Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Solutions Chapter 4 Human Development Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Solutions Chapter 4 Human Development

1A. Complete the following statements.

Question 1.
The rate of development in each stage is ____________
a. same
b. different
c. slow
Answer:
b. different

Question 2.
Developmental changes occur in ____________ pattern.
a. predictable
b. unpredictable
c. uncertain
Answer:
a. predictable

Question 3.
The period between conception to birth is called ____________
a. post-natal
b. perinatal
c. prenatal
Answer:
c. prenatal

Question 4.
____________ period is also known as the period of identity crisis.
a. Childhood
b. Middle age
c. Adolescence
Answer:
c. Adolescence

1B. Match the following pairs.

Question 1.

A	B
1. Early childhood	a. A single fertilized cell
2. Adolescence	b. From the second week to two years after birth
3. Infancy	c. Age of questioning
4. Zygote	d. Adjusting to the new environment after birth
5. Neonatal period	e. Storm and stress

Answer:

A	B
1. Early childhood	c. Age of questioning
2. Adolescence	e. Storm and stress
3. Infancy	b. From the second week to two years after birth
4. Zygote	a. A single fertilized cell
5. Neonatal period	d. Adjusting to the new environment after birth

1C. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
Development has a specific and continuous pattern.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Development proceeds from specific to general.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Development proceeds from dependency to independence.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
All the changes in an individual are due to development.
Answer:
False

1D. Identify the odd item from the following.

Question 1.
Zygote, Neonate, Embryo, Foetus
Answer:
Neonate

Question 2.
Early childhood, Neonate, Foetus, Infancy
Answers:
Foetus

2. Explain the following concepts.

Question 1.
Explain characteristics of human development.
Answer:
The characteristics of human development are as follows:
i. Development follows a specific pattern:
Like other species, human beings follow a specific pattern and sequence of development in the prenatal and postnatal periods. They may skip a particular stage, but the order or pattern will remain the same. The specific pattern is observed in behavioral development as well. Sexual development also starts at a specific age.

ii. Development takes place in a specific direction: Development takes place during the prenatal and postnatal stages based on the two principles of development, viz. Cephalocaudal principle (development proceeds from the head to toe) and Proximodistal principle (development proceeds from the center of the body to outward).

iii. Development is continuous: There are various stages of the human life span like prenatal, infancy, early childhood, late childhood and adolescence, early youth, adulthood, and old age. One stage of development lays the foundation for the next stage. The rate of development varies across stages.

iv. Development proceeds from general to specific: The infant’s first motor movements are very generalized; like reflexes and non-directional waving arms or kicking before being able to reach or crawl towards an object. The child uses his full hand before developing finger dexterity.

v. There are individual differences in development: Although the pattern and sequence for growth and development are usually the same for all, the rate at which every individual reaches that stage is different. Some individuals attain a particular stage very early while others mature late.

vi. The rate of development is different for different body parts: The child first develops control over his neck then raises his head resting on his chest, then sits, crawls, and finally starts walking.

vii. Development leads to integration: A child starts producing sounds first, then monosyllable, then words, then sentences, and then complex sentences. This is how development leads to integration. In this process, physical and mental growth does not occur simultaneously.

viii. Behavioural problems are normal for a particular stage: There are certain behavioural patterns observed in every stage. Any variation in that pattern need not necessarily be labelled as abnormal. This is because some behavioural patterns perceived as problems by parents may subside with age.

ix. Development is predictable: The rate of development is fairly constant for every child. So, it is possible to predict a child’s development.

x. The child develops as a unified whole: Physical and mental development, as well as socio-cultural factors, influence each other and in turn, affect the development of an individual as a whole.

Question 2.
Why is the prenatal period the most crucial period in development?
Answer:
A period between conception till birth is called a prenatal period. It is the most crucial period in development due to the following factors:

• Heredity serves as the foundation for later development.
• Favourable conditions in the mother’s womb can foster the development of hereditary potentials while unfavourable conditions can block their development.
• Sex determination takes place during the first three months of life.
• Proportionally faster growth and development take place during the prenatal period as compared to an individual’s entire life.
• Failure to take proper care of the mother may lead to physical and psychological hazards to the unborn child.

Question 3.
What are the developmental tasks?
Answer:
There is a set of expectations about changes in an individual at a certain age based upon the norms of development. This set is known as a developmental task. The developmental tasks at different stages are as follows:

• Prenatal stage: In this stage, the child is completely dependent on the mother for nourishment. There is the rapid development of physical systems and organs.
• Neonatal stage: The child is still dependent on the mother and there is the development of initial reflexes.
• Infancy: This stage is associated with motor, cognitive and psychosocial development as well as rapid physical development.
• Early childhood: Although physical development is comparatively slow, we observe increased cognitive and linguistic development. It is also associated with the beginning of socialization.
• Late childhood: School provides an opportunity for overall development during this stage. There is the development of physical, mental, cognitive, and psychosocial abilities.
• Adolescence: Rapid visible physical changes occur in this stage. Also, the concept of self-identity and career-related awareness begins to develop.
• Early adulthood: Individual completes education and chooses his career. He also chooses a suitable partner and gives importance to family responsibilities.
• Late adulthood: There are more family and occupational responsibilities. Adults in this stage take responsibility of their parents. Also, women go through menopause and men experience andropause.
• Old age: Retirement life begins in this stage. Leisure is forced on people due to old age. People also experience many health problems. Also, they start thinking about death.

Question 4.
Describe the neonatal stage.
Answer:
The neonatal stage is the period from birth to two weeks.

• During this period, a newborn starts adjusting to the external environment, e.g. outside temperature.
• The neonate sleeps for around 18 to 20 hours.
• The characteristics of the neonatal stage are as follows:
  • It is the shortest of all developmental periods.
  • It is the time of radical adjustment.
  • It can be a hazardous period, both physically (because the neonate has to make radical adjustments to the new and different environment) and psychologically (because it is the time when the attitudes of significant people in neonate’s life will have an effect on his development).

Question 5.
What are the characteristics of early childhood?
Answer:
The early childhood stage extends from two years to about six years. The characteristics of early childhood are as follows:

• Parents call this age ‘toy age’ as children play with toys.
• Educators call this age ‘preschool age’ as the child starts going to preschool.
• Psychologists term this age as ‘pre-gang age’ as in the previous stage the child plays alone and does not share his toys but now he starts mixing around.
• Children in this stage experience stranger anxiety or separation anxiety.

Question 6.
Write the characteristics of late childhood.
Answer:
The late childhood stage ranges from six years to 11 years of age. The characteristics of late childhood are as follows:

• Children in this stage are curious by nature and experiment with new ideas. They are not satisfied with lame answers. For many parents, late childhood is a troublesome age.
• Educators regard late childhood as a critical period in the achievement drive. According to educationalists, this is the age of skill development.
• For psychologists, late childhood is the gang age. During this stage, boys and girls make their separate gangs.

Question 7.
Describe the problems during adolescence.
Answer:

• Internet addiction: Adolescents indulge more in social media (WhatsApp, Facebook) and online games. Their addiction to the internet due to these applications results in problems like lack of concentration and social interaction.
• College dropouts: Some adolescents may leave college before completing their graduation due to financial or academic problems.
• Identity crisis: Adolescents are confused about ‘who they are because they are neither children nor adults. Parents treat them differently in different situations. Some adolescents pursue a psychological moratorium, i.e. a period in which they take time off from the upcoming responsibility of adulthood to explore various roles and possibilities.
• Depression: When adolescents experience a breakup in a relationship, failure in exams, or death of a loved one, they experience feelings of sadness, loss, or grief. Sometimes, they feel so hopeless that they stop following normal routines. Depression could be due to genetic and environmental factors.
• Suicide: Although girls attempt suicide more frequently than boys, the rate of adolescent suicide is higher for boys. This is because boys use violent means to commit suicide. Social inhibition, perfectionism, and a high level of stress/anxiety create a higher risk of suicidal attempts.

Question 8.
Write a note on adulthood.
Answer:

• Adulthood ranges from 21 years to 40 years.
• The prime concerns for a young adult are personal career choice and economic independence.
• At this stage, an individual tries to settle in his life. Men and women take responsibility for their families and start earning money.
• The characteristics of Adulthood are as follows:
  • Adulthood is the age of settling down. Once they are legally mature, adults have to shoulder their own responsibility.
  • Adulthood is the reproductive age.
  • Problems faced in this stage are different from those faced at earlier stages.
  • An adult tries to establish himself in life and so, experiences tension.
  • As adults start working and get married, they don’t get time to mingle around with their friends like earlier.
  • They have to adjust to new patterns of life.
  • Adulthood is a time of changing experiences and changes in the value system.
  • Early adulthood is the time of adjustment to the new lifestyle.

Question 9.
Explain the adjustment problems in middle age.
Answer:
The middle age or late adulthood period ranges between 40 years to 60 years. The adjustment problems in this stage are as follows:

• It is a time of transition where both men and women leave their physical and behavioural characteristics of adulthood.
• It is a dreaded period due to mental and physical deterioration. The capacity of reproduction, as well as mental and physical capacities, slowly begins to decline.
• It is the time of more responsibilities. They assist the next generation to be competent.
• It is a time of stress as there is a radical financial burden.
• People in this stage may experience nervous breakdown and anxiety.
• It is the time of ‘Empty Nest’ as children go out for higher education, job or get married.

Question 10.
Discuss the application of the principles of human development in different fields.
Answer:

• There are two principles of development, viz. Cephalocaudal principle (development proceeds from the head to toe) and Proximodistal principle (development proceeds from the center of the body to outward).
• These principles prove helpful to doctors while evaluating the development of an individual. Further, the application of the cephalocaudal principle can also be seen in corporate organizations where decisions taken by the board of directors at the top level are communicated to and implemented by managers and workers. Similarly, the proximodistal principle applies to the development of cities from the center to the outward peripheries.

3. Compare and contrast.

Question 1.
Growth and development
Answer:

• Growth is quantitative change and it refers to physical changes. On the other hand, development is qualitative change and it includes physical as well as mental changes.
• Growth is perceived through changes in size, weight as age advances and it is a part of development. Development is perceived through changes in behaviour and it is all-inclusive in nature.

Question 2.
Maturation and development
Answer:

• Maturation refers to a natural unfolding of the genetic potential at the appropriate time in the course of development. Maturation denotes changes in specific behavioural patterns while development denotes qualitative changes.
• Maturation changes are genetic and cannot be speeded up. On the other hand, development results from an interaction between maturation and exposure to training as well as environmental factors.

Question 3.
Prenatal and post-natal stages of development
Answer:

• A period between conception till birth is called the prenatal period while the period after birth till death is called a post-natal period.
• The stages in the prenatal period are the germinal stage, embryonic stage, and fetal stage while the post-natal period consists of a neonatal stage, early childhood, late childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, late adulthood, and old age.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Solutions Chapter 3 Self Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Solutions Chapter 3 Self

1A. Complete the following statements.

Question 1.
The self-concept begins to form when ___________
a. a one and half-year-old child recognizes her image in the mirror
b. an infant is able to distinguish his body from the rest in his surrounding
c. a child recognizes his/herself as a boy or a girl
Answer:
b. an infant is able to distinguish his body from the rest in his surrounding

Question 2.
According to Carl Rogers, every individual strives for ___________
a. achievement
b. self-actualization
c. status in society
Answer:
b. self-actualisation

Question 3.
Self-esteem is a sense of self-worth that depends upon ___________
a. actual performance of an individual
b. self-perception of one’s own performance
c. other people’s performance perception of one’s
Answer:
b. self-perception of one’s own performance

Question 4.
Ability to monitor our actions and feelings, is called ___________
a. self-regulation
b. self-awareness
c. self-efficacy
Answer:
a. self-regulation

1B. State whether the following statements are true or false and give a reason for your answer.

Question 1.
Congruence between the real self and ideal self is an indicator of good mental health.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Congruence between the real self and ideal self leads to a greater sense of self-worth and thereby, indicates good mental health.

Question 2.
Namrata aspires to become a pilot but she should not be encouraged because one must choose a profession appropriate to their gender.
Answer:
False
Reason: It is wrong to think that profession should be chosen based on one’s gender. Gender roles are diluting in modern times.

Question 3.
People with high self-esteem are not necessarily the ones who are always successful.
Answer:
True
Explanation: People with high self-esteem may not always succeed. But they have high self-worth even when they encounter failure.

Question 4.
Accepting mistakes helps improving self-esteem.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Accepting mistakes enables a person to take steps to correct them in the future and thereby, improve self-esteem.

Question 5.
Self-awareness is a necessary attribute to have a healthy self-concept.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Self-awareness enables a person to have realistic perception of oneself and thereby, helps in the formation of healthy self-concept.

1C. Identify the odd item from the following.

Question 1.
Goal-orientation, Internal values, Feeling of superiority, Positivity
Answer:
Feeling of superiority

Question 2.
Fear of risks, Fear of uncertainty, Self-confidence, Impression management
Answer:
Self-confidence

Question 3.
Self-indulgence, Self-awareness, Self-efficacy, Self-esteem
Answers:
Self-indulgence

1D. Match the following pairs.

Question 1.

A	B
1. Rentsch and Heffener model	a. A sense of self-worth
2. Carl Rogers	b. Monitoring one’s own actions
3. Congruence between ideal and real self	c. Confidence in one’s own abilities to complete a task
4. Self-esteem	d. Categories of self-concept
5. Self-regulation	e. Fully functioning person
6. Self-efficacy	f. Good mental health

Answer:

A	B
1. Rentsch and Heffener model	d. Categories of self-concept
2. Carl Rogers	e. Fully functioning person
3. Congruence between ideal and real self	f. Good mental health
4. Self-esteem	a. A sense of self-worth
5. Self-regulation	b. Monitoring one’s own actions
6. Self-efficacy	c. Confidence in one’s own abilities to complete a task

2. Answer the following questions in around 35-40 words each.

Question 1.
How do we develop a concept of our ‘self’ as we grow?
Answer:

• Till six months: A child is unaware of himself.
• As the child grows, he develops a distinction between ‘me’ and ‘what is not me’.
• By the age of two: The child becomes aware of general expectations.
• By the age of three: The child starts recognizing himself and others as boys or girls.
• At the age of five-six: The child begins to compare himself to others.
• Between the age of three-twelve: Self-concept is based on developing talents and skills.
• Adolescence: It involves perspective taking, i.e. understanding other’s points of view.

Question 2.
Explain the sex identity and sex role as a part of the self-concept.
Answer:

• Gender identity is the perception of oneself as male or female. It is the biological aspect of self-concept.
• Gender role is psycho-social in nature as it is determined by the family atmosphere and cultural influences through which the child learns. It is an acquired attribute of self-concept.

Question 3.
What are the ways in which we can achieve congruence between the ideal self and the real self?
Answer:
Some of the ways in which we can achieve congruence between the ideal self and the real self are:

• Recognizing one’s own potential
• Taking steps to achieve one’s full potential
• Having trust in one’s own competence
• Being positive and rational

Question 4.
Why is the congruence between the ideal self and the real self is very significant to enjoy psychological well-being?
Answer:

• High congruence between the real self and ideal self leads to the formation of accurate self-concept.
• It also results in a greater sense of self-worth and contributes to a healthy productive life.
• Hence, congruence between the ideal self and the real self is significant to enjoy psychological well-being.

Question 5.
What is meant by self-esteem?
Answer:

• Self-esteem is a general evaluation of an individual along a dimension. It is the respect one has for himself.
• According to Seligman, ‘self-esteem is your overall evaluation of your worth as a person, high or low, based on all positive and negative self-perceptions.

Question 6.
Describe the characteristics of individuals with high self-esteem.
Answer:
Some characteristics of individuals with high self-esteem are as follows:

• Positive
• Responsible
• Committed to goals
• Strong internal values
• Genuine and forgiving
• Desire for self-improvement

Question 7.
What are the ways to improve one’s self-esteem? Give example.
Answer:

1. Some ways to improve one’s self-esteem are as follows:
   • Eliminate negative self-talk
   • Recognize your strengths
   • Recognize self-worth
   • Accept mistakes
   • Accept rejection
2. e.g. When Neha accepted rejection in interviews as a part of life, she started looking at it in a positive way. This improved her self-esteem.

Question 8.
What are the characteristics of individuals with self-efficacy? Give examples.
Answer:

• Individuals with high self-efficacy have accurate self-evaluation and are willing to take risks. They are confident and experience a sense of accomplishment. e.g. Emerging entrepreneurs often have high self-efficacy.
• Individuals with low self-efficacy fear uncertainty and failure. They are afraid to take risks. e.g. After losing five games in a row, players in the football team suffered from low self-efficacy.

Question 9.
What is self-image?
Answer:

• Self-image is a personal view or mental picture that we have of ourselves. It is a collection of an individual’s assets (strengths) and liabilities (weaknesses).
• Body image, i.e. how we think, feel, and react to our physical attributes, is also a part of self-image.

Question 10.
What are the ways to regulate self? Give examples.
Answer:

1. Some ways to regulate self are as follows:
   • Being aware of one’s own actions
   • Being able to evaluate the impact of one’s actions
   • Being able to predict others’ reactions
2. e.g. When Aditya realized that his anger outbursts scare his toddler, he felt guilty and decided to stop it. He used anger management techniques to regulate himself during such situations.

3. Compare and contrast

Question 1.
Ideal self — Real self
Answer:

• The ideal self is what we want to be while the real self is what we actually are.
• The ideal self represents our dynamic ambitions and goals. It comprises of some goals which are beyond our reach. On the other hand, the real self is our inner personality. It may not be perfect but it is our real part.

Question 2.
Private self — Objective self-awareness
Answer:

• The development of the private self takes place between the age of five to six while objective self-awareness develops during adolescence.
• Private self begins to develop when children learn that they can lie and keep secrets. There is the hidden side of the self which includes thoughts, feelings, and desires which parents are unaware of. On the other hand, objective self-awareness develops when adolescents seek to become the center of attraction and popularity. To achieve this, they accept a group’s mannerisms and behavioural patterns.

Question 3.
People with high self-esteem and People with low self-esteem
Answer:

• People with high self-esteem are positive, responsible, genuine, and committed to their goals. On the other hand, people with low self-esteem are negative, need externally oriented goals, and are impatient with themselves as well as others.
• People with high self-esteem have strong internal values and forgiving nature. They continuously seek to improve themselves. Conversely, those with low self-esteem are unhappy and experience anxiety. They may also have a superiority or inferiority complex.

4. How will you deal with the following situations if it were you in those situations?

Question (a).
Grishma thinks she is extremely good-looking – which is not true in reality – she aspires to become a star model.
Answer:
I feel few important characteristics to become a star model are confidence, physical fitness, gracefulness, and determination.

I will talk to Grishma about the incongruence between her ‘real self’ (self-image) and ‘ideal self. I will also make her understand that even though she is not extremely good-looking, she can actualize her potential by taking efforts to sharpen her other positive attributes.

Question (b).
Harshad is avoiding places where he has to meet many people as he wears spectacles and he has got lot of pimples.
Answer:

• I will make Harshad realize that his pimples or spectacles do not define ‘who he is’ or, determine his worth as a person. So, he should not let it impact him in a negative manner.
• I will also highlight his strengths to make him understand that his ‘self-concept’ should be based on a broader range of aspects than just a body image. I will also encourage him to engage in diverse social interactions to improve his sense of self-worth.

Question (c).
Sushma is too short so she does not mix with others.
Answer:

• I will talk to Sushma that being short is not something she should be ashamed of. Her height is just one aspect of her personality. She should not let it come in the way of her social interactions.
• I will also motivate Sushma to interact with others so that she can build strong and long-lasting social connections. It will make her feel positive and happy.

5. Write short notes in 50-60 words each.

Question 1.
Gender role
Answer:

• Gender role is an acquired attribute of self-concept which is psycho-social by nature.
• It is determined by the family atmosphere as well as cultural influences where the child learns through observation and imitation.
• e.g. if a girl is assertive and practical, she may be considered to be ‘masculine. This is because these attributes are usually associated with boys.
• However, gender-based roles are diluting in modern times. Society is approving and accepting these changes with an open mind.
• e.g. Pt. Birjoo Maharaj, Sanjeev Kapoor, Vikram Gaikwad are famous in female-dominated areas while Phogat sisters, Kalpana Chawla, Kiran Bedi are successful in male-dominated areas.

For your understanding

• Due to societal expectations, both males and females are expected to behave in certain ways, e.g. men are taught that they should be strong. If they cry, it is considered to be ‘girl’.
• However, now people have begun to realize that there is nothing wrong if a man takes up a feminine role or a woman behaves in a masculine way.

Question 2.
Carl Rogers’ theory of self
Answer:

• According to Carl Rogers, every individual has a tendency to actualize himself.
• Two important concepts related to Roger’s theory are the real self and the ideal self.
• The real self is what we actually are while the ideal self is what we want to be. The real self has a tendency to actualize himself. But the ideal self may consist of some goals which are beyond our reach.
• High congruence between the real self and ideal self leads to healthy productive life while a large gap or incongruence between them leads to maladjustment.
• By trying to achieve our full potential, we strive to be fully functioning individuals, i.e. achieve self-actualization.
• People who achieve self-actualization are well-balanced, well-adjusted, and interesting.

Question 3.
Self-efficacy
Answer:

• Self-efficacy is a person’s belief in his ability to accomplish some specific goal or a task.
• It depends on his trust in his own competency. Competence can vary between different situations, e.g. a person’s self-efficacy may be high in painting but low in cooking.
• Self-efficacy is based on ‘Social cognitive theory. The theory holds that humans actively shape their lives rather than passively reacting to the environment.
• Maddux defined self-efficacy as ‘what I believe I can do with my skills under certain conditions.
• Two factors related to efficacy are outcome expectancies (skills required to complete the goal) and efficacy expectancies (person’s analysis about whether he has those capacities).
• Self-efficacy can be improved by reinforcing oneself, developing one’s own skillset, choosing a role model for a particular activity and following him, seeking constructive feedback from others, and learning techniques to control one’s own emotional arousal.

Question 4.
Self-awareness
Answer:

• Self-awareness is the quality or trait that involves conscious awareness of one’s thoughts, feelings, behaviours, and traits.
• In order to have a proper self-concept, one must have some level of self-awareness, i.e. understanding that a person has a separate identity from others.
• According to Piaget, self-consciousness starts emerging between 15-24 months.
• Self-awareness is necessary before the child becomes aware of being a focus of attention. It enables him to understand what others are feeling. It also enables him to identify what belongs to him and what belongs to others.

Question 5.
Self-esteem
Answer:

• According to Seligman, ‘self-esteem is your overall evaluation of your worth as a person, high or low, based on all positive and negative self-perceptions. It is the respect one has for himself.
• A person may have various levels of self-esteem, e.g. a girl may have high self-esteem about her intelligence but may have low self-esteem about her looks.
• People with high self-esteem are positive, responsible, genuine, and committed to their goals. They have strong internal values and forgiving nature. They continuously seek to improve themselves.
• On the other hand, people with low self-esteem are negative, need externally oriented goals, and are impatient with themselves as well as others. They are unhappy and experience anxiety. They may also have a superiority or inferiority complex.
• Some of the ways to improve one’s self-esteem are as follows:
  • Eliminate negative self-talk
  • Recognize your strengths
  • Recognise self-worth
  • Accept mistakes
  • Accept rejection

Question 6.
Self-regulation
Answer:

• Self-regulation is being able to control our own thoughts, feelings, and actions for our own benefit.
• It involves monitoring one’s own actions and reactions. When one engages in self-regulation, he avoids impulsive reactions.
• It also involves predicting the consequences of our behaviour and avoiding behavioural patterns which can negatively affect ourselves or others in the future.
• Self-regulation also involves focusing on certain parts of life and ignoring some other parts for the time being, e.g. as exams approach, a person will stop spending time on Netflix and focus on studies.
• Higgins’ research on regulatory focus showed that people either have promotion regulatory focus or prevention regulatory focus.
• It means people either focus on achieving positive outcomes or don’t do anything in order to prevent negative outcomes.
• Self-regulation has crucial implications in our life.

6. Answer the following questions in 150-200 words.

Question 1.
Give a detailed account of the development of an individual’s self-concept through the stages of life.
Answer:

• On average, till the age of six months, the child is unaware of himself. As the child grows, he starts making distinctions between his own body and everything else.
• In normal children, face recognition with a mirror occurs at the average age of one and half years. They are capable of pretend play. They also start using personal pronouns, (I, me, mine).
• By the age of two, the child becomes aware of general expectations (what is good/ bad behaviour). They smile when people smile at them and frown when others get angry. They also develop a sense of self by comparing themselves with the standard role model (beginning of self-esteem).
• By the age of three, children start recognizing themselves and others as boys or girls.
• Between the age of three to twelve, the self-concept is defined mainly in terms of sex, age, family, and what the child believes he or she can or can’t do.
• When schooling starts at the age of five-six, a child begins to compare himself to others (beginning of social comparison). Also, the development of the private self-concept takes place during this stage.
• The final unfolding of self-concept during adolescence involves perspective taking, i.e. thinking and understanding other’s point of view. They might even enter into the stage of objective self-awareness.

Question 2.
Explain the theory of the self as proposed by Carl Rogers.
Answer:

• According to Carl Rogers, every individual has a tendency to actualize himself.
• Rogers also asserted that mentally healthy individuals have congruence between their experience and their self-concept while neurotic individuals deny awareness of their sensory and emotional experience.
• Two important concepts related to Roger’s theory are the real self and the ideal self.
• The real self (self-image) is what we actually are while the ideal self is what we want to be. The real self is our inner personality while the ideal self represents our dynamic ambitions and goals.
• The real self has a tendency to actualize himself. But the ideal self may consist of some goals which are beyond our reach. This may result in the gap between the real self and the ideal self.
• High congruence between the real self and ideal self leads to a greater sense of self-worth and healthy productive life while a large gap or incongruence between them leads to maladjustment.
• By trying to achieve our full potential, we strive to be fully functioning individuals, i.e., achieve self-actualization.
• Self-actualization means recognizing and exploring one’s full potential. People who achieve self-actualization are well-balanced, well-adjusted, and interesting.

Congruent

The self-image is similar to the ideal self.
There is more overlap.
This person can self-actualize.

Incongruent

The self-image is different from the ideal self.
There is only a little overlap.
Here self-actualization will be difficult.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Solutions Chapter 2 Branches of Psychology Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Solutions Chapter 2 Branches of Psychology

1A. Complete the following statements.

Question 1.
The branches of Psychology that explore relationships among different variables and human behaviour are known as ___________ Psychology.
a. Theoretical
b. Applied
c. Common
Answer:
a. Theoretical

Question 2.
The study of human behaviour at the workplace is the concern of ___________ Psychology.
a. Social
b. Industrial
c. Experimental
Answer:
b. Industrial

Question 3.
One can study the problems of adolescence in ___________
a. Developmental
b. Social
c. Cognitive
Answer:
a. Developmental

Question 4.
___________ Psychology is concerned with diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.
a. Counselling
b. Cognitive
c. Clinical
Answer:
c. Clinical

1B. Identify the odd item from the following.

Question 1.
Experimental Psychology, Social Psychology, Industrial Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Answer:
Industrial Psychology

Question 2.
Clinical psychology, Industrial Psychology, Sports Psychology, Abnormal Psychology
Answer:
Abnormal Psychology

1C. Match the following pairs.

Question 1.

A	B
1. Developmental Psychology	a) Studies organisations, human factor design, and employee training
2. Criminal Psychology	b) Studies how people become who they are from conception to death
3. Educational Psychology	c) Studies thinking process
4. Industrial Psychology	d) Helps educators to promote learning
5. Social Psychology	e) Studies criminal behaviour
6. Cognitive Psychology	f) Studies the influence of other people upon an individual’s behaviour

Answer:

A	B
1. Developmental Psychology	b) Studies how people become who they are from conception to death
2. Criminal Psychology	e) Studies criminal behaviour
3. Educational Psychology	d) Helps educators to promote learning
4. Industrial Psychology	a) Studies organisations, human factor design, and employee training
5. Social Psychology	f) Studies the influence of other people upon an individual’s behaviour
6. Cognitive Psychology	c) Studies thinking process

2. Compare and contrast.

Question 1.
Theoretical and applied branches of Psychology.
Answer:
In theoretical branches, psychologists concentrate on carrying out research and forming theories while applied branches help individuals to use the knowledge gained from research to solve their problems.

The main aim of theoretical branches is to develop principles and establish laws in order to explain behaviour of human beings while the main objective of applied branches is to put knowledge into practice by helping individuals to adjust to their real-life situations.

Some theoretical branches are Developmental Psychology, Child Psychology, Social Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Experimental Psychology, Abnormal Psychology while some applied branches are Educational Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Counselling Psychology, Criminal Psychology, Sports Psychology, Industrial Psychology.

For your understanding
The activities of applied psychology range from conducting field studies for finding practical solutions to problems to directly providing services to concerned individuals or organizations.

Question 2.
Abnormal Psychology and Clinical Psychology
Answer:
Abnormal Psychology is a theoretical branch that studies the unusual behavioural, emotional, and thinking patterns in individuals while Clinical Psychology is an applied branch that studies diagnoses and treats emotional and behavioural problems.

Abnormal Psychology aims to study the causes and factors leading to abnormal reactions like excessive suspiciousness, mental retardation, extreme mood swings, etc. On the other hand, Clinical Psychology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness, marital and familial conflicts, drug addiction, depression, delinquency, etc.

3. Write Short Notes.

Question 1.
Clinical Psychology
Answer:

• Clinical Psychology is an applied branch that studies, diagnoses, and treats emotional and behavioural problems in individuals like mental illness, marital and familial conflict, drug addiction, severe depression, alcoholism, delinquency, etc.
• For diagnosis, clinical psychologists collect detailed information regarding the client through psychological tests and by conducting interviews of clients as well as their family and friends.
• Once the problem is diagnosed, they use appropriate psychotherapy to help the client overcome his problem.
• Clinical psychologists usually work in hospitals and community health centers or they may have their private practice.
• Clinical Psychology is the largest subfield of Psychology.

Question 2.
Cognitive Psychology
Answer:

• Cognitive Psychology concentrates on higher mental processes such as thinking, reasoning, and decision making.
• It is concerned with the study of attention, perception, language development, thinking, memory, and problem-solving.
• It also answers questions related to the disruption of memory, different types of learning styles and disorders, causes of speech impairment as well as the functioning of decision-making mechanisms.

Question 3.
Developmental Psychology
Answer:

• Developmental Psychology studies changes in behaviour from conception to death.
• It is the scientific study of how and why human beings change over the course of their life.
• It examines changes across three major dimensions, viz. physical, cognitive, and social development.
• It aims to explain how thinking, feeling, and behaviour change throughout life.
• It may study a specific period of life like childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age.

Question 4.
Industrial Psychology
Answer:

• Industrial Psychology is concerned with behaviour of people working in an organization.
• Industrial psychologists play a crucial role in selection and placement, workforce motivation, and job satisfaction as well as appraisals and grievances.
• They help to enhance motivation, group morale, and leadership skills among the employees.
• Consumer Psychology is a branch of Industrial Psychology that deals with consumer behaviour, quality of products, brand loyalty, and influence of advertisement on purchasing.

4. Suggest an appropriate branch of psychology related to the following situations.

Question 1.
A husband and wife do not understand each other so they keep fighting.
Answer:
Counselling Psychology

Question 2.
My friend’s father lost his job and he is in depression.
Answer:
Clinical Psychology

Question 3.
A 5th standard student is unable to concentrate.
Answer:
Educational Psychology

Question 4.
I want to study the process of thinking and learning.
Answer:
Cognitive Psychology

Question 5.
I want proper information about attitude, prejudice, or conflicts in a group.
Answers:
Social Psychology

5. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain any five theoretical branches of Psychology.
Answer:
Some theoretical branches of Psychology are as follows:

Child Psychology: It deals with the biological, psychological, and emotional changes that occur during childhood. These changes occur as the individual progresses from being dependent to becoming independent. Child psychologists study problems related to children such as lying, bunking school, stealing, bedwetting. They also conduct researches on effective child-rearing practices and the role of reinforcement in motivating children.

Social Psychology: It studies how an individual influences other people and gets influenced by them. According to Myers, Social Psychology is the scientific study of how an individual’s behaviour is affected by others. The primary focus of Social Psychology is to understand how individuals are affected by other people. It examines issues such as co-operation or conflicts within groups, attitudes, prejudices, friendliness, and leadership qualities of an individual.

Experimental Psychology: It attempts to understand the fundamental causes of behaviour. It studies how people learn, remembers, reason, and respond emotionally. It deals with problems related to sensation, perception, learning and memory. Experimental psychologists conduct laboratory experiments to study how people react to sensory stimuli and perceive the world.

Cognitive Psychology: It concentrates on higher mental processes such as thinking, reasoning, and decision making. It also answers questions related to the disruption of memory, different types of learning styles and disorders, causes of speech impairment as well as the functioning of decision-making mechanisms.

Abnormal Psychology: It studies unusual patterns of behaviour, emotions, and thinking. It aims to study the causes and factors leading to abnormal reactions such as excessive suspiciousness, extreme mood swings, perceiving objects or situations which are not real, mental retardation, extreme fear of objects, animals, or situations, etc.

Question 2.
Describe any five applied branches of Psychology.
Answer:
Some applied branches of Psychology are as follows:

Educational Psychology: It studies all factors related to education. It is concerned with increasing the efficiency of the teaching and learning process. It also focuses on the learning difficulties of slow learners, exceptional as well as average children. Educational psychologists are primarily associated with schools, colleges, and universities. They try to design intervention programs to develop motivation, effective study habits, and a better classroom environment. They also deal with behavioral issues of children such as learning disorders, hyperactivity, lack of concentration, ADHD.

Counselling Psychology: It deals with milder behavioural problems. Counselling psychologists offer guidance about adjustment issues faced by a person, e.g. difficulties experienced by a person in studies, personal life issues, or workplace issues. Counselling psychologists are also involved in vocational and career guidance.

Criminal Psychology: It deals with the motives behind criminal behaviour. Criminal psychologists are concerned with identifying the causes of crime, studying the personality of criminals, suggesting preventive measures to control criminal behaviour, and implementing plans for criminal rehabilitation. They play a significant role in the forensic department to uncover the scene of the crime. They generally work with the law enforcement department or the criminal investigation department or social organisations working for rehabilitation.

Sports Psychology: It helps sportspersons to maintain their motivation and stamina during the actual performance. It also aids sportspersons to maintain themselves when they are not on the field. Sports psychologists help players to maintain composure when they are under pressure, maintain emotional balance when they go through a bad patch, and maintain wellness when they are recovering from personal injuries.

Industrial Psychology: It is concerned with the behaviour of people working in an organisation. Industrial psychologists play a crucial role in selection and placement, workforce motivation, and job satisfaction as well as appraisals and grievances. Consumer Psychology is a branch of Industrial Psychology that deals with consumer behaviour.
applied branch of Psychology. The development of aviation and space exploration programmes has accelerated growth in Engineering Psychology.

Question 3.
Write any five career opportunities in Psychology.
Answer:
Counselling Psychology: An individual can become an educational counsellor or vocational counsellor or marriage counsellor and help people to solve career-related or personal problems.

Social Psychology: An individual can become a public relations officer or social welfare officer or labour welfare officer.
These officers attempt to solve various social problems.

Sports Psychology: An individual can become a sports counsellor and work in gyms, schools, or professional sports teams. These counsellors help to improve the confidence, concentration, and morale of players.

Military Psychology: An individual can become an army mental health specialist or army psychologist, navy psychologist, air force psychologist, or marine psychologist. These psychologists play a role in the selection of army officers. They also improve the morale of people in defense services.

Rehabilitation Psychology: An individual can become a special educator or rehabilitation psychologist or disaster management and rehabilitation officer. A special educator works for specially-abled persons while a rehabilitation psychologist works in remand homes. A disaster management and rehabilitation officer helps in disaster management and rehabilitation.

Activities

Activity 3. (Textbook Page No. 14)

Try to find at least one example that can fit into each of the above sub-branches of theoretical Psychology.
Answer:

• Developmental Psychology: Mr. Mehta conducted a comparative study of physical and cognitive development during early childhood and late childhood.
• Child Psychology: Mr. Singh studied the impact of parental divorce on the social behaviour of a child.
• Social Psychology: Mrs. Joshi examined the effect of peer pressure on a person’s dressing style.
• Cognitive Psychology: Mr. Dsouza studied factors influencing the attention span of students during lectures.
• Experimental Psychology: Mr. Iyer studied the reactions of individuals in a laboratory to disgusting events.
• Abnormal Psychology: Mrs. Ajmera conducted a study on the genetic factors influencing depression.

Activity 4. (Textbook Page No. 15)

Can you think of at least one problem that educational psychologists can find solutions to, concerning the following areas?

1. Behaviour of the student
2. Teaching methods
3. Teacher’s behaviour in the class

Answer:

1. Why do students bunk lectures?
2. Do interactions with students during lectures improve learning outcomes?
3. Is it possible to use reward and punishment techniques to motivate students?

Activity 6. (Textbook Page No. 16)

Can you think of at least one problem that a counselling psychologist can find solutions to, concerning the following areas?

1. Adjusting with peers
2. Adjusting with parents and siblings
3. Making decisions about a career

Answer:

1. How conflict with peers affects an individual’s mood?
2. How generation gap may lead to a difference of opinion?
3. How to choose a career that matches one’s interests and aptitude?

Activity 8. (Textbook Page No. 16)

Think of at least one problem that a sports psychologist can find solutions to, concerning the following areas.

1. Improving team spirit
2. Emotional management
3. Improving self-confidence

Answer:

1. How to build healthy relations with team members?
2. How to remain calm and composed even after a failure?
3. How to believe in one’s capabilities during challenging tournaments?

Activity 9. (Textbook Page No. 17)

1. Talk to your parents/teachers and enlist the factors that give them satisfaction at their work.
2. While buying something from the market, which factors affect your desires? Enlist these factors that influence your choice. For example advertisements, brands, etc.

Answer:

1. Some of the factors that are associated with job satisfaction are the extent to which one enjoys his work, relation with superiors and colleagues, rate of remuneration and other incentives as well as the scope of growth in the future.
2. Some of the factors that influence consumer choices are quality of the product, price of the product, price of substitute and complementary products, the income of a person, latest trends, personal choices, habits, and opinions of significant others.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Solutions Chapter 1 Story of Psychology Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Solutions Chapter 1 Story of Psychology

1A. Complete the following statements.

Question 1.
Psychology is a study of ______________
(A) mind
(B) behaviour
(C) soul
Answer:
(B) behaviour

Question 2.
processes include thinking, memory, emotions, etc.
(A) Mental
(B) Cognitive
(C) Spiritual
Answer:
(B) Cognitive

1B. Match the following pairs.

Question 1.

A	B
1. Tri-Doshas	a. First laboratory of Psychology
2. Tri-Gunas	b. Study of unconscious
3. Wilhelm Wundt	c. Perception, thinking, memory, etc.
4. Sigmund Freud	d. Sattva, Rajas, Tamas
5. Cognitive processes	e. Ashtanga Yog
6. Patanjali	f. Kapha, Vata and Pitta

Answer:
1 – f, 2 – d, 3 – a, 4 – b, 5 – c, 6 – e

1C. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
Psychology is a study of the mind.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
The first mental hospital in India was established in Mumbai.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
There was no study of mental processes in India till the formal discipline of Psychology was recognized as a science.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Dr. Sigmund Freud proposed the concept of the unconscious.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Control is one of the objectives of Psychology.
Answer:
True

1D. Identify the odd item from the following and give reasons for the same.

Question 1.
Soul, Mind, Feeling, Consciousness, Behaviour.
Answer:
Feeling
Reason: Rest is the term used in the definition of Psychology.

Question 2.
Walking, dancing, playing, thinking, eating.
Answer:
Thinking
Reason: The rest are overt behaviours.

Question 3.
Yam, Niyam, Karya, Aasana, Pratyahar.
Answer:
Karya
Reason: The rest are the aspects of Ashtanga Yoga.

Question 4.
Feeling, memory, attention, perception
Answer:
Feeling
Reason: The rest are the processes in the study of cognition.

1E. Complete the following table.

Question 1.

Answer:
1. Greek word: Psyche – Soul
2. John Locke – Empty slate
3. First Psychological Laboratory
4. Sigmund Freud – Founder of Psychoanalysis
5. John Watson OR Organism’s response to stimuli – Behaviour

2. Explain the following concepts.

Question 1.
Psychology
Answer:
The word Psychology is derived from Greek words – ‘Psyche’ and ‘Logos’. It is denoted by the Greek Alphabet “Psi” and the symbol is 4L Wilhelm Wundt defined it as “the study of consciousness”. Dr. Sigmund Freud defined it as “the study of unconsciousness”. John B. Watson defined it as “the science of human behaviour”. The latest definition of Psychology is ‘The study of human behaviour and mental processes.

For your understanding

• Conscious mind: It is the level of mind that someone is aware of at any particular point in time.
• Unconscious mind: It contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are buried deep in us. Although we are not aware of their existence, they exert great influence on our behaviour.

Question 2.
Behaviour
Answer:
In general, behaviour is an organism’s response to various internal and external stimuli.
John Watson defined behaviour as ‘anything that can be observed, recorded and studied in human beings and animals.’ Behaviour is either overt (seen) or covert (hidden).

Question 3.
Overt behaviour
Answer:
Overt behaviour is that behaviour that is directly noticeable or observable. It includes responses such as walking, talking, dancing.

Question 4.
Covert behaviour
Answer:
Covert behaviour is that which is not directly noticeable but can be inferred from behaviour like thinking, feeling. It basically includes mental processes.

Question 5.
Stimulus
Answer:
Stimulus is defined as any physical event or condition that gives rise to a reaction. It can be external or internal.
In simple words, it is an object or event that elicits a sensory or behavioural response in an organism.

Question 6.
Response
Answer:
A response is defined as a reaction of the organism to a given stimulus. All organisms respond differently to the same stimulus.
Example:
Stimulus (S): A teacher asks students to prepare a presentation.
Organism (O): All students present in class.
Response (R):

• Some students actively participate in presentations.
• Some students remain silent as they are scared to talk in front of the entire class.

3. Answer the following questions in 35-40 words.

Question 1.
Psychology is a science: explain why?
Answer:

• Psychology is the scientific study of human behaviour and mental processes.
• Through experiments and observations, Psychologists try to analyze and predict human behaviour. This shows the empirical nature of Psychology.
• Wilhelm Wundt used scientific methods to study fundamental psychological processes. John Watson also conducted scientific research on animal behaviour and child-rearing.

Ques 2.
Explain the S-O-R model, with your own experience.
Answer:

• The S-O-R model explains how organisms respond differently to the same stimulus. It can be explained as follows:
  
• Example: Suppose Neha is an excellent orator while her friend Seema is afraid of public speaking.
  • Stimulus: The teacher asks Neha and Seema to give speeches.
  • Organism: Neha and Seema.
  • Response: Neha will confidently give her speech.
    Seema is likely to get cold feet and become nervous.
• This shows that different organisms (Neha and Seema) react differently to the same situation.

Question 3.
Explain the goals of Psychology.
Answer:

1. Describe
   • To precisely identify and classify behaviours and mental processes
   • Involves recording behaviour using various tools
2. Explain
   • To understand the causes of behaviour through meaningful explanation of facts
   • Involves the use of standardized tests
   • Behaviour observed in most people can be generalized
3. iii. Predict
   • To predict how given conditions will lead to a particular behaviour and mental processes.
   • b. Involves knowledge of possible outcomes
4. Control
   • To mould behaviour in a particular direction
   • Involves the use of psychological principles and psychotherapeutic techniques

4. Give a historical account of the emergence of Psychology as a science.
Answer:

• Psychology is a vast field studying behavioural aspects of mankind and it started as a branch of Philosophy. It evolved as a separate branch in the 19th century.
• The first attempt to define Psychology was made based on the terminology. The word ‘Psychology’ is derived from two Greek words: ‘Psyche’ (soul or mind) and ‘Logos’ (science or branch of knowledge).
• Rational sciences establish facts based on observation and experimentation. However, neither soul nor mind can be observed. Hence, the definition of Psychology changed over time.
• In the late 19th century, Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory at Leipzig University. He defined Psychology as the study of consciousness.
• Sigmund Freud defined Psychology as the study of the unconscious while John Watson defined it as ‘Science of human behaviour’.
• The latest definition of Psychology is the ‘Study of human behaviour and processes.’
• Psychology as a discipline evolved over time.

5. Describe the goals of Psychology.
Answer:

1. Describe
   • To precisely identify and classify behaviours and mental processes
   • Involves recording behaviour using various tools
2. Explain
   • To understand the causes of behaviour through meaningful explanation of facts
   • Involves the use of standardized tests
   • Behaviour observed in most people can be generalized
3. Predict
   • To predict how given conditions will lead to a particular behaviour and mental processes.
   • Involves knowledge of possible outcomes
4. Control
   • To mould behaviour in a particular direction
   • Involves the use of psychological principles and psychotherapeutic techniques

Activities

Activity 2. (Textbook Page No. 3)

Do you agree with the definition of Psychology as the Science which deals with the soul? If yes why? If no, why?
Answer:

• No, I don’t agree with this definition since the soul refers to the spiritual part of a person; which is believed to exist in some form even after death.
• Psychology is not a spiritual science. Since it studies the mental activities and behaviour of living beings, this definition seems to be incorrect.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page No. 3)

Collect information about Bahinabai Chaudhari: Mana (description of Mind)
Answer:

• Bahinabai Chaudhari (11 Aug 1880 – 3 Dec 1951) was an illiterate cotton farmer from the Jalgaon district in Maharashtra.
• She was a famous Marathi poet. Her poems captured the essence of her life, reflect the culture of the village and farming life, and present her wisdom.
• She has beautifully compared the mind with different aspects of nature such as wind, waves, butterflies, small particles, etc. The poet stressed that the mind is a unique creation of God and nothing in this world compares to it.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page No. 4)

Do you agree with the definition that Psychology is the study of the unconscious? What could be the limitations of this definition?
Answer:
I agree with the above definition because Psychology studies unconscious behaviour. A person himself may not be aware of unconscious aspects of his personality even when it may have a significant impact on his thoughts and behaviour. Psychology enables us to understand this unconscious side of human beings and hence, I agree with this definition. However, the limitation of the definition is the unconscious mind. It can’t be observed directly and hence is difficult to study it. Furthermore, Psychology is also concerned with the study of the conscious mind.

Activity 6 (Textbook Page No. 5)

Make a note of how your friends react to the same stimulus in a different way. Example: examination.
Answer:

• Nisha and Seema are two of my friends. During the examination, Seema gets extremely tensed. She is not able to concentrate. She even fails to sleep and eat peacefully.
• She needs the constant emotional support of her parents and friends to overcome her fear.
• Conversely, Nisha views the exam as a challenge. She does not get worked up.
• Instead, her moderate tension motivates her to study sincerely.
• She also knows that failure is a part and parcel of life and tries to learn from each mistake.
• Hence, she remains calm and confident even during the exam period.

Activity 8 (Textbook Page No. 6)

Find out more attributes of Vata, Kapha, and Pitta.
Answer:
Vata:

• Elements: Air + Space
• Body Type: Slim, lean
• Properties: Energetic, Moody, Creative

Kapha:

• Elements: Earth + Water
• Body Type: Average build, moderate weight
• Properties: Strong build, Affectionate, Cool

Pitta:

• Elements: Fire + Water
• Body Type: Large frame, heavy
• Properties: Smart, Fiery nature

Activity 9 (Textbook Page No. 6)

Find out different characteristics of Rajas, Tamas, and Sattva Guna.
Answer:
Rajas represent passion, action, energy, and motion. Tamas manifests itself as impurity, laziness, and darkness. Sattva manifests itself as purity, knowledge, and harmony.

Activity 10 (Textbook Page No. 7)

Look at the statements given below. Analyze each one of them and come up with goats of Psychology or the role that Psychology plays in real life.

Question 1.
A group of Psychologists observed 1000 individuals and recorded their behaviour and reactions.
Answer:
The goal of description (What): Describing what happens in a particular situation

Question 2.
After analyzing their responses, they tried to understand the reasons behind their behaviours.
Answer:
The goal of explanation (Why): Explaining why a particular instance happened

Question 3.
These observations can be generalized to the entire population. Therefore behaviour of an individual under stressful situations can be predicted.
Answer:
The goal of prediction (Anticipate): Predicting how people will behave under a given situation

Question 4.
The Psychologists came up with some conclusions so that people can change their responses to stressful situations for the better.
Answer:
The goal of control (Modify): Controlling actions of human beings with the help of psychological techniques.

Activity 11 (Textbook Page No. 8)

Find more examples of each of the above goals of Psychology. They could be real examples that you know or you have read about or they could be fictional examples.
Answer:

Goal	Example	Explanation
i. Describe	Recording how different students behave during exam period	Neha is confident while Reena gets anxious.
ii. Explain	Analyzing why different students behave in different ways during exam	Neha has always done well in exams while Reena gets tensed due to over-expectations from her parents.
iii. Predict	Anticipating how students will react in other stressful situations	Neha is likely to handle stressful situations calmly than Reena
iv. Control	Enabling anxious students to control their anxiety level during exams and other stressful situations	Reena could take counselling to improve her abilities to deal with examinations and other stressful situations.

 

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 5 Culture Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 5 Culture

1. (A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
Culture is ……………….
(natural / personal / adaptive)
Answer:
adaptive

Question 2.
Material culture is ……………….
(concrete / abstract / intangible)
Answer:
concrete

Question 3.
Bollywood music is an example of ……………….
(high culture / popular culture / folk culture)
Answer:
popular culture

1. (B) Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) Classical singing of Bhimsen Joshi – High culture
(b) Shakespeare’s literature – Folk culture
(c) Harry Potter books – Popular culture
(d) Religious group – Sub-culture
Answer:
(b) Shakespeare’s literature – High culture

1. (C) Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Folk Culture, Material Culture, Popular Culture)
Question 1.
Songs transmitted from one generation to the next.
Answer:
Folk Culture

Question 2.
Use of mobile phones today.
Answer:
Material Culture

1. (D) Correct underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Belief in superstition is an example of material culture.
Answer:
Belief in superstition is an example of non-material culture.

Question 2.
E-commerce is an example of popular culture.
Answer:
E-commerce is an example of mass culture.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Characteristics of Culture.
Answer:
The term culture refers to the way of life of a member of various societies or groups. Culture has the following characteristics:

1. Culture is acquired : Culture is learnt by each member through socialization. Cultural learning takes place through experience and symbolic interactions. Culture is propagated through generations.
2. Culture is abstract : Culture exist in the minds or habits of the members in a society. We cannot see culture but can see human behaviour.
3. Culture is shared : Culture is shared by a group of people belonging to the same community. They share same values, beliefs and traditions. These aspects develop a sense of unity.
4. Culture is man-made : Culture is a human product and does nothing on its own.
5. Culture is idealistic : Culture embodies the ideas and norms of a group. It consists of intellectual, artistic and social ideas which are followed by members of the society.
6. Culture is transmitted among the members of the society : The cultural ways are learned by persons from persons and many of them are handed down by one’s elders, parents, teachers and others.

Question 2.
Social Benefits of Culture.
Answer:
Culture has many social benefits:

1. Fundamental benefits : Cultural experiences are opportunities for leisure, entertainment, learning and sharing experiences with others. These benefits are intrinsic to culture. They are what attracts us and the reason why we participate.
2. Improved, learning and valuable skills for the future : In children and youth, participation in culture helps to develop thinking skills and build self-esteem, which enhance educational outcomes.
3. Better health and well-being : Participation in culture contributes and cultural engagement improves both mental and physical health.
4. Social solidarity and cohesion : Culture helps build social capital – the bond that holds communities together. Cultural activities such as festivals, bring people together and build social solidarity. Our diverse cultural heritage develops a feeling of pride and a sense of belonging to a wider community.

3. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Material Culture and Non-Material Culture.
Answer:

Material Culture	Non-Material Culture
(i) Material culture refers to the physical objects which are man-made.	(i) Non-material culture refers to non¬physical ideas created by human beings.
(ii) Material culture is concrete and tangible in nature.	(ii) Non-material culture is abstract and intangible in nature.
(iii) It consists of manufactured objects like clothing, roads, jewellery, computers, airplanes etc.	(iii) It consists of norms, regulations, values, signs, symbols, knowledge, beliefs, etc.
(iv) The material aspect of culture changes very fast.	(iv) Change in non-material culture is difficult and not readily accepted by society.

Question 2.
Folkways and Mores.
Answer:

Folkways	Mores
(i) Folkways are mildly enforced social expectations.	(i) Mores are strictly held beliefs about behaviours.
(ii) Violation of folkways is not seen as a serious threat to social order.	(ii) Violation of mores is seen as a serious threat to social order.
(iii) Folkways are less deeply rooted in society and change more rapidly.	(iii) Mores are more deeply rooted and change less frequently.
(iv) Folkways are customary, normal and habitual ways of a group, to meet certain needs or solving day to day problems.	(iv) Mores are more serious norms and have serious binding on groups.
(v) The manner of speech, dressing, the time of meals and numerous other practices of daily life are some examples of customary practices to which an individual confirm in their personal habits.	(v) Murder, stealing, lying, incest are examples of social Mores in almost all cultures.

4. Explain the following concept with suitable examples.

Question 1.
Norms
Answer:

1. Norms are rules and behavioural expectations by which a society guides the behaviours of its members.
2. Some norms are prescriptive and some are prescriptive norms Most norms apply universally but some norms are culture specific.
3. Social norms are further divided into folkways and mores. Folkways are mildly enforced social expectations, while mores are strictly held beliefs about behaviours.
   Example : Folkways – the concept of appropriate dress. Mores – Religious doctrines, taboos, customs, laws, etc.

Question 2.
Folk Culture
Answer:
Folk culture refers to the culture of ordinary people particularly those living in pre-industrial societies. It is an authentic culture. It never aspire to be an art but its distinctiveness is accepted and respected.

Example : Parents expect obedience from children, the time of meals, the number of meals per day, the manner of taking meals the manner of speech; dressing; forms of etiquette and numerous other practices of daily life.

5. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Very few people make an effort to learn classical music today.
Answer:
Classical music is not popular among people today because like any other form of music one requires exposure over a period of time to become familiar. While pop music is appreciated by a large number of people with no cultural expertise.

Question 2.
It is not easy to give up superstitious beliefs.
Answer:
Superstitious beliefs are form of non-material culture which are rooted in society for many decades and centuries. Change in this aspect is not readily accepted by the society or certain sections of the society. It is rooted in society for many decades and centuries. Hence, change in these aspects is not easy

11th Sociology Digest Chapter 5 Culture Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page No. 61)

Question 1.
Presentation : students make groups of 5 in class and present an aspect of culture, (e.g., language, dialect, dress, folklore, dances, music, art, food habits, architecture, literature, tribal life, rural life, urban life) of any state in India.
Answer:
Students should conduct a presentation in the classroom with the help of using power point, charts to explain the various cultural elements of any one state in India.

Question 2.
Culture varies from society to society. Each Society or a group will have different culture. These cultures are sometimes overlapping and sometimes exclusive. Give examples. (Textbook Page No. 51)
Answer:
Compare culture of different states in India, how they are different in their lifestyles, food habits, dressing styles etc. Also explain by giving examples how certain elements of culture overlap or have similarities. Many cultural elements of different states are also exclusive in nature, peculiar to that region to maintain the ethnicity.

Both Gujarat and Maharashtra were created on May 1, 1960. The dialects spoken in each state are also different. In Maharashtra, the majority of the people speak the Marathi language. The same is true for the Gujarati language in Gujarat this is an example of exclusive culture.
Hindi, one of the official language of India, is a common language. This is an example of overlapping culture.

Question 3.
Observe cultural change around you and list examples of cultural lag in society. (Textbook Page No. 52)
Answer:
Make a note of cultural changes around you.
Example:

1. Younger generations have become more independent.
2. Indian culture today allows young men and woman to have more freedom of choice with respect to marriage partner.
3. Impact of internet similarly, list examples of cultural lag in society.

Example of cultural lag
For example, expectant parents can use genetic engineering to select their unborn child’s eye colour or sex. However, many people view this type of genetic engineering as unethical and believe it could lead to unintended social consequences. This an example of cultural lag.

Question 4.
Look at your surrounding and list out the examples of cultural hybridisation in the areas of food, toys, religious practices, festivals, celebrations. (Textbook Page No. 59)
Answer:

1. Burger and pizza with a pinch of Indian spices, Indianisation of Chinese food.
2. Celebration of Valentine’s Day.
3. Hybrid version of Barbie, fusion music, formation of new language after blending different languages etc.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 4 Social Institutions Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 4 Social Institutions

1. (A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
A rule that prescribes marriage within a group is called ……………….
(exogamy / endogamy / polygamy)
Answer:
endogamy

Question 2.
A family that comprises at least three generation is a ………………… family.
(nuclear / joint / cohabitation)
Answer:
joint

Question 3.
The 10 + 2 + 3 system is part of the ………………. system of education.
(informal / formal / universal)
Answer:
formal

1. (B) Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) School – Distance Education
(b) Peer group – Informal Education
(c) Health care training – Non-formal Education
(d) Family – Informal Education
Answer:
(a) School – Formal education

1. (C) Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Homosexual Marriage, Matrilocal, Heterosexual Marriage)
Question 1.
A married couple is expected to live at the wife’s residence.
Answer:
Matrilocal

Question 2.
A form of marriage between persons of the same sex.
Answer:
Homosexual Marriage

1. (D) Correct underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
X married Y. Later she divorced her spouse and married Z. This is an example of polygamy.
Answer:
X married Y. Later she divorced her spouse and married Z. This is an example of monogamy.

Question 2.
Mass production and factory system are found in agricultural society.
Answer:
Mass production and factory system are found in industrial society.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Types of family based on authority.
Answer:
On the basis of authority within family, two broad forms of family can be identified. Matriarchal Family : In matriarchal family authority rests at the hands of the mother and she is considered the head of the family. In matriarchal family descent is traced through mother’s line, known as matrilineal system. Residence of the marriage is matrilocal i.e., the bridegroom lives with the wife’s family and the name follows the mother’s line. It is matronymic. The Garo and Khasi tribes of North East India and the Nair’s of South India follow the matriarchal system.

Patriarchal Family : In patriarchal family all authority rests at the hands of the male head and the eldest male is regarded as the head of the patriarchal family. It is patrilineal i.e., descent is traced through father’s line. Residence after marriage is patrilocal. The married couples live with the husband’s family, and the name of the father’s side continues to the next generation. It is patronymic. Patriarchal family is the most widespread form of family in India and most parts of the world.

Question 2.
Stages of Economy.
Answer:
Human society has evolved through various stages, depending upon the way it evolved mechanisms to adapt to changing material needs.

With respect to the changing nature of work and economy three broad stage of economy are as follows: Agriculture Revolution : From hunting-gathering and then pastoral phases, human society entered into a new stage with discovery of agriculture. With development of agriculture, food production increased. Complex division of labour, advanced trade and permanent settlement are the result of economy expansion through agricultural technology.

Industrial Revolution : Industrial revolution which happened around the middle of the 18th century, first in England transformed social and economic life like never before. It brought four notable economic changes.

1. New forms of energy : With the pioneering invention of the steam engine in 1765 by James Watt, the use of animal and human muscle energy was significantly reduced.
2. Centralisation of work in factories : Use of machinery gave rise to a new workplace called factory.
3. Mass production : Industrial economy developed the manufacturing sector very fast and produced goods on a large scale.
4. Division of labour : The factory system reduced the importance of human skills and resulted to specialised division of labour.
5. Industrialization transformed the whole society and also created huge economic gaps in the society.

The Information Revolution : By the middle of the 20th century the nature of production started to change. The use of automated machinery drastically reduced the role of human labour in manufacturing. Three key changes were seen due to the development of computer and information technology.

1. Tangible products to idea : The tertiary or service sector providing services and dealing with production of ideas and symbols is expanding very fast.
2. Mechanical skills to literacy skills : The information revolution demands a new set of skills such as literacy skills – the ability to communicate, to write, to present and use computer technology.
3. Work from anywhere : Computer technology is allowing for decentralisation of work.

Question 3.
Importance of Education.
Answer:
Education is broad process of learning that broadens an individual’s cognitive horizons and develops in them the skills to choose, evaluate and add to existing knowledge.
The functions of education can be as follows:
1. Inculcate common values and moral beliefs : Children coming from diverse family and community backgrounds gain an understanding of the common values and moral beliefs in society through school education.

2. Fosters self-discipline : Through education children learn self-discipline. They internalise the social rules that contribute to the smooth function of society.

3. Teaches specialised skills: The education system teaches specialised skills needed for a complex modern economy. For example, technical schools are specially designed to provide technical / vocational training.

4. Instils the value of achievement in children : Schools like wider society, largely operate on a meritocratic basis. Those with ability and talent achieve their just rewards.

3. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Matriarchal Family and Patriarchal Family.
Answer:

Matriarchal Family	Patriarchal Family
(i) Authority rests at the hands of the mother in a matriarchal family. She is considered the head of the family.	(i) The eldest male is regarded as the head of the patriarchal family. All authority rests at the hands of the male head.
(ii) Matriarchal families follow a matrilineal system of lineage i.e., descent through mother’s line.	(ii) Patriarchal family is also patrilineal i.e., descent is traced through father’s line.
(iii) Residence after marriage is matrilocal i.e., the bridegroom lives with the wife’s family.	(iii) Residence after marriage is patrilocal. The married couple lives with the husband’s family.
(iv) The name follows the mother’s line. It is matronymic.	(iv) The name of the father’s side continues to the next generation. It is patronymic.
(v) The Garo and Khasi tribes of North East India and the Nair’s of South India follow the matriarchal system.	(v) The most widespread form of family in India and most parts of the world is patriarchal family.

Question 2.
Agriculture Revolution and Industrial Revolution.
Answer:

Agriculture Revolution	Industrial Revolution
(i) From hunting – gathering and then pastoral phases, human society entered into a new stage with discovery of agriculture.	(i) Industrial revolution happened around the middle of the eighteenth century and transformed social and economic life.
(ii) Agricultures involved using technology of large -scale farming using ploughs harnessed to animals.	(ii) Industrialisation involved using of machinery and new forms of energy.
(iii) This increased the productive power of hunting and gathering more than tenfold.	(iii) This increased more mass production which turned raw materials into a wide range of goods.
(iv) griculture revolution resulted into expansion of economy through agricultural technology, complex division of labours permanent settlement and advanced trade.	(iv) Industrial revolution resulted into centralisation of work in factories and specialized division of labour.

4. Explain the following concept with suitable examples.

Question 1.
Cohabitation
Answer:

1. Cohabitation is the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple.
2. Live in relations or cohabitation may or may not lead to marriage.
   Example : Younger generations specially in many parts of Europe and in some urban areas in India are preferring cohabitation as family relation. This is especially true among same sex couples.

Question 2.
Formal Education
Answer:

1. Formal education is planned with a specific end in view.
2. It involves direct schooling and instruction. Since it is provided to fulfill specific ends, formal education is limited to a specific period. Formal education has a well-defined and systematic curriculum based on aims designed according to the needs of society.

Example : Schooling and education are considered as a formal education based on formal curriculum with specific subject and skills.

5. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
In a modernizing society the role of parents are changing.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Rapid growth of divorce and changing roles of woman give rise to a new family form and relation which has led to changes in the role of parents.
2. The average age at which people get married is also increasing. There is also an increasing trend of individuals not getting married. There is a changing role of women due to education and employment. All these changes are affecting family as an institution.
3. In our contemporary society, the traditional belief of fathers are the breadwinners and mothers only do household chores is no longer true. With the advent of globalization, their roles are changing which is vastly different from their previous generations.

Question 2.
India is in the stage of industrial revolution.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. India is in the stage of information revolution. The development of computer and information technology have changed the nature of work in India.
2. The use of automated machinery has reduced the role of human labour in manufacturing. Service industries like public relations, banking and sales, media, advertising have expanded.
3. The introduction of computer and information have changed the character of work in India.

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
What are your views about love marriage? Do you support it? Explain.
Answer:
The basic concept of love marriage lies in the fact that the girl or boy chooses his or her life partner. The restrictions of caste, religion, physical appearance does not apply when a person falls in love. In India these restrictions are seriously enforced which limit the number of desirable matches for a person. Also, it curbs the practice of dowry as one does not need to prove one’s worth. Therefore, I support love marriages.

Question 2.
How has the information revolution impacted your life?
Answer:
Information revolution has made our life easier. Information revolution has made it possible to do many things from the comforts of one’s own home. I can take virtual tour of museums, buildings etc. It has exposed one to different cultures. One can do all of shopping online. It has created abundance of data on every possible subject or interest.

7. Answer the following in detail (About 150-200 words).

Question 1.
Show how the role of family has changed in the present times. Illustrate with your own examples.
Answer:
Families are the nexus of activities that include parenting , employment and leisure. As society changes, families must adapt to the new structures and processes resulting from this change. One of the most striking features of modern societies has been rapid growth of divorce.

The average age at which people get married is also increasing along with an increasing trend of an individuals not getting married. The changing roles of woman through increased education and employment, has put additional pressures on the family to adapt to dual-earner, households and changing needs of child care. All these changes are affecting family as an institution.

It has given rise to new family relationship:
(i) Single-parent Family : Majority of single parent families are headed by single mothers. This may result from divorce, separation, death or by choice. Sometimes growing up in a single parent family can be a disadvantage for children.

(ii) Cohabitation : Cohabitation is the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple. Younger generations, especially in many parts of Europe and in some urban areas in India are preferring cohabitation as family relation. This is especially true among some same sex couples.

(iii) Step-parenting : As rates of divorce and remarriage is steadily on an increase, it gives rise to a new family form and relation of step-parenting. The extent of children staying in step families is increasing.

In the traditional family living, the wife had no voice in family decision making but in contemporary family she has equal power role to play. The authority has shifted from patriarchal to parents who consult their children an all-important issues before taking any decisions about them. Younger generations now claim more individuality. Change in family does not mean the complete erosion of previous norms and structure.

11th Sociology Digest Chapter 4 Social Institutions Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page No. 41)

Question 1.
Discuss why hypogamous marriages are resisted in society. Take help of newspapers, magazines and cinema.
Answer:
Reasons for resisting hypogamous marriage. Hypergamy is a term used for the practice of a person marrying a spouse of higher caste or social status than themselves. Young women generally marry older men of higher status, with general rule that older men have more time to create wealth and status than younger men. Today such marriages are on decline, as most people marry their approximate social equals and in some parts of the world hypergamy has decreased. Also, it is becoming less common for women to marry older men though hypergamy does not require the man to be older but only of higher status.

Question 2.
Look at the matrimonial advertisements in newspapers, magazines and internet and discuss the findings. Do you think endogamy is still the prevalent norm in India? (Textbook Page No. 42)
Answer:
Religion and Caste endogamy still dominates while choosing a life partner. Women have the freedom to select a spouse in urban areas, yet, the choice can be restricted. So, in general, marriage is often seen as socially determined institutions.

Question 3.
Watch the classic movie ‘Modern Times’ made by Charlie Chaplin and have a discussion on the effects of mechanisation on human labour. (Textbook Page No. 44)
Answer:
The film ‘Modern Times’ is a comment on the desperate employment and financial conditions that people faced during the great depression conditions created, by the modern industrialization in the view of Chaplin. Modern Times’ portray Chaplin as a factory worker where he is subjected to such indignities as being forced fed by a malfunctioning ‘feeding machine’. In the movie, industry is portrayed as something bigger and more valuable than the people who work within it. Chaplin tries to point out the fact at the industrialized world functions in a way that suppresses human agency and creativity.

Question 4.
Eminent personalities having achieved social prestige and position on the basis of their educational qualification. (Textbook Page No. 48)
Answer:
(i) Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar : Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was born on 14th April 1891. During his childhood he was subjected to socio-economic discrimination and faced severe humiliation. Dr. Ambedkar earned his doctorates in Economics from both Columbia University and the London School of Economics. He gained reputation as a scholar for his research in Law, economics and political science. In his initial career, he worked as an economist, professor and lawyer. He was posthumous awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian award, in 1990.

(ii) A. P. J. Abdul Kalam : A. P. J. Abdul Kalam was born on 15th October 1931. His father was an owner of a boat, an imam of local mosque. Due to destruction in business and loss of the family fortune, Kalam’s family suffered poverty. To help his family, he started selling newspapers at an early age. Abdul Kalam completed his graduation from the Madras Institute of Technology and joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) as a scientist after becoming a member of Defence Research and Development Service (DRDS). He came to be known as the Missile Man of India’. He was the 11th President of India.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 3 Basic Concepts in Sociology Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 3 Basic Concepts in Sociology

1. (A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
Society is based on ……………….
(co-operation / competition / conflict)
Answer:
Co-operation

Question 2.
Villages are a part of ……………….. community.
(rural / city / metropolitan)
Answer:
rural

Question 3.
Family is an example of a ………………. group.
(large / primary / formal)
Answer:
primary

Question 4.
Social status refers to ……………… in a group.
(function / position / purpose)
Answer:
position

1. (B) Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) Family – Voluntary Group
(b) Caste – Involuntary Group
(c) Village – Primary Group
(d) Workplace – Secondary Group
Answer:
(a) Family – Involuntary Group

1. (C) Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Role, Folkways, Society)
Question 1.
Punctuality in class is the duty of a student.
Answer:
Role

Question 2.
In many places in India, eating with hands is a common practice.
Answer:
Folkways

1. (D) Correct underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Norms which can be applied in daily life are called law.
Answer:
Norms which can be applied in daily life are called standard norms.

Question 2.
Family is an example of a/an voluntary group.
Answer:
Family is an example of a/an involuntary group.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Characteristics of Society.
Answer:
(i) Society includes likeness : According to Maclver ‘society’ means likeness. Social relationships exist among those who are alike in body and mind. People have similarities with regard to their needs aim, ideals, values, outlook towards life and so on.

(ii) Society includes difference : A society together with likeness is also based on differences. Differences is an important factor for a healthy society. Different types of personalities are essential in our society in order to satisfy the different needs. These differences are based on sex, age, physical strength, intelligence, talent, personality and unequal possessions of material objects and wealth.

(iii) Interdependence : Individuals in a society depend upon one another for the satisfaction of needs. One group, one nation, one community depends upon the other for its development, t Interdependence is seen in family groups as well. The existence of society depends upon different types of social relationships.

(iv) Co-operation : Every society is characterized by co-operation and division of labour. It is necessary for survival.

(v) Normative nature : In a society, social behaviour is evaluated by social control. These controlling means are known as norms. Norms control the misbehaviour or the acts which are harmful to society thus protecting the society.

(vi) Society is dynamic : No society is static. It changes continuously; old customs, traditions, I values, norms and institutions replace the new customs, traditions, values, norms and institutions.

Question 2.
Characteristics of Primary Group.
Answer:

1. Physical proximity : This is essential for a primary group as people have close relations with each other. Hence, they experience physical proximity.
2. Smallness of the group : These social groups are small in size and bring out the close relations among its members.
3. Permanence of relationship : Close relations create more unity among the members.
4. Face-to-face relationship : These social groups are small in size and are based on greater closeness. It is useful for maintaining group stability.
5. Similar objectives and goals : This group is homogeneous in nature. Hence, there is uniformity of objectives and goals among its members.
6. The relationship is an end in itself: The relationships in this group are very natural.
7. Informal control: This group is conventional and based on emotional bonds.

Question 3.
Types of Norms.
Answer:
Folkways : The term was first used by William Sumner. According to him, folkways are the recognized ways of behaving and acting in society. Example, eating using one’s fingers, eating with chopsticks, eating with fork and spoon; different ways of wearing a sari.

Mores : Mores are more rigid than folkways. They are instruments of social control and deals with higher values of people. Example, sexual relations before marriage are not permitted.

Law : Law is an important and essential element of society.
They are deliberately formulated rules of behaviour. It is universal in nature and common for all to follow. There are two types of law- Customary Law and Enacted Law.

1. Customary law – It is not in a written form but orally transmitted. It is followed in tribal as well as in rural society.
2. Enacted law – This law is in a written form. It is important as well as obligatory in a modern, complex and dynamic society. For example, The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955; The Domestic Violence Act, 2005.

3. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Primary Group and Secondary Group.
Answer:

Primary Group	Secondary Group
(i) Primary group is a group in which relationships are personal, informal, face to face and intimate in nature.	(i) Secondary group is a group in which relationships are impersonal, formal and contractual in nature.
(ii) This group is small in size.	(ii) This group is large in size.
(iii) Relationships are personal, so physical proximity is more.	(iii) Due to formal relationships there is no physical proximity between the members.
(iv) Relations are permanent.	(iv) Relations are temporary.
(v) Behaviour is controlled in an informal way.	(v) Behaviour is controlled in a formal way.
(vi) Example Family, peer group, neighbourhood, etc.	(vi) Example Nation, State, Labour unions, etc.

Question 2.
Voluntary Group and Involuntary Group.
Answer:

Voluntary Group	Involuntary Group
(i) Membership is based on choice.	(i) Membership is based on birth.
(ii) It may be temporary or permanent in nature.	(ii) It is mostly permanent in nature.
(iii) Individual has choice to continue or to leave the membership.	(iii) One cannot leave the membership or it may be difficult to leave the group.
(iv) Example : Political parties, youth organisation, cultural association, etc.	(iv) Example : Family, caste, race, religion, etc.

4. Explain the following concept with suitable examples.

Question 1.
Reference Group
Answer:
The concept of reference group was introduced by Robert Merton. A reference group is a group to which an individual or another group is compared. We use reference groups in order to guide our behaviour and attitudes that help us to identify social norms.

Reference Groups are of two types Informal and Formal.

1. Informal reference groups are formed by the individual as per their likes, interests and attitudes.
   Example : Family, peer groups, teachers, siblings, associates, etc.
2. Formal Reference Group are the ones that have a specific goal or mission.
   Example : Labour unions, supreme court, military units, corporations, worship place, universities, etc.

Question 2.
Role Conflict
Answer:

1. Role conflict refers to a clash between roles.
2. When one faces incompatibility between two or more roles at the same time or in a given situation. Role conflict is inevitable.

Example: A boss will suffer role conflict if forced to fine an employee who is also a close friend. A newly married bride experiences role conflict because she has to adjust with her in-laws, household work and office work.

5. (A) Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

5. (B) State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Society never changes.
Answer:
This statement is False.
1. Society is a web of social relationships. These relationships and interactions are based upon different institutions, traditions, customs, values and norms of the society.

2. Changes in any one of this is reflected in the changes in relationship and interaction among the individuals. Change is a universal phenomenon. No single society is static. Factors like, westernisation, modernisation, industrialisation, education have brought various changes in society.

3. Today, educational system, family patterns, norms, values, needs, etc., are changed. People have become more self-centred. Individual freedom, consciousness towards one’s own rights are increasing. Hence, society is changing continuously.

Question 2.
People living in a community must have awareness of sharing a way of life.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Individuals are emotionally attached to their community. People those who live in a particular community occupy a definite territorial area. They share common objectives and needs.
2. They have love and affection towards each other.
3. This develops a sense of belongingness. Therefore, people living in a community must have awareness of sharing a way of life.

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Show how folkways, mores and laws may clash with each other.
Answer:
Folkways is one of the essential elements of culture. Folkways govern our daily routine and ordinary contacts with other people. Whereas mores are considered as vital to the welfare of the group. Folkways and mores are the customary way of life and standards of right and wrong. Example: wearing clothes are mores and wearing clothes of different styles are folkways.

Laws are deliberately formulated rules of behaviour that are enforced by a special authority, e.g., there are laws that can punish people for marrying more than one person. Hindu Marriage Act, 1955.

Mores, folkways and laws are taught through the process of socialisation by various sources like family, friends, peer groups, schools, etc. However, these three clash each other in various ways. In today’s complex, competitive society, one finds it difficult to cope up with these three elements of society. Example: there is a man who belongs to a poor family and has the responsibility of marriage of his sister. Being born in a poor family, he doesn’t have enough money for his sister’s marriage. As per the laws, asking for dowry is illegal, but due to his financial condition, he has to ask for dowry from his in-laws to get his sister married. In such situation folkways, mores and law clash each other.

Question 2.
Do you think that role conflict is inevitable in social life?
Answer:
Yes, the role conflict is inevitable in social life.
When an individual has to play several roles at a time, then it is not possible to perform one role appropriately, it is called as role conflict. In today’s society, everyone wants to achieve high status in society. Everyone wants to achieve a life of luxury and comfort. People want to earn more and more money. Expectations have been increased. In order to adjust with such competitive situation, one has to play different role in the society. That creates role conflict.

Example: A woman working as a nurse in the hospital, has to look after her sick in-laws at home, because of which she can’t pay proper attention towards her duty. A husband who has to attend urgent meeting as a manager, can’t give time to his family. One has to perform multiple roles in a complex society. That is why role conflict is inevitable in social life.

7. Answer the following in detail (About 150-200 words).

Question 1.
Identify any two secondary groups of which you are a member. Discuss any four characteristics with reference to the groups that you have named.
Answer:
Secondary groups have impersonal, formal, indirect, temporary and goal oriented relationships with large number of members. It is not possible to have regular, permanent, close and intimate relations with everyone. People meet each other only for serving specific purposes. Relations are maintained only when the specific purposes are fulfilled and people are satisfied.

People are always very busy and it is necessary to have appointments before meeting. Secondary group are heterogeneous and formal in natural. People are given time to meet but for that purpose only. People do not meet for long term goals. Free expressions of emotions, feelings and intimacy is not allowed. In secondary group, members have to follow rules and regulations strictly.

Example : (i) Student of a college
(ii) Member of NSUI – National Students Union of India (or) ABVP – Akhil Bhartiya Vidhyarthi Parishad
Characteristics of secondary group with reference to the above mentioned group. Large Size: In college or in NSUI number of students and members is large. Here, the membership is unlimited as compared to primary group.

Indirect relations : Due to large size, direct relations among all the students and members are not possible. To convey any message, we take help of modern means of communication, e.g., mobile phones, e-mail, WhatsApp, etc.

Impersonal relations : As the members are large in size personal interactions is very rarely seen. Here, we do not know each other personally. That is why, relationship is not personal.

Formal relations : Informal relations is not possible because face to face contact can’t take place. People are more goal oriented. Membership is strictly based upon laws and regulations.

11th Sociology Digest Chapter 3 Basic Concepts in Sociology Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page No. 25)

Question 1.
Visit a rural, tribal or urban community and speak to 3-5 people and find out about their work, families, customs, beliefs etc. Write a report or make a short film on your mobile phone.
Answer:
Tribal, Rural and Urban Community – Work, Families, Customs, Beliefs-
(i) The Tribal Community : The tribal community is small in size. Each tribe has its own culture. They are close to nature and their life is influenced by religion. Therefore, they worship natural forces and seek assistance from the shaman and magician for solving their problems. Their economy and usage of technology is simple. This is known as subsistence economy.

(ii) Rural Community : The rural community is largely homogeneous. The main occupation of the people in this community is agriculture and non-agricultural occupations such as dairy farming, poultry, etc. This community is influenced by nature and they worship it as God or Goddess.

The rural community is influenced by the institution of family and characterized by primary relations. Joint family continues to exist in rural areas though some modification has occurred.

(iii) Urban Community : The urban community is large in size and consists of mostly nuclear families. It is a settlement of socially heterogeneous people. Occupations of the urban people are non agricultural. There is more scope for division of labour. This community is greatly impacted by artificial or man-made environment rather than natural environment on the urban community.

Question 2.
Prepare a photo essay regarding interactions observed within primary and secondary groups. Students should go around in their neighbouring localities and capture with their devices (like mobiles), the interaction patterns based on characteristics of various types of groups. How to write a photo essay? (Textbook Page No. 29)
Answer:
(Students are required to perform this activity themselves by visiting the link http://www. collectivelens.com/blog/creating-photoessay/ as a guideline.)

Question 3.
Conduct a role play exercise to understand the concept of role conflict and role strain. For example: Working women performing various roles inside and outside the home. (Textbook Page No. 32)
Answer:
Understanding 1: Women consider that the household affairs and care for the family is their primary duty. Women are thus confronted with the challenge of playing the dual role, to excel at home, as well as at the workplace. To prove her competence on both the fronts, women are facing the problem of overwork and are often being stressed or drained of their energy. Yet, they find themselves unable to match the expectations at any of the two places, which gives rise to role conflict and role strain.

Understanding 2:
Role Conflict:
Role conflict occurs when conflicting expectations arise from two or more statuses than an individual occupies.

Role Strain:
Role strain arises when conflicting expectations are built into a single status.

Question 4.
List out various folkways and mores that we find in our day-to-day lives. (Textbook Page No. 33)
Answer:
Folkways: The folkways are the recognized ways of behaving and acting in society. Folkways are norms that stem from and organize casual interactions and emerge out of repetition and routines. We engage in them to satisfy our daily needs and they are most often unconscious in operation, though they are quite useful for the ordered functioning of the society.

1. Waiting in a queue
2. Appropriate dressing.
3. Practice of raising one’s hand to take turns while speaking in a group.
4. While eating using one’s fingers, eating with chopsticks, eating with fork and spoon.
5. Different ways of wearing a sari.

Mores : “More are the popular habits and traditions when they include a judgment that are conductive to social welfare and when they exert a coercion on an individual to conform to them”.

More are stricter than folkways, as they determine what is considered moral and ethical behaviour. Mores structure the difference between right and wrong. Violation of mores results in disapproval or ostracizing. As such mores play a key role in shaping our value, beliefs, behaviour, and interactions than folkways.

1. Religious doctrine.
2. Sexual relations before marriage are not permitted.
3. It is not acceptable to use drugs such as heroin and cocaine.
4. It is expected that one will be one time for work.
5. Talking to oneself in public is not considered normal behaviour.
6. Nudity in public is not acceptable.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 2 Contribution of Western and Indian Sociologists Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 2 Contribution of Western and Indian Sociologists

1. (A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
The Industrial Revolution took place in ………………..
(North America / Europe / Australia)
Answer:
Europe

Question 2.
Science is based on …………………
(beliefs / facts / guess work)
Answer:
facts

Question 3.
Significant work has been done on kinship organisation in India, by female sociologist ………………
(Iravati Karve / Suma Chitnis / Neera Desai)
Answer:
Iravati Karve

Question 4.
The ……………….. stage of societal growth is characterised by explanations which are abstract but not God-centred.
(Theological / Metaphysical / Positive)
Answer:
Metaphysical

1. (B) Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) Abdul Rahman Ibn-Khaldun – North Africa
(b) Auguste Comte – France
(c) Harriet Martineau – England
(d) Karl Marx – Russia
Answer:
(d) Karl Marx – Germany

1. (C) Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Polarization. M. N. Srinivas, R. N. Mukherjee)
Question 1.
Marx argues that classes will become hostile towards each other.
Answer:
Polarization

Question 2.
The Indian sociologist who coined the term westernisation.
Answer:
M. N. Srinivas

1. (D) Correct the underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The stage of society where empirical evidence forms the basis for explanation is the theological stage.
Answer:
The stage of society where empirical evidence forms the basis for explanation is the positive / scientific stage.

Question 2.
The book ‘Le Suicide’ was written by Hobbes.
Answer:
The book ‘Le Suicide’ was written by Emile Durkheim

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Contribution of G. S. Ghurye to Indian Sociology.
Answer:
1. Govind Sadashiv Ghurye was the first who introduced sociology in India after independence. Therefore, he is considered as the ‘Father of Indian Sociology’. He established ‘Indian Sociological Society’ and started the journal ‘Sociological Bulletin’.

2. Ghurye’s work on scheduled tribes, were based on the historical, administrative and social dimensions of Indian tribes. He wanted the tribals to be integrated with the wider Indian society. He has written on tribes like Mahadev Kolis in Maharashtra. His book, ‘Caste and Race in India’ is one of the most important contribution to Indian sociology.

3. Ghurye referred to the long process of Hinduisation of the tribes from different parts of India. He considered cultural unity between tribes and caste as the only means to promote integration in Indian society.

4. His book, ‘Caste and Race in India’, published in 1932 combines historical, anthropological and sociological perspectives to understand caste and kinship system in India.

Question 2.
Types of suicide according to Durkheim.
Answer:
Suicide is a type of death carried by an individual intentionally or deliberately. According to Durkheim suicide is a social phenomenon. Following are the types of suicide.
1. Egoistic suicide : It takes place when an individual is very much self-centred and least bothered about the other members of society, e.g., it is committed by people who become introvert and have less desires to live in the company of others, suicide rates are higher for those widowed, single and divorced.

2. Anomic suicide : When situations go against the norms and values of a person. In such condition individual finds it difficult to face the situation and adjust with that, e.g., suicide of farmers.

3. Altruistic suicide : This type of suicide is different from egoistic suicide. This type of suicide means sacrificing own life for the betterment of people or society, e.g., Sati system, a patient commits suicide for the sake of family.

4. Fatalistic suicide : When an individual is under excessive control from the outside factors fatalistic suicide takes place e.g., Dowry death. According to Durkheim social situations, circumstances, factors are responsible for suicide and become a ‘social fact.’

3. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Theological Stage and Positive Stage.
Answer:

Theological Stage	Positive Stage
(i) Theological stage is the first stage of Comte’s Law of three stages.	(i) Positive stage is last or third stage of Comte’s law of three stages.
(ii) Human thinking, ideas and views were influenced by spiritual and supernatural factors.	(ii) This is an improved rational, scientific form of human thinking.
(iii) All societies believed that God controls all events in the world.	(iii) Instead of imagination and superstitious belief, societies turn towards empirical scientific approach.
(iv) Example : Natural calamities like flood, drought etc., were the expressions of God’s anger.	(iv) Example : Discoveries of Newton and Galileo, enlightement.

Question 2.
Anomic Suicide and Altruistic Suicide.
Answer:

Anomic Suicide	Altruistic Suicide
(i) Anomic suicide takes place in situations where one is not able to adjust with circumstances which arise unexpectedly.	(i) Altruistic suicide means, an individual commits suicide with the object of doing well for others.
(ii) This is due to economic instability and personal struggle.	(ii) This is due to fanatical love for one’s own community.
(iii) It reflects a normlessness.	(iii) It is value-oriented.
(iv) Example : Businessman committed suicide due economic depression or extreme prosperity.	(iv) Example : Sati system (committed by Indian women in the past), Hara-kiri (committed by Japanese)

4. (A) Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

4. (B) State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
According to Marx, capitalism gives rise to we feeling among workers.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Capitalists accumulate profit through the exploitation of labour. The poverty of the workers’ class grows with increasing exploitation of labour.
2. Economic exploitation and inhuman conditions lead to the increasing alienation of workers.
3. The classes tend to become internally homogeneous and class struggle, more intensified and creates class solidarity and we feeling among the workers.

Question 2.
Iravati Karve has made significant contribution to the study of Kinship in India.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Iravati Karve has contributed in the field of Sociology as well as Anthropology. She wrote a book ‘Kinship Organization in India’ in which she describes major kinship systems in India.
2. Kinship is one of the concepts which is socially and culturally related with factors like family, caste and languages in India.
3. According to her, kinship system is based on the geographical and linguistic group differences.
   Thus, Iravati Karve has made significant contribution to the study of Kinship in India

5. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Do you think globalization has led to polarization of classes? Discuss with relevant examples of your own.
Answer:
Yes, globalization has led to polarization of classes. This has led to segregation of people in the society that may emerge from income inequality, economic restructuring etc. It leads to differentiation of groups on the basis of high income and low income. Skilled people manage to get high paying jobs while the less educated/skilled people receive low wages.

Question 2.
Do you think Kinship bonds are weakening? Give reasons for your response?
Answer:
Yes, I think as we Indians are progressing and trying to establish our nation as a developed nation, we on the other side are losing importance of our family ties. Kinship bonds means ties based on blood and marriage.
Following are some of the reasons which are axing Kinship bonds.

1. Urbanisation, one of the major reasons of migration of people from rural to urban resulting into formation of a nuclear family.
2. Modernisation, making individuals self-centred, career oriented simultaneously detach from family.
3. Change in the medium of recreation, earlier it was family get together or celebration of festivals or religious ceremony now it is Cinema Hall or Visit to Mall.
4. Increasing control of electronic gadgets like T.V., Mobile Internet, etc., which make virtual world closer but taxing to kinship bond, care and attachment.
5. Dominance of materialistic world results into abundance of needs. Above all, todays smart and modern generation is chopping their own roots, meaning, weakening kinship bonds.

6. Answer the following in detail (About 150-200 words).

Question 1.
You have studied about Comte’s Law of Three Stages of human thought. With reference to the first and third stage, comment on the challenges it poses for Indian society.
Answer:
Auguste Comte believed that the evolution of human mind had taken place along with the evolution of the individual mind. Comte’s social philosophy is based on the concept of three stage of human thought.

Theological stage : In this stage human beings believed in supernatural and spiritual factors. It was believed that three was a control of God on all events in the world. The human mind, at this level, supposed that all phenomena was produced by the immediate action of supernatural beings. For example, all natural calamities were the expressions of God’s anger. This stage is dominated by priests and ruled by military men.
Following are the challenges which poses for Indian society:

1. During this stage, human mind is dominated by sentiments, feelings and emotions.
2. Certain section of Indian society believed that all actions/events happened due to power of God/ Supernatural beings.
   E.g. drought, flood, earthquake etc., natural calamities were nothing but anger of God.
3. Explanation for all happening events are the form of myths concerning spirits and supernatural beings.
4. During this stage, military society was basically dying and priests were dominated.
5. In short, due to effect of theological stage there was lack of logical and orderly thinking in the Indian society.

Positive/Scientific stage : Comte says, scientific stage is an improved and scientific form of human thinking. Now, instead of imagination, we turn to observation. Since Reason and examination were basic planks of knowledge at this stage hence, one seeks to establish laws which link facts and which govern social life.

Effect of scientific stage on Indian Society:

1. Finally, in this stage, Indian society turned towards the scientific way of thinking.
2. Instead of imaginations, society turned towards observation, reason and examination all these were basic planks of knowledge.
3. The concept of God started vanishing from human mind.
4. Society adopted the scientific rational way of thinking and there is no place for any belief or superstition in it.
5. In this way, Comte’s first and third stage affected the Indian Society.

11th Sociology Digest Chapter 2 Contribution of Western and Indian Sociologists Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page No. 16)

Question 1.
Discuss how ‘polarization of classes’ and ‘class solidarity’ are relevant in the present times.
Answer:
In present times, polarization of classes and class solidarity is associated with the segregation within a society which are immediate cause of emergence of income inequality, economic displacements, formation of various social groups from high income to low income, economic restructuring particularly in cities, economic inequality etc.

Question 2.
Read newspaper articles related to caste issues (e.g. representation, atrocities, reservation) and share the findings with your class. (Textbook Page No. 19)
Answer:
Reference : Times of India (March 29, 2019)
The Indian Express (June 6, 2019)
Times of India (June 3, 2019)

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 1 Introduction to Sociology Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 1 Introduction to Sociology

1. (A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
The term ‘Socius’ means ………………..
(science / companion / social)
Answer:
companion

Question 2.
The term ‘logos’ means ………………..
(associate / science / methodology)
Answer:
science

Question 3.
…………………. is often regarded as the ‘Father of Sociology’.
(Durkheim / Weber/ Comte)
Answer:
Comte

Question 4.
When sociologist make an effort to understand practical problems of daily life it is a/an …………….. science.
(pure / application / theoretical)
Answer:
application

1. (B) Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) Study of role of biology in human life – Bio-Sociology
(b) Study of social words of Art and Aesthetics – Sociology of Art
(c) Theoretical of knowledge in sociology in marketing segmental division of customers, Needs analysis etc. – Sociology of Market Research
(d) Study of visual dimensions of social life – Diaspora Studies
Answer:
(d) Study of visual dimensions of social life – Visual Sociology

1. (C) Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Diaspora Studies, The Positive Philosophy, Theoretical Science)
Question 1.
Comte coined the term sociology in this book.
Answer:
Positive Philosophy

Question 2.
Sociology is concerned with developing sociological theory.
Answer:
Theoretical Science

1. (D) Correct underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
When sociological research is done for its own sake it makes sociology a/an applied science.
Answer:
When sociological research is done for its own sake it makes sociology a pure as well as a social science.

Question 2.
Rape, hate, crimes and terrorism are examples of social institutions.
Answer:
Rape, hate, crimes and terrorism are examples of social problems/ pathology.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Nature of sociology
Answer:

1. Sociology is an empirical science : Sociology studies and analyses social facts on the basis of scientific method. Empiricism is it’s central feature as a science.
2. Sociology is a theoretical and applied science : Verification and formulation of new theories is a constant process in sociology. Also, many branches of sociology are based on the application of sociological knowledge to the field. Hence, it is a ‘pure’ as well as an ‘applied’ social science.
3. Sociology is a factual science : The aim of sociology of to find out the reality of society hence sociology studies the constructive part ans destructive elements in society.
4. Sociology is a holistic science : Sociology does not limit itself to the study of any specific or particular aspect of society. It studies society as a whole.

Question 2.
New emerging areas in sociology
Answer:
The subject matter of sociology is very wide. Hence, new areas emerging in sociology are:

1. Bio-sociology : Studies the role of biology in human social life.
2. Sociology of art : Helps to understand the social world of art and aesthetics.
3. Sociology of market research : It deals with the theoretical knowledge of sociology in marketing, segmental division of customers, needs analysis etc.
4. Visual sociology : Based on visual dimensions of social life.
5. Diaspora studies : Studies migration and its cultural, literacy, social, demographic, anthropological, political, economic impact and international of relations.

Question 3.
Enlightenment period
Answer:

1. The Europe produced a ‘Scientific Revolution’ in the Renaissance period. There was increased emphasis on science in society as a whole. The technological advancement influenced every sector of life.
2. The ideas and discoveries contributed by science led to emergence of sociology. This era is known as the enlightenment period.
3. The Enlightenment period saw the beginning of the scientific revolution. Science was considered in the social context and looked at as a tool for satisfying the needs of humanity.
4. New scientific discoveries helped in the eradication of blind beliefs. This period has made a significant contribution to shaping a scientific attitude in Sociology.

3. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Natural Science and Social Science.
Answer:

Natural Science	Social Science
(i) A study of natural Sciences includes physical, chemical and biological factors of nature.	(i) Social sciences like economics, political science, sociology studies different aspects of society with major concerns of human beings.
(ii) It studies objectively and in very scientific manner because experimentation in the laboratory is possible.	(ii) It also studies objectively and adopts certain scientific methods but to conduct experiment in the laboratory is not possible at all times.
(iii) Results and findings are more accurate and exact.	(iii) Difficult to maintain accuracy and exact predictions about human behaviour.
(iv) Example : Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Botany etc.	(iv) Example : Sociology, Geography, History etc.

Question 2.
Theoretical Science and Applied Science.
Answer:

Theoretical Science	Applied Science
(i) Theoretical research is explanatory and leads to the advancement of knowledge.	(i) Applied science is for development purposes and solves practical problems of society.
(ii) Theoretical framework is the structure that can hold the theory.	(ii) Applied science means practical application of sociological theory.
(iii) The purpose of theoretical science is to increase understanding.	(iii) The purpose of applied science is to bring about social change.
(iv) Example – A study of the social structure of a slum.	(iv) Example – A study, to prevent delinquency in a slum.

4. Explain the following concept with suitable examples.

Question 1.
Diaspora
Answer:

1. Diaspora is he movement of the people from their original place to other geographical area.
2. Though people migrate they maintain their originality in the migrated area.
3. The people though they have migrated from their original place, follow their rituals, customs and maintain their original existence in areas where they have been migrated.
   Example: Migration of rural people to urban area.

Question 2.
Bio-Sociology
Answer:

1. Bio-Sociology is a subject that has emerged relatively recently in Sociology.
2. Researchers in the area use a variety of sociological methodologies to study the role of biology in human social life.
3. Biologically male and female are different. Both have different strength and capacity because of their body structure. But in society culture plays different role in nurturing them.
4. These discrimination and differences affected the society in a great way. Bio-Sociology helps to understand this concept.
   Example : Gender differences and discrimination.

5. (A) Complete the concept maps.

Answer:

5. (B) State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
The French revolution led to changes in society.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. French Revolution was one of the best examples of struggle for freedom and equality.
2. Through this revolution feudal system had been overthrown. The new system came into existence which was based on the principles of liberty, fraternity and equality.
3. French revolution brought tremendous changes in the life of the people not only in France but all over Europe. Hence, French revolution led to changes in society.

Question 2.
The development in natural sciences has had an impact on sociology as a discipline.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Natural sciences are differentiated from other modes of knowledge, by method, not by subject matter.
2. The revolutionary concept that social phenomena are natural phenomena and therefore can be studied by natural – science methodology is being rapidly accepted.
3. Sociology uses scientific methods and research to solve the many problems of society like poverty unemployment etc. Hence, the development in natural science has had an impact on sociology as a discipline.

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Is India in the ‘scientific’ stage of growth? Explain why you hold the view that you do.
Answer:
Yes, India is in the ‘scientific’ stage of growth.
During ancient period India faced many social problems like blind faith, illiteracy, child-infanticide etc. Many cultural, political differences etc., were followed. By adopting scientific method, sociologist have been trying to minimize the problems. They have suggested some measures to the government to find out certain solutions to solve the problems.

The technological and scientific advancement influenced every sector of life. India’s scientific stage of growth includes technical development, which have resulted in technological inventions for scientific growth.

Question 2.
Explain in brief the link between cinema and society.
Answer:
Cinema is one of the means of mass media. Cinema and society are inter related and inter connected with each other. Society influences the cinema and vice versa. But cinema has both positive and negative influences on the society. As far as India is concerned one can find diversity in each and every aspect of society. In such situations cinema plays important role in integrating the society. It also helps to inculcate certain values like honesty, hard work, sympathy, charity, brotherhood etc.

Society influences the cinema and its subject matter. Film makers give special attention on the interest and demand of the people of the society.

7. Answer the following in detail (About 150-200 words).

Question 1.
Discuss with suitable examples, the scope of sociology in today’s world.
Answer:
The following points explains the scope of sociology in today’s world.
1. Bio-Sociology – Example : Gender differences and discrimination. Researchers in the area* use a variety of sociological methodologies to study the role of biology in human social life.

2. Sociology of Art – Example : Warli paintings depicts their lifestyle or paintings related with Mohenjo Daro and Harappan Civilization. This area helps to understand the social world of art and aesthetics. This field seeks to understand the social context of the production and consumption of art.

3. Sociology of Market Research – Example : Advertising of bathing soap by convincing the people that they have used river Ganga’s water in that. This is an applied field that connects marketing and sociological strategies to understand the market in a meaningful way.

4. Visual Sociology – Example: A researcher takes help of newspaper, film, movie, photographs for their study or for the study of a particular society. Visual sociology is concerned with visual dimension of social life. With the help of film, movie, pictures one can visualize or imagine a particular problem, on the basis of which valid and relevant data can be collected.

5. Diaspora Studies – Example : Migration of rural people to urban area. Diaspora is one of the movements of the people from their original place to other geographical area. Though people migrate they maintain their originality in the migrated area. The people though they have migrated from their original place, follow their rituals, customs and maintain their original existence in areas where they have been migrated.

11th Sociology Digest Chapter 1 Introduction to Sociology Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page No. 6)

Question 1.
You have read about commercial, scientific, industrial and French revolutions which were responsible for the emergence of Sociology as a discipline. Identify the effects of industrial development on Indian society.
Answer:
The effects of industrial development on Indian society are:

1. The use of new tools, machinery and techniques have increased the production speed of goods.
2. Development of trade, new institutions like, banks, credit /debit card facilities emerged.
3. Industrialization lead to Urbanization leading to migration of people from rural to the urban areas.
4. Rise in the factory system of production which provided many new job opportunities in small and large scale industries.
5. Emergences of new organisation and industrial policy.
6. Increase in national income.
7. Improved living standards of the people.
8. Stimulation of progress in other sectors of the economy.
9. Promotes specialization of labour.
10. Provides large scope for technological progress.

Question 2.
Interview two people from your local area, who have migrated from another place. Find out the reasons for shifting and ask about their experiences and problems. (Textbook Page No. 8)
Answer:
Following is a case of inter-state migration in India.
Interview name : Mr. XYZ
Migrated from : Bihar
Migrated to : Mumbai.
Reasons : Advanced economic and social life. Advanced / better quality of education. Faster access to facilities and services like healthcare, education, etc. Higher job opportunities and better standard of living.

Experience : As time passes, a house on rent. Good education to children. Happy urban life.
Problems : Language barriers
Discrimination and inequality
Less paid
Difficulties in job hunting
Exploitation housing problems

Question 3.
Visit any nearby NGO and collect information about their work. Prepare a PPT and present it in your class. (Textbook Page No. 9)
Answer:
Akshara : Empowering Women and Girls.
Akshara is a society helping women live a violent free dignified life without discrimination. It focuses on empowering women and girls through education, productive works and resistance to violence in their lives, so they can be strong and independent contributing members to society.

Akshara has a three-dimensional vision for change:

1. Changing hearts and minds of young women and men.
2. Transforming public attitudes
3. Reforming systems that deny gender justice

Work – (a) Akshara provides scholarships for education, training in life and technical skills and job placements for socially, economically disadvantaged young women.
(b) Akshara trains young men to become support gender equality and take up personal and social action.
(c) Akshara caters gender oriented educational stuff, online a training material videos and documentaries.
(d) Akshara lobbies with the state.

Vision – To establish a gender equality and violence free society
Goods – (a) Enhance societal consciousness on gender inequality.
(b) Employment of women and youth.
(c) Prevent violence towards women.

Question 4.
Discuss the statement listed
(i) Sociology is practical and related to life
(ii) Careers in Sociology. (Textbook Page No. 11)
Answer:
(i) Sociology is practical and related to life : Practical sociology refers to a form of sociological practice that is concerned with using sociological theories and research to understand on going activities. It is the task of sociology to study the social problems through the methods of scientific research and to find out solutions to them.

Sociology studies everyday social life, human interaction, institutions, behaviour and its origins. Sociology helps us to understand our and other people’s culture and environment.

(ii) Careers in Sociology.

1. Human Resources
2. Journalism
3. Social Work / Public services
4. Academics
5. Consumers Relations
6. Lawyer
7. Guidance Counsellor (Guidance counsellor use knowledge of the Sociology of learning to help students navigate the academic world.)

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Economics Solutions Chapter 10 Economic Planning in India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Economics Solutions Chapter 10 Economic Planning in India

1. Choose the correct option:

Questions 1.
Statements that are true about the Planning Commission:
(a) Planning Commission was established in 1950.
(b) The Prime Minister is the Ex-Officio Chairman of the Planning Commission.
(c) Economic planning is a time-bound program.
(d) Economic planning is based on predetermined objectives.
Options:
(1) a and b
(2) a, b, c, and d
(3) a and c
(4) None of these
Answer:
(1) a and b

Question 2.
Statements that are incorrect regarding India’s five-year plans:
(a) The main objective of the first five-year plan was the development of agriculture.
(b) Social welfare and poverty eradication were the prime objectives of the seventh five-year plan.
(c) By the second five-year plan, focus increased on faster, inclusive growth.
(d) Development of both agriculture and industry were the main objectives of the third five-year plan.
Options:
(1) a
(2) a, b and d
(3) c
(4) b and d
Answer:
(3) c

Question 3.

Group – ‘A’	Group – ‘B’
1. Economic planning	(a) Selection by Prime Minister
2. Twelfth Five Year Plan	(b) Think Tank group of Indian Government
3. NITI Aayog	(c) Fast and sustainable growth
4. NITI Aayog Vice-Chairperson	(d) Time-bound programme

Options:
(1) 1 – c, 2 – a, 3 – d, 4 – b
(2) 1 – d, 2 – b, 3 – a, 4 – c
(3) 1 – d, 2 – c, 3 – b, 4 – a
(4) 1 – b, 2 – d, 3 – c, 4 – a
Answer:
Correct pair: (3) 1 – d, 2 – c, 3 – b, 4 – a

Question 4.
Choose the correct statement:
Statement 1 – NITI Aayog takes note of the dynamic change in the Indian economy.
Statement 2 – Considering the economic, social, and technological differences in underdeveloped districts, the body plans to implement various programmes and bring about economic changes.
Options:
(a) statement 1 is correct
(b) statement 2 is correct
(c) statement 2 is the result of statement 1
(d) there is no relation between statement 1 and statement 2.
Answer:
(c) statement 2 is the result of statement 1

2. Give economic terms:

Question 1.
The conscious and deliberate choice of economic priorities by some public authority.
Answer:
National Agenda

Question 2.
A group of people called forth by the government to discuss various problems and also try to find solutions to them.
Answer:
Think Tank

3. Identify and explain the concepts from the given illustrations:

Question 1.
Sayali’s mother maintains a book of accounts for household purposes and plans the expenditure accordingly.
Answer:
Planning.
It is a time-bound programme. The objectives should fulfill by using available resources within the time limit.

Question 2.
Ramabai gets a subsidy on domestic LPG directly transferred to her bank a/c.
Answer:
Service Delivery.
It is the important target of the 12th five-year plan. The main aim behind this policy is to prevent corruption.

Question 3.
To solve classroom-related issues, the teacher forms a group of students. This group discusses the problems and finds solutions to them.
Answer:
Think-Tank

• It is important to function of NITI Aayog to solve the problems of our country.
• Think-Tank is a group of experts who are discussing and solve various problems of India.

4. Answer the following:

Question 1.
Explain the features of economic planning.
Answer:
Economic planning is a time-bound programme to achieve certain objectives by allocating available resources under the control of a central planning authority.

Prof. H. D. Dickinson defines economic planning as – “Economic planning is the making of major economic decisions such as what and how much is to be produced how, when and where it is to be produced, to whom it is to be allocated, by the conscious decision of the determinate authority, on the basis of a comprehensive survey of the economy as a whole.”

On the basis of the above definition, its main characteristics are:

• Central Planning Authority (CPA): There is a central planning authority that formulates the plans. In India, this authority is known as Planning Commission.
• Survey: There is a complete survey of the economy regarding the availability and use of natural and human resources.
• Objectives: It lays down certain objectives which are realistic and flexible.
• Priorities: Priorities are fixed according to the importance of each sector for its development.
• Mobilization of resources: Resources are mobilised through various sources like taxation, deficit financing, savings, etc.
• Plan period: Each plan is for a specific period, usually five years.
• Evaluation: From time to time, an assessment of the plan objectives is done to make changes if necessary.
• Continuous process: Economic planning is a continuous process which aims at the economic development of a country.
• Co-ordination: In India, economic planning is implemented by the Centre and State Governments together.
• Flexibility: There is flexibility in India’s economic planning so it’s possible to make changes as per the need.

Question 2.
Explain the targets of the 12th Five Year plan.
Answer:
Targets for infrastructure are:

• To connect all villages of a country with all-weather roads.
• To increase rural television and telephone density to 70%.
• To increase infrastructure investment to 9% of G.D.P.
• To upgrade national and state highways to a minimum two-lane standard.
• To achieve real GDP growth rate at 8%, agriculture growth rate at 4%, and manufacturing and industrial growth rate at 10 %.
• To reduce the headcount ratio of poverty by 10%.
• To create 50 million (5 crores) new work opportunities in the non-farm sector.
• To increase average years of schooling to 7 years.
• To eliminate gender and social gap in school enrollment.
• To reduce the total fertility rate to 2.1%.

Question 3.
Explain the structure of NITI Aayog.
Answer:
The structure of NITI Aayog includes Governing Council, Regional Councils, Special Invitees, and Organisational Framework. The organizational framework includes Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, Ex-officio members, CEO, and Secretariat.

Question 4.
Explain the functions of NITI Aayog.
Answer:
Functions of NITI Aayog:

• To evolve a shared vision of national development, priority sector, and strategies with the active involvement of states in the light of national objectives.
• To act as ‘Best Friend at the Centre’.
• To formulate plans at the village level and aggregate higher levels of government.
• To provide feedback for constant innovative improvements.
• To provide advice and encourage partnership with national and international Think-Tank.
• To create a knowledge, innovation, and entrepreneurial support system.
• To offer a platform for the resolution of inter-sectoral and inter-departmental issues.
• To maintain a state-of-the-art resource center for research on good governance.
• To focus on technology up-gradation and capacity building.
• To foster Cooperative federalism, with the active involvement of states.

Question 5.
Distinguish between Planning Commission and NITI Aayog.
Answer:

NITI Aayog	Planning Commission
(i) It serves as an advisory Think Tank.	(i) It served as the extra-constitutional body.
(ii) It draws membership from wider expertise.	(ii) It had limited expertise.
(iii) It serves in the spirit of cooperative federalism as states are equal partners.	(iii) States participated as spectators in the annual plan meetings.
(iv) Secretaries to be known as CEO appointed by Prime Minister.	(iv) Secretaries were appointed through the usual process.
(v) It focuses upon the Bottom-up approach.	(v) It followed a Top-down approach.
(vi) It does not process mandate to impose policies.	(vi) It imposed policies on states and tied allocation of funds with projects it approved.
(vii) It does not have powers to allocate funds, which are vested in the finance minister.	(vii) It had powers to allocate funds to ministers and state government.
(viii) It was established on 1st January 2015.	(viii) It was established on 15th March 1950.

5. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:

Question 1.
State governments have a more significant role to play under NITI Aayog.
Answer:
Yes, I do agree with the statement.

• Under the planning commission, there was a one-way flow of policy i.e. from, Central Government to State Government.
• In NITI Aayog, the flow of policy is from Central Government to State Government and State Government to Central Government between ministers.
• In the policy-making of the Central Government, State Government will work closely with the center.
• Governing Council of NITI Aayog consists of all Chief Ministers of the States.
• Thus, State Government has a more significant role to play under NITI Aayog.

Question 2.
Functions of the Planning Commission have been transferred to NITI Aayog.
Answer:
Yes, I do agree with the statement.

• The planning commission enjoyed the powers to allocate funds to ministry and state government.
• NITI Aayog/Think Tank is an advisory body that performs the function of allocation of funds.
• On 31st January 2015, Planning Commission was replaced by NITI Aayog for making policies and to implement them.
• NITI Aayog aimed at expanding the role of the states, making the role of the state stronger in collaboration with the center.

Question 3.
The objective of the 12th five-year plan was to achieve faster, sustainable and inclusive growth.
Answer:
Yes, I do agree with the statement.

• 12th five-year plan aims at a GDP growth rate of 8%.
• It seeks to achieve 4% growth in the agriculture sector.
• If aimed to generate 50 million work opportunities in the non-farm sector and providing skill certification.
• Connecting all the villages of the country with all-weather roads.
• Increasing green cover by 1 million hectares every year.
• These objectives will help the country to achieve faster, sustainable and inclusive growth.

6. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

The Finance Minister of the Central Government presents the Union Budget before the Parliament during the month of February every year. The budget, also referred to as the annual financial statement reflects the estimated receipts and expenditure of the government for a particular financial year that begins on the 1st of April and ends on 31 sc March. Changes in the tax structure are suggested in the budget. Besides this, provisions are also made for allocating expenditure on defense, education, research, and development, etc. The date for presenting the budget has been shifted to the 1st of February every year. This enables the generation of funds well in advance prior to the commencement of the financial year.

Question 1.
Where is the Union Budget usually presented?
Answer:
Union Budget is presented in the Parliament.

Question 2.
What all aspects are considered while preparing the budget?
Answer:
Changes in the tax structure, provisions for allocating expenditure on defense, education, research, and development.

Question 3.
Why is the date for presenting the budget shifted to the 1st of February?
Answer:
The date for presenting the budget is shifted to the 1st of February because it enables the generation of funds well in advance prior to the commencement of the financial year.

Question 4.
Explain the term ‘budget’.
Answer:
A budget is the annual financial statement that shows estimated receipts and expenditures of the government for a year.

11th Economics Digest Chapter 10 Economic Planning in India Intext Questions and Answers

Collect information on: (Textbook Page No. 64)

1. Bombay Plan
2. People’s Plan
3. Gandhian Plan

Answer:

1. Bombay Plan: It is the name given to a World War II era. It is a set of proposals for the development of the post-independence economy of India.
2. Peoples Plan: It is to provide satisfaction to the immediate basic needs of India within a period of ten years.
3. Gandhian Plan: Espousing with the spirit of Gandhian economic thinking, Shriman Narayan Agarwal formulated this plan in 1944. This plan laid more emphasis on agriculture.

Find out: (Textbook PageNo. 65 )

Calculate D₆ and D₉ from the above table using ‘achievements’ as the numerical data.

Answer:

(i) Sixth Decile:
D₆ = size of 6 \(\left(\frac{n+1}{10}\right)^{t h}\) Observation
= size of 6 \(\left(\frac{11+1}{10}\right)^{t h}\) Observation
= size of 6 \(\left(\frac{12}{10}\right)^{t h}\) Observation
= size of 6 (1.2)th Observation
= size of (7.2)th Observation
size of 7.2 th 0bservation lies in of 7.7
∴ D₆ = 2

(ii) Ninth Decile:
D₉ = size of 9 \(\left(\frac{n+1}{10}\right)^{t h}\) Observation
= size of 9 \(\left(\frac{11+1}{10}\right)^{t h}\) Observation
= size of 9 \(\left(\frac{12}{10}\right)^{t h}\) Observation
= size of 9 (1.2)th Observation
= size of 10.8th Observation
size of 10.8 th 0bservation lies in of 13.7.
∴ D₉ = 4

Find out: (Textbook Page No. 66)

Information of various levels of National Family Health Survey (NFHS).
Answer:

• NFHS – 1: The first NFHS was conducted in 1992-93. The survey collected extensive information on population, health, and nutrition, with an emphasis on women and children.
• NFHS – 2: The second NFHS was conducted in 1998-99 in all states (26) of India. It was on the quality of health and family planning services, domestic violence, reproductive health, anemia, etc.
• NFHS – 3: The third NFHS was conducted in 2005-06, in 29 states of India. UNICEF, USAID, DFID, USA, providing funds and technical help for NFHS-3.
• NFHS – 4: The fourth NFHS was conducted in 2014-2015. USA was a major financial supporter for NFHS-4. It was conducted in 29 states and 6 union territories and focused on 640 districts in the country.

Do you know? (Textbook Page No. 66)

Think-tank: Think-tank is a group of experts who are gathered together by an organization, especially by a Government in order to consider various problems, try and work out ways to solve them.
Answer:

• ‘Think-Tank’ is a group of experts who come together, to form an organization.
• They study the various problems of an economy and try to bring solutions to solve those problems.
• It is counted under the premier policy of the Government of India.
• Its main objective is to find a shared vision of national development with the active participation of the states.
• It provides guidance to foster ‘cooperative federalism in the states.

Find out: (Textbook Page No. 67)

The present structure of NITI Aayog and list out the names of members in the respective columns.

Answer:

Chairperson	Vice-Chairperson	Members
Prime Minister	Rajiv Kumar	Ex-Officio Members, Special Invitees, Full-time Members