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Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 11th Commerce Book Keeping & Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 9 Final Accounts of a Proprietary Concern Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Commerce BK Important Questions Chapter 9 Final Accounts of a Proprietary Concern

1. Answer in One Sentence.

Question 1.
What do you mean by pre-received income?
Answer:
Income that is received before it is due for receipt is called pre-received income.

Question 2.
What do you mean by bad debts?
Answer:
The debts which are not recoverable in spite of repeated efforts to collect the same are called bad debts.

Question 3.
What is Capital?
Answer:
Amount invested by the proprietor from time to time in business is known as capital.

Question 4.
What are the adjustments?
Answer:
Adjustments are additional information given below the trial balance and are to be considered for arriving at the correct profit or loss.

Question 5.
State the meaning of Current assets.
Answer:
Assets that are purchased with the intention of converting them into cash during the operating year are called current assets.
E.g. stock of goods.

2. Give a word, term, or phrase which can substitute each of the following statements:

Question 1.
Debit balance of Trading Account.
Answer:
Gross Loss

Question 2.
The credit balance of the Trading Account.
Answer:
Gross Profit

Question 3.
Debit balance of Profit and Loss Account.
Answer:
Net Loss

Question 4.
The credit balance of Profit and Loss Account.
Answer:
Net Profit

Question 5.
A debt that cannot be recovered.
Answer:
Bad debts

Question 6.
Reduction in the value of fixed assets due to its continuous use.
Answer:
Depreciation

Question 7.
Carriage paid on the purchase of goods.
Answer:
Carriage Inwards

Question 8.
Statement of balances of various ledger accounts.
Answer:
Trial Balance

Question 9.
An amount withdraws by a proprietor from a business in cash or kind.
Answer:
Drawings

Question 10.
Account prepared to find out gross profit or gross loss.
Answer:
Trading A/c

Question 11.
Income received before it is due.
Answer:
Pre-received Income

Question 12.
Unpaid expenses of a business.
Answer:
Outstanding Expenses

Question 13.
Account prepared on the basis of direct expenses and direct income of the business.
Answer:
Trading A/c

Question 14.
Account prepared on the basis of indirect expenses and indirect incomes of the business.
Answer:
Profit and Loss A/c

Question 15.
Group of accounts which gives the result of business activities.
Answer:
Final Accounts

3. Select the most appropriate alternatives given below and rewrite the sentence:

Question 1.
A list of balances of all the accounts in ledger is called _______________
(a) Balance Sheet
(b) Profit and Loss A/c
(c) Trading A/c
(d) Trial Balance
Answer:
(d) Trial Balance

Question 2.
Opening stock is entered in a Trading Account on the _______________ side.
(a) credit
(b) debit
(c) asset
(d) liabilities
Answer:
(b) debit

Question 3.
Drawing account is closed by transferring the balance to the _______________ account.
(a) Drawing
(b) Liabilities
(c) Assets
(d) Capital
Answer:
(d) Capital

Question 4.
Outstanding expenses is a _______________ account.
(a) Real
(b) Personal
(c) Nominal
(d) None of them
Answer:
(b) Personal

Question 5.
Depreciation is always charged on _______________ assets.
(a) Current
(b) Fixed
(c) Fictitious
(d) Intangible
Answer:
(b) Fixed

Question 6.
Pre-received income is shown on _______________ side of Balance sheet.
(a) Assets
(b) Liabilities
(c) Credit
(d) Debit
Answer:
(b) Liabilities

Question 7.
Royalty on production is a _______________ expenses.
(a) direct
(b) indirect
(c) capital
(d) none of them
Answer:
(a) direct

Question 8.
Interest on investment is _______________ of business concern.
(a) a profit
(b) a loss
(c) an expense
(d) an income
Answer:
(d) an income

Question 9.
All items of indirect income are shown on the credit side of the _______________ Account.
(a) Balance Sheet
(b) Profit and Loss
(c) Manufacturing
(d) None of them
Answer:
(b) Profit and Loss

Question 10.
Reserve for discount on debtor has a _______________ balance.
(a) credit
(b) debit
(c) nil
(d) positive
Answer:
(a) credit

4. State True or False with reasons:

Question 1.
Closing Stock is valued at cost or market price whichever is more.
Answer:
This statement is False.
Closing stock is valued at cost or market price whichever is less. It is based on the theory of anticipated profit is not brought with the account before actual realization or the Principle of conservatism.

Question 2.
Income received in advance is a liability.
Answer:
This statement is True.
Income received in advance is the liability to the business because it has not yet earned the money and the business has an obligation to deliver the goods or services to the customer.

Question 3.
Prepaid expenses are a liability.
Answer:
This statement is False.
Prepaid means paid in advance for the future period. It is the amount paid but has not yet been used up or has not yet expired. So prepaid expenses are an asset.

Question 4.
A balance Sheet is a real account.
Answer:
This statement is False.
The balance sheet is a statement prepare at the end of the financial or accounting year. It is not an Account. It gives an idea of Total Assets and liabilities on a particular day.

Question 5.
Depreciation need not be provided if the asset is not in use.
Answer:
This statement is False.
The working life of fixed assets decreases with passes of time. The value of these assets decreases every year as new technology introduced in the market old becomes outdated so it is necessary to depreciate an asset even it is not in use.

5. Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
A Copy Right is _______________ Asset.
Answer:
An intangible

Question 2.
Wages paid for installation of Machinery should be debited to _______________ A/c.
Answer:
Machinery

Question 3.
A provision made for debts irrecoverable from debtors is called _______________
Answer:
Reserve for doubtful debts

Question 4.
In the absence of information interest on Drawings is charged for _______________ months.
Answer:
six

Question 5.
Return outward are deducted from _______________
Answer:
purchases

Question 6.
Net profit is transferred to _______________
Answer:
Balance Sheet Capital A/c

Question 7.
If cash/goods withdrawn by proprietor for domestic use, it is called _______________
Answer:
Drawings

Question 8.
Payment made in advance are shown on _______________ side of Balance Sheet.
Answer:
Asset

Question 9.
Royalty on production is debited to _______________ A/c of final A/c.
Answer:
Trading

Question 10.
General Expenses are recolored to the debit side of _______________ A/c when Office expenses, Sundry expenses, or General expenses are given in the trial balance.
Answer:
Trading

6. Find the odd one:

Question 1.
Salary, Sundry expenses, General Expenses.
Answer:
General Expenses

Question 2.
Creditors, Bank Loan, Investment.
Answer:
Investment

Question 3.
Royalty on purchases, Octroi, Discount Allowed.
Answer:
Discount Allowed

Question 4.
Rent, Factory Lighting, Freight.
Answer:
Rent

Question 5.
Outstanding Salary, Accrued Interest, Outstanding Rent.
Answer:
Accrued Interest

7. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:

Question 1.
Software expenses paid for the installation of the computer should be debited to Software A/c.
Answer:
Disagree

Question 2.
In absence of information interest on the drawing is charged for twelve months.
Answer:
Disagree

Question 3.
Only carriage means carriage on sales.
Answer:
Disagree

Question 4.
Final accounts are prepared at the end of the month.
Answer:
Disagree

Question 5.
Return Inwards means purchase return.
Answer:
Disagree

8. Correct and Rewrite the following statements:

Question 1.
Bank overdraft is an Asset of the business concern.
Answer:
Bank overdraft is a liability of business concern.

Question 2.
Discount allowed is an income for business
Answer:
Discount allowed is an expense for the business.

Question 3.
To Goods withdrawn by proprietor A/c
Capital A/c……………Dr
(Being goods withdrawn by the proprietor for personal use)
Answer:
To Goods withdrawn by proprietor A/c
To Capital A/c………….Dr
(Being goods withdrawn by the proprietor for use)

Question 4.
Sundry Debtors A/c……………Dr
To Bad debts A/c
(Being Bad debts written off)
Answer:
Bad Debts A/c……………Dr
To Sundry Debtors A/c
(Being Bad debts written off)

Question 5.
Opening stock A/c…………….Dr
Direct expenses A/c…………….Dr
Purchase A/c………………Dr
To Trading A/c
(Being Opening Stock, Direct expenses, and purchase transferred to Trading A/c)
Answer:
Trading A/c……….Dr
To Opening stock A/c
To Direct expenses A/c
To Purchase A/c
(Being opening stock, Direct expenses and purchase transferred to Trading A/c)

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 11th Commerce Book Keeping & Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 10 Single Entry System Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Commerce BK Important Questions Chapter 10 Single Entry System

1. Answer in One sentence only.

Question 1.
In which method statement of affairs is prepared?
Answer:
Under the Net worth method of a single entry, a statement of affairs is prepared.

Question 2.
How is closing capital calculated under a single entry system?
Answer:
Under single entry system closing capital is calculated by deducting the total closing value of liabilities from the total closing value of assets.

Question 3.
Which statement is prepared under the single entry system to ascertain profit?
Answer:
A statement of profit or loss is prepared to ascertain profit under a single entry system.

Question 4.
What is a Statement of Profit or Loss?
Answer:
A statement that is prepared under a single entry system to calculate profit or loss is called a statement of profit or loss.

2. Write a word, term, or phrase which can substitute each of the following statements.

Question 1.
A system of book-keeping in which both the aspects of transactions are recorded.
Answer:
Double Entry System

Question 2.
Name the method of accounting in which only cash and personal transactions are recorded.
Answer:
Single Entry System

Question 3.
A statement is similar to the Balance sheet was prepared to ascertain the amounts of closing capital.
Answer:
Closing Statement of Affairs

Question 4.
The system of accounting is most scientific and reliable.
Answer:
Double Entry System

Question 5.
Name the statement prepared to find out profit or loss under a single entry system.
Answer:
Statement of Profit or Loss

Question 6.
Excess of opening capital over closing capital of proprietor under single entry system.
Answer:
Loss

Question 7.
Method of accounting in which real accounts and nominal accounts are not maintained.
Answer:
Single Entry System

Question 8.
A statement that shows profit or loss of business under a single entry system.
Answer:
Statement of Profit or Loss

Question 9.
An accounting system where rules of debit and credit are not followed.
Answer:
Single Entry System

Question 10.
The incomplete method of the accounting system.
Answer:
Single Entry System

Question 11.
A system of book-keeping which records only one aspect of business transactions and ignores other aspects.
Answer:
Single Entry System

Question 12.
A statement that shows the balances of various assets and liabilities at their approximate or estimated values as on a particular date.
Answer:
Statement of Affairs

3. Select the most appropriate answer from the alternatives given below and rewrite the sentence.

Question 1.
The difference between the capital at the end of the year and capital at the beginning of the year is called _____________
(a) Profit
(b) Income
(c) Drawings
(d) Expenses
Answer:
(a) Profit

Question 2.
A statement of _____________ is to be prepared in under to find out profit or loss under a single entry system.
(a) Income
(b) Affairs
(c) Revenue
(d) Profit or Loss
Answer:
(d) Profit or Loss

Question 3.
A statement of affairs is a summarised statement of an estimated _____________
(a) Financial Position
(b) Profit
(c) Income
(d) Loss
Answer:
(a) Financial Position

Question 4.
If closing capital is ₹ 30,000 and profit is ₹ 5,000 opening capital was _____________
(a) ₹ 35,000
(b) ₹ 30,000
(c) ₹ 25,000
(d) ₹ 15,000
Answer:
(c) ₹ 25,000

Question 5.
Under single Entry system, Profit = Closing Capital less _____________
(a) Opening Capital
(b) Opening Assets
(c) Opening Liabilities
(d) Drawings
Answer:
(a) Opening Capital

Question 6.
The capital at the end of the accounting year is ascertained by preparing _____________
(a) Cash Account
(b) Closing Statement of Affairs
(c) Total Debtors Account
(d) Opening Statement of Affairs
Answer:
(b) Closing Statement of Affairs

Question 7.
The capital at the beginning of the accounting year is ascertained by preparing _____________
(a) Receipt and Payment Account
(b) Cash Account
(c) Opening Statement of Affairs
(d) Closing Statement of Affairs
Answer:
(c) Opening Statement of Affairs

Question 8.
Under Single Entry System only _____________ are opened.
(a) Cash and Personal Accounts
(b) Real Accounts
(c) Nominal Accounts
(d) Real and Nominal Accounts
Answer:
(a) Cash and Personal Accounts

Question 9.
Statement of Affairs is just like _____________
(a) Profit and Loss A/c
(b) Real A/c
(c) Trading A/c
(d) Balance Sheet
Answer:
(d) Balance Sheet

Question 10.
Under the Net worth method, the basis for ascertaining profit or loss is the difference between _____________
(a) Capital on two dates
(b) Gross assets on two dates
(c) Liabilities on two dates
(d) Net assets on two dates
Answer:
(a) Capital on two dates

4. State True or False with reasons:

Question 1.
Statement of profit is just like Profit and Loss Account.
Answer:
This statement is False.
The profit and loss account has the debit and credit side which shows all expenses on the debit side and all incomes on the credit side and the differences are profit and loss for the year. Whereas statement of profit just adds and less income and expenses to find profit or loss.

Question 2.
The single Entry System is based on certain rules and principles.
Answer:
This statement is False.
A single Entry System is an ancient method of recording business transactions. It is a simple method of book-keeping. It is not a scientific and accurate system of Accounting. This system has no proper set of rules to be followed.

Question 3.
All transactions are recorded in the Single Entry System.
Answer:
This statement is False.
All transactions are not recorded in a single entry system. Only cash books and personal accounts of debtors and creditors are maintained. All transactions are recorded in the Double Entry System of Book-Keeping and Accountancy.

Question 4.
Arithmetical accuracy cannot be checked in Single Entry.
Answer:
This statement is True.
All transactions and accounts are not recorded in the Single Entry System. So it is impossible to prepare a Trial balance under this system without which Arithmetical accuracy cannot be checked.

Question 5.
Drawings made during the year decrease the profit under the Single Entry System.
Answer:
This statement is False.
Drawings made during the year are added to the closing capital in the statement of profit, it increases the profit under the Single Entry System.

5. Do you agree with the following statements?

Question 1.
The single Entry System of Book-keeping is a scientific method of books of accounts.
Answer:
Disagree

Question 2.
The single Entry System is useful only for large organizations.
Answer:
Disagree

Question 3.
Statement of Affairs is just like a profit and loss account.
Answer:
Disagree

Question 4.
The difference between Assets and Liabilities is called net profit.
Answer:
Disagree

Question 5.
The single Entry System follows the golden rules of accounts.
Answer:
Disagree

6. Fill in the Blanks.

Question 1.
In _____________ Book-keeping system, only Cash/Bank A/c and Personal accounts of Debtors and Creditors are opened.
Answer:
Single Entry

Question 2.
Capital is the difference between _____________ and _____________
Answer:
Assets, Liabilities

Question 3.
Single Entry System of Book-keeping is _____________ system of books of accounts.
Answer:
Conventional Accounting

Question 4.
_____________ accuracy is not guaranteed under Single Entry System.
Answer:
Arithmetical

Question 5.
In statement of profit or loss, profit on sale of assets are _____________ to closing capital.
Answer:
Added

Question 6.
Bad debts are _____________ from closing capital in statement of profit or loss.
Answer:
Deducted

Question 7.
_____________ unscientific system of Book-keeping.
Answer:
Single Entry System

Question 8.
Under the Single Entry System, profit or loss is calculated by deducting the opening capital balance from _____________ at the end of the year.
Answer:
the closing capital balance

7. Find the odd one.

Question 1.
Stock in trade, Bank overdraft, Bills receivable.
Answer:
Bank overdraft

Question 2.
Interest on Loan, Interest on Investment, Income receivable.
Answer:
Interest on Loan

Question 3.
Bad debts, Reserve for Bad debts, Reserve for a discount on creditors.
Answer:
Reserve for a discount on creditors

Question 4.
Income received in advance, Prepaid Expenses, Outstanding Expenses.
Answer:
Prepaid Expenses

8. Complete the following table:

Question 1.

Answer:
₹ 13,000

Question 2.

Answer:
₹ 45,000

Question 3.

Answer:
₹ 85,000

Question 4.

Answer:
₹ 40,000, ₹ 18,000

Question 5.

Answer:
₹ 6,000

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 11th Commerce Book Keeping & Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 8 Rectification of Errors Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Commerce BK Important Questions Chapter 8 Rectification of Errors

1. Answer in One Sentence:

Question 1.
What is an Arithmetical error?
Answer:
An error committed to totaling the amount columns of journal and ledger is called arithmetical error.

Question 2.
What do you mean by one-sided errors?
Answer:
One-sided errors are those errors that either affect the debit or credit aspect of the transaction. It affects the agreement of the trial balance.

Question 3.
What do you mean by two-sided errors?
Answer:
Two-sided errors are those errors that affect both the aspects of a transaction i.e. debit and credit. It does not affect the agreement of the trial balance.

Question 4.
What is a suspense account?
Answer:
An account that is opened to transfer the difference in the totals of the trial balance is known as a suspense account.

Question 5.
What are accounting errors?
Answer:
Mistakes or errors committed while writing the books of accounts are known as accounting errors.

2. Give one word/term or phrase for each of the following statements.

Question 1.
Transactions remained to be recorded at all in the books of account.
Answer:
Errors of omission

Question 2.
Errors are always rectified by passing rectification entries.
Answer:
Two-sided errors

Question 3.
Errors that affect the debit and credit side unequally.
Answer:
One-sided errors

Question 4.
Errors that affect the debit and credit side equally.
Answer:
Two-sided errors

Question 5.
An error in which the transaction is entered in the original book but not posted into the ledger.
Answer:
The error of posting/partial omission

Question 6.
Error in the process of transferring the entry from original books into the ledger.
Answer:
Error of posting

Question 7.
Errors can be rectified without passing rectification entries.
Answer:
One-sided errors

3. Select the most appropriate alternative from those given below and rewrite the sentence.

Question 1.
Wages paid for the installation of machinery wrongly debited to wages account is an error of ___________
(a) omission
(b) principle
(c) commission
(d) duplication
Answer:
(b) principle

Question 2.
If the trial balance shows a short credit the suspense account will have a ___________ balance.
(a) debit
(b) zero
(c) credit
(d) nil
Answer:
(c) credit

Question 3.
If the trial balance does not agree the difference of the trial balance is placed in ___________ account.
(a) Personal
(b) Suspense
(c) Rectification
(d) Real
Answer:
(b) Suspense

Question 4.
Errors which compensate the effect of each other are called ___________ errors.
(a) compensating
(b) one-sided
(c) two sided
(d) clerical
Answer:
(a) compensating

Question 5.
One sided errors are disclosed by ___________
(a) Trial Balance
(b) Suspense Account
(c) Journal
(d) Ledger Account
Answer:
(a) Trial Balance

4. State whether the following statements are True or False with reasons.

Question 1.
Errors of principle are not disclosed by the Trial Balance.
Answer:
This statement is True.
The error of Principle is those where some basic principles of bookkeeping and accountancy are not Properly Followed while recording a business transaction. Such errors can be rectified by passing journal entries.
Eg.: Capital expender showed as revenue expenditure or vice versa. It won’t affect the Trial balance. If will agreed.

Question 2.
Transaction not recorded in the books is an error of principle.
Answer:
This statement is False.
Transaction not recorded in the books is an error of omission and not an error of principle.

Question 3.
If the purchase hook is undermasted, the purchase account is debited in rectification.
Answer:
This statement is True.
Purchases are expenses. All expenses are debited as per the rule of nominal account. When purchases are underacted they can be corrected by debiting in rectification.

Question 4.
When a transaction is not recorded according to the principles of book-keeping the error is said to be an error of principle.
Answer:
This statement is True.
The error of Principle is those where some basic principles of bookkeeping and accountancy are not properly followed while recording a business transaction.
Eg.: Capital expenditure is shown as revenue expenditure or Vice-a-Varsa and they are called an error of principle.

Question 5.
The error of omission is disclosed by the Trial Balance.
Answer:
This statement is False.
The complete omission of a transaction will bot disclosed by a trial balance. Trial balance, balances will be agreed with such errors. So the omission of transaction or an error of omission will not be disclosed by Trial Balance.

5. Do you agree or disagree with the following statements.

Question 1.
A temporary account opened to rectify the entry is known as suspense A/c.
Answer:
Agree

Question 2.
Rectified entries are passed in Ledger.
Answer:
Disagree

Question 3.
Compensating errors affect the agreement of Trial Balance.
Answer:
Disagree

Question 4.
There is only one type of error.
Answer:
Disagree

Question 5.
Transaction recorded without following the accounting principles and rules are known as Errors of Principle.
Answer:
Agree

6. Complete the following sentences.

Question 1.
___________ sided errors affect the total of Trial Balance.
Answer:
One

Question 2.
___________ sided errors do not affect the Trial Balance.
Answer:
Two

Question 3.
One sided error do not require ___________ entry.
Answer:
Rectification

Question 4.
Errors which are committed in writing the accounts are called error of ___________
Answer:
Posting

Question 5.
Under casting of Sales book is corrected by ___________ Sales Account.
Answer:
Crediting

Question 6.
The disagreement of Trial Balance indicates that an ___________ has been committed.
Answer:
Error

Question 7.
An asset has been purchased for the firm. However, the amount was debited to the purchase account. It is an error of ___________
Answer:
Principle

Question 8.
___________ account is necessary for rectification of one-sided error.
Answer:
Suspense A/c

Question 9.
An item of ₹ 95 has been debited to a personal account as ₹ 59. It is an error of ___________
Answer:
Commission

Question 10.
Rectification entries are passed in ___________
Answer:
Journal Proper

Question 11.
Two sided errors are rectified by passing ___________ entry.
Answer:
Rectification

Question 12.
If the Trial Balance does not tally, its difference is transferred to ___________ Account.
Answer:
Suspense

Question 13.
Under casting of an account is ___________ sided error.
Answer:
One

Question 14.
If the transaction is not at all recorded in the books, it is called an error of ___________
Answer:
Complete Omission

Question 15.
If the total balance shows short a credit, the suspense account will have a ___________ balance.
Answer:
Credit

Question 16.
An error that affects debit as well as credit side, it is called as ___________ errors.
Answer:
Two-Sided

Question 17.
Wages paid for installation of machinery debited to Wages Account is an error of ___________
Answer:
Principle

Question 18.
Errors which cancel out the effect of one another is called ___________ errors.
Answer:
Compensating

Question 19.
One sided errors are disclosed by ___________
Answer:
Trial Balance

Question 20.
In an error of omission, the debit and credit are ___________
Answer:
Equal

Practical Problems

Question 1.
The trial balance of Sagar did not agree. It showed an excess credit of ₹ 7,550. Sagar put the difference to the suspense account. He located the following errors:
1. Sales return book was overcast by ₹ 1,200.
2. Purchase book was undercast by ₹ 750.
3. Goods returned to Mahesh ₹ 1,000 were recorded through the sales book.
4. Credit purchases from Mahadev ₹ 6,000 were recorded through the sales book.
5. Credit purchases from Damodhar ₹ 4,000 were recorded through the sales book. However, Damodhar’s account was correctly credited.
6. Salary paid ₹ 3,500 was debited to the employee’s personal account.
Give journal entries to rectify the above errors and prepare Suspense Account.
Solution:
Journal Proper

Question 2.
The trial balance of Radhika did not agree. Radhika put the difference to the suspense account. Subsequently, she located the following errors.
1. Furniture purchased for ₹ 6,000 was posted to the purchases account as ₹ 600.
2. Repairs to Machinery ₹ 500 were debited to the Machinery account.
3. Wages paid for the installation of Machinery ₹ 750 was posted to wages account.
4. Purchased material ₹ 8,000 and Wages ₹ 2,000 were used for construction of the building. No adjustment was made in the books.
5. Total of sales returns book ₹ 2,000 was not posted to the ledger.
6. Old Furniture sold to Dinesh at its book value of ₹ 2,500 was recorded through sales book.
Give journal entries and prepare Suspense Account.
Solution:
Journal Proper

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Basic Analytical Techniques Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Basic Analytical Techniques

Question 1.
Give reason: Purification of a chemical substance is important before investigating its composition and properties.
Answer:

• Chemical substances occur in nature in impure stage.
• Also, chemical substances synthesized in the laboratory are obtained in crude and impure form.
• Impurities present in the chemical substances may interfere with the properties to be determined (e.g. melting point or boiling point).
• Therefore, before investigating composition and properties of a given chemical substance, it is important to obtain it in the pure form.

Question 2.
What are the different types of impurities that a solid may contain?
Answer:
A solid substance may contain two types of impurities:

• Impurities which are soluble in the same solvent as the main substance.
• Impurities which are not soluble in the same solvent as the main substance.

Question 3.
For which of the following cases, is the process of filtration feasible? Why?
Case 1: A solid substance containing impurities which are soluble in the same solvent as the main substance.
Case 2: A solid substance containing impurities which are not soluble in the same solvent as the main substance.
Answer:
Impurities which are not soluble in the same solvent as the main compound can be separated by a simple process called filtration. Hence, for ‘Case 2’, filtration is more feasible.

Question 4.
Describe the process of filtration with a neat and labelled diagram.
Answer:
i. Impurities which are not soluble in the same solvent as the main compound can be separated by a simple process called filtration.
ii. Procedure:
a. A circular piece of filter paper is folded to form a cone and fitted in the funnel.
b. The funnel is fixed on a stand and a beaker is kept below.
c. The mixture which has to be purified is added to a suitable solvent in which the main compound dissolves.
d. The paper is made moist, and the solution to be filtered is poured on the filter paper.
e. Diagram:

iii. The insoluble part remaining on the filter paper is called residue and the liquid which pass through the filter paper and collected in the beaker is called filtrate.
iv. This process is similar to separating tea leaves from decoction of tea or sand from mixture of sand and water.

Question 5.
Why is safety bottle used when filtration is carried out under suction?
Answer:
The safety bottle is used to prevent sucking of the filtrate into suction pump.

Question 6.
Name the steps involved in the process of crystallization.
Answer:
Steps involved in the process of crystallization:

• Preparation of a saturated solution
• Hot filtration
• Cooling of the filtrate
• Filtration

Question 7.
How is saturated solution of the crude solid prepared?
Answer:

• A saturated solution of the crude solid is prepared by boiling it in a small but sufficient quantity of a suitable solvent.
• The main solute from the sample of the crude solid dissolves to form a saturated solution on boiling.

[Note: The solution is not saturated with respect to the soluble impurities, as they are in small proportion.]

Question 8.
Explain the following steps with respect to the process of crystallization.
i. Preparation of a saturated solution
ii. Hot filtration
iii. Cooling of the filtrate
iv. Filtration
Answer:
i. Preparation of a saturated solution:

• A saturated solution of the crude solid is prepared by boiling it in a small but sufficient quantity of a suitable solvent.
• On doing so the main solute forms an almost saturated solution, but the solution is not saturated with respect to the soluble impurities, as they are in small proportion.

ii. Hot filtration: The hot saturated solution is quickly filtered to remove undissolved impurities as residue. Filtration under suction can be employed for rapid filtration.

iii. Cooling of the filtrate:

• The hot filtrate is allowed to cool.
• On cooling, the filtrate becomes supersaturated with respect to the main dissolved solute because solubility of a substance decreases with lowering of temperature.
• The excess quantity of the dissolved solute comes out of the solution in the form of crystals.
• The dissolved impurities, however, do not supersaturate the solution, as their quantity is small.
• These continue to stay in the solution in dissolved state even on cooling. Therefore, the separated crystals are free from soluble impurities.

iv. Filtration:

• The crystals obtained on cooling are further purified by filtration to remove insoluble impurities.
• The filtrate obtained is called as mother liquor.
• The crystals obtained after filtration are free from soluble as well as insoluble impurities.

Question 9.
Name the common solvents used in the process of crystallization.
Answer:
The commonly used solvents are water, ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, acetone, ether or their combinations.

Question 10.
Describe the process of crystallization of common salt from impure sample with the help of a diagram.
Answer:

• Impure sample of a common salt is added to the required quantity of water and stirred with a glass rod.
• More amount of salt is added and the solution is heated till no more salt dissolves.
• The hot saturated solution is filtered off to remove insoluble impurities while the filtrate is collected in an evaporating dish.
• The filtrate is allowed to cool which results in the formation crystals of pure salt (NaCl) leaving behind the soluble impurities.
• The crystals are filtered and dried.

The diagram is as follows:

Question 11.
Which solvent is used for the purification of copper sulphate and benzoic acid?
Answer:
The solvent used for the purification of copper sulphate and benzoic acid is water.

Question 12.
Define: Fractional crystallization
Answer:
Fractional crystallization is a process wherein two or more soluble substances having widely different solubilities in the same solvent at same temperature are separated by crystallization.

Question 13.
Give a brief description of the principle of fractional crystallization.
Answer:
Fractional crystallization is based on the differences in solubilities of two or more compounds in the same solvent at the same temperature. That is, the substance which is least soluble crystallizes out first and the most soluble substance crystallizes out last.
e.g. Mixture of two solutes A and B can be purified by fractional crystallization as follows:

• Preparation of a saturated solution: Mixture of two solutes A and B are dissolved in a suitable hot solvent to prepare a saturated solution.
• Hot filtration: The hot saturated solution is filtered to remove insoluble impurities.
• Cooling of the filtrate: Hot filtrate is allowed to cool. On cooling, the solute which is least soluble crystallizes out first leaving behind the most soluble substance in the mother liquor.
• Filtration: The crystals formed are filtered, washed with solvent and dried. Crystals obtained will be of a solute which is least soluble in a given solvent.
• Concentration of a mother liquor: The mother liquor is concentrated by evaporating the solvent. These crystals are filtered and dried to obtain the second purified component (which was more soluble in given solvent).

Question 14.
Which type of impure liquids can be purified by the process of distillation?
Answer:
Distillation technique can be employed for the purification of

• volatile liquids from non-volatile impurities.
• liquids having sufficient difference in their boiling point.

Question 15.
Explain the construction of simple distillation unit using neat labelled diagram.
Answer:
i. The apparatus used for simple distillation is shown in the figure below:

ii. It consists of round bottom flask fitted with a cork having a thermometer.
iii. The flask has a sidearm through which it is connected to a condenser.
iv. The condenser has a jacket with two outlets through which water is circulated.
v. The liquid to be distilled is taken in the round bottom flask fixed by clamp.
vi. The flask is placed in a water bath or oil bath or sometimes wire gauze is kept on a stand as shown in the figure.

Question 16.
State the principle involved and describe the process to separate acetone and water from their mixture.
Answer:
i. Acetone and water can be separated from their mixture by simple distillation.

ii. Principle: Acetone and water are two miscible liquids having an appreciable difference (more than 30 K) in their boiling points. Acetone boils at 56 °C while boiling point of water is 100 °C. When the mixture of acetone and water is heated and temperature of the mixture reaches 56 °C acetone will distil out first. Once all acetone distils out, and when the temperature rises to 100 °C water will distil out.

iii. Process to separate acetone and water from their mixture:

• Take the mixture of water and acetone in the distillation flask.
• Heat the flask on a water bath carefully. At 56 °C acetone will distil out, collect it in receiver.
• After all acetone distilled, change the receiver. Discard a few mL of the liquid. As the temperature reaches 100 °C water will begin to distil. Collect this in another receiver.

Question 17.
What is the advantage of fractional distillation over simple distillation?
Answer:
If in a mixture, the difference in boiling points of two liquids is not appreciable/large, they cannot be separated using simple distillation. To separate such liquids, fractional distillation is used.

Question 18.
Label the following diagram and explain the process by giving example.

Answer:
The labelled diagram is as follows:

i. In fractional distillation, vapours first pass through the fractionating column.
ii. Vapours of more volatile liquid with lower boiling point rise up more than the vapours of liquid having higher boiling point.
e.g.

• Suppose we have a mixture of two liquid ‘A’ and ‘B’ having boiling points 363 K and 373 K respectively.
• ‘A’ is more volatile and ‘B’ is less volatile. As the mixture is heated, vapours of ‘A’ along with a little vapours of ‘B’ rise up and come in contact with the large surface of the fractionating column.
• Vapours of ‘B’ condense rapidly into the distillation flask. While passing through the fractionating column, there is an exchange between the ascending vapours and descending liquid. The vapours of ‘B’ are scrubbed off by the descending liquid, this makes the vapours richer in ‘A’.
• This process is repeated each time the vapours and liquid come in contact with the surface in the fractionating column.
• Rising vapours become richer in ‘A’ and escape through the fractionating column and reach the condenser while the liquid in the distillation flask is richer in ‘B.
• The separated components are further purified by repeating the process.

Question 19.
Give two examples of a mixture that can be separated by fractional distillation.
Answer:

1. Mixture of acetone (b.p. 329 K) and methyl alcohol (b.p. 337.7 K)
2. Mixture of acetone (b.p. 329 K) and benzene (b.p. 353 K)

Question 20.
Give one industrial application of fractional distillation.
Answer:
Fractional distillation is used in petroleum industry to separate different fractions of crude oil.

Question 21.
Write a short note on distillation under reduced pressure.
Answer:

• Liquids having very high boiling points or which decompose on heating are purified by the method of distillation under reduced pressure.
• In this method, the liquid is made to boil at a temperature lower than its normal boiling point by reducing the pressure on its surface.
• The external pressure is reduced using a water pump or vacuum pump, e.g. Glycerol can be separated from soap by using this method.

Question 22.
Write the principle of solvent extraction and explain the process with labelled diagram.
Answer:
Principle: Extraction of compound takes place based on the difference in solubility of compound in two liquids.

• In this process, the solute distributes itself between two immiscible liquids. From the aqueous phase the solute gets extracted in the organic phase.
• On shaking for a few times with small volumes of organic phase, most of the solute gets extracted into the organic phase.
• Then solute is then recovered from organic solvent either by evaporation of organic solvent or distillation.

Diagram:

Question 23.
Write a short note on continuous extraction method.
Answer:

• During solvent extraction, if the solute is found to be less soluble in organic phase, then continuous extraction method is employed.
• In this method, the same amount of organic solvent is used repeatedly for extraction.
• This ensures that the most of the solute gets extracted in the organic phase.
• This technique involves continuous distillation of the solvent within the same assembly. Hence, the use of large quantity of organic solvent is avoided.

Question 24.
Match the following:

	Process		Used in the purification/separation of
i.	Crystallization	a.	Acetone and benzene
ii.	Simple distillation	b.	Benzoic acid and water
iii.	Fractional distillation	c.	Impure copper sulphate
iv.	Solvent extraction	d.	Acetone and water

Answer:
i – c,
ii – d,
iii – a,
iv – b

Question 25.
What is chromatography? Explain the principle behind it.
Answer:
Chromatography is a technique used to separate components of a mixture, and also purify compounds.
Principle: The principle of separation of substances in chromatography is based on the distribution of the solutes in two phases, i.e., stationary phase and mobile phase.

• Chromatography uses two phases for separation.
• This technique is based on the difference in rates at which components in the mixture move through the stationary phase under the influence of the mobile phase.
• In this technique, first the mixture of components is loaded at one end of the stationary phase and then the mobile phase is allowed to move over the stationary phase. The mobile phase can be a pure solvent or a mixture of solvents.
• Depending on the relative affinity of the components toward the stationary phase and mobile phase, they remain on the surface of the stationary phase or move along with the mobile phase, and gradually get separated.

Question 26.
Give a brief description of column chromatography with an illustration.
Answer:
Column chromatography involves the separation of components over a column of stationary phase. The stationary phase material can be alumina, silica gel.
Procedure:

• A slurry of the stationary phase material is filled in a long glass tube provided with a stopcock at the bottom and a glass wool plug at the lower end.
• The mixture to be separated is dissolved in a suitable solvent and then it is loaded on top of adsorbent column.
• A suitable mobile phase which could be a single solvent or a mixture of solvents is then poured over the adsorbent column.
• The mixture along with the mobile phase slowly moves down the column.
• The solutes get adsorbed on the stationary phase and depending on the degree to which they are adsorbed, they get separated from each other.
• The component which is readily adsorbed are retained on the column and others move down the column to various distances forming distinct bands.
• The component which is less strongly adsorbed is desorbed first and leaves the column first, while the strongly adsorbed component is eluted later.
• The solutions of these components are collected separately.
• These different components can be recovered by evaporating the solvent.

Question 27.
How is TLC plate or chromplate prepared?
Answer:
TLC plate or chromplate is prepared by applying a thin layer (0.2 mm thick) of adsorbent silica gel or alumina spread over a glass plate.

Question 28.
Describe the process of thin layer chromatography (TLC) and separation of components in it.
Answer:
i. Process:

• A thin layer (about 0.2 mm thick) of an adsorbent like silica gel or alumina is spread over a thin glass plate (called chromplate or TLC plate). This plate acts as a stationary phase.
• With the help of a capillary tube, the solution of the mixture to be separated is spotted at above 2 cm (on base line) from one end of the TLC plate.
• The TLC plate is then placed in a closed jar containing a suitable solvent (mobile phase or eluant).
• As the mobile phase rises up the plate, the components of the mixture move up along with the mobile phase to different distances depending upon their degree of adsorption, thus resulting in complete separation.

ii. Separation of components:

• If the components are coloured, they appear as separated coloured spots on the plate.
• If the components are not coloured but have property of fluorescence, they can be visualised under UV light, or the plate can be kept in a chamber containing a few iodine crystals. The Iodine vapours are adsorbed by the components and the spots appear brown.
• Amino acids are visualised by spraying the plate with a solution of ninhydrin. This is known as spraying agent.

Question 29.
Name the physical state each of stationary phase and mobile phase in partition chromatography.
Answer:
In partition chromatography, both stationary and mobile phases are in liquid state.

Question 30.
State the principle of partition chromatography.
Answer:
Partition chromatography is based on continuous differential partitioning of components of a mixture between stationary and mobile phases.

Question 31.
Describe the process of paper chromatography.
Answer:
Process of paper chromatography:

• The mixture of the compound to be analysed is dissolved in a suitable solvent and spotted on the chromatography paper about 2 cm from one end of the paper using a glass capillary.
• The paper is then suspended in a chamber containing the mobile phase.
• The mobile phase rises up the paper and flows over the spot, due to capillary action.
• Different solutes are retained differently on the paper depending on their selective partitioning between the two phases. The paper strip so developed, is known as chromatogram.

Question 32.
Name the following:
i. A glass plate coated with a thin layer of silica gel.
ii. A spraying agent used for the visualization of amino acids.
Answer:
i. Chromplate/TLC plate
ii. Ninhydrin

Question 33.
Write a short note on R_f value.
Answer:
i. In chromatography, migration of the solute relative to the solvent front gives an idea about the relative retention of the solutes (or components of t the mixture) on the stationary phase.
ii. The relative adsorption of solutes is expressed in terms of its R_f value.
The symbol R_f stands for Retardation Factor.

Question 34.
In a chemical laboratory, Priyal was asked to isolate an organic compound from its aqueous solution. She added ethyl acetate to the given sample, separated the organic layer and kept it for evaporation. At the end of her practical, Priyal found few crystals in the beaker which she kept for evaporation. Answer the following questions:
i. In the above passage, which method was used by Priyal for separation? State its principle.
ii. Why do you think the organic compound dissolved in ethyl acetate?
iii. Illustrate the method of separation used in the passage with an example.
Answer:
i. Method used: Solvent extraction method.
Principle: Extraction of compound takes place based on the difference in solubility of compound in two liquids,

• In this process, the solute distributes itself between two immiscible liquids. From the aqueous phase the solute gets extracted in the organic phase.
• On shaking for a few times with small volumes of organic phase, most of the solute gets extracted into the organic phase.
• Then solute is then recovered from organic solvent either by evaporation of organic solvent or distillation.

ii. An organic compound (non-polar) dissolves in organic solvents (non-polar) because of the dipole-dipole interactions in between them (like dissolves like). Water is a polar solvent and it is unlikely that the covalent constituents of the organic substance is strong enough to break the ionic bonds. Any substance dissolves in other because it is able to break the bonds between the solvent molecules and form weak bonds with the solvent molecules. Hence, the organic compound will be more soluble in ethyl acetate as compared to water and this helps in its isolation from aqueous solution.

iii. An example for the separation of organic compound using solvents extraction method is: Benzoic acid in water can be extracted from its aqueous solution by using benzene.

Question 35.

Based on the above diagram, answer the following questions:
i. Name the chromatographic technique involved.
ii. From the developed chromatogram, state which has the highest and which has the lowest R_f value?
iii. Based on the TLC, which component would elute out at the end of a column chromatography?
iv. Mention two applications of TLC method.
Answer:
i. Thin layer chromatography
ii. Based on the developed chromatogram, spot ‘x’ has the highest Rf value while spot ‘z’ the lowest Rf value.
iii. Based on the TLC, spot ‘z’ being strongly adsorbed will elute at the end of a column chromatography.
iv. Applications of TLC are:

• Separation of plant pigments from its mixture.
• Separation of impurities from a given organic compound.
• Separation of different amino acid.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. If a crude solid is made of mainly one substance and has some impurities then it is purified by ……………..
(A) crystallization
(B) distillation
(C) extraction
(D) sublimation
Answer:
(A) crystallization

2. Impure common salt can be purified by ……………
(A) crystallization
(B) distillation
(C) extraction
(D) sublimation
Answer:
(A) crystallization

3. Which of the following solvents is most commonly used for the crystallization of copper sulphate?
(A) Water
(B) Acetone
(C) Ether
(D) Methanol
Answer:
(A) Water

4. In distillation of liquid, water condenser is used ……………
(A) to boil the liquid
(B) to collect the liquid
(C) to condense hot vapours of the liquid
(D) to adsorb the liquid
Answer:
(C) to condense hot vapours of the liquid

5. Separation of binary mixture of acetone and methyl alcohol is done by ……………
(A) simple distillation
(B) fractional distillation
(C) fractional crystallization
(D) re-crystallization
Answer:
(B) fractional distillation

6. Which of the following method is used to separate different fractions of crude oil?
(A) Solvent extraction
(B) Simple distillation
(C) Fractional distillation
(D) TLC
Answer:
(C) Fractional distillation

7. The method used to separate a given organic compound present in aqueous solution by shaking with a suitable solvent in which the compound is more soluble than water is called ……………….
(A) simple distillation
(B) fractional distillation
(C) solvent extraction
(D) crystallization
Answer:
(C) solvent extraction

8. Adsorption chromatography is a chromatographic technique based on the principle of ……………
(A) differential adsorption
(B) differential solubility
(C) differential extraction
(D) all of these
Answer:
(A) differential adsorption

9. The stationary phase and mobile phase in TLC are ……………. respectively.
(A) solid and liquid
(B) solid and gas
(C) liquid and solid
(D) liquid and liquid
Answer:
(A) solid and liquid

10. Which of.the following is most commonly used for the visualization of amino acids in chromatography?
(A) Ultraviolet light
(B) Spraying agent
(C) Sunlight
(D) X-rays
Answer:
(B) Spraying agent

11. The stationary phase and mobile phase in partition chromatography are ………….. respectively.
(A) solid and liquid
(B) solid and gas
(C) liquid and solid
(D) liquid and liquid
Answer:
(D) liquid and liquid

12. Paper chromatography is based on the principle of …………….
(A) adsorption
(B) partition
(C) solubility
(D) volatility
Answer:
(B) partition

13. In paper chromatography, the mobile phase rises up the chromatography paper due to ………………
(A) evaporation of volatile solvent
(B) capillary action
(C) gravitational force
(D) differential adsorption
Answer:
(B) capillary action

14. Which of the following is a type of partition chromatography?
(A) Column chromatography
(B) Thin layer chromatography
(C) Paper chromatography
(D) Both (B) and (C)
Answer:
(C) Paper chromatography

15. The principle of differential adsorption is applicable for which of the following chromatographic technique?
(A) Column chromatography
(B) Thin layer chromatography
(C) Paper chromatography
(D) Both (A) and (B)
Answer:
(D) Both (A) and (B)

16. Which of the following method will give clean separation of sample of chloroform (organic liquid) and water in short time span?
(A) TLC
(B) Distillation under reduced pressure
(C) Solvent extraction
(D) Simple distillation
Answer:
(C) Solvent extraction