
(2) Which other functional groups are present in these three compounds?
Answer:
(1) Glucose contains five hydroxyl (- OH) groups.
Fructose contains five hydroxyl ( – OH) groups.
Ribose contains four hydroxyl ( – OH) groups.

(2) Glucose contains aldehyde ( – CHO) as other functional group.
Fructose contains ketonic group as other functional group.
Ribose contains aldehyde ( – CHO) as other functional group.

Use your brain power! (Textbook Page No 299)

Question 1.
Give IUPAC names to the following monosaccharides.

Answer:
(1) Aldotriose
(2) Aldopentose
(3) Ketoheptose

Problem 14.1 : (Textbook Page No 300)

Question 1.
An alcoholic compound was found to have molecular mass of 90 u. It was acetylated. Molecular mass of the acetyl derivative was found to be 174 u. How many alcoholic (- OH) groups must be present in the original compound?
Solution :
In acetylation reaction H atom of an (- OH) group is replaced by an acetyl group (- COH₃).

This results in an increase in molecular mass by [(12 + 16 + 12 + 3 x 1) – 1] that has, 42 u. In the given alcohol, increase in molecular mass = 174 u – 90 u = 84 u
∴ Number of – OH groups \(=\frac{84 \mathrm{u}}{42 \mathrm{u}}=2\)

Use your brain power! (Textbook Page No 301)

(1) Write structural formula of glucose showing all the bonds in the molecule.
(2) Number all the carbons in the molecules giving number 1 to the ( – CHO) carbon.
(3) Mark the chiral carbons in the molecule with asterisk (*).
(4) How many chiral carbons are present in glucose?
Answer:
Refer structural formula of glucose for (1) (2) and (3).

(4) There are 4 chiral carbon atoms present in glucose.

Use your brain power! (Textbook Page No 306)

Question 1.
(1) Is galactose an aldohexose or a ketohexose?
(2) Which carbon in galactose has different configuration compared to glucose?
(3) Draw Haworth formulae of α-D-galactose and β-D-galactose.
(4) Which disaccharides among sucrose, maltose and lactose is/are expected to give positive Fehling test?
(5) What are the expected products of hydrolysis of lactose?
Answer:

1. Galactose is an aldohexose.
2. Fourth carbon in galactose has different configuration compared to glucose.
3. 
4. Maltose and lactose are expected to give positive Fehling solution test.
5. The expected products of hydrolysis of lactose are D – ( +) glucose and D – ( +) galactose.

Can you think? (Textbook Page No 307)

Question 1.
When you chew plain bread, chapati or bhaakari for long time, it tastes sweet. What could be the reason?
Answer:
When chapati, bread or bhakari are chewed for long time the pulp mixes with saliva and carbohydrate component in them diseminates and gives the sweet taste.

Use your brain power! (Textbook Page No 309)

Question 1.
Tryptophan and histidine have the structures (I) and (II) respectively. Classify them into neutral? acidic/basic &amino acids and justify your answer. (Hint: Consider învolvement of lone pair in resonance).

Answer:

In tryptophan, nitrogen atom present in cyclic structure cannot donate pair of electrons as it is stabilized by resonance. The other amino group and carboxylic group present in the side chain neutralize each other. Tryptophan has equal number of amino and carboxylic groups. Hence, tryptophan is a neutral amino acid.

In histidine, amino groups are more in number than carboxyl groups therefore histidine ¡s basic in nature.

Can you think? (Textbook Page No 309)

Question 1.
Compare the molecular masses of the following compounds and explain the observed melting points.

Answer:
Above compounds have same molecular masses but they have different melting points, a-amino acids have higher melting points compared to the corresponding amines or carboxylic acids of comparable masses. This property is due to the presence of both carboxylic group (acidic) and amino group (basic) in the molecule. In aqueous solution, protons transfer from acidic group to amino (basic) group of amino acid forms a salt, which is a dipolar ion called – Zwitter ion.

Use your brain power! (Textbook Page No 310)

Question 1.
(1) Write the structural formula of dipeptide formed by combination of carboxyl group of alanine and amino group of glycine.
(2) Name the resulting dipeptide.
(3) Is this dipeptide same as glycyalanine or its structural isomer?
Answer:

(2) ala-glycine. OR ala-gly
(3) It is a structural isomer.

Question 54.
Write the names and schematic representations of all the possible dipeptides formed from alanine, glycine and tyrosine.

Problem 14.3 : (Textbook Page No 311)

Question 1.
Chymotrypsin is a digestive enzyme that hydrolyzes those amide bonds for which the carbonyl group comes from phenylalanine, tyrosine or tryptophan. Write the symbols of the amino acids and peptides smaller than pentapeptide formed by hydrolysis of the following hexapeptide with chymotrypsin. Gly-Tyr-Gly-Ala-Phe-Val
Solution :
In the given hexapeptide hydroylsis by chymotripsin can take place at two points, namely, Phe and Tyr. The carbonyl group of these residues is towards the right side, that is, toward the C-terminal. Therefore the hydrolysis products in required range will be :

Problem 14.4 : (Textbook Page No 311)

Question 1.
Write down the structures of amino acids constituting the following peptide.

Solution :
The given peptide has two amide bonds linking three amino acids. The structures of these amino acids are obtained by adding one H₂O molecule across the amide bond as follows :

Use your brain power! (Textbook Page No 313)

A protein chain has the following amino acid residues. Show and label the interactions that can be present in various pairs from these giving rise to tertiary level structure of protein.

Answer:
Tertiary level structure from amino residues.

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No 313)

Question 1.
What is the physical change observed when (a) egg is boiled, (b) milk gets curdled on adding lemon juice?
Answer:
(a) When egg is boiled, coagulation of eggwhite (insoluble fibrous proteins) takes place. This is a common example of denaturation.
(b) When lemon juice is added to milk, it gets curdled due to the formation of lactic acid. This is another example of denaturation.

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No 315)

Question 1.
What is the single term that answers all the following questions?
(1) What decides whether you are blue eyed or brown eyed?
(2) Why does wheat grain germinate to produce wheat plant and not rice plant?
(3) Which acid molecules are present in nuclei of living cells?
Answer:
(1) Nucleic acid (DNA)
(2) Nucleic acid (DNA)
(3) Nucleic acid (DNA + RNA)

Use your brain power! (Textbook Page No 317)

Question 1.
Draw structural formulae of nucleosides formed from the following sugars and bases.
(1) D – ribose and guanine
(2) D – 2 – deoxyribose and thymine
Answer:
(1) D-ribose and guanine

(2) D – 2 – deoxyribose and thymine

Problem 14.5 (Textbook Page No 318)

Queston 1.
Draw a schematic representaion of trinucicotide segment ACT of a DNA molecule.
Solution :
In DNA molecule sugar is deoxyribose. The base ‘A’ in the given segment is at 5 end while the base T at the 3’ end. I-fence the schematic representation of the given segment of DNA is

Problem 14.6 : (Textbook Page No 320)

Question 1.
Write the sequence of the complementary strand of the following portion of a DNA molecule : 5 -ACGTAC-3
Solution :
The complementary strand runs in opposite direction from the 3′ end to the 5′ end. It has the base sequence decided by complementary base pairs A – T and C – G.

Problem 14.2 : (Text Page No 303)

Question 1.
Assign D/L configuration to the following monosaccharides.

Solution :
D/L configuration is assigned to Fischer projection formula of monosaccharide on the basis of the lowest chiral carbon.

Threose has two chiral carbons C-2 and C-3. The given Fischer projection formula of threose has OH groups at the lowest C -3 chiral carbon on the right side.
∴ It is D-threose.

Ribose has three chiral carbons C – 2, C – 3 and C -4.
The given Fischer projection formula of ribose has – OH group at the lowest C -4 chiral carbon on the left side.
∴ It is L-ribose

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 13 India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 13 India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia

1A. Choose the correct alternative to write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
Buddhaghosh was an Indian _____________ in Sri Lanka.
(a) Thinker
(b) Philosopher
(c) King
(d) Priest
Answer:
(b) Philosopher

Question 2.
The founder of Pagan empire was _____________
(a) Kyanzittha
(b) Anwrahta
(c) Ayuttha
(d) Jayavarman
Answer:
(b) Anwrahta

Question 3.
The ancient name of Cambodia was _____________
(a) Kambuja Desh
(b) Laos
(c) Angkorwat
(d) Sumatra
Answer:
(a) Kambuja Desh

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(1) Finest example of stupa architecture in Myanmar	Shwedagon Pagoda
(2) Saivaite temples in the Champa kingdom	My Son
(3) The World famous temple in Cambodia	Angkor wat
(4) The Centre of Angkor Thom	Dieng Temples

Answer:
(4) The centre of Angkorthom – Bayon Temple

1C. Write the names.

Question 1.
Son of Emperor Ashoka –
Answer:
Thera Mahinda

Question 2.
Ancient kingdom in Laos –
Answer:
Lao Sang

Question 3.
Kingdom of ‘Cham’ people –
Answer:
Champa

Question 4.
Last king of Malayu –
Answer:
Eskandar Shah

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Chenla Kingdom
Answer:

• The first kingdom, established in Cambodia was known by the name of ‘Chenla’.
• The people who established Chenla were known as ‘Khmer’.
• The influence of Indian culture in Cambodia dates back to the Chenla period.
• The kingdom of Chenla was established by Jayavarman II. His capital’s name was ‘Hariharalaya’.
• The kings of Chenla expanded their empire from Vietnam to Myanmar and to China in the north.
• After King ‘Jayavarman VII’ the Khmer empire began to decline.

Question 2.
Vishnu temple at Angkorwat
Answer:

• (i) The world-famous temple of ‘Angkorwat’ was built in Yashodharpura, the capital city built by Suryavarman II.
• (ii) The temple area is about 500 acres, which is about 2 sq. km.
• (iii) The main entrance is at the west and the temple is surrounded by a moat, which is 200 meters in depth.
• (iv) Among the sculptural panels on the southeast walls of the temple the panel of ‘Samudramanthan’ is notable. Later, it was turned into a Buddhist temple.

Question 3.
Majapahit Kingdom
Answer:

• In the 13th century C.E., in Eastern Java arose a kingdom known as ‘Majapahita’.
• The name of the founder King of Majapahita was, Vijaya’.
• He established his supremacy in some of the islands like Java, Bali and also some other islands and extended the kingdom of Java into an empire.

Question 4.
Champa Kingdom
Answer:

• ‘Champa’ was an ancient kingdom in the coastal region of Vietnam.
• Champa was named after the ‘Cham’ tribe.
• The names of the cities in Champa were ‘Indrapur’, ‘Amaravati’, ‘Vijay’, ‘Kauthara’, and ‘Panduranga’.
• The city of Vijay was the capital of the Champa kingdom.
• The inscriptions of Champa mention the names of its kings and queens and the temples of Hindu deities especially Shiva temples.

3. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the spread of Indian culture in Thailand.
Answer:

• Thailand was referred to as ‘Mueng Thai’ by the ancient people. However, it was known as ‘ Siam’ in the world. In the 20th century, its name was changed to ‘Thailand’.
• Thailand was ruled from the 6th century to the 11th century by the ‘Mon’ people. Indian culture was spread at this time.
• The Indian traditions of sculpture, literature, ethics, judicial science, etc. had a great role in shaping up the Mon culture.
• Dvaravati although smaller and weaker contributed greatly to the development of writing, arts, administration, religion, science, etc. in others kingdoms.
• The remains of sculptures and architecture of the period have been found in Lop Buri (Lao Puri) and Ayuttha (Ayodhya).
• The sculptures include Buddha images a few Shivalingas and images of Vishnu.
• In the 14th century C.E, a new kingdom of Ayuttha was established in Thailand and the kings of Ayuttha bore names with the prefix ‘Ram’.
• Thai Ramayana developed into an independent tradition. It is known as ‘Ramakien’ (Ram Akhyana).
• The stories of ‘Ramakien’ have been preserved in all Thai art traditions including sculpture, folk music, dance, and theatre.

Question 2.
Write about the cultural interrelationship between India and Myanmar.
Answer:

• ‘Myanmar’ is a neighbouring country of India. It was earlier known as ‘Brahmdesh’. In the 2nd century B.C.E. there were city-states known as ‘Pyu’ in the north and central regions of Myanmar.
• Among the new ‘Pyu’ cities that came into existence at a later period were the cities of ‘Halin’ and ‘Shrikshetra’ were important.
• Shrikshetra was the largest among the ‘Pyu’ cities. The founders of Shrikshetra belonged to the Shakya clan of Gautam Buddha.
• The three Pyu cities of Halin, Beikthano, and Shrikshetra where archaeological excavations were conducted have brought into light many remains of buildings like stupas, cemeteries, and structures built for water management. The three sites have been declared as World Cultural Heritage sites.
• The ‘Shwedagon’ pagoda built between the 6th-10th century C.E. at Yongan (Rangoon) is one of the finest examples of stupa architecture in Myanmar.
• The ‘Shwedagon’ pagoda contains the hair of Gautama Buddha. This pagoda is covered with sheets of gold.
• The ‘Anand Temple’ is another important monument built during the reign of Kyanzittha, the emperor of Pagan in the 11th century C.E. It is the finest example of the combined architectural style of India and Pagan.

Activity

Find out the names of World Cultural Heritage in this lesson. Prepare a chart by using the following points: Name of the heritage, place, and country.
Answer:

Name of the Heritage	Place	Country
1. Sri Dalad Maligava	Kandy	Sri Lanka
2. Dambulla Caves	Dambulla	Sri Lanka
3. Angkorwat, Angkorthom	Siem Reap	Cambodia
4. Borobudur Stupa	Java	Indonesia
5. Prambanan Temples	Yogyakarta	Indonesia

 

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 12 India, Nations in the Northwest of the Indian Subcontinent and China Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 12 India, Nations in the Northwest of the Indian Subcontinent and China

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
The coin hoards found in ____________ had Roman gold coins in it.
(a) Tamil Nadu
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Karnataka
(d) Kerala
Answer:
(a) Tamil Nadu

Question 2.
The famous king Hammurabi had ruled the kingdom of ____________
(a) Syria
(b) Babylon
(c) China
(d) Greece
Answer:
(b) Babylon

Question 3.
The route that links Asia and ____________ is referred as the ‘Silk Route’.
(a) Europe
(b) Africa
(c) America
(d) Russia
Answer:
(a) Europe

Question 4.
‘White Horse Temple is the first Buddhist temple built in ____________
(a) India
(b) Japan
(c) China
(d) Egypt
Answer:
(c) China

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(1) Strabo	Geographia
(2) Pliny the Elder	Naturalis Historia
(3) Hippalus	Hippokura
(4) Arrian	Indica

Answer:
(3) Hippalus – Periplus of the Erythrean Sea

1C. Write the names.

Question 1.
A place in the Gandhara region enlisted as a World Cultural heritage.
Answer:
Takht-i-Bahi

Question 2.
Buddhist monks in the 4th century B.C.E. translated many Buddhist texts into the Chinese language.
Answer:
Kumarjeeva

2. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

3. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Buddhism reached China during the Kushana period.
Answer:

• The Ancient Kapisha (Begram)was an additional capital of the Kushanas which was located on the silk route at a vantage point.
• The trade route from Afghanistan to China was under the rule of the Kushanas.
• This route starting from Taxila crossing through Khyber Pass to Bamiyan in Afghanistan and from there to China through the plateau of Pamir.
• In the Kushana period, Buddhism reached China by this trade route.

Question 2.
The merchants rarely used the shorter line of the Silk Route.
Answer:

• One of the major lines of the Silk Route linked China and India and then extended further to Central Asia linking one oasis to the other in the desert.
• It was easier for the merchants and travellers to find accommodation and food in the oasis cities. They also found a ready market for their merchandise.
• Another line crossed through the stepped to the north of the mainline. The journey on this line is relatively shorter.
• It was rarely used by merchants as it was infested by troublesome pastoral tribes and hardly have any accommodation and food facilities on route.

4. State your opinion.

Question 1.
There was a close cultural association between the Gandhara region and India before the advent of Islam.
Answer:

• Gandhara was favourably situated on the trade route that linked India and Central Asia.
• It had close cultural connections with India from the ancient period of Janapadas till the introduction of Islam.
• Whether it was the invaders from Central Asia, or the Buddhist monks sent out by Emperor Ashoka, or the Chinese monks traveling to India, all had to pass through Afghanistan.
• Thus, there were close cultural associations between the Gandhara region and India before the advent of Islam.

5. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Shahji-ki-Dheri
Answer:

• The Chinese monks like Fa-Hien, Yuan Chwang, who travelled through India have described the Buddhist viharas and stupas in India.
• There are numerous remains of viharas and stupas in Afghanistan. Among them, a place called ‘Shahji-ki-Dheri’ near Peshawar in Pakistan was excavated.
• This stupa was built during Kanishka’s period.
• It is also known as ‘Kanishaka’s Stupa’. According to prevailing tradition, the sacred remains in the box (karandaka) found there are of Gautama Buddha.
• The box has an inscription. It also mentions the name ‘Agnishala’, the main supervisor of the building work of ‘Kanishka Vihara’.
• This box is in the Peshawar museum at present.

Question 2.
The Bamiyan Buddhas.
Answer:

• The Bamiyan Buddhas are in Bamiyan, 250 km away from Kabul.
• About 750 caves have been hewn out in one of the cliffs of the mountain ranges known as ‘Kuh- e-Baba’.
• Beautiful murals have been painted inside these caves.
• The same cliff has niches of two standing Buddha statues in stucco. One of them was 53 meters tall the other was 38 meters.
• The core was plastered with several layers of mud mixed with straw. The folds of Gautama Buddha’s robes were modeled in this clay plaster.
• Buddha’s forearms were supported with the help of wooden armatures and fixed with wooden pegs.
• According to Yuan Chwang, the statues were surrounded by colourful murals and even the statues were painted with gold coating and precious stones.
• The ‘Bamiyan Statues of Buddha’ are declared as the World Cultural Heritage.

6. Answers the following questions with the help of given points.

Question 1.
Write about the ties between ancient India and China.
(a) Trade relations
(b) The spread of Buddhism in China
(c) Serendian art style
Answer:
(a) Trade relations:

• The Silk Route links Asia and Europe. It runs more than 6000 km.
• It was easier for Merchants and travellers to find facilities of accommodation and food in the oasis cities.
• They also found a ready market for their merchandise.
• Another line crossed through the steppes to the north of this mainline. The journey on this line was relatively shorter.
• However, it was rarely used by merchants as it was infested by troublesome pastoral tribes and it hardly had any accommodation and food facilities en route.

(b) The spread of Buddhism in China:

• Buddhism spread in the 1st century C.E. This also introduced a new trend in Chinese art.
• Many of the Mahayana Buddhist monks who arrived in China hailed from Central Asia.
• Their presence in China inspired the making of images of Gautama Buddha and Bodhisattva.

(c) Serendian art style:

• Serendian art style that originated in the Xinjiang province is known as ‘Serendian Art Style’ (Seres meaning China + India).
• This art was influenced by Gandhara art. It presents a combination of Greek, Persian, and Chinese art forms.
• Many styles were brought to light during excavations by Sir Aurel Stein.

Activity

Collect more information about the ‘Silk Route’ with the help of the internet.
Answer:

• The Silk Road was a network of trade routes that went along the northern borders of China, India, and Persia and ended up in Eastern Europe near today’s Turkey and the Mediterranean Sea.
• The Silk Road was important because it helped to generate trade and commerce between a number of different kingdoms and empires.
• The route included a group of trading posts and markets that were used to help in the storage, transport, and exchange of goods.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 11 Kingdoms in South India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 11 Kingdoms in South India

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write complete sentences.

Question 1.
The name of the well-known king of Vakatak dynasty was ______________
(a) Sarvasena
(b) Pravarasena
(c) Jaising
(d) Chandragupta
Answer:
(b) Pravarasena

Question 2.
After the conquest in South, Pulakeshin II took up the title of ______________
(a) Parameshwara
(b) Vishayapati
(c) Deshadhipati
(d) Satyajay
Answer:
(a) Parameshwara

Question 3.
Kalidasa composed ______________ at Ramtek in Vidarbha.
(a) Shakuntal
(b) Meghdoot
(c) Malavikagnimitra
(d) Harivijay
Answer:
(b) Meghdoot

Question 4.
The world famous Kailasa temple was built during the ______________ period.
(a) Chalukya
(b) Pallava
(c) Cher
(d) Rashtrakuta
Answer:
(d) Rashtrakuta

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Setubandh	Panini
(b) Harivijay	Sarvasena
(c) Indica	Megasthenes
(d) Sangit Ratnakar	Sharangdev

Answer:
(a) Ashtadhyayi – Panini

2. Explain the following statement with reasons.

Question 1.
A strong rule of the Chalukyas was created in south India.
Answer:

• The Chalukya dynasty ruled in the south for approximately 200 years.
• Jaising the founder of this dynasty established his capital at Vatapi (Badami) Pulakeshin I was an important king of this dynasty who performed the Ashwamedha sacrifice.
• After him, his son Kirtivarman I came to power. During his reign, he conquered the Kadambas of Vanvasi (Karwar) and Mauryas of Aparanta (North Konkan) and expanded his rule.
• The greatest king of the Chalukyas was Pulakeshin II.
• He performed the Digvijaya and strengthened the power of the Chalukyas.
• His achievements are described by Ravikirti, a poet. He defeated Harshavardhan thus, acquiring great fame.

Question 2.
Yadava period has special importance in the history of Maharashtra.
Answer:

• Yadava dynasty is one of the important dynasties of Medieval Maharashtra.
• During this period there was a notable development in the cultural sphere of Maharashtra.
• The Mahanubhav and Warkari sects had a beginning in the Yadava period.
• During this period, Patan in Khandesh, Solotagi in Karnataka, and Paithan in Maharashtra became important centers of learning.
• Sanskrit texts were written on subjects like Dharmashastra, ‘Purva Mimansa’ (philosophical text), Nyaya, and Vedanta.
• Many important texts were composed at this time for eg. the composition of saint poets like Namadeva, Janabai, etc.
• Many temples were built of the Hemadipanti style at this time.
• An important feature of the Hemadipanti temples is that no mortar was used.

3. Write short notes.

Question 1.
The administrative system in South India
Answer:

• There were officials like ‘Mahadandanayaka’, ‘Rashtrika’, ‘Deshadhikruta’, ‘Amatya’, ‘Ayukta’, etc.
• The council of officers in the Chola kingdom was called ‘Udankuttam’.
• The kingdom was divided into many provinces. These provinces were known as ‘Mandalam’.
• A member of the royal family was the chief of the Mandalam.
• There were many officers under him such as ‘Vishayapati’, ‘Deshadhipati’, ‘Deshadhikrut’, ‘Rashtrika’, etc.
• The administration of the Southern kingdoms was very efficient. Village autonomy was an important feature.
• The ‘Gramasabha’ (village council) looked after the village administration.
• The head of the Gramasabha was known by different names such as ‘Gramabhojaka’, ‘Gramakuta’ etc.
• Land revenue was the main source of income for the state.
• Apart from it the excise tax, professional tax, pilgrimage tax were the sources of income.

Question 2.
Coins in South Indian dynasties.
Answer:

• The Maurya coins were in circulation in South India.
• After the decline of Mauryas, the Pandyas issued their own punch-marked coins.
• The images like sun, horse, stupa, tree, fish were carved on it.
• On the Chera coins, there used to be a bow and arrow on one side and an image of an elephant on the other.
• On the Chola coins, the symbol of the tiger as the royal emblem of Cholas is depicted.
• The Chola coins were made of gold, silver and the legends were inscribed in the Devnagari script.
• The coins belonging to Chalukya king Rajaraja are issued in three metals gold, silver, and copper, with the image of Rajaraja and a tiger.
• Due to the trade with Rome, many Roman coins are found.

4. Answer the following questions in brief with the help of the points given below.

Question 1.
Describe the rule of the Shilahara dynasty
(a) Founder
(b) Shilahara of South Konkan
(c) Shilaharas of North Konkan
(d) Shilaharas of Kolhapur
Answer:
(a) Founder: Jimutvahan is considered to be the founder of all three branches. They ruled for almost three hundred years as the feudatories of Rashtrakutas and later the Chalukyas.

(b) Shilahara of South Konkan: Sanafulla established the South Konkan branch of Shilaharas. His son, Dhammiyar set up the village of Vallipattana and built a fort there. Later King Adityavarma expanded his kingdom from Thane to Goa. Rattaraj was the last ruler of this dynasty. One of the copper plates found at Kharepatan gives an account of the history of this dynasty.

(c) Shilaharas of North Konkan: Kapardi established the North Konkan branch of Shilaharas. Their capital was at Sthanak (Thane). Aparajita was an important king of this branch. He ruled for around thirty-five years. He was followed by Chittaraj.

(d) Shilaharas of Kolhapur: The modern districts of Satara, Sangli, Ratnagiri, and Belgaum were included in this kingdom. Jatiga established the Kolhapur branch of Shilaharas. Bhoj II was an important king of this dynasty. Kolhapur, Valivade, and Panhala were the capitals of this kingdom. ‘Koppeshwar Mahadev’ temple at Khidrapur was the creation of Shilaharas.

Activity

Visit the Kailasa temple at Ellora and prepare a detailed note.
Answer:

• The Kailasa temple is one of the 100 odd rock-cut cave temples and monasteries at Ellora.
• It is carved from a single, gigantic rock.
• Lies around 30 km northwest of Aurangabad in Maharashtra.
• Only 34 are accessible to the public.
• Ellora or Verul to the locals was located on an ancient South Asian trade.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 10 Changing Times Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 10 Changing Times

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write complete sentences.

Question 1.
The history of Indo-Greeks is known through their _____________
(a) literature
(b) inscription
(c) coins
(d) pottery
Answer:
(c) coins

Question 2.
Gupta dynasty was founded by _____________
(a) Sri Gupta
(b) Ghatotkach
(c) Samudragupta
(d) Ramgupta
Answer:
(a) Sri Gupta

Question 3.
After accession by defeating the Shakas _____________ took up the title of ‘Vikramaditya’.
(a) Chandragupta II
(b) Ramgupta
(c) Chandragupta I
(d) Kumaragupta
Answer:
(a) Chandragupta II

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Kshaum	Linen Cloth
(b) Pushpaptta	Cotton Cloth
(c) Dukul	Silk Cloth
(d) Amshuka	Muslin Cloth

Answer:
(b) Pushpatta – Floral designs

2. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
During the Gupta period, the power was concentrated in the hands of local landlords.
Answer:

• During the Gupta period, lands were granted to civil and military officers instead of salaries.
• The roots of the feudal system can be found in this period.
• It is believed that the feudal economy brought about the decline of urban centers.
• Because of revenue tax exemption on the donated land, the revenue too decreased and the royal treasury was depleted.
• It was concentrated in the hands of locals’ landlords. Because of this the king no longer remained in the center of power.

Question 2.
Every tide of the Huna invasion made the Gupta rule weaker.
Answer:

• During the period of Kumargupta son of Chandragupta II, the Huna in India began.
• Kumargupta withheld the attacks of Hunas.
• After Kumargupta, the succeeding kings proved to be incapable of protecting their kingdom.
• Finally, the Gupta empire disintegrated into many and small kingdoms.

3. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Samudragupta performed the Asvamedha sacrifice after Digvijaya.
Answer:

• Samudraguptas ambition was to rule entire India as a unified empire.
• Samudragupta first conquered neighbouring kingdoms.
• After the conquest in the North, he carried out an expedition in the south to conquer the southern kingdoms. The rulers of the regions beyond this conquered area became his feudatories.
• He made them accept his suzerainty.
• After this conquest (Digvijay) Samudragupta performed the Ashwamedha Sacrifice and proclaimed himself as Chakravarti king.

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Gupta Sculptures
Answer:

• The human figure was the central theme of the sculptures in the Gupta period.
• Human sculptures and images of deities were created during this period.
• Sculptures belonging to this period are found at many places such as Sarnath, Devgadh, Ajanta.
• During this period, Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain religious icons were made of stone, metals, and terracotta.

Question 2.
Indo-Roman trade
Answer:

• The Periplus of Erythrean Sea written in the mid 1st century C.E mentions the Red sea and the sea routes connecting coastal lines, ports, provinces, goods exchanged in trade.
• Items like textiles, black pepper, precious stones, ivory, and animals such as monkeys, parrots, and peacocks for entertainment were exported from India.
• Gold coins were the medium of exchange. Coral and liquor were items of import.
• A large amount of these gold coins found in south India gives an extent of the trade.
• The growing trade between Rome and India saw the rise of several markets and cities.
• Ter, Nevasa, Bhokardan were some of the places where commodities were stored.
• The port of Sopara and Kalyan were important centers of Indo-Roman trade.

5. Answers the following questions with the help of given points.

Question 1.
How did the standardization in various sections during the Gupta period take place?
(a) Division of Gupta administration
(b) Changes in economic structure economy of agriculture
(c) Development of Gupta coinage.
Answer:
(a) Division of Gupta Administrations:

• During the Gupta period, the king was the center of administration. The Prince, Amatya (ministers), and advisors helped him. Many times, the prince was appointed as viceroy who looked after the provincial administration.
• Every province was subdivisions These subdivisions were called Vishaya There was an independent administrator appointed to these Visayas. They were known as ‘Vishayapath’.
• ‘Kumaramatya’ were the provincial officers and ‘Ayuktak’ were the officials who looked after the affairs of the districts.
• Gupta’s administration was decentralized. Many decisions were taken.

(b) Changes in the economic structure, economy of agriculture:

• The economic structure of the agricultural system was changed by the Gupta kings.
• They preferred giving land to local farmers for tilling. Land donations were also made for the cause of religion and learning. These lands were tax-free.
• They were called Agraharas
• The civil and military officers were granted land grants instead of salaries. Because of revenue tax exemption on the donated land.
• The power was concentrated on the local landlord
• Sugarcane and wheat were cultivated in the northwest province of the Gupta empire while the rice was cultivated in Magadha and eastern regions.

(c) Development of Gupta Coinage:

• Gold Smiths enjoyed a high social status in this period.
• The gold coins are excellent examples of their skills.
• The beautiful and realistic portrayal of various aspects of the king is the characteristic of Gupta Coins.

Activity

Collect more information about ‘Harshacharita’ written by Banabhatta, with the help of the internet.
Answer:

• ‘Harshacharita’ is a biography of Indian Emperor Harsha by Banabhatta also known as Bana, who was a Sanskrit writer of seventh century C.E., India.
• This work is in Sanskrit. It has been categorized as an akhyayika (legend), a romanticized yet historical account.
• Harshacharita has been written in a florid and fanciful style.
• Bana has in detail and vividly described rural India’s natural environment as well as the extraordinary industry of the Indian people.
• This work presents the emperor’s actions in an overly favourable light.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 9 Post Mauryan India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 9 Post Mauryan India

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write complete sentences.

Question 1.
The last emperor of the Mauryan dynasty was ______________
(a) Ajatshatru
(b) Chandragupta Maurya
(c) Brihadratha
(d) Emperor Ashoka
Answer:
(c) Brihadratha

Question 2.
The Nashik inscription, mentions king ______________ as ‘Trisamudratoyapitavahana’.
(a) Gautamiputra Satakarni
(b) Hala
(c) Yadnashre Satakarni
(d) Simuka
Answer:
(a) Gautamiputra Satakarni

Question 3.
Satavahana King, Hala, compiled ______________
(a) Brihatkatha
(b) Gatha Saptashati
(c) Katantra
(d) Meghadoota
Answer:
(b) Gadha saptashati

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Kalidasa	Malavikagnimitram
(b) Gunadhya	Gatha Saptashati
(c) Sarvavarma	Katantra
(d) Patanjali	Mahabhashya

Answer:
(b) Gunadhya – Brihatkatha

2. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
During the Satavahana period, there was the rise of many trade centers.
Answer:

• During the Satavahana period, many industries and trade flourished.
• Various shrenis (guilds) emerged during this period.
• The trade and industries were controlled with the help of these shrenis. The shrenis also provided loans. Indo-Roman trade also flourished during this period.
• Trade centres like Pratishthan (Paithan), Tagar (Ter), Nasik (Nashik), Karhatak (Karhad) during the Satavahana period.

Question 2.
The caste system became rigid during the Satavahana period.
Answer:

• The society of Satavahanas was organized into four varnas.
• The caste system during this period became deep-rooted.
• The intermixture of varnas and castes, the closed nature of different guilds, need of including foreigners in the social structure were some of the reasons why the caste system became rigid.

3 Give your opinion.

Question 1.
Prakrit language was encouraged during the Satavahanas period.
Answer:

• Learning and art received royal patronage during the Satavahana period.
• Prakrit language and literature flourished during this period.
• Hala, the seventeenth king of the Satavahanas compiled ‘Gathasaptashati’.
  Gunadhya, a minister in his court wrote a text ‘Brihatkatha’ in Prakrit language named Paishachi.
• Thus, the Prakrit language was encouraged during the Satavahanas period.

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Nashik inscription of Gautami Balasri
Answer:

• The reign and achievements of Satavahana Emperor Gautamiputra Satakarni can be found in the Nashik inscription of his mother Gautami Balashri.
• Gautamiputra Satakarni is mentioned as ‘Shakapahlavyavannisudan’ i.e., destroyer of Shakas, Pallavas, and Greeks,
• Satavahanakulayashahpratishthapankar’ i.e., one who reinstalled the success of the Satavahana family and ‘Trisamudratoyapitavahana’ i.e., one whose horses drank the water of the three seas.

Question 2.
Naneghat-ancient trade route in Maharashtra
Answer:

• Naneghat is a mountain pass on the ancient trade route in Maharashtra.
• This route connects the ancient town of ‘Jirnanagar’ (Junnar) and the Kokan province.
• Sopara and Kalyan were the most important trade centers in ancient Maharashtra.
• Internal as well as foreign trade was carried on from these towns.
• Goods imported from Rome were unloaded at Sopara and from there it was carried over to Paithan and Kolhapur.

Question 3.
Gatha Saptashati
Answer:

• Hala compiled several poems in Prakrit. He selected 700 verses and compiled them and named them ‘Gaha Sattasai’ (Gatha Saptashati).
• This was the first text compared in the Maharashtri Prakrit language.
• The subject of these poems portrays human nature and transaction.
• Various religious observance, ethical norms, and contemporary festivals are described in it. Gathasaptasati reflects the social life in Maharashtra of the Satavahana period.

5. Write information about the Satavahana dynasty with the help of given points.

Question 1.
(a) Rise and expansion
(b) Administrative system
(c) Trade and industries
(d) Literature and art
Answer:
(a) Rise and expansion: After the disintegration of the Mauryan Empire, many new powers arose. Among them, the Satavahanas are mentioned as the earliest ruling dynasty in Maharashtra. The Satavahanas ruled over a vast region of Maharashtra, Andhra, and Karnataka. Parithan. Maharashtra was the capital of the Satavahanas. The mention of Puranas the Andhras or Andhrabhrutyas’ Probably these terms refer to the Satavahanas. Simuka was the first Satavahana king to be mentioned in the Naneghat inscription.

The most important king of this dynasty was Shri Satakarni, Hala, Gautamiputra Satakarni and Yajna Satakarni. Gautamiputra Satakarni conquered the Shakas and also Central India and the entire regions of Dakshinapatha. He also established his dominance over the Republic states in Central India and Rajasthan. Gautamiputra proved his strength by gaining victory over Nahapana. The Satavahana rule became weak due to the constant struggle between Shakas and Satavahanas.

(b) Administrative system: The state was divided into small provinces. Every province was under civil and military officials. Civil officials such as ‘Amatya’ ‘Mahabhoj’ and military officials such as ‘Mahasenapati’ and ‘Maharathi’ were appointed. Grama (village) was the smallest unit of administration. Grama was a source of revenue and also for the recruitment of soldiers during war-like situations. Grama was an integral part of the central machinery.

(c) Trade and industries: Agriculture was the main source of income. Along with it many industries and trade flourished. Various Shrenis (Guilds) also emerged during this period. The trade and industries were controlled with the help of these shrenis. Indo-Roman trade also flourished during the Satavahana period. Trade centers like Pratishthan (Paithan), Tagar (Ter), Nasik (Nashik), Karhatak (Karhad) developed during this period. Cotton cloth, muslin, and sackcloth, and other merchandise were the terms of trade. Kalyan, Sopara, Bhadoch were important trade centers.

(d) Literature and art: Learning and art received royal patronage. Prakrit language and literature flourished. Hala compiled ‘Gathasaptashati’. Gunadhya, a minister wrote Brihatkatha in a Prakrit language called Paishachi. Sarvavarma wrote a treatise on Sanskrit grammar named ‘ Katantra’. A new native Indian style emerged in this period. The four gateways (Toranas) of the Sanchi Stupa No.1 built during this period are excellent examples of this style. Many incidents from the life of Gautama Buddha are carved on these gateways. A number of rock-cut caves at Bhaje, Nashik, Karle, etc., belong to this period. Especially the Chaitya at Karle, its magnificent facade entrance and sculptural are the finest examples of the sculptural art of this period.

Activity

Collect information about historical remains in your surrounding area and prepare an information booklet based on the gathered information.
Answer:
Prepare a booklet based on the information gathered on the historical remains.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 8 India During Mauryan Period Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 8 India During Mauryan Period

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
The first well-known king of the Haryank dynasty is _____________
(a) Chandragupta Maurya
(b) Bimbisara
(c) Ajatashatru
(d) Mahapadma
Answer:
(b) Bimbisara

Question 2.
The Nanda dynasty was established by _____________
(a) Dhanananda
(b) Shishunaga
(c) Mahapadma Nanda
(d) Emperor Ashoka
Answer:
(c) Mahapadma Nanda

Question 3.
The great drama in Sankrit literature, Swapnavasavadatta, was written by _____________
(a) Kautilya
(b) Bharat
(c) Kalidasa
(d) Bhasa
Answer:
(d) Bhasa

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Built the foundation of the Magadha Empire	Bimbisara
(b) Brought an end to Nanda rule	Chandragupta Maurya
(c) Chinese traveller who visited India during the period of Chandragupta Maurya	Megasthenes
(d) Changed his mind due to the destruction in Kalinga was	Emperor Ashoka

Answer:
(b) Greek ambassador who visited India during the period of Chandragupta Maurya – Megasthenes

2. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Emperor Ashoka erected many pillars.
Reason _____________
(a) Spread of art
(b) Spread of ‘Dhamma’
(c) Growth of trade
(d) For recognition of his work
Answer:
(a) Spread of art

3. Explain the following Statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Ashoka’s victory at Kalinga proved to be a turning point in history as well as the life of Ashoka.
Answer:

• There was a great loss of human life in this (Kalinga)war. Ashoka became victorious.
• The destruction caused due to the Kalinga war brought about a great change in the mind of Ashoka.
• His mind got diverted towards the non-violent, peaceful Buddhist religion.
• The desire of Digvijaya was replaced by Dharma Vijaya (Dhamma Vijaya).
• His career proved to be important because of the religious ideals propagated by him and the creation of a mechanism to until it in people’s life.

Question 2.
The war between Chandragupta and the Greek King Seleucus was very important.
Answer:

• Chandragupta Maurya defeated the Nandas and established the Mauryan dynasty.
• In the text of Mahavamsa, Chandragupta is referred to as ‘the emperor of Jambudvipa i.e. emperor of Bharatvarsh’.
• The Mauryas created a huge empire by conquering the big and small states in the northwest, north, and southern regions.
• As a consequence, the boundaries of the Mauryan Empire extended to the Hindukush in the northwest.
• The Mauryan Empire extended from Hindukush to the Bay of Bengal in the east and Gujarat in the west, as well as the Himalayas in the north to the Krishna river in the south.
• Thus, the war between Chandragupta and the Greek King Seleucus was very important.

Question 3.
The Mauryan administration acquired a definite form.
Answer:

• Chandragupta Maurya was a valiant king and an efficient administrator.
• He set up a defined mechanism of state administration which suited the economic conditions and the needs of the Maurya empire.
• The Mauryan emperors created a unified empire.
• At the same time, they devised a decentralized administrative system for the efficient functioning of the empire.

4. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Chandragupta Maurya is the first Chakravarti emperor in the history of India.
Answer:

• The concept of ‘Chakravarti’ occurs in the literature on ancient Indian polity.
• The sovereign ruler whose chariot could roll in all four directions without any obstruction was known as Chakravarti.
• It was expected that his rule should be ethical and for the welfare of the state.
• During his tenure, the wheel of ‘Ruta’ remains intact. His rule is on an extended territory.
• Thus, Chandragupta Maurya was the first Chakravarti Emperor.

Question 2.
The rock edicts of Ashoka are an important source of history.
Answer:

• The rock edicts and pillar inscriptions are found in many places in the regions of Afghanistan, Nepal, and India.
• These rock edicts and pillar inscriptions give information about the boundaries of the Mauryan empire.
• Ashoka’s effects to spreads Buddhist ideals and the written evidence of the spread of Buddhism and Indian culture in distant countries through the Buddhist monks sent by Ashoka occurs in these inscriptions.
• Thus, the rock edicts of Ashoka are an important source of history.

Question 3.
Various trade guilds developed during the Mauryan period.
Answer:

• During the Mauryan period, there was an increase in revenue due to a well-organized taxation system.
• Several industries and professions flourished during this period.
• As a result of this these professions were organised into trade guilds, for e.g., there were guilds of carpenters, weavers, farmers, etc.
• Thus, Various trade guilds developed during the Mauryan period.

5. Observe the map/picture on page 58 of your textbook and answer the questions based on it.

Question 1.
Regions included in Ashoka’s Empire.
Answer:
Regions of Afghanistan, Nepal, and India are included in Ashoka’s Empire.

Question 2.
Locations of Ashoka’s rock and pillar edicts.
Answer:
Ashoka’s rock edicts are found in locations such as Mansehra, Taxila, Kalsi, Toshali, Maski, Kupaga, Brahmagiri, Siddhapur, Sopara, Girnar, Kasi, Rupnath, Bairat.
Ashoka’s pillar edicts are found in locations such as Topra, Meerut, Nigliva, Rummindei, Lauruja Nandangarh, Saurya, Araraj, Ramparva, Sanchi, Sannati.

Activity

Collect information about the stupas during the period of Ashoka.
Answer:
In the Mauryan Period, mainly in the period of Ashoka numerous stupas were built and scattered all over the country. The stupas of solid domes were constructed of brick or stone of different sizes. The Ashoka stupas were constructed to celebrate the achievements of the Gautam Buddha. It is said that 84,000 stupas were built all over the country. One example of a stupa constructed by Ashoka is that of Sanchi Stupa.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 7 India and Iran (Persia) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 7 India and Iran (Persia)

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
The Greek historian ___________ is said to be the father of modern historiography.
(a) Herodotus
(b) Alexander
(c) Scylax
(d) Daryush
Answer:
(a) Herodotus

Question 2.
Taxila was ruled by King ___________ at the time of Alexander’s advent.
(a) Chandragupta
(b) Ambhi
(c) Porus
(d) Shashigupta
Answer:
(b) Ambhi

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Persopolis	City built by Daryush-I
(b) Halicarnassus	Herodotus was born here
(c) Taxila	Centre of knowledge and education
(d) Nysa	Persian settlement

Answer:
(d) Nysa – Greek settlement

1C. Write the names.

Question 1.
Last emperor of Achaemenid Empire-
Answer:
Daryush – III

Question 2.
Name of coins issued by Daryush-I
Answer:
Darik and Siglos

2. Explain the statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Alexander invaded Persia.
Answer:

• The Persians invaded Greece but were defeated. Thereafter the conflict between the Achaemenids and Greeks continued over a prolonged time.
• An impact of this conflict was to manifest in the way of the invasion of Persia by Alexander III, the King of Macedonia.
• Thus, Alexander invaded Persia.

Question 2.
Alexanders’ invasion of India did not have a far-reaching impact on the political scenario of India.
Answer:

• Alexander invaded India and conquered some kingdoms from Afghanistan to Sindh-Punjab. He could not however establish his rule for a long time.
• After his confrontation with Porus, Alexander proceeded in the direction of Chenab and Ravi.
• He conquered the kingdoms on the way and reached the bank of Beas. Alexander’s soldiers had lost spirit and they refused to march forward.
• Before setting on the return journey. Alexander handed over the regions in Punjab to Porus and those in Sindh to Ambhi.
• He appointed Greek satraps and in 325 B.C.E.
• Alexander died in Babylon. After his death, Chandragupta Maurya established his vast empire from Bihar to Afghanistan.

3. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Herodotus is said to be the father of modern history writing.
Answer:

• Herodotus was the first historian who collected information-seeking answers to a particular question and then put it in chronological order. While doing this he did not bring in notions like a god, human destiny, etc.
• Putting historical events in a chronological sequence became an essential theme of history writing.
• This theme proved to be fundamental in the development of history writing as an independent discipline.
• Therefore, Herodotus is said to be the father of historiography.

Question 2.
Ancient Taxila was the center of knowledge and education.
Answer:

• Buddhist literature and writings of the Greek historians give information about Taxila.
• There were several learned individuals (Acharyas) staying in Taxila.
• Many students from various regions of the Indian subcontinent were attracted to Taxila because of the fame of the acharyas.
• Thus, Taxila had become a great center of education.
• Thereby it had assumed the magnitude of a natural university.

4. Answers the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Describe the political and cultural effects of the Achaemenid rule on India.
Answer:

• The Persian supremacy prevailed in the Indian subcontinent for at least two centuries.
• The Persian rulers set up an administrative system.
• Every conquered region was annexed to their territory as a satrapy and a satrap (governor) was appointed as its chief administrator.
• A newly opened waterway for the transport between Persia and the Indian subcontinent facilitated trade between Achaemenid provinces in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent and the regions of Sindh-Punjab.
• The ivory and teak exported from India had great demand in the Persian markets. The architects, sculptors, and other artisans lost the royal patronage so they had to move out in search of work. They migrated to India.
• They received royal patronage in the court of emperor Ashoka. Their style is reflected in the stone pillars erected by Emperor Ashoka.
• Thus, the sculptural art in ancient India has its roots in the Persian; and accordingly, in the Greek sculptural style.

Question 2.
Describe Alexander’s invasion of India.
Answer:

• Alexander invaded the Indian subcontinent and conquered some kingdoms from Afghanistan to Sindh-Punjab.
• He, however, could not establish his rule there for a long time.
• Alexander became the king of Macedonia in 334 B.C.E. He defeated emperor Daryush III in 331 B.C.E.
• After conquering the region of Kabul, he reached the foothills of the Hindukush mountains.
• Then he camped at a place called Nicaea situated on Uttarapatha. Ambhi welcomed Alexander and sought friendship with him.
• Alexander conquered almost all kingdoms in Kabul, Sindh, and Punjab.
• On the bank of Jhelum, Alexander and King Porus confronted each other and there was a fierce battle between them.
• Porus was defeated but Alexander and his army were greatly influenced by his valour.
• Alexander’s soldiers had lost spirit due to the frequent battles and refused to march forward. Alexander was forced to return.
• Before returning, Alexander handed over the regions in Punjab.

Activity

Collect additional information about the palace at Persepolis and Apadana at Susa with the help of the internet.
Answer:

• Persepolis was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire.
• Earliest evidence shows that the earliest remains of Persepolis date back to 515 BC.
• Apadana at Susa.
• Apadana is a large hypostyle hall. The palace complex in Susa, Iran, the capital of the Achaemenid Empire.
• The construction was parallel to that of Persepolis. This palace was built during the reign of Darius I, the Great.