Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Important Questions Chapter 4 Human Development Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Psychology Important Questions Chapter 4 Human Development

1A. Complete the following statements.

Question 1.
The term ‘____________’ means a progressive series of changes that occur as a result of maturation and experience.
(A) Human Development
(B) Personal Growth
(C) Maturity
Answer:
(A) Human Development

Question 2.
____________ refers to the physical changes like increase in size and weight as the age advances.
(A) Maturation
(B) Growth
(C) Development
Answer:
(B) Growth

Question 3.
____________ psychologists study the characteristics and patterns of developmental stages.
(A) Clinical
(B) Developmental
(C) Industrial
Answer:
(B) Developmental

Question 4.
The duration of prenatal period is ____________ to 290 days.
(A) 251
(B) 238
(C) 283
Answer:
(B) 238

Question 5.
The last stage in prenatal period is called ____________ stage.
(A) germinal
(B) fetal
(C) embryonic
Answer:
(B) fetal

Question 6.
The ____________ sleeps for around 18 to 20 hours.
(A) neonate
(B) embryo
(C) foetus
Answer:
(A) neonate

Question 7.
____________ is also called preschool age or age of curiosity.
(A) Early childhood
(B) Infancy
(C) Late childhood
Answer:
(A) Early childhood

Question 8.
Parents call early childhood as ____________ age.
(A) toy
(B) play
(B) pre-gang
Answer:
(A) toy

Question 9.
Educators regard ____________ as a critical period in the achievement drive.
(A) late childhood
(B) early childhood
(C) adulthood
Answer:
(A) late childhood

Question 10.
The rate of adolescent suicide is higher for ____________
(A) girls
(B) boys
(C) transgenders
Answer:
(B) boys

Question 11.
World suicide prevention day is observed on ____________ every year.
(A) 10th September
(B) 8th October
(C) 11th December
Answer:
(A) 10th September

Question 12.
Late adulthood is the time of ‘____________’.
(A) Empty Nest
(B) High achievement
(C) Low curiosity
Answer:
(A) Empty Nest

Question 13.
____________ is associated with forced leisure.
(A) Late adulthood
(B) Old age
(C) Early adulthood
Answer:
(B) Old age

Question 14.
____________ life begins in old age.
(A) Retirement
(B) Relaxation
(C) Depressed
Answer:
(A) Retirement

1B. Match the following pairs.

Question 1.

A	B
1. Prenatal stage	a. Birth to two weeks
2. Neonatal stage	b. 60 years till death
3. Early childhood	c. Six years to 10-12 years
4. Late childhood	d. 40 years to 60 years
5. Adolescence	e. Conception to birth
6. Early adulthood	f. 12-14 years to 20-21 years
7. Late adulthood	g. Two years to six years
8. Old age	h. 21 years to 40 years

Answers:

A	B
1. Prenatal stage	e. Conception to birth
2. Neonatal stage	a. Birth to two weeks
3. Early childhood	g. Two years to six years
4. Late childhood	c. Six years to 10-12 years
5. Adolescence	f. 12-14 years to 20-21 years
6. Early adulthood	h. 21 years to 40 years
7. Late adulthood	d. 40 years to 60 years
8. Old age	b. 60 years till death

1C. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
The life of an individual is real and significant just as the geographical age of the earth.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Growth is a part of development.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
All developmental changes are genetic by nature.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Growth, maturation, and development are parallel concepts.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Maturation is dependent on the environment as well as training.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
Infants develop control of the head and face movements within the first two months after birth.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
By the end of the embryonic stage, the zygote gets attached to the wall of the uterus.
Answer:
False

Question 8.
During infancy, rapid physical and motor development takes place.
Answer:
True

Question 9.
Child experiences stranger anxiety in late childhood.
Answer:
False

Question 10.
James Marcia’s approach discusses identity development in adulthood.
Answer:
False

Question 11.
World suicide prevention day is observed since 2003.
Answer:
True

Question 12.
Erikson asserts that people in late adulthood get experiences and society expects them to be more constructive.
Answer:
True

Question 13.
Elderly people have a minority-group status.
Answer:
True

Question 14.
Most stereotypes about old people are favourable to them.
Answer:
False

2. Explain the following concepts.

Question 1.
Write about internal factors affecting human development.
Answer:

• Internal factors affecting human development are basically related to heredity characteristics or genes.
• Some of the internal factors are Predisposition to certain diseases, immunity, over or under secretion of hormones.
• Internal factors determine the inherent physical and mental characteristics of an individual and thereby, have a crucial impact on the development.

Question 2.
Write about external factors affecting human development.
Answer:

• External factors affecting human development are basically related to nature or the environment.
• Some of the external factors are Parental attitudes and expectations, peer group and
  interpersonal relations, mass media, and overall social environment.
• External factors shape the thoughts, attitudes, and beliefs of an individual and thereby, have a significant effect on development.

3. Answer the following questions in around 35-40 words each.

Question 1.
Explain the cephalocaudal principle of development.
Answer:

• The cephalocaudal principle describes the direction of growth and development.
• It states that the development proceeds from the head to toe.
• According to this principle, the child gains control of the head first, then the arms, and then the legs.

Question 2.
Explain the proximodistal principle of development.
Answer:

• The proximodistal principle describes the direction of development.
• It states that the development proceeds from the center of the body to outward.
• This means that the spinal cord develops before outer body parts.
• The child’s arms develop before the hands and the hands and feet develop before the fingers and toes.

Question 3.
State any four changes in infancy.
Answer:

• During infancy, rapid physical and motor development takes place.
• Within two months, the child can turn his head.
• A child can sit and walk with support by nine months.
• The child starts walking independently by around 12 months of age.

Question 4.
Explain any four changes in early childhood.
Answer:

• The child develops control over his muscles.
• The child becomes physically independent.
• The physical territory of the child increases and he automatically learns about social behaviour.
• The child asks a number of questions to others.

Question 5.
Explain any three changes in late childhood.
Answer:

• The fundamental skills of reading, writing, and calculations develop at this age.
• Hand-eye coordination develops along with micro-skills.
• Even cognitive abilities like thinking and reasoning begin to develop.

Question 6.
Explain any two characteristics of late adulthood.
Answer:

• Late adulthood is a time of achievement. Erikson says that at this age people get experiences and society expects them to be more constructive.
• Late adulthood is a time of evaluation where people evaluate themselves by their achievements and previous aspirations.

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Characteristics of infancy
Answer:
Infancy ranges from two weeks after birth to two years. The characteristics of infancy are as follows:

• It is a foundation age because many behavioural patterns, attitudes, and emotions develop during this age.
• There is rapid growth and many changes during this stage. These changes are qualitative as well as quantitative.
• Infancy is an age of independence due to control of body movements. It enables an infant to sit, stand and walk, and manipulate objects around him.
• Due to developed interests and abilities, infancy is the age of increased individuality.
• It is the beginning of socialization since the infant goes from being asocial to social.

Question 2.
Adolescence
Answer:

• The age between late childhood and youth is called adolescence. This age ranges between 12-13 years to 19-20 years.
• During this age, rapid physical development takes place. This stage begins with puberty.
• Height and weight of adolescent increases. Menarche in girls and nocturnal emission in boys occur due to the maturation of sex organs.
• Secondary sex characteristics develop during this stage, e.g. breast development among girls, growth of mustache, and pubic hair among boys.
• Also, the search for identity and independence develops among adolescents. Their thoughts are more logical, abstract, and idealistic.
• Adolescents like to spend more time with their friends.
• Adolescents face a number of problems like identity crisis, addiction, and depression.

Question 3.
Old age
Answer:
Old age ranges from 60 years to death. Old people have to adjust to their environment. In some cases, the death of a spouse leads to loneliness, The characteristics of old age are as follows:

• Old age is a period of decline in physical and mental capacities. Individuals in this stage also face certain health issues.
• There are individual differences in the impact of aging.
• Old age is judged by different criteria, e.g. society tends to judge age in terms of physical appearance and activities.
• There are many stereotypes about old people.
• Most stereotypes are unfavourable.
• Elderly people have a minority-group status.
• Aging requires role changes.
• Adjustment is poor during old age.
• The desire to be young is seen in old age.

5. Answer the following questions in 150-200 words.

Question 1.
Explain three prenatal stages.
Answer:
A period between conception till birth is called a prenatal period. During this period, major developmental changes take place in a very rapid manner. This development goes through three stages as follows:

1. Germinal stage: It ranges from conception to two weeks. Within few hours after conception, the zygote starts a journey down the fallopian tube to the uterus; where it begins the process of cell duplication.
In this process, the zygote divides itself into two cells and then goes on duplicating itself. By the end of this period, the zygote gets attached to the wall of the uterus.

2. Embryonic stage: It starts from the third week after conception and continues till the ninth week. It is a time when the mass of cells (embryo) becomes distinct from a human. This stage plays a crucial role in the development of the brain. Almost all internal and external organs develop by the end of this period.

3. Fetal stage: It begins during the ninth week and lasts until birth. This period is marked by more important changes in the brain. The body parts and structures established in the embryonic stage continue to develop during this stage.

Question 2.
Explain the characteristics of adolescence.
Answer:
The age between late childhood and youth is called adolescence. This age ranges between 12-13 years to 19-20 years. The characteristics of adolescence are as follows:

• Adolescence is an important period that has an immediate effect on the attitude and behavior of an adolescent.
• Adolescence is a transitional period, i.e. it is a bridge between childhood and adulthood.
• Adolescence is a period of physical changes.
• Adolescence is an age of challenges. During childhood, the majority of problems are solved by parents and teachers but an adolescent wants to be independent.
• Adolescence is a time for searching for one’s own identity.
• Adolescence is a time of unrealistic ideas. They have a tendency to look at life through rose-tinted glasses and engage in daydreaming. As a result, they face problems like lack of concentration.
• Adolescence is a threshold of adulthood.

Question 3.
Explain Marcia’s approach to identity development.
Answer:
James Marcia’s approach to identity development during adolescence is as follows:

• Identity foreclosure: Here, adolescents just accept others’ decisions about what is best for them. e.g. a doctor’s son becomes a doctor. These adolescents are happy and self-satisfied. They tend to be authoritarian and have a need for self-approval.
• Identity diffusion: Here, adolescents neither explore nor commit to the alternatives. They are socially withdrawn. These adolescents appear carefree but their lack of commitment impairs their ability to form close relationships.
• Moratorium: Here, adolescents explore some alternatives but make no commitments. They experience high anxiety and psychological conflict. They are lively and appealing and seek intimacy with others
• Identity achievement: Here, adolescents explore and search about ‘who they are and ‘what they do’. Teens who have reached this stage tend to be psychologically healthier, higher in achievement, motivation, and moral reasoning.
• Some adolescents shift among all the above-mentioned categories but for most of them identity gels in late teens and early twenties.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Important Questions Chapter 3 Self Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Psychology Important Questions Chapter 3 Self

1A. Complete the following statements.

Question 1.
Rentsch and Heffner found __________ categories by which the participants defined themselves.
(A) eight
(B) five
(C) three
Answer:
(A) eight

Question 2.
According to __________, self-concept is the way individual reacts to himself.
(A) Heffener
(B) Symonds
(C) Rogers
Answer:
(B) Symonds

Question 3.
The __________ determines whether the child will be a boy or a girl.
(A) nurture
(B) sex chromosome
(C) heredity
Answer:
(B) sex chromosome

Question 4.
There are __________ major aspects of self.
(A) four
(B) five
(C) nine
Answer:
(A) four

Question 5.
According to Piaget, self-consciousness starts emerging between __________ months.
(A) 15-24
(B) 17-24
(C) 15-22
Answer:
(A) 15-24

Question 6.
Self __________ is an internal dictionary that describes an individual
(A) image
(B) awareness
(C) efficacy
Answer:
(A) image

Question 7.
Maddux defined __________ as ‘what I believe I can do with my skills under certain conditions.
(A) self-efficacy
(B) self-esteem
(C) self-regulation
Answer:
(A) self-efficacy

Question 8.
People from East Asian culture tend to focus on __________ form of self-regulation.
(A) preventive
(B) promotive
(C) passive
Answer:
(A) preventive

Question 9.
__________ self is our inner personality.
(A) Real
(B) Ideal
(C) Own
Answer:
(A) Real

Question 10.
If ideal self and real self-concept is accurate self are __________, our self-concept is accurate.
(A) similar
(B) different
(C) distant
(A) similar

Question 11.
__________ means people recognise and explore their own potential.
(A) Self-actualisation
(B) Self-efficacy
(C) Self-concept
Answer:
(A) Self-actualisation

1B. State whether the following statements are true or false and give a reason for your answer.

Question 1.
Self-concept is defined as a person’s belief in his ability to accomplish some specific goal or a task.
Answer:
False
Reason: Self-concept is defined as the totality of perceptions each person has of themselves.

Question 2.
Between the age of three – twelve, self-concept is defined in terms of a child’s economic background.
Answer:
False
Reason: Between the age of three to twelve, self-concept is defined mainly in terms of sex, age, family, and what the child believes he or she can or can’t do.

Question 3.
Gender identity and gender role are two different concepts.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Gender identity is a biological aspect of self-concept while gender role is psycho-social in nature.

Question 4.
Gender role is an acquired attribute of self-concept.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Gender roles are acquired through imitation and observation of family atmosphere as well as cultural influences.

Question 5.
Body image is a part of self-awareness.
Answer:
False
Reason: Body image is a part of self-image.

Question 6.
Efficacy expectancies represent skills required to complete the goal.
Answer:
False
Reason: Outcome expectancies represent skills required to complete the goal while efficacy expectancies refer to a person’s analysis about whether he has those skills.

Question 7.
To have a healthy self-concept implies to be a highly capable person.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Self-concept is our total image of ourselves. A person who has a healthy and positive image of himself tends to be capable.

Question 8.
The real self represents our dynamic ambitions and goals.
Answer:
False
Reason: Ideal self represents our dynamic ambitions and goals.

Question 9.
A person who has high self-worth can’t tolerate failure.
Answer:
False
Reason: A person who has high self-worth can cope with challenges in life and also tolerates failure and sadness effectively.

2. Answer the following questions in around 35-40 words each.

Question 1.
What is self-concept?
Answer:

• Self-concept is defined as the totality of perceptions each person has of themselves.
• It is also defined as ‘the totality of the complex, organized and dynamic system of learned beliefs, attitudes, and opinions that each person holds to be true about his or her personal existence’.

Question 2.
Explain psychological components that help us to stay socially connected.
Answer:
Heatherton has identified the following psychological components that help us to stay socially connected:

• We must be aware of our actions and evaluate them.
• We must be able to predict other’s reactions to it.
• We must detect any kind of threat or rejection from others.
• We must do something constructive to improve the situation.

4. Write short notes in 50-60 words each.

Question 1.
Self-concept
Answer:

• Self-concept is our total image of us, i.e. it is our total picture of our abilities and traits.
• It is basically a cognitive construct that determines how we feel about ourselves and guides our actions.
• According to Symonds, self-concept is the way an individual reacts to himself.
• There are four aspects of self-concept, viz. How does a person perceive himself? What does he think about himself? How he values himself? and How he enhances or defends himself?
• Our self-concept develops rapidly during early childhood and adolescence. It continues to form and change throughout our life span as we change.

Question 2.
Rentsch and Heffener’s research
Answer:

• Rentsch and Heffner conducted research on the dimensions of self-concept.
• When they asked 20 questions to 200 university students, they found eight categories by which the participants defined themselves.
• Some of the categories were concerned with personal attributes, such as interpersonal characteristics (e.g. I am a student), interest (e.g. I like dancing), personal beliefs (e.g. I am against child abuse), and self-awareness (e.g. I don’t get angry without a valid reason).
• Others referred to the social environments such as ascribed characteristics (e.g. I am a citizen of India) or social differentiation (e.g. I am from another country).
• Although our answers to specific questions related to self-concept can be different, the overall organization of self-concept is common for all.

Question 3.
Steps to develop a positive self-image
Answer:
Self-image is a personal view or mental picture that we have of ourselves.
Some steps to develop a positive self-image are as follows:

• Making a list of one’s positive qualities
• Asking others to describe one’s positive qualities
• Defining achievable personal goals and objectives
• Trying to overcome illogical and irrational thinking
• Avoiding comparing oneself to others
• Developing one’s strengths
• Learning to love oneself
• Giving positive affirmations
• Remembering one’s own uniqueness
• Remembering how one dealt with problems

5. Answer the following questions in 150-200 words.

Question 1.
What is self-image and body image?
Answer:

• Self-image is a personal view or mental picture that we have of ourselves. It is an internal dictionary that describes an individual as being intelligent, funny, kind, etc. It is a collection of an individual’s strengths and weaknesses.
• Self-image is dynamic and changing. We can take steps to develop a healthier and accurate view of ourselves.
• A healthy self-image starts with learning to accept and love ourselves. It also includes being accepted and loved by others.
• Body image is a part of self-image. It goes beyond what we look like or how others see us. It also refers to how do we think, feel, and react to our physical attributes.
• Body image development is affected by cultural images and the influence of family, peers, and others.
• A positive body image contributes to enhanced psychological adjustment while a negative body image leads to maladjustment.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Important Questions Chapter 2 Branches of Psychology Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Psychology Important Questions Chapter 2 Branches of Psychology

1A. Complete the following statements.

Question 1.
Online cheating and fraud have led to the development of a branch called __________ Psychology.
(A) Cyber
(B) Social
(C) Cognitive
Answer:
(A) Cyber

Question 2.
__________ psychologists conduct research effective child-rearing practices.
(A) Social
(B) Developmental
(C) Child
Answer:
(C) Child

Question 3.
According to __________, Social Psychology is the scientific study of how an individual’s behaviour is affected by others.
(A) Myers
(B) Freud
(C) Pavlov
Answer:
(A) Myers

Question 4.
Cognitive Psychology concentrates on higher __________ processes such as reasoning and decision making.
(A) emotional
(B) behavioural
(C) mental
Answer:
(C) mental

Question 5.
The __________ psychologist tries to understand the fundamental causes of behaviour.
(A) cognitive
(B) social
(C) experimental
Answer:
(C) experimental

Question 6.
__________ Psychology is concerned with the general problems of the teaching and learning process.
(A) Educational
(B) Clinical
(C) Experimental
Answer:
(A) Educational

Question 7.
__________ Psychology is similar to Clinical Psychology.
(A) Counselling
(B) Industrial
(C) Experimental
Answer:
(A) Counselling

Question 8.
__________ psychologists generally work with the law enforcement department.
(A) Social
(B) Criminal
(C) Abnormal
Answer:
(B) Criminal

Question 9.
__________ psychologists improve preparation for a competitive event.
(A) Sports
(B) Counselling
(C) Cognitive
Answer:
(A) Sports

Question 10.
__________ Psychology is a branch of Industrial Psychology.
(A) Military
(B) Clinical
(C) Consumer
Answer:
(C) Consumer

Question 11.
Air Force Psychologist is specialised in __________ Psychology.
(A) Rehabilitation
(B) Military
(C) Organisational
Answer:
(B) Military

1B. Match the following pairs.

Question 1.

A	B
1. Clinical Psychology	a. School counsellor
2. Educational Psychology	b. Remand home superintendent
3. Industrial Psychology	c. Hypnotherapist
4. Child Psychology	d. Labour welfare officer
5. Social Psychology	e. Ergonomist

Answer:

A	B
1. Clinical Psychology	c. Hypnotherapist
2. Educational Psychology	a. School counsellor
3. Industrial Psychology	e. Ergonomist
4. Child Psychology	b. Remand home superintendent
5. Social Psychology	d. Labour welfare officer

1C. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
Today, there are more than 50 branches of Psychology.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
The main aim of applied branches is to develop principles and establish laws for explaining human behaviour.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Developmental Psychology examines changes across three major dimensions.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Child Psychology is a theoretical branch of Psychology.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Social Psychology studies the role of reinforcement in motivating children.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
Cognitive Psychology is concerned with the study of attention and perception.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
Ivan Pavlov conducted experiments on classical conditioning taking dogs as his subject.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
Abnormal Psychology is an applied branch of Psychology.
Answer:
False

Question 9.
Educational psychologists help in preparing relevant curriculum.
Answer:
True

Question 10.
Clinical Psychology is the largest subfield of Psychology.
Answer:
True

Question 11.
Counselling psychologists offer guidance about adjustment issues faced by a person.
Answer:
True

Question 12.
Criminal Psychology is. closely related to Educational Psychology.
Answer:
False

Question 13.
Industrial psychologists help players to maintain their composure.
Answer:
False

Question 14.
There are many career opportunities in Psychology.
Answer:
True

2. Answer the following questions in around 35-40 words each

Question 1.
Explain the nature of questions studied under various theoretical branches.
Answer:

Developmental Psychology	Questions related to changes that happen during the entire life span
Child Psychology	Questions focusing on children and their responses
Social Psychology	Questions focusing on individual’s response to group influence
Cognitive Psychology	Questions focusing on specific cognitive abilities
Experimental Psychology	Questions focusing on laboratory experiments to study human behaviour
Abnormal Psychology	Questions focusing on abnormal behaviour of human beings

Question 2.
State any five goals associated with Sports Psychology.
Answer:
The goals associated with Sports Psychology are as follows:

• Improve preparation for a competitive event.
• Improve focus and concentration skills of sportspersons.
• Improve teamwork and team cohesion.
• Teach relaxation skills to sportspersons.
• Develop self-awareness and increase the motivation of the team.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Important Questions Chapter 1 Story of Psychology Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Psychology Important Questions Chapter 1 Story of Psychology

1A. Complete the following statements.

Question 1.
__________ thought that knowledge is acquired through learning and experience.
(A) Plato
(B) John Locke
(C) Wilhelm Wundt
Answer:
(B) John Locke

Question 2.
Wilhelm Wundt introduced the term __________ experience.
(A) conscious
(B) innate
(C) unconscious
Answer:
(A) conscious

Question 3.
Dr. Sigmund Freud was an __________ physician and neurologist.
(A) German
(B) American
(C) Austrian
Answer:
(C) Austrian

Question 4.
__________ behaviour includes directly noticeable reactions and activities.
(A) Covert
(B) Overt
(C) Conscious
Answer:
(B) Overt

Question 5.
Watson established the school of __________
(A) behaviourism
(B) philosophy
(C) psychology
Answer:
(A) behaviourism

Question 6.
The S-O-R Model was developed by __________
(A) John Watson
(B) Sigmund Freud
(C) Plato
Answer:
(A) John Watson

Question 7.
In SOR, Model ‘R’ stands for __________
(A) reaction
(B) response
(C) rigour
Answer:
(B) response

Question 8.
The first Psychology department was established in __________ University.
(A) Mumbai
(B) Calcutta
(C) Delhi
Answer:
(B) Calcutta

Question 9.
National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) was established in __________
(A) Bangalore
(B) Hyderabad
(C) Chennai
Answer:
(A) Bangalore

Question 10.
Patanjali explained deep thought about Psychology in __________
(A) Yogsutra
(B) Upanishada
(C) Ayurveda
Answer:
(A) Yogsutra

Question 11.
People who have Rajasi qualities are __________
(A) aristocratic
(B) calm
(C) sluggish
Answer:
(A) aristocratic

Question 12.
__________ means understanding the causes of behaviour.
(A) Description
(B) Explanation
(C) Prediction
Answer:
(B) Explanation

Question 13.
__________ comprises of knowledge about the probable outcomes of behaviour.
(A) Explanation
(B) Prediction
(C) Control
Answer:
(B) Prediction

1B. Match the following pairs.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
i. Indian Psychological Association (IPA)	a. 1916
ii. First Psychology department	b. 1925
iii. National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS)	c. 1962
iv. Indian Academy of Applied Psychology (IAAP)	d. 1955
v. Indian Association of Clinical Psychologists	e. 1989
vi. National Academy of Psychology (NAOP)	f. 1968

Answer:
i – b, ii – a, iii – d, iv – c, v – f, vi – e

1C. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
Psychology emerged as a separate branch in the 17th century.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
The symbol of Psychology is Ω.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Logos means a branch of knowledge.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Wilhelm Wundt was an Austrian Physician.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Systematic study of Psychology begun in the year 1869.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
The introspection method was introduced by Wilhelm Wundt.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
John Watson conducted research on animal behaviour, child-rearing, and advertising.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
In the S-O-R model, S stands for stimulus.
Answer:
True

Question 9.
During the 1950-1960s, the focus of Psychology shifted to cognitive processes.
Answer:
True

Question 10.
The hospital for mental diseases was set up at Ranchi.
Answer:
False

Question 11.
There are only two Koshas.
Answer:
True

Question 12.
Gunas determine the characteristics of human beings.
Answer:
False

Question 13.
The goal of description relates to ‘Why’.
Answer:
False

1D. Identify the odd item from the following and give reasons for the same.

Question 1.
Stimulus, Response, Organism, Reaction
Answer:
Reaction
Reason: Rest is the symbol in the S-O-R Model.

Question 2.
Rajas, Kapha, Vata, Pitta
Answer:
Rajas
Reason: The rest are the three types of Doshas.

Question 3.
Aristocratic, Idle, Sluggish, Depressed
Answer:
Aristocratic
Reason: The rest relate to Tamasi’s qualities.

Question 4.
Tirthankar, Kabir, Freud, Vivekanand
Answer:
Freud
Reason: The rests are Indian saints and philosophers.

1E. Complete the following table

Question 1.

1. __________ – Knowledge is innate
2. Prof. Narendra Nath Sen Gupta – __________
3. _________ – Lumbini Park Mental Hospital
4. Yama, Pranayam, Samadhi – __________
5. Describe, Explain, Predict, Control – __________

Answer:

1. Plato – Knowledge is innate
2. Prof. Narendra Nath Sen Gupta – First Psychology department, Calcutta University
3. Calcutta, 1940 – Lumbini Park Mental Hospital
4. Yama, Pranayam, Samadhi – Ashtangyoga, Patanjali
5. Describe, Explain, Predict, Control – Goals of Psychology

2. Answer the following questions in 35-40 words

Question 1.
Explain the study of Sigmund Freud.
Answer:

• Dr. Sigmund Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis. He believed that most human motives are hidden.
• He stressed the importance of early childhood experiences and unconscious impulses in shaping adult personality.
• He explained that any major psychological problems in a person’s life have their roots in the early years of life.

Question 2.
Explain the study of cognition.
Answer

• During 1950s and 1960s, the concentration of Psychology shifted from behaviour to cognitive processes.
• Psychologists were interested in studying the various internal processes that trigger a particular responsibility towards the stimulus.
• These processes comprise attention, memory, reasoning, etc. and they play an active role in the cognitive processes.

For your understanding
Cognitive science is the scientific study of human thoughts. It examines mental actions of obtaining information as well as understanding through thoughts, experiences, and senses.

Question 3.
Write a note on Ashtangyoga.
Answer:

• In the fifth century B.C., sage Patanjali described deep thought about Psychology in Yogsutra.
• He developed the theory of Ashtanga yoga.
• The eight aspects of Ashtangyoga are Yama, Niyama, Aasana, Pranayam, Pratyahar, Dharana, Dhyan and Samadhi.
• It helps us to control our wishes and desires.

3. Write short notes.

Question 1.
The latest definition of Psychology
Answer:

• The latest definition of Psychology explains that it is the study of human behaviour and mental processes.
• Important terms in this definition are behaviour, mental processes, and the scientific method.
• Behaviour is the reaction of an organism to various stimuli present in the environment.
• It is either overt or covert. Overt behaviour can be seen directly and includes responses such as walking, talking, dancing while Covert behaviour cannot be seen directly and includes responses such as thinking, feeling, etc.
• The mental processes consist of thinking, memory, forgetting, emotion, motivation, attention, and perception.
• In a scientific study, experiments are conducted in a controlled environment. It enables researchers to study sample populations and generalise certain observations to the entire population.

Question 2.
Doshas
Answer:
According to Ayurveda, there are three types of Doshas; viz. Kapha, Vata, and Pitta.

• Kapha Dosha: Individuals who have Kapha as a dominant Dosha is calm, flexible, patient, and caring. They take a longer time to grasp a subject but have a strong memory.
• Vata Dosha: Individuals who have Vata as a dominant Dosha are unpredictable and moody. They get angry very quickly but they also calm down very fast. They are art lovers,
• Pitta Dosha: Individuals having Pitta as a dominant Dosha are very sharp. They are usually short-tempered.

Question 3.
Gunas
Answer:

• According to Ayurveda, a concept to understand human temperament is called Guna.
• There are three types of Gunas, viz. Sattva, Rajas and Tamas.
• The impacts of Gunas are seen in the behaviour of an individual.
• People with Sattva Guna are calm and understanding. They do their work cautiously and promptly. They are aware of reality.
• People with Rajas Guna are proud and have high self-respect. They are aggressive, (belligerent)
• People with Tamas Guna are idle, sluggish, depressed, and not hard-working.

4. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the study of Wilhelm Wundt.
Answer:

• Wilhelm Wundt was a German Physician and Philosopher.
• In the late 19th century, he established the first Psychological laboratory at Leipzig University to study human behaviour.
• He introduced the term conscious experience (i.e. awareness of the mental activities of an organism). This awareness includes the stored mental impressions of the past, present, and future.
• Wundt introduced the Introspection method.
• He also conducted experiments on reaction time, perception, and consciousness. After that, Psychology emerged as a science.

Question 2.
Explain the study of behaviour by John Watson.
Answer:

• John Watson was an American Psychologist who defined Psychology as the Science of human behaviour.
• He conducted research on animal behaviour, child-rearing, and advertising.
• He explained human behaviour through the S-O-R Model.
• Stimulus (S) refers to any physical event or condition that gives rise to a reaction. Organism (0) refers to a human being or an animal, who gives a response to the stimulus. Response (R) refers to the reaction of the organism to a given stimulus.
• Watson also established the school of behaviourism.

Question 3.
Explain Psychology from an Indian perspective.
Answer:

• From 2000 B.C. to 500 A. C., Indian philosophers studied the mind and human behaviour from different viewpoints. They also described ideas like soul, mind, intuition, and so on.
• Upanishads explain the self and personality structure with the help of a concept called Kosha. The different Koshas are Annamaya kosha, Pranmaya kosha, Manomaya kosha, Vidnyanmaya kosha, and Anandmaya kosha.
• Ayurveda explained three types of Doshas; viz. Kapha, Vata, and Pitta and three types of Gunas; viz. Sattva Guna, Rajas Guna and Tamas Guna. Doshas determine characteristics of humans while Gunas explain human temperament.
• In the fifth century B.C., sage Patanjali explained deep thought about Psychology in Yogsutra.
  His theory of Ashtangyoga consists of eight aspects; viz. Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayam, Pratyahara, Dharana, Dhyan, and Samadhi. He also studied levels of human consciousness and elaborated on how one can evolve spiritually.
• Many other Indian philosophers and saints also studied the mind and human behaviour.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Important Questions Chapter 8 Social Change Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Sociology Important Questions Chapter 8 Social Change

Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
Changes in the ………………… of society have an impact on social relationships.
(direction / structure / nature)
Answer:
structure

Question 2.
Changes that take place in several directions at the same time is known as …………………
(linear / multi-linear / cyclical)
Answer:
multi-linear

Question 3.
Styles of dressing which was popular few generations ago have become popular today is an example of ………………… change.
(linear / cyclical / multi-linear)
Answer:
cyclical

Question 4.
………………… compares society to a biological organism.
(Auguste Comte / Herbert Spencer / Max Weber)
Answer:
Herbert Spencer

Question 5.
Social change is …………………, as it denotes a time sequence.
(temporal / complex / immoral)
Answer:
temporal

Question 6.
Giving up social evils like dowry or early marriage is an example of ………………… change.
(long-term / short-term / neutral)
Answer:
long-term

Question 7.
………………… change happens suddenly.
(Planned / Unplanned / Temporal)
Answer:
Unplanned

Question 8.
………………… factor is also known as geographical or natural factor.
(Cultural / Economic / Physical)
Answer:
Physical

Question 9.
The physical environment has also been adversely affected by human behaviour in the name of …………………
(displacement / conditions / development)
Answer:
development

Question 10.
…………….. factor is also known as demographic factor.
(Biological / Physical / Social)
Answer:
Biological

Question 11.
……………….. is defined as the number of females per thousand males in any given population.
(Demography / Sex ratio / Fertility)
Answer:
Sex ratio

Question 12.
………………… development is affected by size of population.
(Socio-psychological / Socio-economic / Socio-cultural)
Answer:
Socio-economic

Question 13.
………………… showed an interrelation between the teachings of Protestant religion and spread of capitalism in Europe.
(Karl Marx / Auguste Comte / Max Weber)
Answer:
Max Weber

Question 14.
……………….. conflict has resulted in class-conflict.
(Social / Economic / Cultural)
Answer:
Economic

Question 15.
The LPG Policy was adopted by the government in …………………
(1971 / 1991 / 1994)
Answer:
1991

Question 16.
………………… development is an index of the overall progress of society.
(Cultural / Technological / Physical)
Answer:
Technological

Question 17.
………………… is a means to help develop ideas, skills, solve problems and transform people.
(Technology / Knowledge / Education)
Answer:
Education

Question 18.
………………… is a statistical study of human population.
(Migration / Demography / Composition)
Answer:
Demography

Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) Herbert Spencer – Functionalism
(b) Emile Durkheim – Theory of Three Stages
(c) Auguste Comte – Protestant Ethic
(d) Max Weber – Organic Analogy
Answer:
(b) Emile Durkheim – Anomic suicide

Question 2.
(a) YCMOU – University Grant Commission
(b) UGC – Right to Education
(c) RTE – Post Globalization
(d) LPG – Yashwant Chavan Maharashtra Open University
Answer:
(d) LPG – Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization

Question 3.
(a) Max Weber – Cultural Factor
(b) Karl Marx – Economic Factor
(c) Demographic Factor – Technological Factor
(d) The Latur Earthquake – Physical Factor
Answer:
(c) Demographic Factor – Biological Factor

Question 4.
(a) Changes takes place everywhere – Universality .
(b) An endless process – Continuous process
(c) It is amoral – Neutrality
(d) Denotes a time sequence – Chain reaction
Answer:
(d) Denotes a time sequence – Temporal.

Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Physical Factor, Educational Factor, Economic Factor, Technological Factor, Demography, Biological Factor, Socio-cultural Factor, Unplanned Factor, Information Age, Planned Change, Migration, Interaction Chain Reaction, Long-term Change.)
Question 1.
Consequences of overpopulation and underpopulation.
Answer:
Biological factor

Question 2.
The growth of large scale industries.
Answer:
Economic factor

Question 3.
Online examination.
Answer:
Technological factor

Question 4.
Cultural diffusion is a source of change.
Answer:
Socio-Cultural factor

Question 5.
A huge increase in school fees, will have an impact on student enrolment
Answer:
Interactional factor

Question 6.
Eradicating strongly embedded customs like dowry, sati system, etc.
Answer:
Long-term change

Question 7.
Definite spaces marked for residences, economic zones, parks etc.
Answer:
Planned change

Question 8.
A statistical study of human population.
Answer:
Demography

Correct the underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Emile Durkheim has given us a theory of three stages of human thought.
Answer:
Auguste Comte has given us a theory of three stages of human thought.

Question 2.
Human society is a structure with various parts unrelated.
Answer:
Human society is a structure with various parts interrelated.

Question 3.
Joint families are now undergoing significant changes is an example of functional changes.
Answer:
Joint families are now undergoing significant changes is an example of structural changes.

Question 4.
Social changes take place overnight.
Answer:
Social changes take place over time.

Question 5.
Decrease in school fees may further result in higher ‘drop out’.
Answer:
Increase in school fees may further result in higher ‘drop out’.

Question 6.
Social change is immoral.
Answer:
Social change is amoral.

Question 7.
Social programmes have to be immediately designed and implemented for the natural calamities affected person.
Answer:
Rehabilitation programmes have to be immediately designed and implemented for the natural calamities affected person.

Question 8.
Some purposeful and unplanned changes are promoted by the government and other agencies.
Answer:
Some purposeful and planned changes are promoted by the government and other agencies.

Question 9.
Social change is a result of the interaction of single factors.
Answer:
Social change is a result of the interaction of multiple factors.

Question 10.
Technological factors consist of climatic conditions, bio diversity, natural resources, etc.
Answer:
Physical factors consist of climatic conditions, bio diversity, natural resources, etc.

Question 11.
Social change is to some extent conditioned by religious factors.
Answer:
Social change is to some extent conditioned by physical factors.

Question 12.
The problems of food, housing, unemployment, poverty are problems as well as direct outcomes of changing sex ratio.
Answer:
The problems of food, housing, unemployment, poverty are problems as well as direct outcomes of changing demography.

Question 13.
Economic competition has resulted in class – conflict, increase in capitalism in the society.
Answer:
Economic competition has resulted in class – conflict, increase in materialism in the society.

Question 14.
For Conflict Theorist, culture is considered a basis for change in society.
Answer:
For Conflict Theorist, conflict is considered a basis for change in society.

Question 15.
One of the benchmarks of a so-called civilized society is its extent of cultural development.
Answer:
One of the benchmarks of a so-called civilized society is its extent of technological development.

Question 16.
The government is taking huge efforts to reach to all sections of society through digitalization.
Answer:
The government is taking huge efforts to reach to all sections of society through Right to Education.

Write suitable examples of the given concepts and justify your answer.

Question 1.
Social change.
Answer:
Example : For example, in today’s ‘Information Age’, the role of a teacher in a school is radically different than it was during the early Vedic period. Structural changes always occur in society. For example, with regard to structure in terms of size of family, joint families are now undergoing significant changes. At the same time there are functional changes in the family system. Education was a function of the family previously. Today it has become a specialized function which has been passed on to schools, colleges through a formal means of education.

Social change is a change in the social structure and social relationships of the society. Society change is a continuous, ongoing process. ‘The term’ social change refers to changes that take place in the structure and functioning of social institutions; for example, government education, economy, marriage, family, religion. Social changes also refers to change in performance of social roles of individuals according to changing times.

Question 2.
Long – term change.
Answer:
Example : Giving up social evils like dowry, early marriage or domestic violence. Eradicating strongly embedded customs and practices take decades to get rid of.

Social changes that may take years or decades to produce results are long – term changes. Significant social changes having long-term effects include the industrial revolution, the abolition of slavery etc. social movements play important role in creating awareness and inspiring discontented members of a society to bring about social change.

Question 3.
Unplanned change.
Answer:
Example : Natural calamities such as famine, floods, earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic eruption, etc. are the instances of unplanned changes. Social change which occurs in the natural course is called the unplanned change. The unplanned changes are spontaneous, accidental or the product of sudden decision.

When a natural disaster takes place, there is a loss of human and animal lives as well as property. Rehabilitation programmes have to be immediately designed and implemented for the affected persons. Unplanned change by its very name suggests that it is a type of change that is not planned. It happens suddenly.

Question 4.
Demography.
Answer:
Example : The study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations. The problems of food, housing, unemployment, poor health, poverty, low standard of living etc., are problems as well as direct outcomes of changing demography.

Demography is a statistical study of human population. Demography encompasses the study of the size, structure and distribution of the population. It records spatial and temporal changes in population in response to birth, migration, aging and death. The composition of a particular human population is demography.

Question 5.
Direction of social change.
Answer:
Example : Linear Change – Primitive society moving towards a state of industrialism. Multi-linear Change – Cultural diversity.
Cyclical Change – Styles of dressing or hairstyling which were popular few generations ago have become popular today.

Social change is a change in social structure and social relationship of society. Auguste Comte has given us a theory of three stages of human thought. Society change is a continuous process. Sometimes changes proceed from one stage to another in a single direction known as linear change. It may also be a multi-linear change, that is, changes can take place in several different directions at the same time. Then again, the change may be cyclical, that is, human society goes through certain cycle.

Write short notes.

Question 1.
Characteristics of Social Changes.
Answer:
1. Universality : All human societies change. This could include changes in population, beliefs, tools, attire, customs, roles, music, art, architecture etc. Social change is universal as it takes place everywhere. This change is not uniform as it takes place at differing speeds.

2. Continuous speed : There is continuity of change in society. Right from the emergence of human society from the times of nomadic cave dwellers to the present, every aspect of human life and living has changed.

3. Temporal : Social change is temporal as it denotes a time sequence. Innovations of new things, modifications and renovation of the existing phenomena and the discarding of the old takes time.

4. Interactional chain reaction : The physical, biological, technological, cultural, social economic and other factors may together bring about social change. This is due to mutual interdependence of social phenomenon. Thus, for example, a huge increase in school fees will have an impact on student enrolment.

5. Neutrality : The term social change has no value judgment attached to it. As a phenomenon, it is neither moral nor immoral it is amoral. It is ethically neutral.

6. Short term and long-term change : Some social changes may bring about immediate results while some others may take years or decades to produce results. The purchase of new gadgets for the purpose of entertainment is faster if one has the purchasing capacity when compared to giving up social evils like dowry, early marriage or domestic violence.

7. Planned or unplanned changes : Unplanned changes happens suddenly and is not planned. For example, when a natural disaster takes place, there is a loss of human and animal lives as well as property. Rehabilitation programmes, some purposeful and planned changes promoted by the government are examples of planned change.

Question 2.
Socio cultural factor of social change.
Answer:
Human culture is a process of change. A change in the cultural order is accompanied by a corresponding change in the whole social order. Cultural diffusion is a source of change. Culture includes our values, beliefs, ideas and ideologies, morals, customs and traditions. These are all subject to change and they in turn, cause changes. Ideas and cultural values play a crucial role in social change.

German sociologist, Max Weber gave importance to the cultural factor of social change. He showed an interrelation between the teachings of protestant religion and spread of capitalism in Europe, in his famous book “Protestant Ethic and the spirit of Capitalism”. Also, these are negative consequences of ideologies that promote religious fundamentalism, extremist thinking, superstitious beliefs and practices, mindless values; these leads to untold hardships and human miseries. They become stumbling blocks to change.

Question 3.
Technological factor of social change.
Answer:
One of the benchmarks of a so called civilized society is its extent of technological development. Technological development creates new conditions of life and new conditions for adaptation. Technological development continues to be an index of the overall progress of society. Technological changes have affected social, economic, religious, cultural and political life of human beings.

Opportunities for e-learning, e-library, e-commerce, e-ticketing, online marketing, online examination is possible today, due to technological innovations. We live in digitalized age. Digitalization has helped the government to identify many beneficiaries who can be provided aid.

Question 4.
Educational factor and social changes.
Answer:
Education is a means to help develop ideas and skills, solve problems, transform people. People acquire knowledge, skills, develop, competencies and then use these to seek employment or self¬employment. The purpose of education, its content, its pedagogy is changing. Use of technology within education though e-learning, online education, smart boards, virtual classrooms, national digital library etc have brought about far reaching changes even within the field of education.

Many persons have opportunities to learn due to the efforts of the government. A special effort has been made by the University Grants Commission (UGC) to encourage education for trans¬gender persons. Educations can transform people lives.

Question 5.
Economic factor and social changes.
Answer:
This factor is of unique importance in social change. Stages of economic development in human history are not limited to economic transformation in society. They promote large scale political and social transformations. Economic development affects different institutions. The growth of large-scale industries led to employment opportunities, professionalism, exploitation, trade unionism and so forth. Economic competition has resulted in class-conflict increase in materialism in the society. The class divide continues to this day.

For example, peasant movement, women’s movements, labour movements, student movement, tribal movement etc. for conflict theorists – conflict is considered a basis for change in society. Globalization as a process continues to have a huge impact on Indian society. The LPG policy adopted by the government of India in 1991 has led to far reaching consequences on our political institutions, economy, family, education etc.

Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Physical and biological factors of social change.
Answer:

Physical factor	Biological factor
(i) Physical factor is also known as geographical or natural factor.	(i) Biological factor is also known as demographic factor.
(ii) Physical factors consists of climatic conditions, physical environment, animal life, biodiversity, mineral resources, natural resources, etc.	(ii) The biological factors lies in the biological conditions of social continuity, the perpetuation, growth or decline of a given population, migration or race.
(iii) Social change to some extent conditioned by physical factors.	(iii) Biological factors bring change in population structure.
(iv) Physical factor is modified by man, to meet his needs for example construction, of bridge, dam, highway, road, canal, irrigation etc.	(iv) Population movement from rural to urban area, and other such demographic changes significantly influence the course of social change in a society.

Complete the concept maps.

Identify the significant factor of change for each.
Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

Question 5.

Answer:

State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Social change is a complex phenomenon.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. It includes the direction of social change, form of social change, sources of social change, causes of social change, and consequences of social change.
2. Any alternation, difference, modification that takes place in a human situation through time, can be called social change.
3. A single factor may trigger a particular change, but it is almost associated with other factors due to interdependence of several factors which makes social change a complex phenomenon.

Question 2.
Cultural diffusion is not a source of change.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Cultural diffusion is a source of change. Culture includes our values, beliefs, ideas and ideologies, morals, customs and traditions.
2. These are all subject to change and they in turn, cause changes.
3. Where two cultures meet or clash, social changes are inevitable.

Question 3.
The physical environment has also been adversely affected by human behaviour.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. The physical environment has been adversely affected by human behaviour, in the name of ‘development’.
2. The effects of industrial pollution on the environment and the consequent effects such as global warming, melting of solar caps etc., are examples of the physical environment.
3. Hence, there is a need for conscious efforts to promote ‘sustainable development for all’. To solve the problem created by physical environment.

Question 4.
Both, overpopulation or under population has its share of consequences.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Both, overpopulation or under-population has its share of consequences.
2. It leads to regional imbalance, changes in density, skewed sex ratio.
3. Socio-economic development and access to opportunities is affected by size of population. For example, the growing population of senior citizens, or declining number of youth in some communities creates new challenges for society.

Question 5.
Economic Factor is of unique importance in social change.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Stages of economic development in human history are not limited to economic transformation in society.
2. They promoted large scale political and social transformations. Amidst these changes, there continues to be a need for a decent livelihood and human welfare.
3. Economic development affects different institutions like family, education etc. The growth of large-scale industries led to a spurt in cities, employment opportunities, professionalism, exploitation, trade unionism and so forth.

Question 6.
The purpose of education, its content, is changing.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Use of technology within education through e-learning, online education, smart boards, virtual classrooms, National Digital Library etc. have brought about far-reaching changes even within the field of education.
2. Today many persons have opportunities to learn due to the efforts of the government.
3. A special effort has been made by the(UGC) to encourage education for transgender persons.

Question 7.
There is no direction to social change.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Sometimes, changes proceed from one stage to another, like in a sequence, and in a single direction.
   For example, Auguste Comtes Theory of Three Stages of human thought is an example of linear change.
2. It may also be multi- linear, that is, changes can take place in several different directions at the same time.
3. Change may also be cyclical; for example, this is common in the world of fashion. Styles of dressing or which were popular few generations ago have become popular today.

Give your personal response.

Question 1.
The consequences of social change may be constructive or destructive.
Answer:
Every factor of social changes has both constructive or destructive results. Physical factors like natural calamities leads to displacement which affects human life. However, geographic condition may also be favourable for human settlements. Similarly, both over population and under population has its share of consequences. Ideas and cultural values also play a crucial role in social change but some ideologies when promote religious fundamentalism and superstitious beliefs does have negative consequences on society. The growth of large-scale industries has not only increased employment opportunities but also have given rise to exploitation.

Question 2.
The purchase of new gadgets for the purpose of entertainment is faster as compared to giving up social evils like dowry, early marriage or domestic violence.
Answer:
Invention and usage of new gadgets is change in material culture. While social evils like dowry, early marriage or domestic violence is strongly embedded customs and practices and part of non¬material culture. Material culture changes fast as compared to non-material culture which are long-term change.

Question 3.
The social system also becomes dysfunctional at times.
Answer:
Emile Durkheim makes reference to ‘anomic suicide’ where there is a state or normlessness or chaos, which can trigger off suicidal feelings which further leads to instability of society. Similarly, there are many other factors which may disturb the balance of the society. Then human beings have to make conscious efforts to help bring about stability, balance and equilibrium in society.

Answer the following question in detail (about 150 words).

Question 1.
Discuss factors responsible for social change with examples of your own
Answer:
More often than not, social change is a result of the interaction of multiple factors.
1. Physical factors : This factor is also known as geographical or natural factor. Physical factors consist of climatic conditions, physical environment, biodiversity, natural resources etc. Social change is to some extent conditioned by physical factors. Natural calamities such as famine or drought affect human lives. The Latur earthquake in 1993, in Maharashtra had long-term impact in terms of displacement. However, geographical conditions may also be favourable for human settlements. For example, people who live in areas which have plenty of rain, suitable soil conditions, rich in minerals have progressed more rapidly.

2. Biological factor : This factor is also known as demographic factor. Biological factors influence numbers i.e., population, sex composition, birth rate and death rate, fertility rate and the hereditary quality of successive generations factors like size and composition of population produce social change. Socio-economic development and access to opportunities is affected by size of population. For example, the growing population of senior citizens or declining number of youths in some communities creates new challenges for society.

3. Socio-cultural factor : Any change in cultural order is accompanied by a corresponding change in the whole social order. Cultural diffusion is a source of change. Ideas propounded by biologist Charles Darwin, psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud and thinker Karl Marx, for example, in the past century, have had significant impact across the globe. Also, there are negative consequences of ideologies that promote religious fundamentalism, extremist thinking, superstitious beliefs and practices which are stumbling blocks to change.

4. Economic factor : Economic development affects different institutions. The growth of large- scale industries led to a spurt in cities, employment opportunities, professionalism, exploitation, trade unionism and so forth. Economic competition has resulted in class-conflict increase in materialism in society. The ‘conflict approached’ as stated by Karl Marx has had a significant impact on understanding social change and also on movements against injustice in society. For example: peasant movement, labour movement, women’s movement etc. Globalization as an economic process continues to have a huge impact on Indian society.

5. Technological factor : One of the benchmarks of a so-called civilized society is its extent of technological development. Technological development continuous to be an index of the overall progress of society. Our daily life is increasingly loaded with the effects of technology from our homes to our work places, entertainment, voting, banking, e-business, e-governance, etc., opportunities for e-learning, online examination is possible today, due to technological innovations.

6. Educational factor: Education is a means to develop ideas and skills, solve problems, transform people. People do acquire knowledge, skills, develop competencies and then use these to seek employment or self-employment. Use of technology within education through e-learning, online education, smart boards, virtual classrooms, have brought about far reaching changes even within the field of education.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Social Stratification Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Social Stratification

Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
Social ………………. involves the formation of horizontal social divisions.
(stratification / differentiation / hierarchy)
Answer:
differentiation

Question 2.
Social stratification involves ………………. ranking of social strata.
(horizontal / vertical / equal)
Answer:
vertical

Question 3.
Social stratification is a particular form of social ……………….
(equality / inequality / justice)
Answer:
inequality

Question 4.
In ………………. stratification there is no scope for social mobility.
(open / closed / universal)
Answer:
Closed

Question 5.
Caste is the ………………. form of social stratification.
(closed / open / equal)
Answer:
closed

Question 6.
………………. is hereditary and membership is based on birth.
(Class / Caste / Society)
Answer:
caste

Question 7.
Choice of ………………. is not free under caste system.
(prestige, occupation, wealth)
Answer:
Occupation

Question 8.
………………. is essence of caste system.
(Endogamy / Exogamy / Monogamy)
Answer:
Endogamy

Question 9.
A social ………………. is essentially a status group.
(caste / class / division)
Answer:
class

Question 10.
The positions that one inherits at birth is called ………………. status.
(achieved / ascribed / vertical)
Answer:
ascribed

Question 11.
The position that one acquires through effort is called ………………. status.
(ascribed / achieved / prestige)
Answer:
achieved

Question 12.
………………. is associated with prestige.
(Role / Status / Mobility)
Answer:
Status

Question 13.
Higher education gives opportunities for ………………. mobility.
(downward / upward / middle)
Answer:
upward

Question 14.
………………. stratification refers to social ranking, where men typically inhabit higher statuses than women.
(Class / Gender / Caste)
Answer:
Gender

Question 15.
………………. refers to the biological distinction between females and males.
(Gender / Inequality / Sex)
Answer:
Sex

Question 16.
………………. is the belief that one sex is superior that the other.
(Gender / Sexism / Feminism)
Answer:
Sexism

Question 17.
Male dominance is supported by ……………….
(matriarchy / patriarchy / endogamy)
Answer:
patriarchy

Question 18.
The process of ………………. is gendered and creates gender hierarchy.
(stratification / socialization / mobility)
Answer:
socialization

Question 19.
Social ………………. means the movement of position from lower to higher one.
(stratification / movement / equality)
Answer:
mobility

Question 20.
………………. mobility refers to change of residence or job without status change.
(Vertical / Horizontal / Intergenerational)
Answer:
Horizontal

Question 21.
………………. mobility stands for change of social position.
(Horizontal / Vertical / Intergenerational)
Answer:
Vertical

Question 22.
………………. mobility means that one generation changes its social status in contrast to previous generation.
(Vertical / Intergenerational / Intragenerational)
Answer:
Intergenerational

Question 23.
………………. mobility takes place in the lifespan of one generation.
(Vertical / Intergenerational / Intragenerational)
Answer:
Intragenerational

Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) Good connections, networking – Social Capital
(b) Reputation and status – Economic Capital
(c) Knowledge of art – Cultural Capital
(d) Higher education – Upward Mobility
Answer:
(b) Reputation and status – Symbolic Capital

Question 2.
(a) Emotional, Cooperative – Traditional Feminine Traits
(b) Ambitious, Independent – Traditional Masculine Traits
(c) Purity and pollution – Caste
(d) Prestige – Gender Stratification
Answer:
(d) Prestige – Class

Question 3.
(a) Endogamy – Caste
(b) Wealth and income – Class
(c) Sexism – Gender Stratification
(d) Male dominance – Matriarchy
Answer:
(d) Male dominance – Patriarchy

Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Open stratification, Prestige, Education, Sex, Vertical Mobility, Horizontal Mobility, Closed Stratification, Lifestyles, Gender Stratification, Sexism, Gender Socialization, Intergenerational Mobility, Intragenerational Mobility.)
Question 1.
The varna and the caste system in India.
Answer:
Close Stratification

Question 2.
Power, property, intelligence, skills etc.
Answer:
Open Stratification

Question 3.
It reflects the speciality in preferences, tastes and values of a class.
Answer:
Lifestyles

Question 4.
It refers to the respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society.
Answer:
Prestige

Question 5.
It gives opportunities for upward mobility.
Answer:
Education

Question 6.
It refers to social ranking where men typically inhabit higher statuses than woman.
Answer:
Gender Stratification

Question 7.
Biological distinction between females and males.
Answer:
Sex

Question 8.
A belief that one sex is superior than the other.
Answer:
Sexism

Question 9.
Boys are given toy cars or ball to play.
Answer:
Gender Stratification

Question 10.
Ascending or descending type of mobility.
Answer:
Vertical Mobility

Question 11.
It refers to change of residence or job without status change.
Answer:
Horizontal Mobility

Question 12.
An individual moves up and occupies a higher social position than his previous social position.
Answer:
Intragenerational Mobility

Correct underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Social stratification refers to the existence of structured equalities in a society.
Answer:
Social stratification refers to the existence of structured inequalities in a society.

Question 2.
The pattern of mobility stays same from generation to generation.
Answer:
The pattern of inequality stays same from generation to generation.

Question 3.
Open stratification is one in which individuals do not enjoy the freedom of changing their social strata.
Answer:
Close Stratification is one in which individuals do not enjoy the freedom of changing their social strata.

Question 4.
In closed stratification there is scope for social mobility.
Answer:
In open stratification there is scope for social mobility.

Question 5.
The caste system in modern industrial society is an example of open stratification.
Answer:
The class system in modern industrial society is an example of open stratification.

Question 6.
The Spanish word ‘casta’ means colour.
Answer:
The Spanish word ‘casta’ means breed or race

Question 7.
The membership of caste is determined by effort.
Answer:
The membership of caste is determined by birth.

Question 8.
Hereditary is a scheme, which arranges castes in terms of higher and lower status.
Answer:
Hierarchy is a scheme, which arranges castes in terms of higher and lower status.

Question 9.
In a caste society, there is an equal distribution of privileges and disabilities among its members.
Answer:
In a caste society, there is an unequal distribution of privileges and disabilities among its members.

Question 10.
Every caste insists that its members should marry outside the group.
Answer:
Every caste insists that its members should marry within the group.

Question 11.
Caste is related to status.
Answer:
Class is related to status.

Question 12.
Caste is almost a universal phenomenon.
Answer:
Class is almost a universal phenomenon.

Question 13.
Rank is associated with prestige.
Answer:
Status is associated with prestige.

Question 14.
An open class system is one in which horizontal social mobility is possible.
Answer:
An open class system is one in which vertical social mobility is possible.

Question 15.
Hereditary reflect the specialty in preferences, tastes and values of a class.
Answer:
Life-styles reflect the specialty in preferences, tastes and values of a class.

Question 16.
Bourdieu gives three types of capital to explain hierarchy in society.
Answer:
Bourdieu gives four types of capital to explain hierarchy in society.

Question 17.
A social class is an achievement of people who have same status, rank etc.
Answer:
A social class is an aggregate of people who have same status, rank etc.

Question 18.
One’s class position is directly proportionate to one’s income.
Answer:
One’s class position is not directly proportionate to one’s income.

Question 19.
There is an open reciprocal relationship between social class and education.
Answer:
There is a close reciprocal relationship between social class and education.

Question 20.
Education refers to the respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society.
Answer:
Prestige refers to the respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society.

Question 21.
Race stratification refers to unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between the two sexes.
Answer:
Gender stratification refers to unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between the two sexes.

Question 22.
Sex refers to the social aspects of differences between male and female.
Answer:
Gender refers to the social aspects of differences between male and female.

Question 23.
Submissive, dependent, timid are traditional notion of masculine traits.
Answer:
Submissive, dependent, timid are traditional notion of feminine traits.

Question 24.
Under horizontal mobility, a person changes one’s occupation but the overall social standing remains the same.
Answer:
Under vertical mobility, a person changes one’s occupation but the overall social standing remains the same.

Question 25.
Intragenerational mobility may be upward or downward.
Answer:
Intergenerational mobility may be upward or downward.

Question 26.
Inequality is social and persists over generation.
Answer:
Stratification is social and persists over generation.

Write suitable examples of given concepts and justify your answer.

Question 1.
Caste as closed system of stratification.
Answer:
Example : Varna System – Hindu society is divided into four varnas – Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishyas and Shudras. Occupation social status and lifestyle of every varna is determined by some rules and regulations and it is a group based on birth.

Each position in the caste structure is defined in terms of its ‘purity and pollution’. In a caste stratification system, an individual’s position depends on the status attributes ascribed by birth. Therefore, caste is the closed form of social stratification. Since membership based on birth, morality from one caste to another is impossible. Each caste has its own traditional social status, occupation, customs, rules and regulations. Castes are endogamous group and every caste insist that its members should marry within the group which further makes the caste system rigid.

Question 2.
Gender role socialization.
Answer:
Example : Boys are given toy cars or lego sets or bat and ball to play whereas girls are given household sets, medical sets, dolls etc. It explains why human males and females behave in different ways and learn different social roles.

The concept of gender stratification refers to society’s unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between the sexes. The process of socialization is gendered and creates gender hierarchy.

Question 3.
Almost all societies are characterised by sexism.
Answer:
Example : Sexist concepts teaches narratives about traditional gender roles for males and females. Women are considered to be the weaker sex and less capable than man in various areas like business, politics etc., and they are confined to the domestic realm of nurturance.

In most countries throughout the world, societies allocate fewer resources to women than to men. Sexism is the belief that one sex is superior than the other and almost all societies are characterized by sexism. Although, societies have been believing in the superiority of men over women and therefore have been dominating women. The male dominance is supported further by patriarchy, which is a form of social organization in which men dominate, oppress and exploit women.

Question 4.
Social stratification is universal but variable.
Answer:
Example : Influence of caste system on all aspects of the Indian society. Practice of class system, gender roles around the world.
Societies around us are heterogeneous in nature and thus divided into various strata or groups. Most societies exist with social systems of social division and social stratification. Everywhere society is divided into various strata. Hence, social stratification is found everywhere. At the same time the nature of inequality varies. ‘What’ is unequal and ‘how’ unequal, changes within the context of the societies.

Write short notes.

Question 1.
Gender stratification.
Answer:
1. Gender stratification refers to social ranking, where men typically inhabit higher statuses than women. A common general definition of gender stratification refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between the two sexes.

2. Throughout the world, most societies allocate fewer resources to women than men. Almost all societies are characterized by sexism. Sexism is the belief that one sex is superior than the other.

3. Although, societies have been believing in the superiority of men over women and therefore have been dominating women. This male dominance is supported further by patriarchy.

4. The process of socialization is gendered and creates gender hierarchy. E.g., Boys are given toy cars or legs sets or bat and ball to play whereas girls are given household sets, medical sets, dolls, etc.

Question 2.
Types of social stratification.
Answer:
Social stratification is of two types – Closed stratification and Open stratification.
1. Closed stratification is one in which individuals or groups do not enjoy the freedom of changing their social strata. The individual who gets a social strata by birth can never change it in one’s lifetime. In this type of social stratification there is no scope for social mobility. Example – The Varna system and the caste system in India are examples of closed stratification.

2. Open stratification is one in which individuals or groups enjoy the freedom of changing their social strata, i.e., in this type of social stratification there is scope for social mobility. Example – The class system in modern industrial society is an example of open stratification, The criteria of open stratification are power, property, intelligence, skills, etc.

Question 3.
Characteristics of class.
Answer:
1. Wealth and Income: Possession of substantial amounts of wealth is the main characteristics distinguishing the upper class from the other class groups in society. Persons having more wealth and income generally have higher social position and respect in society.

2. Occupation : Occupation is an exceedingly important aspect of social class. It is another determinant of class status. It is a well known fact that some kinds of work are more honourable than others, e.g., doctors, engineers, administrators, professors and lawyers hold a higher position than people who are in labour-intensive professions.

3. Education : There is a close reciprocal relationship between social class and education. Higher education gives opportunities for upward mobility. Thus education, is one of the main levers of social class.

4.  Prestige : It refers to the respect and administration with which an occupation is regarded by society. Besides wealth, occupation and education, there are certain other criteria which help a person to gain prestige and subsequent higher social status in the society, e.g., family background, kinship, place of residence, etc.

Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Horizontal Mobility and Vertical Mobility.
Answer:

Horizontal Mobility	Vertical Mobility
(i) It refers to change of residence or job without status change.	(i) It refers to any change in the occupational economic or political status of an individual or a group which leads to change of their position.
(ii) Under this type of social mobility a person changes one’s occupation but the overall social position remains the same.	(ii) It stands for change of social position either upward or downward.
(iii) Certain occupation like doctor, engineer and teacher may enjoy the same status hence when an engineer changes one’s occupation from engineer to teaching engineering, there is a horizontal shift but no change takes place in his social position.	(iii) A person who works hard as a salesman, earns money and starts his own business successfully. In such position there is a clear change in the position of the individual.
(iv) A change in the social hierarchy does not take place.	(iv) Change in the social hierarchy takes place.

Question 2.
Closed stratification and Open Stratification.
Answer:

Closed stratification	Open stratification
(i) Closed stratification is one in which individuals or groups do not enjoy the freedom of changing their social strata.	(i) Open stratification is one in which individuals or groups enjoy the freedom of changing their social strata.
(ii) In this type of social stratification there is no scope for social mobility.	(ii) In this type of social stratification there is scope for social mobility.
(iii) Ascribed status – The individual who gets a social strata by birth can never change it in one’s lifetime.	(iii) Achieved status – Individuals or groups move from one strata to another on the basis of their achievement.
(iv) Example : The varna system and the caste system in India are examples of close stratification.	(iv) Example : The class system in modern industrial society is an example of open stratification.

Explain the following concept with suitable examples.

Question 1.
Intragenerational Mobility
Answer:

1. This type of mobility takes place in the lifespan of one generation.
2. Here the individual moves up and occupies a higher social position than previously.

Example : A person may start one’s career as a clerk and after acquiring more education, becomes an IFS Officer.

Question 2.
Horizontal Mobility
Answer:

1. It refers to change of residence or job without status change.
2. Under this type of social mobility, a person changes one’s occupation but the overall social standing remains the same.

Example : Certain occupation like doctor, engineer and teacher may enjoy the same status but when an engineer changes one’s occupation from engineer to teaching engineering there is a horizontal shift from one occupational category to another but no change has taken place in the system of social stratification.

Question 3.
Closed stratification
Answer:

1. Closed stratification is one in which individuals or groups do not enjoy the freedom of changing their social strata.
2. The individual who gets a social strata by birth can never change it in one’s lifetime.
3. In this type of social stratification there is no scope for social mobility.
   Example : The Varna system and the caste system in India are examples of closed stratification.

Question 4.
Prestige
Answer:

1. It refers to the respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society.
2. Prestige is independent of the particular person who occupies a job.
3. Sociologists have tried to assign prestige rankings to various occupations.
4. Besides wealth, occupation and education, there are certain other criteria which help a person to gain prestige and subsequent higher social status in the society.
   Example : Family background, kinship, place of residence, etc.

Question 5.
Gender and sex
Answer:

1. Sex refers to the biological distinction between females and males.
2. In contrast the term gender refers to the social aspects of differences and hierarchies between male and female.
3. Sex may be male or female whereas gender refers to the social meaning of masculinity and femininity. Gender determines how one should behave in society.

Example : Men are supposed to behave in a masculine manner and certain attributes are assigned to men such as courage, bravery, physical strength. On the other hand, women are assigned with attributes like nurturance, care, love, sacrifice which help them to behave in a feminine manner.

Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

Question 5.

Answer:

Question 6.

Answer:

State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Occupation is determinant of class status
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Occupation is an important aspect of social class and it is another determinant of class status.
2. It is a well-known fact that some kinds of work are more honourable than others, e.g., doctors, engineers, professors and lawyers hold a higher position than people who are in labour-intensive professions.
3. Occupation is also one of the best clues to one’s way of life, and therefore to one’s social class membership.

Question 2.
In most countries, societies allocate equal resources to women and men.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. In most countries throughout the world, societies allocate fewer resources to women than to men.
2. Almost all societies are characterized by sexism. Sexism is the belief that one sex is superior that the other.
3. All through, societies have been believing in the superiority of men over women and therefore have been dominating women which is further supported by patriarchy.

Question 3.
Horizontal mobility can be labelled as ascending or descending type of mobility.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. It refers to change of residence or job without status change.
2. Under this type of social mobility, a person changes one’s occupation but the overall social standing remains the same.
3. Certain occupations like doctor, engineer, and teacher may enjoy the same status but when an engineer changes one’s occupation from engineer to teaching engineering, there is horizontal shift from one occupational category to another but no actual change takes place in the system of social stratification.

Question 4.
Social stratification is consequential.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Social stratification is consequential as it affects every aspect of life of all individuals.
2. Some individuals experience positive consequences, while others face negative consequences of the hierarchy in a particular society.
3. It leads to two important consequences – life chances and life styles.

Question 5.
One’s class position is directly proportionate to one’s income.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. One’s class position is not directly proportionate to one’s income.
2. For example, a car mechanic has a lower social status than a teacher, though the income may be greater than the teacher.
3. Income is not always the determinant of one’s class position.

Question 6.
Gender and sex are interchangeable term.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Gender and sex are not interchangeable terms. Sex refers to the biological distinction between males and males.
2. In contrast, the term gender refers to the social aspects of differences and hierarchies between male and female. Gender is result of socialization and a social construct.
3. Sex may be male or female whereas gender refers to the social meaning of masculinity and femininity. It determines how one should behave in society.

Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Women prohibited by certain gatherings, spaces or positions is a result of gender stratification.
Answer:
Gender stratification leads to discrimination which affects many aspects in the lives of woman. Gender stratification results into gender inequality can be analysed on the bases of prestige, style of life, privileges, and opportunities, association with social groups, income, education, occupation, and power. These highly discriminatory practices are still taking place at an alarming rate, affecting the lives of many women today.

Question 2.
There is a close reciprocal relationship between social class and education. Explain how education is one of the main levers of social class.
Answer:
Education is a means to help develop ideas and skills, generate knowledge and help people to seek employment or self employment which further helps to change one’s social position. Higher education gives opportunities for upward mobility, one’s amount and kind of education affects the class rank he will secure. Thus, education is one of the main levers of a man’s social class.

Question 3.
Membership of the caste is not voluntary or not by selection but is obligatory and accidental. Explain how caste system is the closed form of stratification.
Answer:
In a caste stratification system, an individual’s position depends on the status attributes ascribed by birth. Each position in the caste structure is defined in terms of its ‘purity and pollution’. The individual who gets a social strata by birth can never change it in one’s lifetime. There is no scope for social mobility. Therefore, caste is closed form of social stratification.

Question 4.
Caste discrimination exists in India despite special laws.
Answer:
Despite legislation caste discrimination and caste-based crimes persist throughout India. Scheduled Castes (SC), have been the victims of the Hindu caste system for centuries. They are subjected to numerous forms of caste discrimination.

Answer the following in detail (About 150-200 words).

Question 1.
Discuss caste as a form of social stratification.
Answer:
In traditional Indian society different castes formed a hierarchy of social preference. Each position in the caste structure is defined in terms of its purity and pollution. In a caste stratification system, an individual’s position depends on the status attributes ascribed by birth. Therefore, caste is the closed form of social stratification. Caste is hereditary and thus the status of the person in caste based. Society is not determined by the wealth one owns but it depends on the status of the caste in which one is born.

Each caste has its own traditional social status , occupations, customs, rules and regulations. In a caste society, there is an unequal distribution of privileges and disabilities among its members. Choice of occupation is not free under the caste system as occupations are hereditary. The members of a caste are expected to follow their traditional occupation. Caste are divided into sub-castes and each sub-caste is an endogamous group. Hence, a caste is a rigid social class into which members are born.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Important Questions Chapter 6 Socialization Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Sociology Important Questions Chapter 6 Socialization

Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
Socialization is a ………………….. process.
(lifelong / learning / transitional)
Answer:
Life-long/earning

Question 2.
………………….. is a study of genes and heredity.
(Socialization / Genetics / Biology)
Answer:
Genetics

Question 3.
The process of ………………….. signifies the role of‘nurture’ in human development.
(culture / stratification / socialization)
Answer:
socialization

Question 4.
Socialization transforms the individual self into a ………………….. self.
(political / primary / social)
Answer:
social

Question 5.
………………….. transforms the biological organism into a social being.
(Culture / Art / Socialization)
Answer:
Socialization

Question 6.
………………….. is the first stage of the process of socialization, according to Mead.
(Play Stage / Imitation / Game Stage)
Answer:
Imitation

Question 7.
In ………………….. stage, a child internalises the attitudes of others, significant to him/her.
(imitation / game / play)
Answer:
play

Question 8.
In ………………….. stage, children learn to behave according to the impressions of others.
(imitation / play / game)
Answer:
game

Question 9.
The ………………….. is formed through our interactions with others and our understanding of others responses.
(self / imitation / role)
Answer:
self

Question 10.
The learning which happens in the early years is termed as ………………….. socialization.
(secondary / primary / tertiary)
Answer:
primary

Question 11.
………………….. socialization involves intense cultural learning and takes place in childhood.
(Secondary / Primary / Tertiary)
Answer:
Primary

Question 12.
Family is the ………………….. agency of socialization.
(formal / informal / non-formal)
Answer:
informal

Question 13.
………………….. are friendship groups made up of people of similar age.
(Family / Peer groups / Neighbour)
Answer:
Peer groups

Question 14.
Peer groups use ………………….. sanctions.
(informal / formal / egalitarian)
Answer:
informal

Question 15.
In peer groups, the interactions are ………………….. when compared to family or school.
(dependent / formal / egalitarian)
Answer:
egalitarian

Question 16.
………………….. are the means for delivering impersonal communication directed to a vast audience.
(Family / Peer groups / Mass media)
Answer:
Mass media

Question 17.
One of the significant agents of adult socialization is the …………………..
(school / family / workplace)
Answer:
workplace

Question 18.
………………….. is the process of unlearning and relearning new norms and values.
(Adult socialization / Re-socialization / Socialization)
Answer:
Resocialization

Question 19.
………………….. is credited for having popularized the term ‘total institution’.
(Erving Goffman / Max Weber / George Mead)
Answer:
Erving Goffman

Question 20.
………………….. involves a process of tearing down and rebuilding an individual’s role.
(Adult socialization / Re-socialization / Socialization)
Answer:
Re-socialization

Question 21.
………………….. is often a deliberate and an intense social process.
(Socialization / Adult socialization / Re-socialization)
Answer:
Re-socialization

Question 22.
The term ………………….. Institution refers to new ways of life in controlled and regulated manner.
(Social / Total / Political)
Answer:
Total

Question 23.
…………………. is the second stage of the process of socialization, according to Mead.
(Imitation / Play stage / Game stage)
Answer:
Play stage

Question 24.
…………………. indicates continuous process of learning.
(Socialization / Adult socialization / Re-socialization)
Answer:
Adult socialization

Question 25.
A ………………….. is a ereoeraohicallv localized community within a larger city, town etc.
(neighbourhood / family / school)
Answer:
neighbourhood

Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) Senior citizen group – Peer Group
(b) Cultural festivals, sports activities – Neighbourhood
(c) Professional networks – Informal Groups
(d) Newspaper, television – Mass Media
Answer:
(c) Professional networks – Formal Groups

Question 2.
(a) A Prison sentence – Adult socialization
(b) Role play – Game Stage
(c) A significant other – Play Stage
(d) Lack of understanding – Imitation
Answer:
(a) A Prison sentence – Resocialization

Question 3.
(a) Family, peer group – Primary Socialization
(b) School, professional networks – Secondary Socialization
(c) It enabled media and social media – School
(d) Military camps, prisons – Total Institution
Answer:
(c) It enabled media and social media – Mass Media

Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Internet, Peer Group, Childhood, Socialization, Unsocialization, The Self, Imitation, Play Stage, Game Stage, Primary Socialization, Secondary Socialization, Positive Sanctions, School, Technology, Negative Sanctions, Mass Media, Neighbourhood, Workplace, Adult Socialization, Re-socialization.)

Question 1.
Well documented cases of Feral, Mogli, Genies.
Answer:
Unsocialization

Question 2.
It emerges through communication and interactions with others.
Answer:
The Self

Question 3.
A little boy helping his parents clean the floor.
Answer:
Imitation

Question 4.
It extends over the entire life of a person.
Answer:
Secondary Socialization

Question 5.
Grades, prizes, praise.
Answer:
School

Question 6.
It has increased the speed of mass media.
Answer:
Technology

Question 7.
It has wider reach and can spread information in a more democratic manner.
Answer:
Mass Media

Question 8.
It helps a person to broaden his/her horizons in terms of social acceptance and tolerance towards the others.
Answer:
Workplace

Question 9.
It involves complete alteration of the easier life style and thinking.
Answer:
Re-socialization

Correct the underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Instincts study the inheritance patterns in traits that are handed down from parents to off-spring.
Answer:
Genetics study the inheritance patterns in traits that are handed down from parents to off¬spring.

Question 2.
Cases like Genies suggest that animal contact is necessary for the basic social and physical development.
Answer:
Cases like Genies suggest that human contact is necessary for the basic social and physical development.

Question 3.
Institution transforms the individual self into a social self.
Answer:
Socialization transforms the individual self into a social self.

Question 4.
George Mead has elaborated on the process of building political self.
Answer:
George Mead has elaborated on the process of building social self.

Question 5.
In the game stage, responses are not organised.
Answer:
In the play stage, responses are not organised.

Question 6.
A child at play stage is likely to be aware of the different responsibilities of people.
Answer:
A child at game stage is likely to be aware of the different responsibilities of people.

Question 7.
A child gets acquainted with values, customs, behavioural norms and manners through secondary socialization.
Answer:
A child gets acquainted with values, customs, behavioural norms and manners through primary socialization.

Question 8.
Planned curriculum refers to things we learn from attending the school such as obedience to authority.
Answer:
Hidden curriculum refers to things we learn from attending the school such as obedience to authority.

Question 9.
Radio has an influence on children from a very young age and affects their cognitive and social development.
Answer:
Television has an influence on children from a very young age and affects their cognitive and social development.

Question 10.
Neighbourhood also sometimes helps in changing the notions of‘right and wrong’.
Answer:
Workplace also sometimes helps in changing the notions of ‘right and wrong’.

Question 11.
Adult socialization is the process of unlearning old norms.
Answer:
Re-socialization is the process of unlearning old norms.

Question 12.
Socialization leads to rehabilitation of one’s behaviour.
Answer:
Re-socialization leads to rehabilitation of one’s behaviour.

Question 13.
Prisons, military camps, private boarding schools, are examples of social institution.
Answer:
Prisons, military camps, private boarding schools, are examples of total institution.

Write suitable examples of the given concepts and justify your answer.

Question 1.
Socialization in family.
Answer:
Example : Children learn basic responsibilities and duties from parents and other family members. The learning involves using sanctions which are mainly informal. The family teaches the child basic discipline and inculcates good habits in his or her mind by using positive or negative sanctions. Positive sanctions involving physical expressions, verbal approval, physical rewards. Negative sanctions ranging from negative remark to physical punishment may be used.

Socialization as a learning process is lifelong. The learning which happens in the early years is termed as primary socialization. A child gets acquainted with values, customs, behavioural norms and manners. Primary socialization takes place in infancy and childhood and involves intense cultural learning. During this phase, family is the main agent of socialization.

Question 2.
Resocialization.
Answer:
Example : The person may be in a jail, hospital, in religious organization, police, army etc. In such institutions there is total break up from the normal social life outside. A prison sentence is a good example. The individual not only has to change and rehabilitate one’s behaviour in order to return to society but must also accommodate the new norms required for living, while in prison. The process of unlearning old norms, roles, values and behavioural patterns and learning new patterns is called re-socialization.

Sometimes an individual is caught in a situation where one has to break away from past experience and internalise different norms and values. Re-socialization can also be defined as a process which subjects an individual to new values, attitudes and skills according to the norms of a particular institution and the person has to completely re-engineer one’s sense of social values and norms.

Question 3.
Total Institution as a form of resocialization.
Answer:
Example : Total institutions are prisons, military camps, mental health facilities and private boarding schools.
The term ‘Total Institution’ was popularised by Erving Goffman. A total institution is usually set apart from the society and are organise by strict rules and norms determined and enforced by a single authority. The fundamental purpose of these institutions is to re-socialise people into changed identities and roles.

Question 4.
Adult socialization at workplace.
Answer:
Example : At the workplace, a person meets people of different age groups, belonging to different social and cultural backgrounds. Through various mechanisms like-on job training, orientation and formal meetings, individuals get familiarized with each other and learns new roles.
Socialization is a life long process. Adult socialization indicates this continuous process of learning. One of the significant agents of adult socialization is the workplace.

Adult individuals spend significant amount of time at the workplace. Socialization through workplace involves acquiring new skills, knowledge and behaviour patterns suitable to the requirements of the job. Social interactions at the workplace, help individuals to broaden their horizons in terms of social acceptance and tolerance towards the others. It also sometimes helps in changing the notions of right and wrong. Workplace thus servers as an important agent of Adult socialization.

Question 5.
Socialization.
Answer:
Example : Cases of Feral, Mogli, Genies, unsocialized children are evident enough to show how human behaviour is largely learnt. The real account of the ‘Wolf-Children of Midnapore’ two small girls reportedly found in a wolf den in 1920. They howled like wolves, preferred raw meat, could not walk upright and lacked many basic human skills due to lack of socialization. Such stories and cases like Genies suggest the human contact is necessary for the basic social and physical development.

Socialization transforms the biological organism into a social being. It is a life long social experience by which human beings are transformed into social beings.
Socialization can be understood as-

1. A process of learning various forms of behaviour acceptable in a particular culture: Through socialization children learn the ways of their elders and perpetuate the cultural values and social practice.
2. An ongoing process of continuous learning: The birth of a child gives a new experience of parenting for a couple.
3. A process through which an individual gradually becomes a member of the society. Socialization facilitates learning the collective way of life.

Write short notes.

Question 1.
Nature versus Nature in Human Development.
Answer:
Genetics suggests that people are born with certain abilities derived from biological imperatives. Instincts or the fixed human traits play a significant role in shaping human behaviour. From this viewpoint, we are born with certain abilities that are integral to our ‘human nature’. The process of socialization on the other hand signifies the role of ‘nurture’ in human development. Sociologists use the term socialization to refer to the lifelong social experience by which human beings are transformed into social beings.

Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Primary Socialization and Secondary Socialization.
Answer:

Primary Socialization	Secondary Socialization
(i) The learning which happens in the early years is termed as primary socialization.	(i) The learning which extends over the entire life of a person is termed as secondary socialization.
(ii) It occurs when a child learns the attitudes, values, customs, behavioural norms and manners as a member of primary group.	(ii) It occurs when an individual learns appropriate behaviour, attitudes, norms as a member of a group.
(iii) Family, peer groups, neighbourhood are the main agents of primary socialization.	(iii) Schooling and education are considered as secondary agencies.
(iv) It is an informal process of socialization.	(iv) It is a formal process of socialization.

Question 2.
Re-socialization and Adult Socialization
Answer:

Re-socialization	Adult Socialization
(i) The process of unlearning old norms, roles and values, behavioural patterns and learning new patterns is called as re-socialization.	(i) Adult socialization is a life long process and indicates continuous process of learning.
(ii) A prison sentence or a total institution is a good example of re-socialization.	(ii) One of the significant agents of adult socialization is the workplace.
(iii) Re-socialization involves a process of tearing down and re-building an individual’s role and socially constructed sense of self.	(iii) Socialization through workplace involves acquiring new skills knowledge and behaviour patterns suitable to the requirements of the job.
(iv) It re-socializes people into changed identities and role.	(iv) It helps in changing the notions of right and wrong.

Explain the following concept with an example.

Question 1.
Significant Others
Answer:
It is a term used by George Herbert Mead to refer to those individuals who are most important in the development of the ‘self.

A significant other is someone whose opinions matter to us and who is in a position to influence our thinking, especially about ourselves.
Example : A significant others can be anyone such as parents, siblings, friends and teachers.

Question 2.
Hidden Curriculum
Answer:
1. Sociologists also discuss about hidden curriculum for conditioning children’s learning.

2. Hidden curriculum refers to things we learn from attending the school such as respect for the system and obedience to authority. It also indicates unquestioned acceptance of the system. Example : While distributing co-curricular tasks, girls and boys are expected to do campus cleaning. Through this, children learn the sexual division of labour. Many schools are making efforts to counter this by allotting similar tasks to boys and girls.

Question 3.
Game Stage
Answer:

1. According to G. H. Mead, formation of self occurs in three distinct stages.
2. Game stage is the third stage of the process of socialization.
3. As a child matures, and as the self gradually develops, the child learns to behave according to the impressions of others.
4. They learn to understand interactions involving different people with a variety of purposes.
5. They understand that ‘role play’ in each situation involves following a consistent set of rules and expectations.

Example : A child at this stage is likely to be aware of the different responsibilities of people in a restaurant who together, make for a smooth dining experience.

Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Neighbourhood have negligible influence on shaping social behaviour of the growing child.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Adults in the neighbourhood exert an influence on shaping social behaviour of the growing child. Children often take inputs from people living very closely around.
2. Neighbourhood community provides the base for an individual to extend social relations and interactions beyond the narrow limits of the home.
3. Neighbourhood, social networks provide great source of learning for children through the celebration of cultural festivals, organisation of sports activities, taking up of social issues such as environment or traffic.

Question 2.
A total institution is set apart from the society and organized by strict rules and norms.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. A total institution is usually set apart from the society by distance, laws, and physical attributes like high walls, barbed wire fences, and locked gates.
2. They are organised by strict rules and norms determined and enforced by a single authority.
3. The fundamental purpose of these institutions is to re-socialize people into changed identities and roles, hence it is set apart and organized by strict rules and norms.

Question 3.
The function of all children’s stories is to create a sense in the children of the right and wrong.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. The moral of honesty, courage, non-violence, etc., is narrated to children in an effective manner.
2. For centuries together moral stories are transmitted from one generation to another. It gives them a sense of growing up in their own world and a notion of right or wrong.
3. Thus, the function of all children’s stories is to create a sense in the children of the right/ wrong, acceptable/non-acceptable, is prevalent in a particular society. Through this process vulnerable infants become self-aware, skilled individuals.

Question 4.
Cases of Feral/unsocialised children denote the significance of socialization.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Cases of Feral like Genie’s suggest that human contact is necessary for the basic social and physical development.
2. For example, simple skills such as walking upright or using language were missing in Genie. Such examples denote the significance of socialization.
3. What we think and how we act is taught to us by the larger culture.

Question 5.
Human behaviours are governed only by instinct.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. If human behaviours were governed only by instinct, there would be very few differences between societies. Human behaviour would be much the same regardless of place and time.
2. Different cultures develop different ways of doing things.
3. What we think and how we act is taught to us by the larger culture that we inherit and share. Thus, human behaviours acquired, of the many diverse ways of living and not governed only by instinct.

Question 6.
Peer groups are considered as important primary agencies of socialization.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. They are considered as important primary agencies of socialization because personal interactions with our peers influences our behaviour from how we dress to what we like and what we hate.
2. In peer groups, the interactions are reasonably egalitarian as there is a greater amount of give and take, when compared to family or school.
3. We carry the value of friendship with us throughout our lives.

Question 7.
Socialization through family is varied.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Socialization through family is varied because there is no single uniform pattern to do so. A child brought up in a nuclear family will undergo different patterns of socialization than one in an extended family. In nuclear family, parents may be key socializing agents but in the other in the extended family grandparents, an aunt, a cousin may play a significant role.
2. Patterns of child-rearing vary across families with different caste, class, and ethnic backgrounds
3. The influence of different family backgrounds can be seen on a child growing up in a poor, marginalized household and a child growing up in an upper caste/upper class family background.

Question 8.
Socialization in family always means unquestioned acceptance of everything that elders say.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Socialization in family does not always means unquestioned acceptance of everything that elders say.
2. Children can also negotiate, question and develop outlooks contradictory to their elders.
3. This is more so in the contemporary world in which diverse socializing agencies influence social learning.

Question 9.
Schools project a wider range of values and roles.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Schooling involves learning values and norms at a step higher than those learnt in family.
2. Skills and values like teamwork, competitive spirit, discipline, conformity to authority are learnt in schools and this helps prepare students for the adult world.
3. School indicates unquestioned acceptance of the system thus, projecting a wider range of values and roles.

Question 10.
Resocialization involves complete alteration of the easier lifestyles.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Sometimes an individual is caught in a situation where one has to break away from past experience and earlier way of life and internalise radically different norms and values.
2. Hence, it involves complete alteration of the earlier lifestyle and thinking. The new way of life is not only different but also incompatible with the earlier one.
3. The basic of re-socialization is to unlearn and then relearn. The individual has to completely re-engineer one’s sense of social values, beliefs and norms.

Give your personal response.

Question 1.
We can come to think of ourselves funny because people laugh at the things we say.
Answer:
‘Significant others’ is a term used by G. H. Mead to refer to those individuals who are most important in the development of the self. A significant other can be anyone such as parents, friends, teachers etc. Their opinions matter to us and influence our thinking especially about ourselves. So, when people laugh at the things we say makes us think of ourselves as funny.

Answer the following question in detail (About 150 words).

Question 1.
Explain the process of socialization with suitable examples and discuss any one agency of socialization you are member of.
Answer:
Process of socialization – Human behaviour and skills have to be taught and learnt. This learning process is called as socialization. According to Mead, formation of self occurs in three distinct stages.
Stage 1 – Imitation : In this stage, children imitate behaviour of adults without understanding it. For example, A little boy might drive his mother to her office by driving his toy car.

Stage 2 – Play stage : A child plays, sometimes as being a mother or a teacher etc. In this stage, responses are not organised. A child internalises the attitudes of others who are significant to her/ his through enacting the roles of others.

Stage 3 – Game stage : As a child matures, and as the self gradually develops, one internalises the expectations of a large number of people . For example, a child at this stage is likely to be aware of the different responsibilities of people in a restaurant .Socialization, in this sense is a process of self-awareness.

I am member of various social groups which are agencies of my socialization like family, peer- group, school, neighbourhood etc.

Family as an agency of socialization I have learnt a range of roles in family-like learning responsibilities and duties from my parents and other family members. Family has played a significant role in developing acceptable behaviour patterns in me thus the process of learning attitudes, norms and behaviour patterns takes place in family.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Important Questions Chapter 5 Culture Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Sociology Important Questions Chapter 5 Culture

Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
The term ‘culture’ was used first by ……………….
(Bronislaw Malinowski / Edward Tylor / Max Weber)
Answer:
Edward Tylor

Question 2.
………………. culture is concrete and tangible in nature.
(Non-material / Folk / Material)
Answer:
Material

Question 3.
………………. culture refers to the ideas created by human beings.
(Material / Non-Material / Cognitive)
Answer:
Non-Material

Question 4.
The ………………. aspects consist of folkways, mores, customs, conventions and laws.
(cognitive / normative / knowledge)
Answer:
normative

Question 5.
The ………………. aspects refer to understanding.
(normative / knowledge / cognitive)
Answer:
cognitive

Question 6.
The gap between material and non-material culture is known as ……………….
(cultural lag / language / folkways)
Answer:
cultural lag

Question 7.
………………. culture is considered as the epitome of the highest levels of human creativity.
(Folk / High / Mass)
Answer:
High

Question 8.
………………. culture refers to the culture of ordinary people.
(High / Folk / Popular)
Answer:
Folk

Question 9.
………………. culture is essentially a product of mass media.
(High / Popular / Mass)
Answer:
Mass

Question 10.
A ………………. is anything that is used to stand for something else.
(knowledge / symbol / language)
Answer:
Symbol

Question 11.
A group of words or ideas having common meaning is called ……………….
(language / value / symbol)
Answer:
Language

Question 12.
Direct knowledge is ………………. knowledge.
(mediated / immediate / indirect)
Answer:
Immediate

Question 13.
Indirect knowledge is ………………. knowledge.
(practical / logical / mediated)
Answer:
mediated

Question 14.
………………. involve standards of what is good or bad.
(Beliefs / Values / Language)
Answer:
Values

Question 15.
………………. are rules and behavioural expectation by which a society.
(Mores / Norms / Values)
Answer:
Norms

Question 16.
………………. are mildly enforced social expectations.
(Mores / Language / Folkways)
Answer:
Folkways

Question 17.
………………. are strictly held beliefs about behaviours.
(Mores / Values / Knowledge)
Answer:
Mores

Question 18.
Migration and ………………. leads to a mixing of culture.
(globalization / traditions / customs)
Answer:
globalisation

Question 19.
………………. is a sum-total of the ideal patterns and norms of behaviour of a group.
(Values, Folkways, Culture)
Answer:
Culture

Question 20.
………………. is one of the most important vehicles for perpetuating cultural patterns.
(Customs / Language / Symbols)
Answer:
Language

Question 21.
………………. activities bring people together and build social solidarity.
(Social / Cultural / Political)
Answer:
Cultural

Question 22.
………………. is the view that one’s own culture is better than anyone else’s culture.
(Relativism / Ethnocentrism / Hybridisation)
Answer:
Ethnocentrism

Question 23.
Cultural ………………. refers to the parts of one culture get recombined with the cultures of another.
(hybridisation / relativism / ethnocentrism)
Answer:
hybridisation

Question 24.
Interaction of global process with local processes is known as ……………….
(glocalisation / globalization / migration)
Answer:
glocalisation

Question 25.
………………. and globalisation leads to a mixing of cultures.
(Industrialisation / Migration / Digitisation)
Answer:
Migration

Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) The Indian flag — Symbol
(b) Norms and values – Non-material culture
(c) Recorded pop music – Popular culture
(d) Computers and airplanes – Material culture
Answer:
(c) Recorded pop music – Mass culture

Question 2.
(a) Direct knowledge Immediate knowledge
(b) Folkways – Mildly enforced
(c) Mores – Serious norms
(d) Norms – Group of ideas
Answer:
(d) Norms – Behavioural expectation

Question 3.
(a) Globalisation – Global restaurant chain
(b) Arts – Identity formation
(c) Emojis / Smileys – Symbols
(d) Normative – Ideas and beliefs
Answer:
(d) Normative – Folkways and mores.

Question 4.
(a) Aesthetically superior culture – High culture
(b) Culture of ordinary people – Folk culture
(b) Product of mass media – Mass culture
(b) No cultural expertise Sub-culture
Answer:
(d) No cultural expertise – Popular culture

Question 5.
(a) What we shouldn’t do – Proscriptive norms
(b) What we should do – Prescriptive norms
(c) Strictly held beliefs – Mores
(d) Mildly enforce – Customs
Answer:
(d) Mildly enforced – Folkways

Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Symbols, High Culture, Folk Culture, Mass Culture, Prescriptive Norms Popular Culture, Subculture, Values, Folkways, Language)
Question 1.
Culture shared by ethnic group.
Answer:
Subculture

Question 2.
Bhangada in Punjab.
Answer:
Folk Culture

Question 3.
Poems of Kabir Das.
Answer:
High Culture

Question 4.
Emojis / Smileys.
Answer:
Symbol

Question 5.
Desirable or Undesirable
Answer:
Values

Question 6.
Customary and habitual ways of life.
Answer:
Folkways

Question 7.
It is the method to mould behaviour.
Answer:
Language

Question 8.
Parents expect obedience from children.
Answer:
Prescriptive Norms

Correct underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Possession of culture distinguishes animals from non-humans.
Answer:
Possession of culture distinguishes humans from non-humans.

Question 2.
Culture is the social legacy the individual acquired from one’s ability.
Answer:
Culture is the social legacy the individual acquired from one’s group.

Question 3.
Non-material culture are man-made objects.
Answer:
Material culture are man-made objects.

Question 4.
The Non-material aspect of culture changes very fast.
Answer:
The material aspect of culture changes very fast.

Question 5.
Some symbols are types of verbal communication.
Answer:
Some symbols are types of non-verbal communication.

Question 6.
Knowledge is the chief vehicle of culture.
Answer:
Language is the chief vehicle of culture.

Question 7.
Values are statements that people hold to be true.
Answer:
Beliefs are statements that people hold to be true.

Question 8.
Folkways are more serious norms.
Answer:
Mores are more serious norms.

Question 9.
Mores are customary practices.
Answer:
Folkways are customary practices.

Question 10.
Culture is learnt through globalization.
Answer:
Culture is learnt through socialization.

Question 11.
The use of mobile phones has brought significant changes in traditional customs of communication.
Answer:
The use of mobile phones has brought significant changes in traditional etiquettes of communication.

Question 12.
Participation in the debates can promote inter cultural understanding.
Answer:
Participation in the arts can promote inter cultural understanding.

Question 13.
Cultural activities foster social exclusion.
Answer:
Cultural activities foster social inclusion.

Question 14.
Relativism consists of evaluating other culture from the perspective of one’s own.
Answer:
Ethnocentrism consists of evaluating other culture from the perspective of one’s own.

Question 15.
Arrogance is positive side of ethnocentrism.
Answer:
Arrogance is negative side of ethnocentrism.

Question 16.
Confidence and assurance to the culture is a negative side of ethnocentrism.
Answer:
Confidence and assurance to the culture is a positive side of ethnocentrism.

Question 17.
Language mixing, fusion music are examples of globalisation.
Answer:
Language mixing, fusion music are examples of cultural hybridisation.

Question 18.
The first element that exists in every culture is a variety of language.
Answer:
The first element that exists in every culture is a variety of symbols.

Write suitable examples of given concepts and justify your answer.

Question 1.
Cultural hybridisation.
Answer:
Example : Today we prefer Italian pizza with tandoori paneer as a topping which indeed is very Indian. It is convergence of Italian and Indian culture of food by modifying menus. Celebration of Valentine’s Day, language mixing, fusion music are examples of cultural hybridisation.

1. Cultural hybridization refers to the ways in which parts of one culture get recombined with the cultures of another.
2. Cultural hybridization is a universal process which is seeded up through globalization.
3. In the globalization process, some forms of new and different cultural practice or behaviour develops from the mixing of different cultural traditions. The groups do not necessarily give up their own but participate in various ways in each other’s cultural activities. We see hybridization in many aspects of culture.

Question 2.
Ethnocentrism.
Answer:
Example : Throughout Asia the way of eating is to use chopsticks with every meal. These people may find that people in other societies using forks, spoons, knives, etc. to eat are foolish. Demeaning other cultures can enhance one’s feeling of pride in their own culture.

1. Ethnocentrism is the view that one’s own culture is better than anyone else’s culture.
2. It consists of evaluating other cultures from the perspective of one’s own.
3. It refers to the tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life are superior to all others.
4. The ethnocentric person sees his or her own culture as the most important.

Question 3.
Glocalisation.
Answer:
Example : A global restaurant chain modifying their menus based on the unique culture they are in but maintaining their brand. Indian spices are incorporated in the differently flavoured burger of McDonald’s.

1. Glocalisation is a combination of the words “globalisation” and “localisation”, used to describe a product or service that is developed and distributed globally,
2. Glocalisation is a global process interacting with local processes.
3. In the contemporary society, global styles are given a unique flavour.

Question 4.
Popular Culture.
Answer:
Example : Some sporting events, such as World Cup and Olympics are enjoyed by a world community. For example, mass market films such as Star Wars or Titanic, Harry Potter books, Chandoba, Chhota Bheem etc.,
Popular culture includes any cultural product appreciated by a large number of ordinary people with no great pretentions of cultural expertise.

Write short notes.

Question 1.
Types of Culture.
Answer:
Culture is divided into two types :
1. Material Culture : Material culture are man-made. These are concrete and tangible in nature. It consists of manufactured objects like clothing, roads, jewellery, computers, airplanes, television, etc.

2. Non-material Culture : Non-material culture refers to the ideas created by human beings. The nature of non-material culture is abstract and intangible. For example, norms, values, signs and symbols, knowledge, beliefs etc. Non-material culture is further divided into cognitive and normative aspects of culture. The material aspect of culture changes very fast.

It is convenient or easy to adapt to new fashion, eating habits, new technology. On the other hand, non-material culture is very difficult to change and accept. Knowledge, ideas, and beliefs are rooted in society and change in these aspects is not easily accepted by the society. A gap between material culture and non-material culture is known as Cultural Lag.

Question 2.
Classification of Culture.
Answer:
1. High Culture : High culture refers to cultural creations that have high status. For example, work of classical composers like Bhimsen Joshi, Hariprasad Chourasia, Ravi Shankar or the literature of Shakespeare.

2. Folk Culture: Folk culture refers to the culture of ordinary people, particularly those living in pre-industrial societies. For example, folk music, folk tales which are handed down from generation to generation. Bhangada in Punjab and Lavani in Maharashtra.

3. Mass Culture : Mass culture is a product of industrial societies and essentially a product of mass media. For example, popular feature films, TV soap-operas and recorded pop music.

4. Popular Culture : Popular culture includes any cultural product appreciated by a large number of ordinary people with no great cultural expertise. For example, mass market films such as Star Wars, Titanic, Harry Potter books and Chhota Bhim etc.

5. Subculture : Subcultures refer to groups of people that have something in common with each other which distinguishes them from other social groups. For example, culture shared by religious or ethnic groups.

Question 3.
Components of Culture.
Answer:
1. Symbols : Culture is a system of symbols. Every culture is filled with symbols that signifies something and often evoke various reactions and emotions. People who share a culture often attach a specific meaning to an object, sound or image. For example, with the extensive use of mobile, emoji’s emotions are widely used to express and communicate various emotions.

2. Language : Language is a set of socially sound patterns, words and sentences having specific meaning and terminology common to the same culture. Language is a source of communication to transmit messages from one person to another. Language is like a vehicle through which we can carry out our complex social activities.

3. Knowledge : With the help of knowledge an individual knows how to cope with the existing social situation. It is one of the most important elements of culture. Knowledge could be direct or indirect. Direct knowledge is immediate knowledge whereas indirect knowledge is mediated knowledge.

4. Values and Beliefs : Values involves standards of what is good or bad, and desirable or undesirable. Values depend upon culture. Some values are hereditary which we gain from our elders and parents. Culture is full of values which are transmitted from one generation to another. Beliefs are statements that people hold to be true. While beliefs are specific, particular matters that individual consider to be true or false, values are abstract standards of goodness.

5. Norms : Norms are rules and behavioural expectations by which a society guides the behaviours of its members. Norms tell us how we should believe in specific situation. Some norms are prospective and some are perspective norms.

Explain the following concept with suitable examples.

Question 1.
Cultural Lag
Answer:

1. The material aspect of culture changes very fast. It is convenient to adapt to new fashion, eating habits, new technology.
2. On the other hand, non-material culture which is abstract, is very difficult to change. Knowledge, ideas and beliefs are rooted in society for many decades and centuries. Change in these aspects is not readily accepted by society.
3. Over a period of time there is a gap between material and non-material culture. This gap is known as cultural lag.

Example : Medical technology has advanced at such a pace so as to put it in conflict with several moral and ethical beliefs.

Question 2.
Symbols
Answer:

1. A symbol is anything that is used to stand for something else. People who share a culture often attach a specific meaning to an object, gesture, sound or image.
2. Every culture is filled with symbols, or things that stand for something else and that often evoke various reactions and emotions.
3. The first element that exists in every culture is a variety of symbols. Culture is a system of symbols.

Example : Use of mobile emoji’s emotions to express and communicate various emotions. The Indian flag represents our entire country. An amber light at a traffic intersection is used to convey the message that one can be ready to stop/start one’s vehicle.

Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

Question 5.

Answer:

Question 6.

Answer:

Question 7.

Answer:

State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Folkways are strictly held beliefs about behaviours.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Folkways are mildly enforced social expectations.
2. Folkways are customary normal and habitual ways of a group to meet certain needs or to solve day to day problems and don’t have serious binding on groups.
3. The manner of speech; dressing; forms of etiquette and numerous other practices of daily life are some of examples of customary practices to which individuals conform in their personal habits. They have very serious binding on groups.

Question 2.
Culture is man-made.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Culture is not a force, operating by itself but it’s a creation of society through interaction.
2. Culture is a creation of society through interaction and depends for its existence upon the continuance of society. Culture, in short, is a human product; it is not natural.
3. Culture consists of the intellectual, artistic and social ideals and institutions which the members of the society profess and to which they strive to conform. Hence culture is man made.

Question 3.
Culture is stagnant.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Culture is continually changing : With the passing of time, some beliefs change, certain traditions or rituals are eliminated, language and mannerisms of people change, and thus, their culture.
2. Migration and globalisation leads to contribute to the formation of a multicultural society and sometimes, even new cultures develop.
3. Due to education and increased awareness, newer generations become flexible to change So some rituals or customs become less rigid or some are discontinued. Hence all cultures change in time

Question 4.
Ethnocentrism has positive as well as negative side.
Answer:
This statement is True.
Ethnocentrism has positive as well as negative side according to many scholars-

1. According to conflict theorists, ethnocentrism denies equal opportunities. On the other hand functionalist sociologists, claim that ethnocentrism serves to maintain a sense of solidarity.
2. The negative side is that the ethnocentrism can lead to arrogance towards other culture leading to a biased understanding of the same.
3. The positive side is that it offers confidence to the culture thus helping a group remain cohesive and centred.

Question 5.
Cultural hybridisation is delayed through globalisation.
Answer:
This statement is False.
Cultural hybridisation is sped up through globalisation.

1. Easy flow of migration, information, goods and services and exchanges of traditions has made the hybridisation process quick.
2. In this process, two originally distinct cultures come together and create something new and exciting.
3. We see hybridisation in many aspects of culture like food, language, wedding practices, dressing.

Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Emoji’s emotions are widely used to express and communicate various emotions.
Answer:
Emojis emotions are an example of a symbol which is anything that is used to stand for something
else. Emojis / Smileys are combinations of keyboard characters that may use to represent their feelings online or through texting. They are early identified thought or feeling and help us to add clarity to our communication.

Question 2.
Indian woman owns much to the western in one direction, she is still much the same as she was in another.
Answer:
This is an example of cultural lag where the material aspect, as compared with the non-material tends to progress rapidly. It is not true that there has been no transformation but it is the fact that the change is very little when compared with the change that has occurred in other directions.

Question 3.
Creativity and cultural engagement have shown to improve both mental and physical health.
Answer:
Participation in culture contributes to a healthy population in several ways. Inter cultural understanding and identity formation can be promoted by participation in arts which can further relieve isolation. It gives a common ground for people to assimilate.

Answer the following in detail (About 150 words).

Question 1.
In contemporary society global styles are given a unique local flavour. Explain the concept of cultural hybridisation with examples.
Answer:
Cultural hybridisation refers to the ways in which parts of one culture get recombined with the cultures of another. In the globalisation process, some forms of new and different cultural practice or behaviour develops from the mixing of different cultural traditions. The groups do not necessarily give up their own culture but participate in various ways in each other’s cultural activities.

Easy flow of migration, information, goods and services and exchanges of traditions has made the hybridisation process quick. In this process, two originally distinct cultures come together and create something new and exciting. We see hybridisation in many aspects of culture like food, language, wedding practices, dressing habits so on and so forth. Today we prefer Italian pizza with tandoori paneer as topping which indeed is very Indian. Celebration of Valentine’s Day, language mixing, fusion music are examples of cultural hybridisation.

In order to understand cultural hybridisation, one needs to understand the process of glocalisation. Global processes interact with local processes. In contemporary society, global styles are given a unique local flavour, e.g. A global restaurant chain modifying their menus based on the unique culture they are in but maintaining their brand. For example, Indian spicy taste is incorporated in the otherwise differently flavoured burger of McDonald’s or Indianization of Chinese food.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Important Questions Chapter 4 Social Institutions Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Sociology Important Questions Chapter 4 Social Institutions

Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
A social ……………….. is a structure of society that is organized to meet the needs of people.
(association / institution / marriage)
Answer:
institution

Question 2.
The ……………… perspective looks at social institutions as playing a number of specific roles in facilitating human social life.
(conflict / functionalist / Marxist)
Answer:
functionalist

Question 3.
The ……………… perspective holds that social institutions operate in the interest of the dominant sections of society.
(functionalist / conflict / gender)
Answer:
conflict

Question 4.
……………… is the most important primary unit of human society.
(Neighbour / Family / School)
Answer:
Family

Question 5.
………………. forms the basic micro social institutions.
(School / Fatuity / Marriage)
Answer:
Family

Question 6.
……………….. is a group of people related by blood or marriage.
(Marriage / School / Family)
Answer:
Family

Question 7.
………………. refers to a family form which developed in Israel after the Second World War.
(Marxism / Kibbutzism / Monogamy)
Answer:
Kibbutzism

Question 8.
According to Talcott Parsons, family fulfils the basic need of ……………….. socialization.
(secondary / tertiary / primary)
Answer:
Primary

Question 9.
………………. family is considered as a very strong feature of rural society in India.
(Nuclear / Joint / Egalitarian)
Answer:
Joint

Question 10.
…………….. families are commonly seen in urban areas.
(Joint / Nuclear / Matriarchal)
Answer:
Nuclear

Question 11.
In a …………….. family authority rests at the hands of the mother.
(matriarchal / patriarchal / neo-local)
Answer:
matriarchal

Question 12.
In a …………….. family authority rests at the hands of the male head.
(matriarchal / nuclear / patriarchal)
Answer:
patriarchal

Question 13.
In matriarchal family, residence after marriage is ……………..
(matrilocal / patrilocal / matrilineal)
Answer:
matrilocal

Question 14.
The name of the father’s side continues to the next generation is known as ……………..
(matronymic / matrilineal / patronymic)
Answer:
patronymic

Question 15.
…………….. is a social institution through which family relations are formed.
(Family / Education / Marriage)
Answer:
Marriage

Question 16.
……………… is a relatively permanent bond between permissible mates.
(Marriage i Family / Social)
Answer:
Marriage

Question 17.
…………………. denotes marriage to one spouse at a time.
(Polygamy / Monogamy / Polyandry)
Answer:
Monogamy

Question 18.
…………….. denotes marriage to more than one partner at a given time.
(Polygamy / Monogamy / Polyandry)
Answer:
Polygamy

Question 19.
…………….. is a form of marriage wherein one woman marries more than one man at a given time.
(Polygyny / Polyandry / Monogamy)
Answer:
Polyandry

Question 20.
…………….. is a form of marriage wherein one man has two or more wives at a time.
(Polygyny / Polyandry / Monogamy)
Answer:
Polygyny

Question 21.
…………….. denotes marriage within a culturally defined group.
(Endogamy / Exogamy / Monogamy)
Answer:
Endogamy

Question 22.
…………….. denotes marriage outside individual’s own group.
(Endogamy / Exogamy / Monogamy)
Answer:
Exogamy

Question 23.
In …………….. a man marries a woman of a lower social group.
(hypogamy / hypergamy / endogamy)
Answer:
hypergamy

Question 24.
In …………….. a man marries a woman of a higher social status.
(hypogamy / hypergamy / endogamy)
Answer:
hypogamy

Question 25.
…………….. became the first country to formally recognize homosexual marriages.
(Japan / Denmark / Munich).
Answer:
Denmark

Question 26.
…………….. ties are connections between individuals that connect blood relatives.
(Marriage / Kinship / Family)
Answer:
Kinship

Question 27.
The family of birth is called the family of ……………..
(procreation / orientation / kinship)
Answer:
orientation

Question 28.
The family in which a person is married is called a family of ……………..
(procreation / orientation / kinship)
Answer:
procreation

Question 29.
…………….. involved using technology of large-scale farming.
(Pastoral / Agriculture / Hunting)
Answer:
Agriculture

Question 30.
Industrial revolution first took place in ……………..
(Europe / America / England)
Answer:
England

Question 31.
The steam engine was invented by …………….. in 1765.
(John Stevens / James Watt / Guglielmo Marconi)
Answer:
James Watt

Question 32.
The …………….. reduced the use of animal and human muscle energy.
(hydroelectric / machine / steam engine)
Answer:
steam engine

Question 33.
Use of machinery gave rise to a new workplace called ……………..
(factory / office / labour)
Answer:
factory

Question 34.
…………….. economy developed the manufacturing sector very fast.
(Domestic / Industrial / Small-scale)
Answer:
Industrial

Question 35.
…………….. created huge economic gaps in the society.
(Urbanisation / Industrialisation / Modernisation)
Answer:
Industrialisation

Question 36.
By the middle of …………….. century, the nature of production started to change.
(18th, 19th, 20th)
Answer:
20th

Question 37.
The …………….. revolution demands a new set of skills.
(Industrial / Information / French)
Answer:
Information

Question 38.
The first Barbie doll was made in …………….. in 1959.
(China / Japan / Arabia)
Answer:
Japan

Question 39.
The term …………….. refers to the actualisation of potentials of an individual.
(economy / education / information)
Answer:
education

Question 40.
In …………….. societies, education was part of the larger process of socialization and enculturation.
(modern / primitive / traditional)
Answer:
primitive

Question 41.
…………….. societies are characterised by complex division of labour.
(Modern / Primitive / Traditional)
Answer:
Modern

Question 42.
…………….. education is planned with a specific end in view.
(Formal / Informal / Non-formal)
Answer:
Formal

Question 43.
…………….. education is a process by which an individual imbibes attitude.
(Formal / Informal / Non-formal)
Answer:
Informal

Question 44.
…………….. education takes place outside the realm of formal education.
(Formal / Informal / Non-formal)
Answer:
Non-formal

Question 45.
…………….. education requires flexibility in design of the curriculum and scheme of evaluation.
(Formal / Informal / Non-formal)
Answer:
Non-formal

Question 46.
The …………….. requires a certain level of knowledge and skills.
(family / school / workplace)
Answer:
workplace

Question 47.
…………….. instil the value of individual achievement in children.
(Family / Schools / Marriage)
Answer:
Schools

Question 48.
…………….. corporations play a crucial role in creating a flexible economy.
(Transnational / National / Inter-national)
Answer:
Transnational

Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) The principles of communal living – Kibbutz
(b) Regulation of sexual activity – Family
(c) Fulfils material needs – Economy
(d) Disseminate ideas and knowledge – Marriage
Answer:
(d) Disseminate ideas and knowledge – Education

Question 2.
(a) Limited to a specific period – Formal Education
(b) No fix curriculum – Distance Education
(c) Designs curriculum – Schools
(d) Design to serve learning needs of an identified homogeneous group – Non-formal Education
Answer:
(b) No fix curriculum – Informal Education

Question 3.
(a) New forms of energy – Industrial Revolution
(b) Increase in food production – Agricultural Education
(c) Expansion of service sectors – The Information Age Revolution
(d) Division of labour – Stone Age
Answer:
(d) Division of labour – Industrial Revolution

Question 4.
(a) Descent through mother’s line – Matriarchal
(b) Descent through father’s line – Patrilineal
(c) The name through mother’s line – Matronymic
(d) The name through father’s line – Patronymic
Answer:
(a) Descent through mother’s line – Matrilineal

Question 5.
(a) Garo and Khasi – Matriarchal System
(b) Sharing of a household by an unmarried couple – Cohabitation
(c) Extended family – Joint Family
(d) Consist of two generations – Patriarchal Family
Answer:
(d) Consists of two generations – Nuclear Family

Question 6.
(a) Elevates position of woman – Hypergamy
(b) Elevates position of man – Endogamy
(c) Gotra – Exogamy
(d) Caste, sect, tribe – Endogamy
Answer:
(b) Elevates position of man – Hypogamy

Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Monogamy, Polygamy, Polygyny, Polyandry, Economy, Consanguinal Kin, Orientation, Affines, Procreation, Global Commodity, Education, Industrialization)

Question 1.
Extreme poverty is one of the reasons for this form of marriage.
Answer:
Polyandry

Question 2.
The most accepted form of marriage.
Answer:
Monogamy

Question 3.
This form of marriage can be seen as a strategy which allows powerful males to control reproductive resources.
Answer:
Polygyny

Question 4.
The kin related through blood.
Answer:
Consanguinal kin

Question 5.
The kin related through marriage.
Answer:
affines

Question 6.
The family of birth.
Answer:
Orientation

Question 7.
Barbie doll.
Answer:
Global commodity

Question 8.
A system of production.
Answer:
Economy

Question 9.
Mass production and distribution.
Answer:
Industrialization

Question 10.
A process that broadens an individual’s cognitive horizons.
Answer:
Education

Correct underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
A brahmin boy marrying a girl from his Brahmin caste group is an example of exogamy.
Answer:
A brahmin boy marrying a girl from his Brahmin caste group is an example of endogamy.

Question 2.
In Hindus, marriage outside Gotra is practised, is an example of endogamy.
Answer:
In Hindus, marriage outside Gotra is practised, is an example of exogamy.

Question 3.
The eldest female is the head in patriarchal family.
Answer:
The eldest female is the head in matriarchal family.

Question 4.
School provides social identity to its members.
Answer:
Family provides social identity to its members.

Question 5.
Nair’s of south India follow patriarchal family.
Answer:
Nair’s of south India follow matriarchal family.

Question 6.
Step-parenting is the sharing of household by an unmarried couple.
Answer:
Cohabitation is the sharing of household by an unmarried couple.

Question 7.
Family is sanctioned by society to enter sex relations and procreate.
Answer:
Marriage is sanctioned by society to enter sex relations and procreate.

Question 8.
The educational system is based on large-scale capital investment.
Answer:
The industrial system is based on large-scale capital investment.

Question 9.
The development of computer and industrial technology is a third technological revolution.
Answer:
The development of computer and information technology is a third technological revolution.

Question 10.
Coca-Cola, Colgate, Palmolive are example of National Corporations.
Answer:
Coca-Cola, Colgate, Palmolive are example of Transnational Corporations.

Question 11.
In industrial societies there was no economic need for education.
Answer:
In pre-industrial societies there was no economic need for education.

Question 12.
Increased urbanization has led to demand for literate and numerate workforce.
Answer:
Increased industrialization has led to demand for literate and numerate workforce.

Question 13.
The curriculum of informal education is designed to meet the needs of society.
Answer:
The curriculum of formal education is designed to meet the needs of society.

Question 14.
Learning through work experience, travel or mass media is an example of non-formal education.
Answer:
Learning through work experience, travel or mass media is an example of informal education.

Question 15.
Children learn self-discipline through workplace.
Answer:
Children learn self-discipline through school.

Question 16.
The society inequalities are mirrored in the organization of schools.
Answer:
The workplace inequalities are mirrored in the organization of schools.

Question 17.
Bowles and Gintis analysed the relationship between education and economy.
Answer:
Bourdieu analysed the relationship between education and economy.

Write suitable examples of given concepts and justify your answer.

Question 1.
Residence after marriage.
Answer:
On the basis of authority two broad forms of family can be identified, matriarchal family and patriarchal family.
Example : The Garo and Khasi tribes of North East India and the Nair’s of south India follow the matriarchal system. In case of Matriarchal family residence after marriage is matrilocal i.e., the bridegroom lives with the wife’s, family.
Example: It is most widespread form of family in India and most parts of the world. In Patriarchal system, residence after marriage is patrilocal. The married couple live with the husband’s family.

Question 2.
Non-formal education program.
Answer:
Example : Literacy and basic education for adults and young people.
Health education, gender education, swimming sessions etc.
Non-formal education refers to any systematic educational activity carried outside the framework of the established formal system.
It is designed to serve the learning needs of an identified, homogeneous group. It requires flexibility in design of the curriculum and scheme of evaluation.

Question 3.
Informal Education.
Answer:
Example: The child learns language and other basic behavioural patterns in family. Neighbourhood also provides a great source of learning for children. All incidental and spontaneous learning through various possibilities such as work experience, travel or mass media.

Informal education is a process by which an individual imbibes attitudes, develops skills, cultivates values and acquires knowledge without any systematic organization.

There is no fixed curriculum, timetable or deliberate agency to impart informal education. In this sense, informal education is a continuous process and would include all incidental and spontaneous learning.

Question 4.
Monogamy a popular form of marriage.
Answer:
Example : Many societies have laws to uphold the practice of monogamy, India and many other countries strictly promote monogamy. It is more accepted and popular form of marriage. Monogamy denotes marriage to one spouse at a time. In this form, a man can have only one wife, and woman can have only one husband at a time. Monogamy is the most familiar pattern of marriage for most of us.

Question 5.
Changing nature of work.
Answer:
Example : The manufacturing of the most popular Barbie doll, is one illustration of the global commodity chain and changing nature of work.
Changing nature of work and advanced industrialization has led to the decline in the proportion of population engaged in agriculture.
There is an expansion of service sector and an enormous expansion of economic interdependence. Today, the world economy operates through the exchange of capital, labour, raw material and technology. We are all dependent on an immense number of workers – stretching all across the world. Show less

Write short notes.

Question 1.
Types of family based on structure.
Answer:
Family is broadly classified into two forms based on its structure.
Joint family : Joint family consists of two or more generations living under the same roof and sharing a common kitchen. Joint family is considered as a very strong feature and backbone of rural society in India. Joint family is sometimes called extended family.

Nuclear family : Nuclear family consists of two generations, parents and their children. Nuclear families are commonly seen in urban areas.

Question 2.
Education and social division.
Answer:
Scholars like Bowles and Gintis argue that workplace inequalities are mirrored in the organisation of schools and that the education system reproduces these inequalities.

Schools are usually organised in such a way that students perceived to be destined for lower levels of work are expected to follow rules and are given simple, repetitive tasks, while for those students destined for higher level tasks, there is an emphasis on independent thinking and working. Schools routinely design curriculum according to the social background of students. We go to different kinds of schools depending upon our socio-economic background and we acquire different kinds of privileges and opportunities.

Many studies have pointed out that education as a system also perpetuates gender differences. For instance, preference for a boy’s schooling over a girl’s, or high school drop out rate among girls, or soft subject choices for girls, displays gender difference through education.

Question 3.
Forms of Marriage.
Answer:
The forms of marriage exist on the basis of the number of partners and rules governing who can marry whom. On the basis of the number of partners, two major forms of marriage are observed.

Monogamy : Monogamy denotes marriage to one spouse at a time. Monogamy is the most familiar pattern of marriage for most of us. It is more popular and accepted form of marriage. Many societies have laws to uphold this practice.

Polygamy : Polygamy denotes marriage to more than one partner at a given time. Polygamy exists in two different forms:
1. Polyandry : It is a form of marriage wherein one woman marries more than one man at a given time. Extreme poverty may be one of the reasons for the practice of polyandry where a single man cannot support a wife and children adequately.

2. Polygyny : It is a form of marriage wherein one man has two or more wives at a time. Polygyny can be seen as a strategy which allows powerful males to control reproductive resources and to tactically manipulate kin ties.

On the basis of rules governing who can marry whom, two major forms of marriage are observed:

1. Endogamy denotes marriage within a culturally defined group, (e.g. caste, sect, tribe).
2. Exogamy, on the other hand, denotes marriage outside individual’s own group e.g. Gotra.

On the basis of status, two major forms of marriage are observed. Marriages usually take place between partners having similar social status.
Hypergamy : In hypergamy, a man marries a woman of a lower social group or a woman marries ‘up’ which elevates her position in society.
Hypogamy : In hypogamy a man marries ‘up’ or marries a woman of a higher social status group. This type of marriage offers a man from lower rank an entry into the higher rank.
In 1989, Denmark became the first country to formally recognise homosexual marriages.

Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Polyandry and Polygyny.
Answer:

Polyandry	Polygyny
(i) It is a form of marriage wherein one woman marries more than one man at a given time.	(i) It is a form of marriage wherein one man has two or more wives at a time.
(ii) Polyandry can be a social response to harsh economic conditions and extreme poverty when a single man cannot adequately support a wife and children.	(ii) Polygyny can be seen as a strategy which allows powerful males to control reproductive resources and to manipulate kin ties.
(iii) Polyandry is divided into fraternal and non-fraternal polyandry.	(iii) Polygyny is divided into sororal and non- sororal polygyny.
(iv) Polyandry is practiced among Todas, Kotas, Khasas, Ladakhis, Tibetans.	(iv) Polygyny is practised among the Bhil tribe, Muslims, Gonds, Nagas.

Question 2.
Hypergamy and Hypogamy.
Answer:

Hypergamy	Hypogamy
(i) In hypergamy, a man marries a woman of a lower social status group or a woman marries a man of higher social group.	(i) In Hypogamy, a man marries a woman of a higher social status group, or a woman marries a man of a lower social group.
(ii) This type of marriage elevates position of the woman in society.	(ii) The type of marriage elevates position of the man in society.

Question 3.
Formal Education and Informal Education.
Answer:

Formal Education	Informal Education
(i) Formal education is planned with a specific end in view.	(i) Informal education is a process by which an individual imbibes and acquires knowledge without any systematic organisation.
(ii) Formal education has a well-defined and systematic curriculum.	(ii) There is no fixed curriculum, timetable or deliberate agency to impart informal education.
(iii) Formal education is provided to fulfill specific ends, hence, it is limited to a specific period.	(iii) Informal education is a continuous process.
(iv) Formal education include curriculum based on aims designed according to the needs of society acquiring education through school.	(iv) Informal education involves efforts by parents and elders to help young one to adapt to the environment.

Explain the following concept with suitable examples.

Question 1.
Kinship
Answer:
1. Kinship ties are connections between individuals, established either through marriage or through the lines of descent that connect blood relatives.

2. The family of birth is called the family of orientation and the family in which a person is married is called a family of procreation. The kin related through blood are termed as consanguinal kin while the kin related through marriage are called affines.
Example : Parent, child, sibling, grandparent, grandchild, uncle, cousin etc.

Question 2.
Endogamy and Exogamy
Answer:

1. Endogamy denotes marriage within a culturally defined group. Example : caste, sect, tribe
2. Exogamy denotes marriage outside individual’s own group. Example : Gotra, Pravara, Sapinda

Question 3.
Hypergamy and Hypogamy
Answer:
1. In hypergamy, a man marries a woman of a lower social status group or a woman marries a man of higher social group which elevates her position in society.
Example : Anuloma practiced within varna system.

2. In hypogamy a man marries a woman of a higher social status group. This type of marriage offers a man from lower rank an entry into the higher rank.
Example : Prahiloma practiced in varna system.

Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Marriage to one spouse at a time.	———–
More than one partner at a given time.	———–
One man has two or more wives at a time.	———–
One woman marries more than one man at a given time.	———–

Answer:

Marriage to one spouse at a time.	Monogamy
More than one partner at a given time.	Polygamy
One man has two or more wives at a time.	Polygyny
One woman marries more than one man at a given time.	Polyandry

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

Question 5.

Answer:

Question 6.

Answer:

Question 7.

Answer:

State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Computer technology has resulted into centralization of work.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Just as industrialization organised and centralized work under one roof called factories, computer technology is allowing for decentralization of work.
2. Laptops, mobiles and accessibility of new information technology can turn any space into a virtual office.
3. The Information Revolution demands a new set of individual skills such as the ability to communicate, to write, to present and use computer technology.

Question 2.
The term education refers to the actualization of potentials of an individual.
Answer:
This statement is True.
1. It involves a learning process to gain knowledge and skills not just to survive but to live life more meaningfully.

2. Modern societies have evolved a distinct institution of education to fulfil basic goals-

• To create and disseminate ideas and knowledge.
• To develop skills to use existing knowledge for the betterment of society.

3. Education is thus a broad process of learning that broadens an individual’s cognitive horizons and develops the skills to choose, evaluate and add to existing knowledge which leads to actualization of potentials of an individual.

Question 3.
There is a fixed curriculum, timetable to impart informal education.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. There is no fixed curriculum timetable to impart informal education.
2. Informal education involves efforts by parents and elders to help the young ones to adapt to learning.
3. Informal education is a continuous process and includes all spontaneous learning through various possibilities such as work experience, travel or mass media.

Question 4.
The education system reproduces social inequalities.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Scholars like Bourdieu criticize the education system for functioning as the means through which higher classes reproduce their economic domination.
2. Schools are usually organised in such a way that students destined for lower levels of work
   are expected to follow rules and are given simple, repetitive a tasks, while for those destined for higher level tasks, there is an emphasis on independent thinking and working.
3. We go to different kinds of schools depending upon our socio-economic background and we acquire different kinds of privileges and opportunities.

Question 5.
Gender still remains a challenge for equal access to educational opportunities.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Education as a system also perpetrates gender differences
2. Although the ‘gender gap’ in education has narrowed, it still remains as a challenge : for equal access to educational opportunities.
3. Gender difference is evident enough when we consider issues like, preference for a boy’s schooling over a girl’s or high school drop out rate among girls, or soft subject choices for girls.

Question 6.
The Supreme Court of India, on September 6, 2018 decriminalised section 377.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. The Supreme Court of India on September 6, 2018 decriminalised section 377 of the I. P. C. and allowed gay relation among consenting adults in private.
2. The SC ruled out that consensual adult gay sex is not a crime saying that such sexual orientation is natural and people have no control over it.

Question 7.
The conflict perspective holds that all individuals are placed equally in society.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. The conflict perspective holds that all individuals are not placed equally in society. The distribution of privileges and opportunities is skewed and mostly in favour of the affluent section of society.
2. Social institutions, from this perspective, contributes to social divisions and inequalities.
3. They operate in the interest of the dominant sections of society.

Question 8.
Economic interdependence is one of the main features of industrial societies.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Economic interdependence is one of the main features of modern societies. In modern societies the world economy operates through the exchange of capital, labour, raw material and technology.
2. It is dependent on an immense number of workers – stretching all across the world – for the goods and services.
3. Industrial production was centralized. Workers were stationed at fixed positions. Globalized economy work is decentralized hence interdependent.

Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Family is changing in structure and composition, express your views about it.
Answer:
Family system has undergone some change in the late 20th century due to variety of reasons including the need for some members to move from village to city, or from one city to another for employment opportunities. Indian family has to be well prepared for growing challenges to face the changing societal norms to overcome several socio-psychological problems.

Answer the following in detail (About 150-200 words).

Question 1.
Explain how changing nature of work has led to global commodity chain’s or production flexible?
OR
Explain changing nature of work with global economy.
Answer:
One of the main features of modern societies is an enormous expansion of economic interdependence. Today the world economy operates through the exchange of capital, labour, raw material and technology. We all are dependent on large number of workers from all over the world for the s. goods and services we consume. In a globalised economy work is decentralised. It is the growing competition between firms and countries that makes it essential to keep production flexible. This means creation of a global chain of production in which different activities of the production take place in different parts of the world.

For example, raw material may be processed in one country, where it is cheaper and the product may be marketed for consumption in a totally different country. Transnational corporation like Coca- Cola, Colgate, Palmolive, Kodak, General Motors play a crucial role in creating a flexible economy which operation across the globe.

One illustration of the global commodity chain can be found in the manufacturing of the most popular Barbie doll. The first doll was made in Japan in 1959 when wages were low, as wages rose in Japan, Barbie moved to other low wage countries in Asia. Ethylene needed for Barbies plastic body is created in Saudi Arabia. Ethylene is converted to PVC pellets which are shipped to factories in China, Malaysia and Indonesia where actual moulding of the body takes place. Barbies gets her nylon hair from Japan and cotton dresses are made in China.

Barbie is designed in United States where most of the profits are made . But only physical aspects of Barbie that is made in USA is her cardboard packaging along with some of the paints and oils that are used to decorate the doll.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Important Questions Chapter 3 Basic Concepts in Sociology Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Sociology Important Questions Chapter 3 Basic Concepts in Sociology

Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
An ………………… is a group or category to which people feel they do not belong.
(in-group / out-group / voluntary group)
Answer:
out-group

Question 2.
…………………. membership is based on deliberate choice.
(Involuntary group / Small group / Voluntary group)
Answer:
Voluntary group

Question 3.
In ……………………. group the relations among its members are normally indirect.
(secondary / primary / voluntary)
Answer:
secondary

Question 4.
A group that guides our behaviour and attitudes, is called as …………………
(reference group / voluntary group / primary group)
Answer:
reference group

Question 5.
………………. laws are not written but orally transmitted.
(Enacted / Customary / External)
Answer:
Customary

Question 6.
…………….. are more rigid than folkways.
(Customs / Rules / Mores)
Answer:
Mores

Question 7.
A process of disengagement from a role that is central to one’s self identity is role ………………..
(conflict / exit / performance)
Answer:
Exit

Question 8.
By social ……………….. we mean the position of a person.
(status / role / group)
Answer:
status

Question 9.
Along with the likeness, society is also based on ………………….
(awareness / differences / age)
Answer:
differences

Question 10.
Different types of social relationships are required for the of society.
(reciprocity / likeness / existence)
Answer:
existence

Question 11.
Social behaviour of the people is evaluated by a mechanism of social …………….. in society.
(area / control / nature)
Answer:
control

Question 12.
…………………. known as ‘standards of group behaviour’.
(Norms / Culture / Society)
Answer:
Norms

Question 13.
No society is ……………………
(static / dynamic / normative)
Answer:
static

Question 14.
A definite territory to fulfil common objectives of a group of people is known as ………………..
(Society / Social group / Community)
Answer:
community

Question 15.
People living in a community establish their ………………..
(social role / interest / social relationships)
Answer:
social relationships

Question 16.
……………. is the physical basis of community.
(Locality / Group / Status)
Answer:
Locality

Question 17.
Social group is a system of …………………..
(social status / social group / social interaction)
Answer:
social interaction

Question 18.
‘We feeling’ leads to …………………. consciousness.
(collective / political / religious)
Answer:
collective

Question 19.
………………….. is the smallest of all social groups.
(Dyad / Primary Group / Triad)
Answer:
Dyad

Question 20.
The term ………………… was coined by Charles Horton Cooley.
(Primary Group / Secondary Group / Triad)
Answer:
Primary Group

Question 21.
………………… is the first sociologist to emphasise the importance of interaction processes within groups.
(Charles Elwood / George Simmel / Charles Horton)
Answer:
George Simmel

Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) Political parties, trade unions – Voluntary group
(b) Family, caste, race – In-Voluntary Industrial
(c) Dyad-triad, kin group – Small group
(d) Nation, State – Reference group
Answer:
(d) Nation, State – Large group

Question 2.
(a) Secondary Group – Large
(b) Primary Group – Small
(c) Reference Group – Mutual Co-operation
(d) Voluntary Group – Based on Choice
Answer:
(c) Reference Group – Guide our behaviour

Question 3.
(a) Different ways of wearing a sari – Folkways
(b) The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 – Statutory law
(c) Tribal laws – Customary law
(d) Sexual relations before marriage are not permitted – Mores
Answer:
(b) The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 – Enacted law

Question 4.
(a) Physical proximity – Primary group
(b) Indirect relations – Secondary relations
(c) Comparing oneself to – Reference group
(d) Membership based on choice – Involuntary group
Answer:
(d) Membership based on choice – Voluntary group

Question 5.
(a) ‘We Group’ – In-group
(b) Small in size – Small group
(c) ‘They Group’ – Primary group
(d) Large in size – Large group
Answer:
(c) ‘They-Group’ – Out group

Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Secondary Group, Ascribed Status, Role Conflict, Locality, Status, Social Group)
Question 1.
Occupation determined on the basis of caste.
Answer:
Ascribed Status

Question 2.
Formal, impersonal temporary relations.
Answer:
Secondary Group

Question 3.
A particular position, occupied by an individual in the society.
Answer:
Status

Question 4.
Difficulty of a working woman to pay attention to her sick baby and her at the same time.
Answer:
Role Conflict

Question 5.
It is the physical basis of community.
Answer:
Locality

Question 6.
Number of people with same goals and expectations.
Answer:
Social Group

Correct underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Eating food with fork and spoon is an example of mores.
Answer:
Eating food with fork and spoon is an example of folkways.

Question 2.
When a person experiences difficulties in performing the duties it is called role conflict.
Answer:
When a person experiences difficulties in performing the duties it is called role strain.

Question 3.
Status determined on the basis of age, sex, caste, etc., are achieved status.
Answer:
Status determined on the basis of age, sex, caste, etc., are ascribed status.

Question 4.
In primary group the relations of members are formal in nature.
Answer:
In secondary group the relations of members are formal in nature.

Question 5.
Laws that are important and obligatory in nature are called customary law.
Answer:
Laws that are important and obligatory in nature are called enacted law.

Question 6.
Customs are more rigid than folkways.
Answer:
Mores are more rigid than folkways.

Question 7.
Locality means a shared sense of belonging.
Answer:
Community sentiment means a shared sense of belonging.

Write suitable examples of given concepts and justify your answer.

Question 1.
Achieved status in economic life.
Answer:
Example : An achieved status is something we accomplish in the course of our lives. To some extent, achieved status reflects our work and effort. College student, college dropout, CEO, doctors, athlete, professor are examples of achieved statuses.

It is attained by a person largely through her or his own effort. In achieved status, individuals or groups have the freedom to change their social status. Through this, social mobility is possible. On the basis of a person’s unique talent it is achieved. It appears in different fields in society such as politics, sports, education, and industry and helps an individual to change his economic status.

Question 2.
Role conflict as a student.
Answer:
Example : In today’s society, students have a lot of burden in addition to which, there are unsatisfying and unlimited wants of their parents. In today’s world, competition is so high that only the academic subjects are not enough and students have to prepare for other professional courses. In this manner a student has to play different roles by which they experience role conflict. Where two or more roles cannot be performed at the same time, it is called role conflict. Role conflict is the tension caused due to trying to balance two or more statuses.

Question 3.
Secondary group as a impersonal group.
Answer:
Example: Nation, political party and trades union, etc.
The secondary group refers to a formal, impersonal group. There is limited proximity and closeness among members in the secondary group. Persons in secondary groups may not be known to each other personally. Due to its large size, there is limited personal interaction. According to Horton and Hunt, ‘Secondary groups are goal-oriented’ and intentionally formed to fulfil the objectives of its members.

Question 4.
Enacted Law in a modern society.
Answer:
Example : The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. The Domestic Violence Act, 2005.
This law is in a written form. It is important as well as obligatory in a modern, complex and dynamic society. It is applicable to all persons in that particular society.

Question 5.
Role set.
Answer:
Example : A university professor frequently gets involved in teaching, research, consultancy, administration, publishing, examining etc.
Role set also known as a role complex is a set of roles that centres around a particular social status.

Write short notes.

Question 1.
Elements of Community.
Answer:
A community is a territorial group. It always occupies some geographical area. It has its own definite territorial boundaries. Locality is the physical basis of community. The nomadic community also has locality though they have changing habitation.
1. Locality – A group of people form a community only when they begin to reside in a definite locality. Living together helps people to develop social contacts. Togetherness also gives people protection, safety and security. It helps members to fulfil their common interests.
Living together helps people to develop social contacts. Togetherness also gives people protection, safety and security. It helps members to fulfil their common interests.

2. Community Sentiment means a shared sense of belonging. Members must be aware of staying together and sharing common interests. People living in a community must have awareness of sharing a way of life. Due to this community sentiment, individuals are emotionally attached to their community.

Question 2.
Social Status and its types.
Answer:
1. Social status means the position in society. Ralph Linton has given two types of status on the basis of given status and achieved status. A person occupies different types of status at different place. For example, a parent at home may occupy the status of teacher in school, or as customer in a market and so no.

2. Ascribed status : It is assigned to a person by society. Generally, this assignment takes place at birth. It is determined on the basis of age, sex, kinship, race etc. These determinants are biological in origin but are significant mainly because of the social meanings that they have in our culture.

3. Achieved status : It is attained by a person largely through her or his own effort. On the basis of a person’s unique talent it is achieved. It appears in different fields in society such as politics, sports, education, and industry.

Question 3.
Social Role and related concepts.
Answer:
The functional aspect of status is known as ‘role’. It is also a behavioural aspect of duties which are associated with a status. When a person behaves in accordance with one’s position in society, it is termed as ‘role’.

1. Role performance : The way a person actually plays one’s role in a situation.
2. Role set : A set of roles (a role complex) that centres around a particular social status. For example, a University professor frequently gets involved in teaching, research, consultancy, administration, publishing, examining etc.
3. Role strain : A feeling of difficulty or stress in fulfilling the demands of one’s role obligations.
4. Role conflict: Incompatibility between two or more roles that an individual is expected to perform in a given situation. For example, the role of a working women, who also manages the home.
5. Role exit: According to Helen Rose, role exit is a process of disengagement from a role that i is central to one’s self identity, in order to establish a new role and identity.

Characteristics of social group:

1. A social group consists of two or more persons e.g., two friends, wife and husband.
2. Social group is a system of social interaction.
3. Group life involves mutual awareness.
4. ‘We feeling’ promotes group unity.
5. Groups are formed for the fulfilment of certain common interests, e.g., political groups, religious groups, caste groups, sports groups
6. Each group has its own norms, rules to regulate behaviour of its members.
7. Social groups are dynamic in nature, i.e. they change from time to time.

Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Role and Status.
Answer:

Role	Status
(i) Role is defined as the function assumed or part played by a person or thing in a particular situation.	(i) Status is defined as the official classification given to a person, country or organisation, determining their rights or responsibilities.
(ii) A role is the part our society expects us to play in a given status.	(ii) Status is our relative social position within a group.
(iii) The person behaves in accordance with one’s position in the society.	(iii) The status of a person is known according to their prestige and power in society.
(iv) Roles are of different types, example, role strain, role conflict, role performance, etc.	(iv) Status are of two types, example, ascribed status and achieved status.

Question 2.
Small Group and Large Group.
Answer:

Small Group	Large Group
(i) Informal in nature and unpatterned.	(i) Formal in nature and patterned.
(ii) Based on informal nature of interaction.	(ii) Based on formal nature of interaction.
(iii) There is personal interaction.	(iii) Personal interaction is difficult.
(iv) Small in size.	(iv) Large in size.
(v) Examples – Family, Dyad-Triad, Kin group.	(v) Examples-Race, Nation, State, University.

Question 3.
Ascribed Status and Achieved Status.
Answer:

Ascribed Status	Achieved Status
(i) It is based on birth.	(i) Obtained on merit or effort by an individual.
(ii) Related with individual’s biological factors such as age, sex and kinship relations.	(ii) Individuals intelligence, skill, ambition, merit, effort are the bases of this status.
(iii) Absence of mobility as it is static in nature.	(iii) It is more mobile in nature.
(iv) Less significant in modern society.	(iv) More important in modern society.

Explain the following concept with suitable examples.

Question 1.
Community
Answer:
1. The term community denotes uniformly and permanently shared lives of people over a region.

2. When a group of people live in a definite territory to fulfil their common objectives and needs we call it a community. Locality and community sentiments are two elements of community locality -A group of people form a community only when they begin to reside in a definite locality and community sentiment Community sentiment means a shared sense of belonging.
Example : Hindu community, Muslim community, Rural community, Tribal community, etc.

Question 2.
Social Norms
Answer:

1. They are generally known as standards of group behaviour.
2. It is related to conformity in society. Conformity gives stability to society and creates peace and order in society.
3. No society and no social group can exist without norms.
4. Norms have made possible the orderly interaction of people in society.
5. Everywhere, norms serve the individual as a guide for conduct.
6. They are generally known as ‘standards of group behaviour.
7. The word norm is used to represent folkways, mores, laws, customs etc.
   Example : Obedience from children, the manner of speech, the time of meals, not telling lies etc.

Question 3.
In and out group
Answer:

1. An in-group can be defined as any group or category to which people feel they belong.
2. It compresses of everyone who is regarded as “we” or “us”.
3. An out-group is a group or category to which people feel they do not belong.
4. Out-group means “They group”. The very existence of an In-Group implies that there is an ‘Out-group’.
5. Members of an in-group sometimes are threatened by another group, known as out group.
   Example : In-group – Family, religion, race, gender we belong to.
   Out-group – Race, culture, gender, age, religion, which we do not belong to.

Question 4.
Society
Answer:
(i) The society is the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community. The most important component of society is social relationships among people.

(ii) For a relationship to be social, certain conditions must exist:

1. The persons involved in the social relationship must be aware of each other.
2. There must be some form of reciprocity between the individuals concerned. Society is dynamic as it changes continuously. Society includes likeness and differences
   Example : Peoples Education Society, Ideal Housing society, Tribal society, Co-operative society, etc.

Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

Question 5.

Answer:

Question 6.

	Types of group
‘We group’	——–
Membership based on choice	——–
Membership based on birth	——–
‘They group’	——–
Dyad	——–
Large in size	——–
Intimate face to face relations	——–
Distant relationship	——–

Answer:

	Types of group
‘We group’	In-group
Membership based on choice	Voluntary group
Membership based on birth	Involuntary group
‘They group’	Out-group
Dyad	Small group
Large in size	Large group
Intimate face to face relations	Primary group
Distant relationship	secondary group

Question 7.

Answer:

Question 8.

Answer:

State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Society includes likeness and not differences.
Answer:
This statement is False.
Along with the likeness, society is also based on differences.

1. Though the principle of likeness is essential for society as people have similarities with regard to their needs, aims, ideals, values, outlook towards life and so on, differences is an important factor for a healthy society.
2. To satisfy different types of needs in society, different type of personalities are essential.
3. These differences are based on sex, age, physical strength, intelligence, talent, personality and unequal possessions of material objects and wealth.

Question 2.
Primary groups are inclusive and permanent in nature.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Physical proximity is essential for a primary group. Permanent close relations and smallness of the primary group create more solidarity among the members.
2. The relationship in a primary group is not a means to fulfil any kind of objective and is based on emotional bonds.
3. There is similarity of objectives, goals among the members of primary group which leads to group solidarity hence Primary groups are inclusive and permanent in nature

Question 3.
The relations of members of secondary group are informal in nature.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. The relations of members of secondary group are formal in nature. They are based on rules, laws, functioning etc.
2. There is limited proximity and closeness among members in secondary groups.
3. As a Special Interest Group’ secondary groups are intentionally formed to fulfil the objectives of its members.
4. Persons in secondary groups may not be known to each other personally, it is goal oriented hence formal in nature.

Question 4.
Members of an in-group sometimes are threatened by another group
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Members of an in-group sometimes feel antagonistic to, or are threatened by another group, especially if the group is perceived as being different culturally or racially and are known as out group.
2. An out-group consists of those persons towards whom we feel a sense of indifference, avoidance, disgust, competition or conflict.
3. An ‘Out-Group’ is a group or category to which people feel they do not belong.

Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Do you think ascribed status is less significant in modern society?
Answer:
Yes, Ascribed status is less significant in modern society because it is determined on the basis of age, sex, kinship, race etc., which are biological in origin. It is static in nature hence lacks of mobility. Achieved status are more important in modern society which is attained by a person though his or her own effort. People with achieved status can improve their position within the social system on their own merit and achievements.

Answer the following in detail (About 150-200 words).

Question 1.
Explain the diverse nature of social groups by giving various classifications of groups with suitable examples.
Answer:
(i) In-Group and Out-Group : An In-Group can be defined as any group or category to which people feel they belong. It comprises everyone who is regarded as ‘we’ or ‘us’.

An Out-Group is a group or category to which people feel they do not belong. In-Group simply means ‘we group’ and Out-Group means ‘They-Group’. The members of an in-group identify themselves with one another and have a sense of belongingness to the group.

Example : One’s race, gender, favourite sports team, college. Members of an in-group sometimes feel antagonistic to, especially if the group is perceived as being different culturally or racially.

Example : Fans of opposing sports teams, people of different religion, race, caste etc.

(ii) Voluntary and Involuntary group : According to Charles Elwood voluntary group is a group in which membership is based on deliberate choice.
The members may join or resign from the said group.
Example : Political parties, trade unions, youth organisations, cultural associations etc.
An Involuntary Group is a group in which membership is based on birth or compulsion, rather than on choice.
Example : Groups like family, caste, religious group, race etc.

(iii) Small and Large Group : The term small group is used to refer to a group small enough for all members to interact simultaneously, and is informal in nature.
Example : Certain primary groups such as families.
Small groups include Dyad, Triad and other small groups. The smallest of all small social groups is the “Dyad” or two-member group.
Example : A married couple. Triad is a three member small group.
Example : When the married couple has their first child, the Dyad becomes a “Triad”.
Large Group is large in size and formal in nature.
Example : Nation, State, University.

(iv) Primary and Secondary Group : The groups in which individuals work through mutual co-operation and are very closely related are called primary groups.
Example : Family, peer group, kin group, neighbourhood.
The secondary group refers to a formal, impersonal group, where mutual relations of persons are not very close.
Example : Political party, Nation, Commercial companies, Labour Union etc.