Class 12 – Page 2 – Maharashtra Board Solutions

Introduction to Micro and Macro Economics Question Answer Class 12 Economics Chapter 1 Maharashtra Board

February 15, 2025February 14, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 1 Introduction to Micro and Macro Economics Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 Economics Chapter 1 Question Answer Introduction to Micro and Macro Economics Maharashtra Board

Class 12 Economics Chapter 1 Introduction to Micro and Macro Economics Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Economics Class 12 Chapter 1 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. Choose the correct option:

Question 1.
The branch of economics that deals with the allocation of resources.
a) Microeconomics
b) Macroeconomics
c) Econometrics
d) None of these
Options:
1) a, b and c
2) a and b
3) only a
4) None of these
Answer:
3) only a

Question 2.
Concepts studied under Micro economics.
a) National income
b) General price level
c) Factor pricing
d) Product pricing
Options :
1) b and c
2) b, c and d
3) a, b and c
4) c and d
Answer:
4) c and d

Question 3.
Method adopted in micro economic analysis.
a) Lumping method
b)Aggregative method
c) Slicing method
d) Inclusive method
Options :
1) a, c and d
2) a. b and d
3) only c
4) only a
Answer:
3) only c

Question 4.
Concepts studied under Macro economics.
a) Whole economy
b) Economic development
c) Aggregate supply
d) Product pricing
Options:
1) a, b and c
2) b, c and d
3) only d
4) a, b, c and d
Answer:
1) a, b and c

2. Complete the correlation:

1) Micro economics : Slicing method : : Macro economics: ……………. 1
2) Micro economics: Tree : : Macro economics: …………….. 2
3) Macro economic theory : Income and employment:: Micro economics : ……………. 4
4) Makros : Macro economics:: Mikros : ……………… 3
5) General equilibrium : Macro economics :: …………….. : Micro economics 5
Answers:

Lumping method
Forest
Price theory
Micro economics
partial equilibrium

3. Identify and explain the concepts from the given illustrations:

Question 1.
Gauri collected the information about the income of a particular firm.
Answer:
Concept: Micro economics / Slicing method.
Explanation : Micro economics refers to the study of small unit from whole economy. Micro economics uses slicing method to split the whole economy into small individual units.
Gauri has used slicing method from micro economics to collect information about the income of a particular firm from various firms.

Question 2.
Ramesh decided to take all decisions related to production, such as what and how to produce?
Answer:
Concept: Free market economy.
Explanation : A free market economy is that economy where the economic decisions regarding production of goods are taken at individual level.

Eg. What to produce? How much to produce? How to produce? etc. decisions are taken by producers.
With the help of free market economy Ramesh has taken decision related to production such as What to produce? and How to produce?

Question 3.
Shabana paid wages to workers in her factory and interest on her bank loan.
Answer:
Concept : Factor Pricing.
Explanation : Theory of factor pricing refers to determining the factor rewards for land, labour, capital and entrepreneur in the form of rent, wages, interest and profit respectively.

Shabana is an entrepreneur who has paid wages to its worker in a factory for production of goods and also paid interest on her bank loan in form of rewards to the factors of production.

4. Answer the following:

Question 1.
Explain the features of Micro economics.
OR
Explain the characteristics or nature of micro economics.
Answer:
Features of Micro Economics :

Based on certain ssumption : Micro economics is based on ‘ceteris paribus’ assumption i.e., other things remaining constant like full employment, laissez faire policy, perfect competition, pure capitalism, etc.
Study of Individual units : Micro economics deals with the study of behaviour of small individual units of the economy such as individual units of the economy such as individual consumer, individual firm, individual industries, individual prices, etc.
Slicing Method : It divides or slices the economy into small units and studies each unit in detail e.g. study of a particular household demand in detail.
Analysis of Market Structures : Micro economics analyses different market structures such as perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, etc.
Use of Marginalism Principle : The term ‘marginal’ means change brought in total by an additional unit. Marginal analysis helps to study a variable through the changes by which producers and consumers take economic decisions using this principle.
Price Theory : Micro economics is known as price theory because it determines the prices of goods and services as well as prices of factors of production.
Limited Scope : The study of micro economics is limited to individual economic unit only. It does not deal with macro problems like unemployment, inflation, deflation, poverty, unemployment, population, etc.
Partial I quilibrium : Micro economics analysis deals with partial equilibrium which analyses equilibrium position of an individual economic unit i.e. individual consumer, individual firm, etc.

Question 2.
Explain the importance of Macro economics.
Answer:
Importance of Macro Economics :

Functioning of an Economy : It gives an idea of functioning of an economic system and help us to understand the behavioural pattern of aggregate variables.
Economic fluctuations : It helps to analyse the causes of fluctuation in income, output and employment.
National Income : It helps to study about National Income and makes possible to formulate correct economic policies.
Economic Development : It helps us to understand the problems of the developing countries such as poverty, difference in the standards of living, etc., and suggest important steps to achieve economic development.
Performance of an Economy : It helps us to analyse the performance of an economy where National Income estimates are used to measure the same.
Study of Macro-economic Variables :
Study of macro economic variables are important to understand the working of the economy.
Level of Employment : Macro economics helps to analyse the general level of employment and output in an economy.

Question 3.
Explain the scope of Macro economics.
OR
“Scope of Macro Economics is wide.” Explain.
OR
Macro Economics is comprehensive in nature.
OR
Explain the subject matter of macro economics.
Answer:
Scope of Macro Economics:
The given chart helps us to understand the scope of macro economics.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 1 Introduction to Micro and Macro Economics 1
1. Theory of Income and Employment : It explains which factors determine the level of National Income and employment and what j causes fluctuations in the level of income, output and employment.
To understand how the level of employment is determined, we have to study the consumption function. It includes theory of business cycles.

2. Theory of General Price Level and Inflation: Macro economics analyses shows how the general price level is determined and the causes for fluctuations in it. This study is important for understanding the problems created by inflation and deflation.

3. Theory of Economic Growth and Development : Macro economics studies the causes of under development and poverty in poor countries and suggests strategies for accelerating growth and development in the country.

4. Macro theory of Distribution : Macro theory of distribution deals with the relative share of rent, wages, interest and profit in j the total national income of various classes.

5. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:

Question 1.
The scope of micro economics is unlimited.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.

Micro economics deals with small or individual units.
Micro economics is the study of particular firm, particular household, individual prices, wages, incomes, individual industries, particular commodities.
Micro economics deals with small part of National economy. It does not deal with whole economy like National income, Aggregate demand, Aggregate supply, poverty, inflation, etc.
Hence, the scope of micro economics is limited.

Question 2.
Macro economics deals with the study of individual behaviour.
OR
Macro economics studies small units.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
OR
Macro Economics is the study of I aggregate.
OR
Macro economics is concerned with macro economic variables.
Yes, I agree with this statement.

Macro Economics studies the behaviour ofthe economy as a whole and not individual behaviour.
It studies about larger economic units or aggregate economic variables like aggregate demand, aggregate supply, total investment, total savings, total employment, etc.
It studies the general price level and macro theory of distribution.
Whereas Micro Economics deals with individual behaviour of the people in the economy. It studies about individual demand, market demand, individual income, price of particular commodity etc.
According to Prof. Kenneth E. Boulding “Macro Economics deals not with individual; quantities as such, but with aggregates of these quantities, not with individual income but with National Income, not with individual prices but with general price level, not with individual output but with National Output.

Question 3.
Macro economics is different from micro economics.
OR
Macro economics is wider than Micro economics.
OR
There is difference between micro economics and macro economics.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

Micro economics is a study of a particular unit of an economy. On the other hand macro economics is the study of entire economy.
Micro economics studies individual demand, individual supply, individual income, price determination of particular product, etc. On the other hand macro economics studies aggregate demand, aggregate supply, national income, etc.
Micro economics follows partial equilibrium analysis and macro economics follows general equilibrium analysis.
Micro economics uses slicing method for study of small unit and macro economics uses lumping method for study of large unit.
Therefore, macro economics is different from micro economics.

Question 4.
Micro economics uses slicing method.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

Micro economics deals with small or individual units.
Micro economics divides or slices the economy into small units and studies each unit in detail.
It is concerned with microscopic study of these units.
It is the study of particular firm, particular household, individual prices, wages, incomes, etc.
Hence, micro economics uses slicing method.

Question 5.
Micro economics is known as Income theory.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
OR Micro economics is also known as price theory.
Yes, I agree with this statement.

Micro Economics is known as ‘Price Theory’.
The scope of micro economics includes the study of product pricing and factor pricing.
The theory of product pricing explains how the price of food grains, vegetables, clothes, etc., are determined.
They are determined by the interaction of market demand and supply forces.
The theory of factor pricing explains the distribution of factor income such as rent on land, wages to labourers, interest on capital and profit to entrepreneurs.
The factor prices are also determined by the demand and supply forces.
Therefore, Micro Economics is also known as ‘Price Theory’.

6. Answer in detail :

Question 1.
Explain the importance of Micro economics.
Answer:
Introduction : Micro economics is the Js branch of economics that studies the behaviour of individuals.
It includes individual prices, wages, income, individual industries, particular commodities, particular household, etc.
(1) Definition :
(a) According to Maurice Dobb – “Micro economics is in fact a microscopic study of l the economy.
(b) According to Prof. A. P. Lerner – “Micro economics consists of looking at the economy ? through a microscope as it were to see how the millions of cell in the body of economy – the individuals or households as consumers and individuals or firms as producers play their part in the working of the whole economics organism.

(2) Meaning:
Micro economics deals with small individual economics units such as an individual ( consumer, individual producer, the price of a particular commodity or factor etc.

(3) Importance :
(a) Price Determination : Micro economics j explains how the prices of different products < and various factprs of production are determined.

(b) Free Market Economy : A free market economy is that economy where the economic decisions are taken at individual levels without intervention by the government. Decisions are regarding production of goods such as What to produce? How much to produce? How to produce? etc.

(c) Foreign Trade : Micro economics also explains gains from foreign trade, effects of tarrifs, factors affecting exchange rate, etc.

(d) Economic Model Building : Micro
economics helps in understanding various complex economic situations with the help of economic models.

(e) Business Decision : Micro economics theories are helpful to businessman for taking important business decision related to determination of cost of production and prices of goods, maximization of output & profit, etc.

(f) Useful to Government : It is useful in formulating and evaluating economic policies including pricing and distribution policies that promote economic welfare. It is useful in determining tax policy, public, expenditure policy, etc.

(g) Basis of Welfare Economics : It explains how optimum use of resources can be made to increase the welfare of the society. It also studies how taxes affect social welfare.

Question 2.
Explain the concept of Macro economics and its features.
Answer:
Introduction : Macro economics is the branch of economics that studies the behaviour and performance of an economy as a whole. It includes inflation, unemployment, working of the monetary system, business cycles, economic policies, etc.

(1) Definition:
(a) J. L. Hansen : “Macro economics is that branch of economics which considers the relationship between large aggregates such as the volume of employment, total amount of savings, investment, national income, etc”.
(b) Prof. Carl Shapiro : “Macro economics deals with the functioning of the economy as a whole. ”

(2) Meaning:
Macro economics is the study of aggregates national income, total employment, total consumption, inflation, total saving, etc.

(3) Features:
(a) Study of Aggregate : Macro economics deals with the study of entire economy. It studies the overall condition in the economy, such as National Income, National Output, Total Employment, General Price levels, etc.

(b) General Price Level : Macro economic studies the determination and changes in general price level which is the average of all prices of goods and services currently being produced in the economy.

(c) policy Oriented : Macro economics is a policy oriented science which is useful in formulating economic policies to promote economic growth, to control inflation and depression, to generate employment, etc.

(d) Lumping Method : Lumping method is the study of the whole economy rather than in part. It considers aggregates like National Income, Total consumption, etc. instead of personal income, PCC, etc.

(e) General Equilibrium Analysis : Macro Economics analysis is based on general equilibrium which deals with the economic system as a whole and studies the inter relationships between the various macro variables in an economy. General equilibrium deals with the behaviour of demand, supply and prices in the whole economy.

(f) Income Theory : Macro economics studies the concept of National Income and its causes of fluctuations that lead to business cycles i.e. inflation and deflation.

(g) Growth Models : Macro economics studies various factors that contribute to economic growth and development. These growth models are used for studying economic development.

(h) Interdependence : There is an element of interdependence among the macro economic variables such as income, output, employment, investment, price level, etc.

Intext Questions

Try this (Textbook Page 6)

Visit the vegetable market in the nearest area and try to get information about income and expenditure items of a particular seller.
Answer:
[Note : Students should do this activity by themselves.]

12th Std Economics Questions And Answers:

Public Finance in India Question Answer Class 12 Economics Chapter 8 Maharashtra Board

February 15, 2025February 14, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 8 Public Finance in India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 Economics Chapter 8 Question Answer Public Finance in India Maharashtra Board

Class 12 Economics Chapter 8 Public Finance in India Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Economics Class 12 Chapter 8 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. Choose the correct option

Question 1.
Optional functions of Government:
a) Protection from external attack
b) Provision of education and health services
c) Provision of social security measures
d) Collection of tax
Options:
1) b and c
2) a, b and c
3) b, c and d
4) All of the above
Answer:
1) b and c

Question 2.
Obligatory functions of the Government:
a) Provision of employment
b) Maintaining internal law and order
c) Welfare measures
d) Exporting goods and services
Options:
1) c and d
2) a and b
3) only b
4) a, c and d
Answer:
3) only b

Question 3.
Public finance is one of those subjects which are on the borderline between economics and politics’ ……………. is the view of
a) Adam Smith
b) Alfred Marshall
e) Prof. Hugh Dalton
d) Prof. Findlay Shirras
Options:
1) only a
2) only b
3) only c
4) only d
Answer:
3) only c

Question 4.
Non-tax sources of revenue:
a) Direct and Indirect Tax
b) Direct Tax and Fees
c) Fees
d) Special Levy
Options:
1) b and c
2) a and c
3) a, b, c andd
4) c and d
Answer:
4) c and d

Question 5.
Trends shown by Public expenditure of any Government shows following trend.
a) Constant
b) Increasing
c) Decreasing
d) Fluctuating
Options:
1) only a
2) only b
3) only c
4) only d
Answer:
2) only b

Question 6.
Identify the right group of pairs from the given options.
I) Direct tax – a) Non-tax revenue
ii) Indirect tax – b) Inflation
iii) Fees and Fines – c) GST
iv) Surplus budget – d) Personal income tax
Options:
a) i-d ii-c iii-b iv-a
b) i-c li-d ill-a iv-b
c) i-d li-c ill-a iv-b
d) i-a li-b iii-c iv-d
Answer:
c) i-d li-c ill-a iv-b

2. Distingwish between following concepts:

Question 1.
Public finance and Private finance.
Answer:

Public Finance	Private Finance
(a) Public finance refers to income and expenditure of public authorities.	(a) Private finance refers to income and expenditure of individual and private sector organisations.
(b) The objective of public finance is to offer maximum social advantage.	(b) The objective of private finance is to fulfil private interest.
(c) Credit availability is more to increase public finance.	(c) Credit availability is limited to increase private finance.
(d) The supply of public finance is more elastic.	(d) The supply of private finance is less elastic.
(e) In case of public finance, government first determines the volume and different ways of it’s expenditure.	(e) In case of private finance, an individual considers income first and then determines the volume of expenditure.

Question 2.
Internal debt and External debt.
Answer:

Internal Debt	External Debt
(a) It refers to borrowings of the government to raise fund within the economy.	(a) It refers to borrowings of the government to raise fund outside the economy.
(b) In case of internal debt, domestic currency is used.	(b) In case of external debt, foreign currency is used.
(c) It is less complex to manage internal debt.	(c) It is more complex to manage external debt.
(d) E.g. borrowings from RBI, nationalized banks and business organisations within a country.	(d) E.g. borrowings from foreign government and international organisation like IMF, World Bank, etc.

Question 3.
Developmental expenditure and Non developmental expenditure.
Answer:

Developmental Expenditure	Non-developmental Expenditure
(a) The government expenditure which gives productive impact is called developmental expenditure.	(a) The government expenditure which does not yield any direct productive impact, is called non-developmental expenditure.
(b) Developmental expenditure results in the generation of employment, an increase in production, etc.	(b) Non-developmental expenditure does not help to increase employment or production level.
(c) Expenditure on education, industrial developmental expenditure.	(c) Administration cost, war expenses, etc. are examples of non-developmental expenditure.
(d) They are productive in nature.	(d) They are unproductive in nature.

Question 4.
Special assessment and Special levy.
Answer:

Special Assessment	Special Levy
(a) The charges paid by the citizens for getting certain special facilities by authorities are called special assessment.	(a) Special Levy are the charges levied on those commodities, whose consumption is harmful to human health.
(b) The objective behind taking special assessment is to provide extra special facilities to people.	(b) The objective behind charging special levy is to discourage the consumption of harmful commodities.
(c) Special assessment is taken from residents of a particular area.	(c) Special levy is taken from consumers of particular commodities.
(d) E.g. Special assessment is paid for the provision of special facilities like roads, water supply, etc.	(d) Special levy is paid for using commodities like wine, opium and other intoxicants, etc.

Question 5.
Direct Tax and Indirect tax.
Answer:

Direct Tax	Indirect Tax
(a) It refers to that tax which is paid by a person on whom it is legally imposed.	(a) It refers to that tax which is imposed on one person but paid by the other.
(b) A direct tax is paid by a person on whom it is legally imposed. It cannot be transferred.	(b) Indirect tax is imposed on one person but paid by the other.
(e) In case of public finance, government first determines the volume and different ways of it’s expenditure.	(e) In case of private finance, an individual considers income first and then determines the volume of expenditure.

3. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statement:

Question 1.
Obligatory function is the only function of the Govenment.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
It is essential to perform obligatory functions for the government like protection from external attack, maintaining law and order, defence and civil administration, etc.
But modern government also perform some optional functions also. They are necessary for social and economic development of the country such as provision of education and health services, provision of social security like pensions and other welfare measures.
So, government has to perform obligatory as well as optional functions.

Question 2.
Fines and penalties are a major source of revenue for the Government.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
Public revenue is the aggregate income, with the government, comes through various sources.
These sources are classified as tax-revenue and non-tax revenue.
Tax revenue is a compulsory contribution from people to government without getting any special benefits to tax-payers.
So, tax revenue is the major source of revenue for the government.
However, fines and penalties are sources of non-tax revenue.
The government imposes fines and penalties { only on those who violate the laws of a country. So, the income from this source is ) very small.

Question 3.
The goods and services tax (GST) has replaced almost all indirect taxes in India.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.
The Goods and Service Tax (GST) came into effect in India on 1st July, 2017.
GST is an indirect tax used in India, on the supply of goods and services.
GST simplified the tax system in a country.
GST is different from an excise or sales tax imposed on the manufacture or sale of ; a product. GST is a tax levied on supply of goods and services.
GST replaced almost all indirect taxes like central excise duty, service tax, entry tax, entertainment tax, etc.
Because, GST is a comprehensive tax base with nationwide coverage of goods and ; services.

Question 4.
Democratic Governments do not lead to increase in public expenditure.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement. i Public expenditure is that expenditure which is incurred by the public authority (i.e., central, state and local government). Public expenditure is required for protection of the citizens, for satisfying their collective needs and for promoting economic and social welfare of the people.
In a democratic state, government has to ( perform the obligatory functions like, defence and civil administration, maintaining internal law and order, etc.
Government also performs optional functions like provision of education and health services, provision of social security, etc.
To perform all these functions more efficiently, democratic government leads to increase in public expenditure.

Question 5.
Public finance is more elastic than private finance.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.
Public finance refers to the income and expenditure of public authorities, whereas, private finance is the income and expenditure of individuals and private sector organisations.

The main objective of public finance is to offer maximum social advantage, while the main motive of private finance is to fulfil private interest.

Public finance is more elastic compare to private finance because credit provision is much more in the market to increase public finance but, credit availability is limited to increase private finance.
It is also possible to the government to adjust revenue and expenditure with one another in case of public finance.

4. Read the given passage and answer the questions:

‘The conventional notion of social security is that the government would make periodic payments to look after people in their old age, ill-health. disability and poverty. This idea should itself change from writing a cheque for the beneficiary to institutional arrangements to care for beneficiaries. including by enabling them to look after themselves. to a large extent.

The write-a-cheque model of social security is a legacy from the rich world at the optimal phase of its demographic transition, when the working population was numerals enough and earning enough to generate the taxes to pay for the care of those not working. This model is ill-suited for less, well- off India with growing life expectancy. increasing urbanization and resultant migration. Social security
under urbanization will be different from social security in a static society.

Question 1.
State the conventional notion of social security.
Answer:
The conventional notion of social security is that the government would make periodic payments to look after people in their old age, ill-health, disability and poverty.

Question 2.
What kind of conceptual change is suggested in the given paragraph.
Answer:
The given paragraph suggests that, the idea should change from writing a cheque for the beneficiary to institutional arrangement to care for beneficiaries.
It will enable them to look after themselves to a large extent.

Question 3.
What is a legacy of social security from the rich world?
Answer:
The write-a-cheque model of social security i is a legacy from the rich world.

Question 4.
Which features of India make the traditional model of social security ill-suited for the
economy?
Answer:
Growing life expectancy, increasing urbanization and resultant migration are the features of India that make the traditional model of social security ill suited for the economy.

5. Answer the following:

Question 1.
State the types and importance of Government budget.
Answer:
(B) Importance of Budget:
Budget is important in number of ways.

(1) Tax rates presented in the budget indicates disposable income of the tax payer. It also determines the development of business and individuals.
(2) Government expenditure is also a part of budget. This public expenditure on defence, administration, infrastructure, education, health care, etc. affects the lives of the citizens and overall economy.
(3) Government uses budget as a medium for implementing economy policies in the country.
(4) Budgetary actions of the government affect production size and distribution of income, utilization of human and material resources of the country.
Thus, implementing suitable budgetary policy is very important for overall development of the economy.

Question 2.
Explain the principles of taxation.
Answer:
Principles of taxation are also called canons of taxation. There are four principles (canons) of taxation, propounded by Adam Smith
(1) Canon of Equity or Equality
(2) Canon of Certainty
(3) Canon of Convenience
(4) Canon of Economy

They are explained as follows :

1. Canon of Equity or Equality : According to Adam Smith, every person should pay taxes to the government in proportion to his ability to pay.
Canon of equity or equality means rich people should pay more tax as compared to poor.

2. Canon of Certainty : Adam Smith suggested that the tax payer should know in advance that, how much tax he has to pay, at what time and in what form he has to pay tax to the government.

3. Canon of Convenience : According to this principle, every tax should be levied in such a manner and at such a time that, it becomes convenient to the tax payer to make payment.

4. Canon of Economy : This principle suggests that the cost of tax collection should be the minimum. If tax is collected economically, then such a tax is considered to be a good tax.
Every citizen of a country has to pay tax, imposed upon him as it is compulsory contribution to the government.
Tax is a major source of revenue to the government.
Therefore, public authority (Government) must consider all the principles (canons) of taxation in the preparation and implementation of tax system.

Question 3.
Explain non-tax sources of revenue of the Government.
Answer:
Non-tax revenue refers to the revenue received by the government from various ? sources other than taxes.
The sources of non-tax revenue are as follows:

Fees : It refers to charges paid, in return for certain specific services rendered by the government. E.g. fees paid for registration of house, car, education fees, etc.

Prices of Public Goods and Services : Various types of goods and services are produced, supplied and sold by modern government to the citizens. It; is added to public revenue when people s purchase them and pay their prices.

Special Assessment : It is special kind of tax, which is levied by local government on the residents of a particular area. In exchange of it, government provides some special facilities to them.

Fines and Penalties : It is imposed by government on those who violate the laws of the country.
E.g. a traffic police charges fine and collects money if someone violates traffic rule. The objective behind collection of fines and penalties is not to earn money but to discourage the people from violating the laws framed by the government It is small source of income.

Gifts, Grants and Donations : The government receives gifts from its citizens and others. It is included in public revenue. The government may also get grants from foreign government and institutions for general and specific purposes.
Foreign aid is also an important form of public revenue for developing country like India. However, this source of revenue is uncertain in nature.

Special Levies : It refers to the charges levied by government on those commodities, whose consumption is harmful to human health.
Special levies are paid for using commodities like wine, opium and other intoxicants. Special levy is imposed, not to earn income, but to discourage the people from using harmful products.

Borrowings: Government borrows to raise fund because government expenditure generally exceeds government revenue, in a welfare state.

When government borrows from foreign government or international organisations, it is known as external debt. It is more popular source of public revenue for investment in development of projects. Thus, public revenue in form of non-tax sources play very important role in socio¬economic development of a country. Explain the classification of public expenditure.

6. Answer in detail :

Question 1.
Explain various reasons for the growth of public
expenditure.
Answer:
Public expense is the expense incurred by the government (central, state and) local government). It is necessary for the protection of the citizens, for satisfying collective needs of the society and for ? promoting economy.and social welfare of a S country.

Public expense is necessary to perform various functions of the government Public ; expense consists of revenue and capital expenses as well as developmental and non-developmental expenses.

1. High Growth of Population : In a developing country like India, population is rising rapidly. Therefore, government has to incur greater expense to fulfil the needs of growing population.

(2) Growing Urbanisation : Due to expansion of urban sector, government expense increases. Government has to make the provision of water supply, roads, energy, schools and colleges, public transport, hospitals, welfare centres, sanitation, drainage system, etc.
It leads to growth in public expense.

(3) Public Health Care : Public health is a top most priority of modern welfare state. Government undertakes public vaccination programme, maintenance of dispensaries, maternity care and child welfare centres, etc
.
(4) Democracy : There is a democracy in India. A democratic form of government is very expensive due to regular elections and other public works.
It leads to growth in public expense.

(5) An increase in Defence Expense : Government has to incur defence expense to protect the country from external attacks as well as to maintain law and order in a country. Hence, an increase in defence expense leads to growth of public expense.

(6) Disaster Management : Many natural calamities like earthquakes, flood, cyclones, Covid-19 and man-made problems like social unrest, economic instability, etc. occur frequently. In such cases, government has to spend for disaster management which increases public expense.

(7) Infrastructure Development : It is necessary to make provision of economic infrastructure like energy, transport, communication and social infrastructure like education, health, etc. for rapid economic development of a country.
Thus, development of infrastructure facilities results into growth of public expense.

(8) Inflation : Due to inflation, prices of goods and services tend to rise. When government buys goods and services from the market for development of a country, government has to pay higher cost which raises public expense.

(9) Industrial Development : An increase in production depends upon industrial development. It leads to an increase in level of employment and overall economy growth. So, government implements various schemes and programmes for industrial development.
It results into growth of public expense.

(10) Increase in Government Activities : The modern government performs various obligatory and optional functions for social and economic development of a country. It requires huge fund to spend on education, public health, public recreation, social welfare schemes, etc.

Many other functions like maintenance of roads, lighting, public streets, construction of public houses, protecting life and property, public vaccination, garbage collection and ; disposal, prevention and control of epidemics etc. lead to growth of public expenses.

Government also spends on provision of pure water supply, removal of slums, checking ) food adulteration, etc.
All these factors are responsible for the j growth of public expense.

Intext Questions

Find out (Textbook Page 70) :

More examples of obligatory and optional functions of the government.
Answer:

Obligatory Functions of Govt.	Optional Functions of Govt.
(a) Supply and maintenance of water works.	(a) Construction of public parks and gardens.
(b) Extinguishing fires and protecting life and property when fire occurs.	(b) Town planning
(c) Prevention and control of epidemics (e.g. Corona)	(c) Housing for low income group
(d) Garbage collection and disposal	(d) Construction and maintenance of rest- houses
(e) Public vaccination	(e) Organising cultural events, sports etc.

Find out (Textbook Page 73) :

Reasons for growth in public expenditure other than given in the text-book.
Answer:

Rise in per capita income.
Rural development.
Provision of transport and communication.
Reducing inequalities.
Expenditure on social services (like food, housing, education etc.)
Effects of war.
Pressure of social progress.

Find out (Textbook Page 73) :

Important Social Welfare Schemes in India.
Answer:

Name of the Scheme	Date of Launch	Main Objective
1. Atal Pension Yojana	May 2015	A contribution based program for poor people to receive pension.
2. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana	Sept. 2014	Providing gainful employment to rural Youth, through training.
3. Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana	June 2015	Providing financial assistance to rural poor for their houses.
4. Integrated Child Development Services	Oct. 1975	To tackle malnutrition and health problems in children below 6 years.
5. Midday Meal Scheme	Aug. 1995	Lunch (free of cost) to school children on all working days.
6. Suraksha Bima Yojana	May 2015	Accidental insurance with a premium of Rs. 12/- per year.
7.Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana	Aug. 2007	Provision for development of agriculture and its allied sector

12th Std Economics Questions And Answers:

India and the World Question Answer Class 12 Political Science Chapter 6 Maharashtra Board

February 15, 2025February 14, 2025 by Prasanna

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 6 India and the World Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 Political Science Chapter 6 Question Answer India and the World Maharashtra Board

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 6 India and the World Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Political Science Class 12 Chapter 6 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. (A) Complete the following statements by selecting the appropriate option.

Question 1.
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was the first Prime Minister of
(a) Bangladesh
(b) Pakistan
(c) Iran
(d) Afghanistan
Answer:
(a) Bangladesh

Question 2.
In 1987, India sent a Peacekeeping Force (IPKF) to
(a) Bangladesh
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) Somalia
(d) Vietnam
Answer:
(b) Sri Lanka

(B) Identify the incorrect pair in every set and correct it.

Question 1.
(a) NATO – Europe
(b) ANZUS Africa
(c) SEATO – South East Asia
(d) CENTO – West Asia
Answer:
(c) Sri Lanka – Jayewardene

2. State whether the following statements are true or false with reason.

Question 1.
Myanmar has been a traditional friend of India.
Answer:
This statement is True.

India and Myanmar (formerly Burma) have a long historical and cultural relations. In fact, Burma a part of British India from 1824 to 1937.
India established diplomatic relations after Myanmar’s independence in 1948. However, Indo- Myanmar ties got strained since India supported pro-democracy movements in Myanmar against the ruling military Junta. Both countries are members of BIMSTEC and cooperate to counteract drug trafficking and insurgent groups like Arakan Army operating in the border areas.

Question 2.
In changing world order of 1990s, the issue of terrorism has been dominant.
Answer:
This statement is True.
1. Terrorism refers to the use of or the threat to use violence with the intention to destabilise the political system, cause economic harm and panic in society towards the attainment of some religious or ideological goals.

2. Post 1900s, terrorism has become a global phenomenon with forms like cross-border terrorism, international terrorism etc., causing widespread destruction e.g., 2001 attack in the USA by Al-Qaeda, attacks in Bali, Kabul, Mumbai, Madrid, etc. Each Country in the world is involved in trying to secure its territory and deal with terrorism e.g., US led ‘War on Terror’.

Question 3.
The Sagarmala project is a more comprehensive road connectivity plan.
Answer:
This statement is False.

India has sought to harness it’s 14,500 km of potentially navigable waterways and strategic location on key international maritime trade routes through two compatible programmes viz. Sagarmala and Bharatmala.
Sagarmala programme aims to promote port and river transport systems and Bharatmala programme is a comprehensive road connectivity plan.

3. Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
India’s role in the Indian Ocean
Answer:
The Indian Ocean is one of the most busy and critical maritime transportation links in the world. The economies of littoral countries depend heavily on ports, shipping and vast natural resources. India’s vast coastline of about 7500 km presents both opportunity and challenge to India in terms of security and foreign perspectives. India’s exclusive economic zone is 2.4 million sq. kms. 90% of our trade by volume and almost all oil imports come through the sea. India is a co-founder of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation in 1997 (IORA).

The main objective of IORA is to promote sustained, balanced development of the Indian Ocean region. India has initiated the Sagarmala and Bharatmala programmes to harness India’s coastline.

4. Answer the following

Question 1.
Write a note on India’s relations with Africa.
Answer:
In the first few decades after independence, India supported the fight against apartheid and provided financial and material aid to liberation struggles in Africa for eg., the AFRICA Fund created at the NAM Summit (Harare)
There are several issues in the context of India-African relations-

The India-Africa summit was held in 2015
About 24 percent of Indian crude oil imports are sourced from the African continent e.g., ONGC Videsh has invested in Sudan and Egypt
About two million people in Eastern and Southern Africa constitute the India diaspora which is considered as an asset by the Indian government
Indian industries are interested in offering technological and material services to developing African nations
India continues to be one of the military training destination e.g., National Defence Academy, Pune has the ‘Sudan Block’ as a symbol of cooperation between India and Sudan
Countries from Somalia to South Africa fall under the India maritime strategic perspective. Hence, cases of terrorism and piracy in Somalian waters have made this region sensitive to Indian concerns.

Question 2.
Briefly Discuss India-China relations.
Answer:
In 1949, the Communist revolution took place in China. India was among the first nations to recognize the People’s Republic of China. In 1954, India and China signed the Panchsheel Agreement and India also recognised Chinese suzerainty on Tibet. The main hindrances in Sino- Indian relations are-

1962 Indo-China war and 2017 Dokhlam skirmish.
Border disputes in Aksai Chin and NEFA region.
China has been critical of India offering political asylum to the Dalai Lama.
Chinese support to Pakistan.
India’s apprehensions about China’s Belt and Road Initiative.

On the positive side India-China relationship has improved

Agreement on maintenance of peace and tranquility along the LOC.
China has become among the largest trading partners of India.
India and China are part of BRICS and SCO.
In the late 1990s, Russia mooted the idea of a Trilateral Summit of Russia, China, India which was a recognition of India’s status as a major regional power.

5. Answer the following question with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Explain the factors influencing Indian foreign policy.
(a) Geography
(b) History
(c) International System Economy
(d) Policy
Answer:
Factors Influencing India’s Foreign Policy-
1. Geography – The extensive coastline of the India peninsula and the Himalayan mountain ranges have shaped India’s security and foreign policy. India shares a border with all neighbouring countries of South Asia. It also holds a dominant position in the India Ocean.

2. History – It includes the influence of traditional cultural values, cultural ties as well as values like anti-colonialism which were imbibed during the freedom struggle.

3. Economy – The strong urge to come out of the poverty and economic backwardness created by the colonial period as well as the policy of Non-Alignment shaped India’s foreign policy. India followed democratic socialism through the policy of import-substitution and importance to the public sector Post-1991, after adopting the policy of Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation many changes have occurred in the Indian foreign policy.

4. Polity – Political leadership has a significant impact on India’s foreign policy for e.g., Prime Ministers Jawaharlal Nehru, Lai Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Narendra Modi have played a decisive role in determining India’s foreign policy. Ministry of External Affairs and National Security Advisor plays an important role in formulating foreign policy.

Activity

Read the speech on Indian Foreign Policy given by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on All India Radio on 7th September 1946 and discuss it in class.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 6 India and the World Intext Questions and Answers

Activity (Text Book Page No. 60)

The First Summit Meeting of the Nonaligned countries at Belgrade (1961) finalized the criterion for nonalignment. Find out these criteria.
Answer:
Non-Aligned Movement:
The first summit of Non-Aligned countries was held in September 1961 at Belgrade and attended by representatives of 25 countries. The purpose of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was to help countries keep “national sovereignty, territorial integrity and security in their struggle against imperialism, colonialism, racism and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination or interference as well as against great power and bloc politics”.

The objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement are-

To keep the newly independent nations of Asia and Africa away from the rivalry of the two viz. USA and Soviet Union
To oppose colonialism, imperialism, and racial discrimination.
To eliminate all those factors and tendencies in the international arena that could lead to war.
To advocate the sovereign equality of all States.
To oppose the use of force and nuclear weapons in international disputes.

12th Std Political Science Questions And Answers:

National Income Question Answer Class 12 Economics Chapter 7 Maharashtra Board

February 15, 2025February 14, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 7 National Income Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 Economics Chapter 7 Question Answer National Income Maharashtra Board

Class 12 Economics Chapter 7 National Income Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Economics Class 12 Chapter 7 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. Complete the following statements:

Question 1.
While estimating national income, we include the only the value of final goods and services in order to
a) make computation easier
b) avoid double counting
c) maximize national welfare of the people
d) evaluate the total economic performance of a nation
Answer:
b) avoid double counting

Question 2.
NDP is obtained by
a) deducting depreciation from GNP
b) deducting depreciation from GDP
c) including depreciation in GDP
d) including depreciation in GNP
Answer:
b) deducting depreciation from GDP

Question 3.
In India, national income is estimated using
a) output method
b) income method
c) expenditure method
d) combination of output and income method
Answer:
d) combination of output and income method

2. Complete the Correlation:

1) ……………… :C+I+G+(X-M)::GNP:C+I+G + (X-M) + (R-P).
2) Output method : ……………… :: Income method : Factor cost method
3) Theoretical difficulty : Transfer payments :: ……………… : Valuation of Inventories
Answer:

GDP
Product / Inventory method
Practical difficulty

3. Identify the incorrect pair:

a) National Income Committee — 1949
b) Financial year 1’ April to 31st March
c) Income method — National Income = Rent + Wages + Interest + Profit + Mixed income + Net Income from abroad
d) Expenditure method – National Income = Rent + Wages + Interest + Profit
Options:
1) a 2) b 3) c 4) d
Answer:
d) Expenditure method — National Income = Rent + Wages + Interest + Profit

4. Identify and Explain the following concepts:

Question 1.
Vrinda receives monthly pension of Rs.5,000/- from the State Government.
Answer:
Concept: Transfer payment.
Explanation : Pension is a part of money income earned by an employee during his service period with the entrepreneur.
Such income is paid by Government to an employee after his retiement so as to make employee survive during his retirement period.
Thus, transfer income is not included in National Income. It is just an government expenditure.

Question 2.
Viru kept aside 1oo kgs. out of 500 kgs. of wheat produced in his farm for his family.
Answer:
Concept: Production for self-consumption. Explanation : In above case, Viru’s total production is 500 kgs but he keep aside 100 kgs for his self consumption.
This 100 kg will not be shown by him as his income and hence it will not be included in national income accounting.
Such output kept for self consumption is called as theoretical difficulty in measurement of national income.

Question 3.
Sheetal purchased wheat flour for her bakery from the flour mill.
Answer:
Concept: Intermediate goods.
Explanation : In the above case, wheat flour is not the final product.
Wheat flour will be used by Sheetal to produce cake or pastry or biscuits which will be final product for her.
So, in above case wheat flour is considered j! (8) as intermediate goods. Intermediate goods are excluded while calculating NI by Final ( Ans. Goods approach method and included while calculating by Value Added approach method.

Question 4.
Shobha collected data regarding the money value of all final goods and services produced in the country for the financial year 2018-2019.
Answer:
Concept: National Income.
Explanation : National Income estimate ( measures the column of commodities and ) services turned out during a given period, counted without duplication.
NI is the macro concept. It is flow concept.

Question 5.
Rajendra has a total stock of 500 gel pens in his shop which includes 200 gel pens produced in the previous financial year.
Answer:
Concept: Flow Concept
Explanation : National Income accounting considers the production of goods and services in a current year. The production of previous year is ignored.
Thus, out of total inventory, of Mr Rajendra, only 300 pens will be taken into consideration while calculating NI for the current year.

5. Answer the following

Question 1.
Explain the two sector model of circular flow of national income.
OR
Explain the circular flow of National Income.
Answer:
The two sector economy consists of household J and business firm. The income is circulated between household and business firm. It is explained with the help of following diagram.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 7 National Income 1
In every economy there is household sector on one hand and business firm on the other hand.

(A) Household is the basic consuming unit. It) centres around a family. Its main function j is to consume goods and services. Business firm is the basic producing unit. Its main function is to produce goods and services with the aim of maximising profits. When s the household supplies factor services (land, ^ labour, capital, enterprise to business firms, business firms supply goods and services to the household. This is known as Real Flow.

(B) In a money economy when the household supplies factor services, there is a flow of income from the business firm to the j household in form of rent, wages, interest and profit. This income comes from the firms to the household sector. The household ; sector uses this income to satisfy the wants. Therefore, there is a flow of consumption expenditure from the household to the business firms. The flow of factor payments from business sector to household sector and corresponding flow of consumption expenditure from household sector to business firms. This is known as Money Flow. Both the money flow and real flow should balance for the smooth functioning of the economy. If the money flow is greater j than real flow there would be inflation and if the money flow is less than the real flow there would be deflation.

(C) In the above diagram, the inner circle represents the Real flow and the outer circle represents the Money flow. There is circular and continuous flow of money income as production is a continuous activity due to never ending human wants. The circular J flow shows interdependence in the economy.

Question 2
Explain the importance of national income.
Answer:
National income data is very useful for various purposes. It is as follow :

For the Economy : National income data are very important for macro economic analysis and performance of the economy.
National Policies : National income gives the industrial policy, agricultural policy, export promotion policy etc.
Economic Planning : The data of national income is very important tools for long term and short term economic planning e.g. planning for aggregate saving, investment, output, etc.
Economic Research: The data of national income is very useful to the research students to study in detail how income is produced, how it is distributed, how much is spent, saved or taxed.
Comparison of Standard of Living :
Because of national income, it is possible to do comparison between the standard of living of the people of different countries and home country.
Distribution of Income : The data of national income is very important to understand the disparities in the income of different sections of the society and to make the policies to reduce the disparities in income.
Speed of Economic Growth : Because of national income, it is possible to know the trends or speed of the economic growth of our country in relation to previous years.

Question 3.
Explain the features of national income.
Answer:
(1) Flow Concept : National Income is the flow of goods and services produced in the economy during a year. The flow of goods takes place when there is production activity in the economy. It generates flow of income in the form of rent, wages, interest and profit.

(2) Avoid Double Counting: While estimating National Income we include only the value of final goods and services and not the value of intermediate goods or raw materials to avoid double counting.

(3) National Income is the net aggregate value : National Income includes net value of goods and services produced. It does not include depreciation cost. Depreciation is wear and tear of capital goods due to their continuous use in production.

(4) Transfer Income : Transfer Income in J the form of old age pension, lottery prize, scholarship, etc. are not to be included as they are received without contributing anything to the current national income.

(5) National Income is money valuation of goods: National Income is always expressed ( in money terms. Only those goods and services which are exchanged for money are included. Unpaid services like the service of housewife should not be included.

(6) National Income is calculated for one year : National Income is always expressed with reference to time period i.e. generally one financial year from 1st April to 31st March of every year.

(7) Net Income from Abroad: While estimating National Income net Income from abroad i.e. difference between exports and imports (X – M) as well as net income from foreign investment should be included (R – P).

(8) Macro Economic Concepts : National Income is a macro economic concepts as it is the aggregate income of the country. It includes the value of goods and services produced in the different sectors of the economy. National Income data present the (1) There are many theoretical difficulties picture of the performance of the economy in the measurement of National Income, during a given period of time.

(9) National Income is calculated at current and constant price: National Income when calculated at the prevailing market price it is called National Income at current price and when it is calculated at the base year price, it is called National Income at constant price

Question 4.
Explain the concept of Green GNP.
Answer:
The Green GNP is the measurement of the national income adjusted for degradation of environment.
E.g. The National Income for a current year is 8,000 units and the degradation of environment is 500 units, so Green GNP is ( 8000 – 500 = 7500 units.
The green GNP considers the environmental degradation or resource depletion.
It is defined as, “Green GNP is an indicator of sustainable use of natural environment and equitable distribution of benefits of development.”

The features of Green GNP are :

Sustainable economic development means economic development without creating pollution or environmental degradation.
The benefits of sustainable economic development should be equally distributed. In the long period of time it helps to promote economic welfare.
Green GNP = (Net fall in stock of natural capital + Pollution load)

6. State with reasons, whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:

Question 1.
There are many theoretical difficulties in the measurement of national income.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.
National income is a very broad concept and it is difficult to precisely define what exactly should be included and not to be included.

Transfer payment: If it included in national income then there will be overestimation of NI. E.g. pension, gifts, unemployment allowances, etc. are excluded.
Unpaid services : The value of unpaid services are not included in national income as they are not paid for. E.g. services of housewife.
Illegal income : The income from illegal activities are not included in NI. E.g. black marketing, smuggling.
Production kept for self-consumption :
It is not accounted for in the national income as such product does not enter the

Question 2.
Under output method, value added approach is used to avoid double counting.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

The value added approach is the difference between the value of final output and input at each stage of production.
In this approach, the value added at each stage of production is considered.
E.g.
In the above example, value of groundnut with shell is ₹ 50, after removing shells value of groundnut is ₹ 80, after crushing groundnut value oil ₹ 120 and when oil is packed its value ₹ 150.
So, the value added raw groundnut (₹ 50), groundnut (₹ 30), oil (₹ 40), packed oil (₹ 30), total value ₹ 150 is included in national income.

7. Answer in detall:

Question 1.
Explain the practical difficulties involved in the measurement of national income.
Answer:
National Income means money value of) goods and services produced in the country in a year.
AccordingtoNationallncome Committee:
“A national income estimate measures the volume of goods and services turned out during a period without duplication.” National income is a very broad concept and it is difficult to precisely define what exactly should be included and not to be included. So, there are many practical difficulties in the measurement of NI.

Practical Difficulties or Statistical Difficulties :

Problem of double counting: In case of certain goods it is difficult to distinguish properly between final goods and intermediate goods. That’s why problem of double counting arises e.g. flour is final goods for housewife, but it is intermediate goods for the bakery.
Existence of non-monetised sector : In India large non-monetised sector exists in rural area specially in agriculture. In agriculture many places goods and services are exchanged with goods that’s why it is difficult to count in national income.
Inadequate and unreliable data : Because of illiteracy it is difficult to get adequate and reliable data from unorganised sector, small enterprises, agriculture, etc.
Depreciation : Its difficult to measure exact value of depreciation. There are no uniform common accepted standard rates of depreciation applicable to the various capital assets.
Capital gain or loss : Due to capital gain there is over estimation and due to capital loss there is under estimation of national income.
Illiteracy and ignorance : Majority of small producer in developing counties are illiterate and ignorant and are not able to keep accounts of their productive activities.
Lack of systematic, occupational classification: There is lack of systematic occupational classification, which makes the calculation of national income difficult. Especially in rural areas where many villagers work on farms for some time and also take some other job during off season.
Untrained and incompetent staff: Due to untrained and incompetent staff, accurate and timely, information cannot be obtained.

Importance of National Income (NI) :
For the economy : National income data are particularly important for macro economic analysis and performance of the economy.

Question 2.
Explain the income method and expenditure method of measuring national income.
OR
Explain any two methods of measuring National Income.
Answer:
National Income is macro economic concept. National Income means money value of goods and services produced in the country in a year. There are three methods to measure national income.
(1) The Output Method,
(2) The Income Method,
(3) The Expenditure Method.

(A) The Income Method : This method is also known as factor cost method. According to this method national income is the sum of income received by all factors of production in a year. So national income is the income received by all the citizens of the country in a year. In income method national income studied from the distribution side. According to income method national income or GNP is
NI = R + W + I + P + MI + (X – M)

Rent (R) : Rent and Royalty is usually treated as the payment for the land, building, machines that are rented.
Wages (W) : It includes wages and salaries earned by labour as well as it includes commission, bonus, social security payments, fringe benefits, etc.
Interest (I) : Interest is the payment for using the services of capital. It includes interest paid by banks, insurance companies etc.
Profit (P) : It includes the profit of private and public sector companies.
Mixed Income (MI) : It is the income which is earned by self-employed. They earn income through various sources like wages for effort put, rent on own property, interest on own capital, etc.
Net Exports (X – M) : It is the difference between export and imports.

Precautions :

Transfer payment : It should not be included in national income. E.g. pension, gifts, unemployment allowances, lottery prize, etc.
Unpaid services : It should not be included in national income. E.g. services of housewife, teacher teaching her own child, etc.
Second hand goods : The income from sale of second hand goods should not be included.
Financial asset : The income from sale of shares and bonds should not be included in national income.
Tax revenue : The revenue of government through taxes should not be included in national income.
Undistributed profits of companies, income from government property and profits from public enterprise should be included.
The imputed value of production kept for self-consumption and rental value of owner-occupied houses should be included in national income.

(B) Expenditure Method :
This method also known as outlay method. NI = C + I + G + (X – M) + (R – P)
National Income can also be calculated by adding up the expenditure incurred on purchase of final goods and services. We can get National Income by summing up all consumption expenditure, investment expenditure made by all individuals, firms as well as the government of a country during a year.

Consumption Expenditure (C) : It includes all expenditure incurred on goods and services by households during the year. It includes expenditure mostly on durable and non-durable goods, which are consumed by the consumers. E.g. food, medical care, clothing, car, computer and services, etc.
Investment Expenditure (I) : It refers to the investment made by private businessman on capital goods like machinery, plants, factories, warehouses, etc.
Government Expenditure on goods and services (G) : Government expenditure refers to expenditure on consumption and investment –
- Consumption expenditure : It refers to expenditure incurred on various administrative services like law and order, defence education, generation and distribution of electricity.
- Investment expenditure : It refers to expenditure incurred by government on construction of roads, railways, dams, canals, etc.
Net Exports (X – M): It refers to difference between exports and imports of the country. If the exports are more than imports then net exports will be positive, it is called Trade Surplus and if imports are greater than exports, the net exports will be negative, it is called as Trade Deficit.
Net Receipts (R-P) : It is the difference between expenditure incurred by foreigners in the country (R) and expenditure incurred abroad by Nationals (P). Net Receipts can also be Positive or Negative.
Net National Expenditure = NNE = C + I + G + (X – M) + (R – P) – Depreciation. NNPFC or NI = C + I + G + (X -M) + (R -P) “Depreciation “ Indirect Tax + Subsidies.

Precautions :
The following precautions should be taken while estimating National Income.

To avoid double-counting take the expenditure incurred only on final goods and services.
Government expenditure on transfer payments to be excluded like unemployment allowances, old age pension, etc.
Expenditure on second-hand goods like furniture, house, land, and financial assets { like shares, bonds, etc. should be excluded.
Exclude expenditure incurred on the purchase of financial assets such as shares, bonds, etc.
Deduct indirect tax and add subsidies. Out of these methods, output method and income method are extensively used.
The expenditure method is rarely used because of its practical difficulties.
In India, the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) adopts a combination of output method and income method to estimate N.I. of India.

12th Std Economics Questions And Answers:

Forms of Market Question Answer Class 12 Economics Chapter 6 Maharashtra Board

February 15, 2025February 14, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 5 Forms of Market Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 Economics Chapter 6 Question Answer Forms of Market Maharashtra Board

Class 12 Economics Chapter 6 Forms of Market Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Economics Class 12 Chapter 6 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. Choose the correct option:

Question 1.
Statements that are incorrect in relation to index numbers.
a) Index number is a geographical tool.
b) Index numbers measure changes in the air pressure.
c) Index numbers measure relative changes in an economic variable.
d) Index numbers are specialized averages.
Options :
1) c and d
2) a and b
3) b and c
4) a and d
Answer:
2) a and b

Question 2.
Statements that highlight the significance of index numbers.
a) Index numbers are useful for making future predictions.
b) Index numbers help in the measurement of inflation.
c) Index numbers help to frame suitable policies.
d) Index numbers can be misused.
Options :
1) b, c and d
2) a, c and d
3) a, b and d
4) a, b and c
Answer:
4) a, b and c

Question 3.
Statements that apply to weighted index
numbers.
a) Every commodity is given equal importance.
b) It assigns suitable ‘weights’ to various commodities.
c) In most of the cases, quantities are used as weights.
d) Laaspeyre’s and Paasche’s method is used in the calculation of weighted index numbers.
Options :
1) b, c and d
2) a, c and d
3) a, b and d
4)a, b, c and d
Answer:
1) b, c and d

Question 4.
Statements related to limitations of index numbers.
a) Index numbers are not completely reliable.
b) There may be a bias in the data collected.
c) Every formula has sorne kind of defect.
d) Index numbers ignore changes in the qualities of products.
Options :
1) a, c and d
2) a, b, c and d
3) a, b and d
4) b, c and d
Answer:
2) a, b, c and d

Question 5.
Choose the correct pair:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 6 Index Numbers 1
Options :
1) 1-d, 2-c, 3-a, 4-b
2) 1-d, 2-a, 3-b, 4-c
3) 1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a
4) 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b
Answer:
2) 1-d, 2-a, 3-b, 4-c

2. Complete the Correlation:

1) Price Index: Inflation :: ………………. : Agricultural production
2) ……………….: Base year prices :: P₁ : Current year prices
3) Laaspeyre’s index : ………………. :: Paasches index : Current year quantities
4) ……………….: Single variable :: Composite index: Group of variables
Answers:

Quantity Index
P₀
Base year quantity
Univariate Index

3. Solve the following:

Question 1.
Calculate Price Index number from the given data:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 6 Index Numbers 2
Answer:

Commodity	Base Year price 2005 (P₀)	Current Year price 2006 (P₁)
A	6	8
B	16	18
C	24	28
D	4	6
Total	Σp₀= 50	Σp₁ = 60

Steps:
Add the price of base year (p₀)
Add the price of current year (p₁)
P₀₁ = $\frac{\Sigma p_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0}}$ x 100
= $\frac{60}{50}$ x 100
= 120
Hence P₀₁ = 120

Question 2.
Calculate Quantity Index number from the given data:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 6 Index Numbers 3
Answer:

Commodity	Base Year Qty.(q₀)	Current Year Qty. (p₁₎
P	170	90
Q	150	70
R	100	75
S	195	150
T	205	95
Total	Σp₀ = 820	Σp₁ = 480

Steps : Add quantities of base year (q0).
Add quantities of current year (q ).
Q₀₁ = $\frac{\Sigma q_{1}}{\Sigma q_{0}}$ x 100
= $\frac{480}{820}$ x 100
= 58.53
Hence, Q₀₁ = 58.53
As quantity in the current year has fallen Q₀₁ is less than loo.

Question 3.
Calculate Value Index number from the given data:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 6 Index Numbers 4
Answer:
Steps:
(1) Formula used for Value Index Number
= V₀₁ = Zpq x 100
(2) We find product of prices and their respective quantities of the different commodities for the base year to derive p0q0, then take the sum total of the products to derive Zp0q0.
(3) Similarly, find the product of prices and their respective quantities for the current year to derive p1q1, then take the sum total of the products to derive p₁q₁.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 6 Index Numbers 5
Value Index Number = $\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{0}}$ x 100
= $\frac{6,540}{1,890}$ x 100
= 346.03
Value Index Number = 346.03

Question 4.
Calculate Laaspeyre’s and Paasche’s index from the given dala:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 6 Index Numbers 6
Answer:
I’m 7
Price Index P₀₁ = $\frac{\Sigma p_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0}}$ x 100
= $\frac{42}{40}$ x 100
= 105
Hence, P₀₁ = 105

4. Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Simple Index Numbers and Weighted Index Numbers.
Answer:

Simple Index Number	Weighted Index Number
(a) Simple index number is a simple average of index number of individual goods.	(a) Weighted index number is a weighted average of products after assigning suitable weights to individual goods.
(b) It is easy to calculate.	(b) It is difficult to calculate.
(c) All commodities are given equal importance.	(c) All commodities are given different levels of importance.
(d) It gives rough estimates of price change	(d) It gives an accurate estimate of price change.
(e) It is less used in practice.	(e) It is mostly used in practice.

Question 2.
Price Index and Quantity Index.
Answer:

Price Index Number	Quantity Index Number
(a) Price index number measures the changes in price over a period of time.	(a) Quantity index number measures the changes in quantity over a period of time.
(b) It can be used for measuring the changes in prices as well as other purpose e.g. in fixing wages, interest rates, tax rates, etc.	(b) It can be used only for measuring the changes in the quantities e.g. of items like exports, imports, etc.
(c) It is a very popular concept and can be easily calculated and understood.	(c) It is not so popular as it cannot be easily calculated.

Question 3.
Laaspeyre’s Index and Paasche’s Index.
Answer:

Laspeyre’s Index Number	Paasche’s Index Number
(a) Laspeyre uses base year quantity (Q₀) as weights to calculate index numbers.	(a) Paasche uses current year quantity (Q_t) as weights to calculate index number.
(b) He gave this formula P₀₁ = $ \frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{0}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{0}} $ [where P₀₁= Price index number p₀ = Price of the base year p₁ = Price of the current year q₀ = Quantities of the base year]	(b) He gave this formula = P₀₁ = $ \frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{1}} $ [where P₀₁= Price index number p₀ = Price of the base year p₁ = Price of the current year q₀ = Quantities of the base year]
(c) He is a German Economist who gave the method of calculating Index Number in the year 1871. .	(c) He is a German Statistician who devised the method of calculating Index Number in the year 1874.

5. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:

Question 1.
Index numbers measure changes in the price level only.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.

Index numbers are statistical devices which are used to measure changes in some quantities which cannot be measured directly.
It shows the changes in the variables like price, quantity of output, exports, standard of living, cost of living, stock markets, etc.
Index numbers are like economic barometers, measuring changes in variables over time with respect to a chosen base year.
Hence, it is not right to say Index Numbers measures changes in price only.

Question 2.
Index numbers are free from limitations.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
Although index numbers are very useful in business and industry, they suffer from following limitation:

Bias in the data: If the data is not collected properly, we may not get proper index numbers.
Based on samples : If the samples are not collected properly, there may be error in index number calculations.
Misuse of index number : We compare the index numbers with the base year, but if a businessman chooses a base year in which profits are high and show that his profits are falling now.
Changes in the economy : In long run habits, tastes, etc of people may change, so it is difficult to include all such changes in index number.
Hence, it is not right to say that index numbers are free from limitations.

Question 3.
Index numbers can be constructed without the base year.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
Index numbers can be constructed without the base year because :

Index Numbers are the tools for measuring J the changes in the magnitude of a variable or a group of variables over time with respect to a chosen year.
Prices of some goods may increase and of other may decrease during the two periods. Index numbers solves this problem by taking the average change.
For example, to know cost of living of people in general in India, Government chooses a base year 2010 which is taken as 100. Then cost of living is calculated in 2019 which may be 140.
This difference of 40(140-100) shows that cost of living in India has increased by 40% ( since 2010.
Hence, Index Numbers cannot be constructed – without the base year.

6. Answer the following:

Question 1.
Explain the features of index numbers.
Answer:
Features of Index Numbers :

Index numbers are a specialised form of averages.
They are expressed in percentage form without using a percentage sign.
The year for which index number is being prepared is the current year.
The year from which index number is being prepared is called the base year which is ? always taken as 100.
They are used in measuring the changes ( in magnitudes which cannot be measured directly.
The formula used for Price Index Number = $\frac { Total price of the current year }{ Total price of the base year }$ x 100
They are considered as barometer of economic activity.
Index number which is calculated from a single variable is called “univariate index” and which is constructed from a group of variables is called a “composite index”.

Question 2.
Explain the significance of index numbers in economics
Answer:
Index numbers are significant tools of economic analysis in the following ways:

(1) Help in formulating Policies : Index numbers help the government and business organisations in framing their suitable economic policies for agriculture and industrial sector, wage and dearness allowance policies, etc.

(2) Help in the study of Trends and Tendencies : Index numbers study the relative changes in the level of phenomenon of different periods of time, so they can be used to predict future events. The economists can study the general trends of changes in price levels, agricultural and industrial production, export, imports, etc.

(3) Economic Barometer : Just as barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure, index numbers measure the level of economic and business behaviour. They are very important for an economist, businessman, planners, policy makers, etc.

(4) Helps in Measurement of Inflation :
It helps the government to take measures against inflation by giving additional D.A. to the employees on the basis of Dearness Index.

(5) Help to adjust National Income : By comparing current year’s national product prices with the base year’s prices, the Domestic Product (GDP) produced. Hence, this shows changes in real national income.

(6) To present Financial Data in Real Income : Index numbers are used to adjust price change, wage change, etc. Thus deflating helps to present the financial data at constant prices.
(Note: Deflating means to make adjustments in the original data)

(7) Helps in determining Depreciation
Cost: The price index helps in determining the depreciation cost of durable goods. At the time of inflation, it is useful to know the original cost of the commodities.

7. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
Explain the steps involved in the construction of index numbers.
Answer:
Steps involved in the construction of j index numbers are as follows :
1. Purpose of an Index Number : Before constructing an index number, one must know the purpose for which the index number is constructed. E.g. for the whole c sale price or retail price or for agricultural – output, etc.

2. Selection of a Base Year : It is important to select a base year against which comparisons are made. So base year or reference year should be
(i) a recent year and not a distant past.
(ii) it should be normal and free from natural calamities, war, etc.

3. Selection of Commodities: When the cost c of living index number of the middle class jj families is to be constructed, the items that are used by middle class families in everyday life should be included and items like big cars, AC’s, etc. should not be included.

4. Selection of Prices : Prices differ from city to city and even from shop to shop in the same city. Hence, we should take a few standard shops from where middle class families buy goods and take the average of the prices of goods sold by them. Otherwise index number
constructed may be misleading.

5. Selection of suitable Average : An ; index number is a special kind of average, Generally arithmetic mean is commonly ? used for construction of index number as it is simple to calculate.

6. Selection of Formula : Number of formulae can be used for construction, of index numbers. Economists have to decide which formula to use for the construction of a particular index number.

7. Assigning proper Weights : Weights refer to the relative importance of different items in the construction of an index number. ( Weights may either be quantity weights (q) or value weights (p). All weights may not be equally important. Therefore, by s assigning specific weights better result can be obtained.

Index Questions

Find out (Textbook Page 58) :

(a) List of crops included in the Index of Agricultural Production in India.
Answer:
Food grains : Rice, Wheat, Jowar, Bajra, Maize, Ragi, Barley and Small Millets. Gram, Tur and other pulses.
Fibres: Cotton, Jute, Mesta and Sannhemp.
Non-food grains : Oilseeds Groundnut, Sesame, Rapeseed and Mustard, Linseed, Castorseed, Safflower, Nigerseed, Soyabean, Sunflower, Coconut and Cottonseed.
Plantation crops: Tea, Coffee and Rubber.
Condiments and Spices : Pepper, Ginger, Garlic, Chillies, Turmeric, Arecanut, Coriander and Cardamom.
Fruits and Vegetables : Potato, Onion, Banana, Cashewnut, Tapioca and Sweet Potato.
Other Crops : Sugarcane, Tobacco and Guarseed.

(b) List of products included in the Index j of Industrial Production in India.
Answer:
Index of Industrial Production in ; India includes – Consumer Durable goods, Consumer non-durable goods, manufacturing goods, mining, electricity, infrastructure or construction goods, etc.

Find out (Textbook Page 59) :

Newspaper headlines related to the following types of index numbers :
(a) Price Index
(b) Agricultural Productivity Index
(c) Index of Industrial Production
(d) Equity Share Price Index
Answer:
[Students should do this activity by themselves.]

12th Std Economics Questions And Answers:

The World Since 1991 Question Answer Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Maharashtra Board

February 15, 2025February 14, 2025 by Prasanna

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 1 The World Since 1991 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Question Answer The World Since 1991 Maharashtra Board

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 The World Since 1991 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Political Science Class 12 Chapter 1 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. (A) Complete the following statements by selecting the appropriate option.

Question 1.
One of the important trends in the post-1989 international relations was
(a) End of bipolarity
(b) Rise of regionalism in Asia
(c) End of non-alignment
(d) Demand for a new international economic order
Answer:
(a) End of bipolarity

Question 2.
The ‘Maastricht’ Treaty is with reference to
(a) United Nations Peace Keeping Force
(b) European Union
(c) American interventions in Kuwait
(d) Creation of BRICS
Answer:
(b) European Union

1. (B) State the appropriate concept for the given statements.

Question 1.
When a State influences other States without the use of military force.
Answer:
Soft power

Question 2.
A State with a leading position in international politics with abilities to influence global politics and fulfill its own interest.
Answer:
Super power

2. (A) Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 1 The World Since 1991 1
Answer:

Question 2.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 1 The World Since 1991 3
Answer:

2. (B) Observe the maps in the textbook and answer the following questions.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 1 The World Since 1991 5
Question 1.
Name any four countries in the Schengen area.
Answer:
Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, France.

Question 2.
Name any two non-European Union countries within Schengen area.
Answer:
Norway, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia.

3. State whether the following statements are true or false with reason.

Question 1.
SAARC is important for trade in South Asia.
Answer:
This statement is True.
(i) SAARC has eight member States from South Asia. It aims to accelerate economic growth and promote the welfare of the people of South Asia.
(ii) In 1993, South Asian Association for Preferential Trade Agreement (SAPTA) came into existence. It was replaced in 2006 by South Asian Association Free Trade Area (SAFTA). This helps in trade and economic activity in the region.

Question 2.
‘Maastricht’ Treaty was signed for the defence of Europe.
Answer:
This statement is False.
(i) On 7th February 1992, the Maastricht Treaty was signed to create the European Union.
(ii) This treaty led to the expansion of spheres of cooperation in internal affairs, foreign policies and defence policies.

Question 3.
The decade of 1980s is seen as the golden age of humanitarian intervention.
Answer:
This statement is False.
(i) The 1990s are seen as the ‘golden age of humanitarian intervention.’ In 1993, the World Conference on Human Rights was held in Vienna, which led to the creation of the office of UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.
(ii) Increasing awareness about human rights and their protection in international law gave rise to the phenomenon for protection of rights in the form of ‘humanitarian intervention’.

4. Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
Humanitarian intervention
Answer:
One of the main purposes of the UN is maintenance of international peace, security and cooperation. UN Peacekeeping Force comprises of military personnel and resources sent by member States. In the post-cold war era, the UN rationale for intervention was not just to stop ongoing wars but also to prevent reoccurrence of conflicts and protect the human rights of the affected people. The UN intervened in Cambodia, Somalia, Yugoslavia, East Timor, Eritrea, Syria, etc., for this purpose.

In 1993, over 170 nations participated in the World Conference on Human Rights, held in Vienna to reaffirm their commitment to protect human rights. The office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights was created to coordinate human rights initiatives. The increasing awareness about human rights protection in international law gave rise to humanitarian intervention especially in conflict zones. NGO’s have contributed significantly in the spread of humanitarian intervention for e.g. ICRC, Oxfam, etc. The 1990s are described as “golden age” of humanitarian intervention.

Question 2.
Regionalism in international politics.
Answer:
Countries which lie in geographical proximity create or join regional organisations which are based on common political, ideological, economic and infrastructural concerns. Some nations make special agreements regarding trade and economic cooperation. This is called a trade bloc.

(i) European Union (EU) was created in 1992 by Maastricht Treaty. It led to increased spheres of cooperation between European nations e.g. foreign affairs, defense, trade and creation of Euro as a common currency. Creation of Schengen Area is one of the achievements of the EU since the Schengen visa allows eligible individuals to travel freely within the 26 nations of the Schengen area.

(ii) ASEAN created in 1967 with headquarters at Jakarta comprises of 10 South-East Asian nations such as Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, etc. It aims to promote political economic and security cooperation among it’s members.

(iii) SAARC formed in 1985 at Dhaka with 7 members. Today, it has 8 member countries of South Asia like India, Bhutan, Pakistan, etc. It aims to promote regional integration and economic development. It’s main achievement is the SAFTA.

(iv) BIMSTEC – is a regional organisation founded in 1997 comprising of 7 member countries lying around Bay of Bengal for e.g. Bangladesh, India, Thailand, Myanmar. It aims to facilitate collaboration in economic, security and other concerns between member States.

(v) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is an Eurasian political, economic and security organisation formed in 2001 with 6 member states. In 2016, India and Pakistan joined SCO. It’s focus is on maintaining peace and stability in the region, cooperation in trade, technology, etc.

Regional organisations play an important role in international politics. Due to this, unipolarity (US as the only superpower) ended leading to multipolarity.

5. Answer the Following.

Question 1.
Explain the term soft power with examples.
Answer:
According to American academic, Joseph Nye there are two types of power viz. hard power and soft power.
(i) Hard power is the ability to get others to act in ways that are contrary to their preferences and wills. It is the ability to coerce through threats and inducements for e.g.,Iraq invasion of Kuwait.

(ii) Soft power is when a country influences other countries without the use of military force. It is the ability to get others to want the outcomes that you want i.e. through attraction rather than coercion. Such influence is spread through economic, socio-cultural means.

Soft power was an important aspect of US domination. It implied the use of monetary aid, cooperative programmes, cultural exchanges, strong relations with allies. Examples of US soft power are cultural exports like fast food chains, movies, educational exchange programmes as well as disaster assistance programmes such as tsunami relief (Japan), flood control (Pakistan).

6. Answer the following question in detail with help of given points.

Question 1.
Discuss the European Union with help of given points.
(a) History
(b) European Commission
(c) European Parliament
(d) European Council
(e) European Court of Justice
Answer:
(a) History – The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and European Economic Community (EEC) were created to foster economic interdependence. On 7th February 1992, the Maastricht Treaty was signed to create the European Union. This led to expansion of spheres of cooperation to include internal affairs, judicial matters, foreign policy, etc. The Euro (€) is the official currency of 19 out of 28 countries of the EU. These nations are collectively called ‘Eurozone’.

(b) European Commission – The Commission is the executive bureaucratic arm of the EU. It is mainly responsible for drawing up proposals for new European legislation,and it implements the policy decisions of the European Parliament and the Council of the EU.

(c) European Parliament – The European Parliament is composed of 751 Members, who are directly elected every five years. It is a body entrusted with legislative, supervisory, and budgetary responsibilities.

(d) European Council – The structure of the European Council consists of the Presidents or Prime Ministers of each member State, accompanied by their foreign ministers, and a full¬time President of the European Council. The European Council meets four times a year and provides strategic leadership for the EU.

(e) European Court of Justice (ECJ) – The ECJ interprets, and adjudicates on, EU law and treaties. As EU law has primacy over the national law of EU member States.

ACTIVITY

Find out the role played by India in BRICS (Text Book Page No. 13)
Answer:
BRICS refers to five major emerging national economies, i.e., Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. It accounts for about 40% of the world’s population and 20% of the GDP. It is an emerging investment market and global power bloc. India serves a multi faceted role on the economic and political fronts.

(i) New Development Bank (NDB) was proposed by India during the BRICS summit in New Delhi. It was established in 2014 and intends to provide non conditional financing. India has contributed $ 10 billion to the NDB to refurbish industrial bases in Brazil and South Africa. There is a regional office of NDB in India.

(ii) In 2012, India introduced “security” on the agenda, as the theme of the summit in New Delhi was BRICS Partnership for Global Stability, Security and Prosperity.

(iii) India has also highlighted climate governance at BRICS meeting.

(iv) BRICS membership elevates India’s global profile for e.g., India has assumed the role of a trade facilitator in Africa and South Asia. It aims to promote intra-BRICS trade, which means urging member nations to import goods mainly from each other.

(v) India is seen as a strong voice at BRICS and the UN against proposals and actions that could harms any member’s interests for e.g., India turned down China’s proposal to invite Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Mexico into the BRICS to focus only on development within current members.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 The World Since 1991 Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Text Book Page No. 7)

Question 1.
What is One Belt One Road and China Pakistan Economic Corridor policy of China?
Answer:
One Belt One Road also called OBOR or Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) since 2016, is a global development strategy adopted by the Chinese government in 2013 involving infrastructure development and investments in nearly 70 countries in Asia, Europe and Africa. It is an ambitious economic development and commercial project that focuses on improving cooperation among multiple countries.

BRI involves building a network of roadways, railways, power grids, maritime ports, oil and gas pipelines and associated infrastructure projects. The project covers two parts i.e., Silk Road Economic Belt (land based) and expects to connect China with Central Asia, East and West Europe to connect China with Central Asia, East and West Europe) and 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (sea based and connects China to Africa, South East Asia, Mediterranean) BRI consists of six economic corridors such as China-Pakistan corridor, China- Indochina Peninsula corridor etc.

China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) launched in 2015 is a part of the greater OBOR. It is a collection of infrastructure projects that are currently under construction throughout Pakistan for e.g., special economic zones, ports, energy projects, etc. The Gwadar Port (Balochistan province of Pakistan) which is considered the deepest seaport in the world is considered to be significant in the BRI. India has objected to the CPEC as upgrade works to the Karakoram Highway are taking place in Gilgit Baltistan (which is Indian territory) and will undermine India’s security and position in the region.

Question 2.
Who are the members of the European Union? (Text Book Page No.9)
Answer:
There are 27 countries who are members of European Union. These are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden. UK was a member but left in January 2020.

The following countries are part of Eurozone.
Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. The Eurozone is the monetary union of 19 out of 27 countries of the EU i.e., those who have Euro (€) as their common currency. The other 8 EU countries continue to use their national currencies.

Question 3.
Discuss the case of Brexit. (Text Book Page No. 11)
Answer:
British Exit i.e., Brexit is the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. In June 2016, 52% voted to leave the EU following a UK wide referendum. The UK finally left the EU on 31st January 2020.
The main reasons for Brexit were-
(i) EU threatens British sovereignty and prevents radical reforms.
(ii) The Euro has been a disaster and caused the Greek economic crisis.
(iii) UK could have a more rational immigration system outside the EU as the EU allows too many immigrants.

Brexit is a rejection of globalisation. The European Union signified a move from a single market to a single currency, a single banking system and eventually a single political entity. Many persons argue that Brexit goes against the concept of globalisation, i.e., it symbolizes a protest against the economic model that has been in place since 1992.

Many voters feel that globalisation has benefited only a small elite and hanker for a return to the security provided by the nation-States i.e., jobs, living standards, welfare facilities seemed better protected in the nation-States prior to globalisation for e.g., unemployment across the Eurozone is more than 10% and Italy, Greece, etc., are facing economic crisis.

12th Std Political Science Questions And Answers:

Money Market and Capital Market in India Question Answer Class 12 Economics Chapter 9 Maharashtra Board

February 15, 2025February 14, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 9 Money Market and Capital Market in India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 Economics Chapter 9 Question Answer Money Market and Capital Market in India Maharashtra Board

Class 12 Economics Chapter 9 Money Market and Capital Market in India Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Economics Class 12 Chapter 9 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. Complete the following statements:

Question 1.
Development financial institutions were established to …………………
a) provide short-term funds.
b) develop industry, agriculture, and other key sectors.
c) regulate the money market.
d) regulate the capital market.
Answer:
b) develop industry, agriculture, and other key sectors.

Question 2.
The money market faces a shortage of funds due to
a) inadequate savings.
b) growing demand for cash.
c) presence of unorganized sector.
d) financial mismanagement.
Answer:
a) inadequate savings.

Question 3.
Individual investors have lost confidence in the
capital market due to
a) lack of financial instruments.
b) high transaction costs.
c) low returns.
d) financial scams.
Answer:
d) financial scams.

Question 4.
Commercial banks act as intermediaries in the financial system to
a) make profits
b) accelerate the country’s economic growth.
c) mobilize the savings and allocating them to various sectors of the economy.
d) control the credit.
Answer:
c) mobilize the savings and allocating them to various sectors of the economy.

2. Complete the correlation:

1) Money market : Short term funds :: …………….. : Long term funds
2) …………….. : Central Bank:: SBI : Commercial Bank
3) Co-operative banks : Organized sector :: Indigenous bankers : ……………..
4) Primary market : …………….. :: Secondary market : Old issues
Answers:

Capital market
RBI
Unorganised sector
New issue

3. Find the odd word:

Question 1.
Types of Bank Accounts:
Answer:
Saving A/c, D-mat A/c, Recurring A/c, Current A/c.

Question 2.
Unregulated Financial Intermediates:
Answer:
Mutual fund, Nidhi, Chit fund, Loan Companies.

Question 3.
Financial Assets:
Answer:
Bonds, Land, Government Securities,
Derivatives.

Question 4.
Quantitative Tools:
Answer:
Bank Rate, Open Market Operation, Foreign Exchange Rate, Variable Reserve Ratio.

4. Assertion and Reasoning:

Question 1.
Assertion (A) : Money market economizes use of cash
Reasoning (R) : Money market deals with financial instruments that are close substitutes of money
Options: 1) (A) is True, but (R) is False
2) (A) is False, but (R) is True
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
4) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Answer:
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Question 2.
Assertion (A) : Regional stock exchanges have witnessed a sharp decline in the volume of trade.
Reasoning (R) : Investors prefer to trade in securities listed in premier stock exchanges like BSE, NSE etc.
Options:
1) (A) is True, but (R) is False
2) (A) is False, but (R) is True
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
4) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Answer:
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Question 3.
Assertion (A) : The unorganized sector of the money market lacks transparency.
Reasoning (R) : Activities of the unorganized sector are largely confined to rural areas.
Options:
1) (A) is True, but (R) is False
2) (A) is False, but (R) is True
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
4) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Answer:
4) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

Question 4.
Assertion (A) : Foreign exchange management and control is undertaken by commercial banks.
Reasoning (R) : RBI has to maintain the official rate of exchange of rupee and ensure its stability.
Options:
1) (A) is True, but (R) is False
2) (A) is False, but (R) is True
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
4) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Answer:
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

5. Identify and explain the concepts from the given illustrations:

Question 1.
Raghu’s father regularly invests his money in stocks and bonds.
Answer:
Concept: Financial Market
Explanation : Financial Market refers to a market where financial assets such as bonds, stocks, derivatives, government securities foreign currency, etc. are sold and purchased.

Question 2.
Sara makes a monthly contribution to a fund jointly created by her friends. The collected fund is then given to a chosen member through lucky draw.
Answer:
Concept: Chit fund
Explanation : Under chit fund, members make regular contribution to the fund, bids or draws are made on the basis of a criteria mutually agreed upon by members.

Question 3.
Tina deposited a lurnpsurn amount of 50,000 in the bank for a period of one year.
Answer:
Concept: Fixed deposit
Explanation : Fixed deposit refers to a lumpsum amount deposited by a customer for a specified period of time. Compared to all other deposits, fixed deposits carry a high rate of interest.

Question 4.
ABC bank provides d-mat facility, safe deposit lockers, internet banking facilities to its customers.
Answer:
Concept: Ancillary function of Commercial Bank
Explanation : Ancillary services are those services of commercial banks which are provided beside the primary services of bank. Ancillary services are transfer of j funds collection of money, making periodical payments on behalf of the customer, merchant banking, foreign exchange, safe deposits lockers, D-mat facility, internet banking.

6. Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Money market and Capital market.
Answer:

Money Market

Capital Market

(a) Money market is a market for lending and borrowing of short term funds. It is a market for “near money”.

(a) Capital market is a market for long-term funds both equity and debt, raised within and outside the country.

(b) Money market is divided into 2 structure Organised sector of money market Unorganised sector of money market

(b) Capital market is divided into 4 parts.
Government securities

Industrial securities market
Development financial institutions
Financial Intermediaries.

Question 2.
Demand deposit and Time deposit.
Answer:

Demand Deposits	Time Deposits
(a) Deposits that are withdrawable on demand are known as demand deposits.	(a) Deposits that are repayable after a certain period of time are known as time deposits.
(b) Example : 1. Current Account 2. Saving Account	(b) Example : 1. Recurring Deposits 2. Fixed Deposits

Question 3.
Organized sector and Unorganized sector of money market.
Answer:

Organized Sector	Unorganized Sector
(a) The organized sector of the money market is within the direct purview of RBI regulation.	(a) This market is unorganized because its activities are not systematically co-ordinated by the RBI.
(b) It consist of Reserve Bank of India. Commercial Bank, Co-operative Bank, Regulated Financial Intermediaries, etc.	(b) The unorganized Indian Money market is largely made up of indigenous bankers, money lenders and unregulated non-bank financial intermediaries.

7. Answer the following:

Question 1.
Explain the problems faced by the money market in India.
Answer:
Following are the problems of money market in India:
(a) Shortages of Funds : Generally, there is shortage of funds in Indian Money Market on account of various factors like inadequate banking facilities, low savings, lack of banking habits, existence of parallel economy,- etc. have also been responsible for the paucity of funds in the money market.

(b) Existence of Unorganised Money Market : This is one of the major defects of Indian Money Market. It does distinguish between short term and long term finance, and also between the purposes of finance. Since it is outside the control and supervision of RBI. It limits the RBI’s control over money market.

(c) Delays in technological up-gradation: Use of advanced technology is a pre requisite for the development and smooth functioning of financial markets. Delays in up-gradation of technology hampers the working of the money market.

(d) Absence of Well Organized Banking Sector : Branch expansion was very slow before bank nationalization in 1969. Even now the banks are largely concentrated in large towns and small cities. There is lack of movement of funds. Indian banking system is not yet a well organized sector.

(e) No Uniformity in the rates of interest:
There exists too many rates of interest in the Indian Money Market such as the borrowing rate of government, deposits and lending rates of co-operatives and commercial banks, lending rates of financial institutions, etc. This is due to lack of mobility of funds from one section of the money market to another.

(f) Seasonal fluctuations : The seasonal stringency of money and high rate of interest during the busy season (November to June) is striking feature of Indian Money market. There are wide fluctuation in the interest rates from one season to another. Money Market add money into the money market during the busy season and withdraw funds during the slack seasons.

Question 2.
Explain the functions of commercial bank.
Answer:
(A) Meaning A bank is a dealer in credit. Any institution that accepts deposits from public who have more cash than it needs immediately and gives loans to those who are need is called as a bank. Commercial bank performs all these functions for earning profit. Commercial banks play an important role in mobilizing savings and allocating ) them to various sectors of the economy. It includes both scheduled commercial banks l and non scheduled commercial banks.

(B) Definition of Commercial Bank :
Banking Regulation Act 1949 “”Banking means the accepting for the purpose of lending or investment of deposits of money from public repayable on demand or otherwise and withdrawable by cheque, demand draft, order or otherwise.
The above definition clearly indicates the essential function of a bank is mainly dealing in money and credit.

(C) Functions of a Commercial Bank :
Commercial Bank performs a variety of functions to satisfy the needs of the various S sectors of the economy.

The functions of Commercial Banks are as follows:

(I) Accepting Deposits:
The most significant and traditional function of commercial bank is accepting ? deposits from public. A commercial bank acts as the custodian of public deposits. This l function is very important because it helps in the mobilisation of funds from households to businessman for production purposes, Commercial banks act as intermediary by accepting deposits and paying interest on them and giving loans and charging interest) from borrowers at a high rate. The difference j between the two is the profit of the bank. Commercial bank accepts the following types of deposits :

(A) Demand Deposits
(B) Time Deposits

(A) Demand Deposits : The deposits which ; are withdrawable on demand, are known as demand deposits. They are of two types (1) Current Account Deposits (2) Saving) Account Deposits

(1) Current Account Deposits : Current j account deposits are usually held by businessmen, industrial enterprises, public bodies for business transactions. Money deposited in current account can be withdrawn in part or full at any time and any number of times by the depositors without any prior notice. Overdraft facilities and agency service are provided by the bank to the current account holders. Very low or no interest is paid on these accounts as the banks cannot utilise these short term deposits. Banks may charge certain amount of service charges on account holders.

(2) Saving Account Deposits : Saving account deposits are opened by salaried class or people with fixed income for holding their short term savings. Money deposited in these accounts retain high degree of liquidity. At the same time it earns nominal interest. It is a kind of demand deposits which is generally kept by people for sake of safety.

(B) Time Deposits : These are deposits, which are repayable after a certain period of time. They are of two types – (1) Recurring Deposits (2) Fixed Deposits

(1) Recurring Deposits : These are deposits under which people deposit a fixed amount at regular interval for specified period of time. These deposits encourage savings and carry high rate of interest.
(2) Fixed Deposits : Fixed deposits are time deposits or term deposits, which attract fund for a specific period. It is a time bound deposit as the amount deposited cannot be withdrawn before the maturity of the period. However, loans can be taken from the bank against the security of this deposit, within that period. These deposits earn a higher rate of interest.

(II) Advancing / Granting Loans :
The second major function of a commercial bank is to make loans and advances out of the money, which comes to it from the public by way of deposits. Direct loans and advances are given to all types of persons particularly to businessmen and investors against personal security, gold, silver and other assets. The profit earning capacity of commercial banks depends on this function of lending. Generally banks grant loans and advances to the borrowers in the following forms :
(1) Loans (2) Cash Credit (3) Overdraft facility (4) Discounting of bills.

(III) Ancillary Functions :
Commercial Banks also provide variety of ancillary services like – transfer of funds, j collection of money, making periodical ( payments on behalf of the customer, merchant banking, foreign exchange, safe deposit lockers, D-mat facility, internet banking, mobile banking, ATM facility, purchase and sale of securities, etc.

(IV) Credit Creation :
It is an important function of commercial banks. Commercial banks are the creators of credit.
Commercial Bank collects deposits from public which is called as primary deposits. After deducting required reserves, bank lends money to the borrower which is called j as secondary deposits or derivative deposits. This procedure is followed by entire banking [ system in a country leading to creation of credit.
Thus, every loan creates deposits and every deposits creates loans.

Question 3.
Explain the role of capital market in India.
Answer:
Role of Capital Market:

Mobilizes long term savings : Capital market helps to mobilize long term savings from various section of the population through the sale of securities.
Provides equity capital : Capital market provides equity capital or share capital to entrepreneurs which will be used by entrepreneurs to purchase business assets and also to fund the business operations.
Operational efficiency : Capital market helps to achieve operational efficiency by lowering the transaction costs, simplifying transaction procedures, lowering settlement timings in purchase and sale of stocks.
Quick valuation : Capital market helps to determine a fair and quick value of both equity (shares) and debt (bonds, debentures) instruments.
Integration : Capital market brings integration among real and financial sectors, equity and debt instruments, government and private sector, domestic and external funds, etc.

Question 4.
Explain the problems of capital market in India.
Answer:
Following are the problems of capital market in India :

Scams : It is observed that different types of financial scams in the stock exchange have affected the confidence of individual investors in the securities market. Scams involve manipulation of larger amount of money, which results in public distrust and loss of confidence among the individual investors.
Inadequate debt instruments : There is less trading in debt securities due to narrow investor base, high cost of issue, lack of accessibility to small and medium enterprises.
Lack of informational efficiency : Indian stock markets lacks informational efficiency as compared to advanced countries.
Decline in volume of trade : There is sharp decline in the volume of trade in regional stock exchanges. This is due to investors preferring trading in securities listed in premier stock exchanges like BSE and NSE.

8. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
Explain the role of money market in India.
Answer:
(A) Meaning:
Money market is a market for lending and borrowing short term funds.
It is a market for near money.
It deals in short term instruments like trade bills, government securities, promissory notes, etc.

Money market centres are located at Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata. Money market consists of organised as well as unorganised j sector.

Role of Money Market in India :

(a) Portfolio Management : Money market deals with different types of financial instruments which are designed to suit the risk and return preferences of the investors. This enables the investors to hold a portfolio of different financial assets which in turn, j helps in minimizing risk and maximizing returns.

(b) Implementation of monetary policy :
Various monetary policies are implemented by the Central Bank, with an aim to manage the quantity of money, to meet the requirements of different sectors of the economy and to increase the pace of economic growth. Money market ensures successful implementation of these monetary policies. It also guides the central bank in developing an appropriate interest policy.

(c) Growth of Commerce, Industry and Trade : Money market facilitates discounting bills of exchange to local and international traders who are in urgent need of short-term funds. It also provides working capital for agriculture and small scale industries.

(d) Financial requirements of the Government : Money market helps the Government to fulfil its short term financial requirements on the basis of Treasury Bills.

Economizes the use of cash : Money market deals with various financial instruments that are close substitutes of money and not actual money. Thus, it economizes the use of cash.

Equilibrating mechanism : Money
market helps to establish equilibrium between the demand for and supply of short term funds by allocating rationally the available resources and thus mobilizing the savings of public into fruitful investment channels.

Liquidity Management : Money Market, through the monetary authorities facilitates better management of liquidity and money in the economy. This, in turn, leads to economic stability and development of the country.

Short-term requirements of borrowers :
Money market provides short-term financial needs of the borrowers at reasonable prices.

Question 2.
Explain the functions of RBI.
Answer:
(A) Introduction: Central Bank is the apex or the supreme monetary banking authority and occupies an important position in the monetary and banking structure of the country.
The guiding principle of a Central Bank is to act only in public interest and for the welfare of the country without regards to profit as primary consideration.
In India, The Reserve Bank of India is the Central Bank. It was established as shareholder’s bank on 1st April, 1935. It was nationalized on 1st January, 1949.

(B) Definitions :
(1) According to M. H. de Kock –
“A Central Bank is one which constitutes the apex of the monetary and banking structure of the country. ”

“(2) According to Prof. W. A. Shaw –
“Central Bank is a bank which controls credit.”

(C) Functions of Central Bank :
(1) Issue of Currency Notes : The Central i Bank has been authorised to print and issue ; currency notes. The RBI enjoys the monopoly of note issue of all denominations except one rupee note. The one rupee note and coins are issued by the Ministry of Finance of the government of India but their distribution is undertaken by RBI.

(2) Banker to the Government: The Central Bank acts as (A) a banker, (B) advisor, and (C) agent to the government. It performs all these functions which commercial banks do for their customers.
As a banker to the government, central bank transacts the business of Central and State governments. It accepts money and makes payments on behalf of these governments.
As an advisor, central bank advises the government on various economic issues and policies.
As an agent, central bank acts as a representative of central bank and attends l the international meetings of IMF and World Bank.
In short, it is a friend, philosopher and guide to the government.

(3) Bankers’ Bank : It supervises, co-ordinates j and controls the operations and activities of the commercial banks. As their bank it undertakes the following functions:
(a) acts as custodian of cash reserve.
(b) acts a lender of the last resort.
(c) provides clearing house function.

(4) Controller of Credit or Money Supply : Central Bank regulates the volume of credit and money supply in the country. The main objective behind this is to maintain price and ; economic stability in the country.
There are various methods which Central Bank uses to control the supply of credit in : the economy. They are –

Quantitative Measures control the quantity or volume of credit created by the commercial banks. They are bank rate, open market operation and cash reserve ratio.
Qualitative Measures or Selective Measures deal with the purpose and direction of credit. They are – varying margin requirements, regulation of credit, moral suasion and direct action.

(5) Custodian of Foreign Exchange Reserve of the Country: The Central Bank is also a custodian of country’s gold and major foreign currencies like US dollar, Euro the British Pound, etc. obtained by government from international trade.
The central bank also maintains international liquidity.

(6) Developmental and Promotional Functions : In developing countries like India, a very important function of Central Bank is to promote economic development.

To promote banking habits among the poor people.
To provide agriculture finance through NABARD and to promote rural and agricultural development.
To provide industrial finance through IDBI, SFC and IFCI and boost the growth of industrial sector.
To provide export – import finance through EXIM bank.
To encourage small savings through Unit Trust of India.

(7) Data Collection and Publicity : The Central Bank also collects and publishes information relating to agriculture, industrial and financial sectors of the economy, exports and imports, banking, trends in money and capital market, etc.
Its main publications include – Report on Currency and Finance, RBI Bulletin, RBI Journals and various research papers.

Intext Questions

Try this (Textbook Page 81)

Identify the type of finance into – Personal finance, Corporate finance or Public finance.
Answer:

Personal Finance	Corporate Finance	Public Finance
Building a retirement corpus.	Raising share capital through sale of equity shares.	Collection of tax revenue.
Clearing home loan through EMI (Equated Monthly Instalment)	Managing working capital needs.	Expenditure on social infrastructure such as health and education.

Find out (Textbook Page 83)

Find out names of the Central Banks of the following countries.

(1) USA
(2) Canada
(3) Russia
(4) Germany
(5) China
(6) UK (United Kingdom)
(7) Sweden
(8) France
(9) Japan
(10) Australia
Answer:
(1) USA : Federal Reserve System ;
(2) Canada : Bank of Canada
(3) Russia : Central Bank of Russia
(4) Germany : Deutsche Bundes bank
(5) China : People’s Bank of China
(6) UK (United Kingdom) : Bank of England
(7) Sweden : Sveriges Riksbank
(8) France : Banque de France
(9) Japan : Bank of Japan
(10) Australia : Reserve Bank of Australia

Try this (Textbook Page 85)

Pair the logos given with their respective banks as given in the bracket below :
(State Bank of India, HSBC Bank, Union Bank of India, Axis Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, HDFC Bank)
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 9 Money Market and Capital Market in India 1

Try this (Textbook Page 85)

Collect information of Co-operative banks in your region at different levels.
Answer:
[Students should do this activity by themselves]

Find out (Textbook Page 90):

List the regional stock exchanges in India.
Answer:

Regional Stock Exchanges in India :
Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)
National Stock Exchange (NSE)
Calcutta Stock Exchange (CSE) Metropolitan Stock Exchange (MSE)
India International Exchange (India INX)
NSE IFSC Ltd.

12th Std Economics Questions And Answers:

Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Question Answer Class 12 History Chapter 1 Maharashtra Board

February 14, 2025February 13, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 History Chapter 1 Question Answer Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Maharashtra Board

Class 12 History Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 12 Chapter 1 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
In 1440 ________ started the printing press.
(a) James Watt
(b) Gutenberg
(c) Aristotle
(d) Homer
Answer:
(b) Gutenberg

Question 2.
In 1609 _______ made a modified telescope.
(a) John Kay
(b) Copernicus
(c) Galileo
(d) Kepler
Answer:
(c) Galileo

Question 3.
_________ was the first explorer to circumnavigate the African continent.
(a) Henry the Navigator
(b) Marco Polo
(c) Bartholomew Dias
(d) Columbus
Answer:
(c) Bartholomew Dias

B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) John Kay	Flying shuttle
(b) Samuel Crompton	Cotton gin
(c) Edmund Cartwright	Power loom
(d) James Watt	Steam engine

Answer:
Samuel Crompton – Spinning Mule

2. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
Father of the empirical science —
Answer:
Galileo

Question 2.
Scientists who told the world that the centre of our planetary system is the ‘Sun’ and not the ‘Earth’ —
Answer:
Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 3.
The treatise was written by Varahmihir —
Answer:
Brihatsamhita

3. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Q3
Answer:

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
European Crusades.
Answer:

The two cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem considered holy by the Jews, Christians, and Muslims were under Islamic rule in the 11th century.
Christians of Europe wanted to regain hold over these cities and fought several wars known as ‘Crusaders’.
The common people in Europe were highly inspired to be part of such religious wars.
When the Pope announced that the sins of those who took part in such wars would be forgiven and would immediately go to Heaven, there was spontaneous participation by the common people in the crusaders.
Besides social and political circumstances, the Roman emperors were also trying to bring Syria and Asia Minor under their control.
Moreover, the rich merchants in Genova and Venice in Italy were looking for Central Asian markets to establish their trade.
The first crusade started in 1096 C.E.
A second call for the crusade was given by Pope Eugenius III who sought help from the French King Louis VII and the German King Conrad III.
The crusaders were ultimately defeated by the Turks and in 1187 C.E. Saladin, the Sultan of Egypt defeated the crusaders by conquering Jerusalem.
However, the crusaders failed for several reasons such as the attitude of the Pope and the European rulers common people losing faith, the rift between the Pope and the European kings, etc.

Question 2.
Metallurgy in Europe.
Answer:

England had a number of iron mines.
Therefore, it was necessary to advance the technique of smelting iron to acquire purified iron from it.
The fuel for iron furnaces was replaced from wood to coal.
Special machines were made to keep the furnaces at a set temperature and to maintain their aeration.
In 1865, the process of producing steel from molten iron was invented and the nature of the iron industry underwent a major transformation.
At about the same time, a method was adopted to pour the molten metal into casts for making iron bars (e.g. rails).

5. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The European Renaissance is supposed to have reached its zenith in the 15th-16th centuries.
Answer:

The European Renaissance began in the 14th century C.E.
It reached its zenith in the 15th and 16th centuries.
These three centuries laid the foundations of a culture based on rationalism and science.
This age gave a new direction to human intellect genius and way of life.
People started writing poetry, drama, and fiction.
Novel experiments were conducted in the field of science.
In the pre-renaissance period, the thought about the existence of the universe revolved around ‘God’.
In short, in this period new inventions, machinery, art, drama, literature, and geographical discoveries have taken place.

Question 2.
The ‘Industrial Revolution first began in England.
Answer:
‘Industrial Revolution’ indicates the transition from manual production to mechanized production.

In England, the atmosphere was suitable for the industrial revolution.
Large amounts of iron ore and coal were available.
The humid climate of England was suitable for producing yarn.
These conditions proved to be favourable for the textile industry in England.
England had also established a large number of colonies by then so England could obtain raw material at cheap rates from these colonies.
England could also export the processed goods and sell it in their colonies with large profit margins using their navy.
The availability of cheap labour made it possible for them to maintain an optimum level of costs.
These factors prepared the ground for the industrial revolution in England thus giving a boost to its economy. Because of the above reasons Industrial revolution first began in England.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The European natural scientists of the 17th century laid the foundations of modern science.
Answer:
The scientists of the 17th century emphasized the following things:

To prove that scientific principles established by empirical experiments are true despite time and space.
To convert the emergent scientific rules into scientific formulae.
To create new scientific parlance and so on.
These efforts helped the progress of science.

Question 2.
The economy based on surplus production supported economic nationalism and also imperialism.
Answer:

Economic nationalism began the vicious circle of continuously capturing new marketplaces, searching for sources of a cheap supply of raw material, maintaining an unbroken chain supply of raw material), to attract more and more investors, to safeguard their investments. This resulted in limitless exploitation of the colonies.
Extreme nationalism, industrialization, concepts of racial superiority, aggressive colonial policies further supported the growth of imperialism.
The result was the immense expanse of the empires like England, France, Belgium, Germany, etc.

7. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the causes and effects of European crusades.
Answer:
Causes of European crusades:

The two cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem considered holy by the Jews, Christians, and Muslims were under Islamic rule in the 11th century.
Christians of Europe wanted to regain hold over these cities and fought several wars known as ‘Crusaders’.
The common people in Europe were highly inspired to be part of such religious wars.
When the Pope announced that the sins of those who took part in such wars would be forgiven and would immediately go to Heaven, there was spontaneous participation by the common people in the crusaders.
Besides social and political circumstances, the Roman emperors were also trying to bring Syria and Asia Minor under their control.
Moreover, the rich merchants in Genova and Venice in Italy were looking for Central Asian markets to establish their trade.
The first crusade started in 1096 C.E.
A second call for the crusade was given by Pope Eugenius III who sought help from the French King Louis VII and the German King Conrad III.
The crusaders were ultimately defeated by the Turks and in 1187 C.E. Saladin, the Sultan of Egypt defeated the crusaders by conquering Jerusalem.
However, the crusaders failed for several reasons such as the attitude of the Pope and the European rulers common people losing faith, the rift between the Pope and the European kings, etc.

The crusades had far-reaching effects:

According to some historians, the crusades led to the end of feudalism in Europe.
The faith in the Pope began to decline.
The contact with the regions in Central Asia led to the increased trade and new venues were opened for cities in Italy and Germany.
It led to the rise of a new class of traders.
European warfare went through many changes for e.g. they acquired expertise in building forts, managing the forts as military outposts, building bridges, etc.
The European kings levied new taxes which were added to the royal treasury.
The Europeans were introduced to newer types of plants, fruits, perfumes, etc.
The Europeans came in contact with the Arabs and adopted many Arabic words in Alchemy, Music, and Commerce.

Question 2.
Give detailed information on the development of science and scientific inventions during the renaissance period.
Answer:
The scientists of the 17th century emphasized the following things:

To prove that scientific principles established by empirical experiments are true despite time and space.
To convert the emergent scientific rules into scientific formulae.
To create new scientific parlance and so on.
These efforts helped the progress of science.
The compass, the barometer, telescope, and the thermometer were invented during this period.
Microscopes were invented to observe various types of micro-organisms.
Robert Boyle, an alchemist discovered that that the absolute pressure and the volume of a gas are inversely proportional.
The research in physics was more focused on heat and sound.
In zoology, a methodology known as ‘Taxonomy’ was developed to classify animals.
Benjamin Franklin’s research was on lightning and electricity. He coined many technical terms which are used in science even today.

Class 12 History Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Intext Questions and Answers

Try to do this. (Textbook Page No. 3)

Collect information about how the early European universities worked.
Answer:

Early European universities were the University of Bologna in 1088 or the University of Paris (1150-1170).
the University of Bologna is considered the ‘mother of universities’.
European universities concentrated on science and research
Original Medieval universities arose from the Roman Catholic Church schools
Purposes included training of professionals, scientific investigation, and teaching critical thinking and research.
During Renaissance, the humanist ideas were slowly accepted
Universities began preparing the student for a civilized life
The curriculum included liberal arts such as Trivium (grammar, rhetoric, logic) and Quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music)

Find it out. (Textbook Page No. 8)

Make a list of the European countries where the Industrial Revolution spread in its first stage.
Answer:
The industrial revolution first began in Britain in the late 1770s and first spread to Belgium followed by France and the German states and in North America.

Project (Textbook Page No. 9)

Collect detailed information about the voyages of Bartholomew Dias and Vasco-da- Gama and read it aloud in the class.
Answer:
(A) Bartholomew Dias:

Bartholomew Dias was a Portuguese explorer.
He was the first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa which the Portuguese would name as the ‘Cape of Good Hope.
Dias and his crew departed from Lisbon, Portugal in August 1487 with three ships.
Dias’s expedition sailed along the African coast following the route of Diogo Cao who had earlier sailed along the African coast in the 1480s.
Near the southern tip of Africa Dias’s 3 ships sailed into a dangerous storm that pushed them away from the African coast. They sailed around the tip of Africa in January 1488 without seeing the land.
After 30 days without seeing land, he entered what he named Aguada de Sao Bras (Bay of Saint Blaise) in February 1488.
Dias wanted to continue to India but he was forced to turn back when his crew refused to go further and the rest of the officers favored going back home.
It was on his return journey that he actually discovered the Cape of Good Hope in May 1488.
Dias returned to Lisbon in December 1488 after an absence of 16 months and 17 days.

(B) Vasco da Gama:

Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea.
His initial voyage to India was the first to link Europe and Asia by an ocean route, connecting the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and therefore the West and the Orient.
This discovery is considered to be a milestone in world history.
Vasco da Gama’s discovery of the sea route to India opened the way for an age of imperialism in Asia.
Vasco da Gama landed in Calicut, India on May 20, 1498.
This boosted the economy of the Portuguese Empire.
Vasco da Gama led the two of the India Armadas, the first and the fourth.
In 1524, Vasco da Gama was appointed as Governor of India, with the title of Viceroy, and was ennobled as Count of Vidigueria in 1519.

12th Std History Questions And Answers:

Cold War Question Answer Class 12 History Chapter 10 Maharashtra Board

February 14, 2025February 13, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 10 Cold War Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 History Chapter 10 Question Answer Cold War Maharashtra Board

Class 12 History Chapter 10 Cold War Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 12 Chapter 10 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
The headquarters of SEATO were located at ___________
(a) Thailand
(b) the Philippines
(c) Pakistan
(d) the United Kingdom
Answer:
(a) Thailand

Question 2.
A fund named ‘Africa Fund’ was raised at ___________ for providing necessary aid to neighbouring nations of South Africa.
(a) Jakarta
(b) Harare
(c) Namibia
(d) Indonesia
Answer:
(b) Harare

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
On 30th June 1977, this organisation ceased to exist –
Answer:
SEATO

Question 2.
The idea of Commonwealth games was introduced by –
Answer:
Reverend Astley Cooper

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
No country was included in the ANZUS treaty except Australia, New Zealand, and the United States of America ___________
(a) they did not want to let the United Kingdom and France have an upper hand
(b) it was a military pact
(c) it was a secret pact
(d) it was a pact only among countries with friendly relations
Answer:
(a) they did not want to lot the United Kingdom and France to have an upper hand

3. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 10 Cold War 3
Answer:

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Cold War.
Answer:

Definition: The tussle between Capitalist nations and Communist nations for power and ideological influence, which began after the Second World War is referred to as the ‘Cold War.
Walter Lippmann, an American political columnist was the first to use the term ‘Cold War’.
‘Cold War’ is characterized by the following factors –
- No Direct War.
- The intense race for armament.
- Aggressive Political Policies.
- Mutual lack of Faith among Nations.
- Political and Economic Pressurisation.
- Ideological Conflict.
The aftermath of the Second World War created conditions leading to the Cold War.
England and France lost their primary positions in world politics.
During the world war, Russia gained prominence in Eastern Europe while America, England, and France gained prominence in Western Europe.
The Eastern European nations under the influence of Soviet Russia adopted communist ideology while the Western European nations under the influence of America adopted capitalist ideology and democratic system. This situation caused the emergence of the ‘Cold War.

Question 2.
Non- Alignment Movement.
Answer:

After the Second World War, India decided not to join either Russia or America. India adopted the policy of development by its own efforts and shape its own strategies leading towards peace. This policy is known as the ‘NAM-Non Alignment Policy’.
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. Sukarno (Indonesia), Nkrumah (Ghana), Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt), and Marshal Tito (Yugoslavia) were the architects of the concept ‘NAM’.
The nations, which adopt an independent foreign policy based on the concept of peaceful co-existence, support other nations in their independence struggle, and do not involve themselves in the military agreements or bilateral treaties with the superpowers is known as ‘Non-Aligned Nations’.
Non-Alignment is a concept concerned more with progress and peace than war and poverty, so it is positive.

5. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
CENTO became non-operational.
Answer:

CENTO stands for Central Treaty Organisation.
CENTO earlier known as the ‘Baghdad Pact’ or Middle East Treaty Organisation (METO) is a treaty among four nations namely, Turkey, Pakistan, Iran, and England.
This treaty was signed on 24th February 1955. Iraq joined later.
America started providing the member nations of CENTO economic and military aid.
America feared that if Soviet Russia attacked any of the member nations, then all member nations should fight it collectively.
But in reality, none of the member nations had the military capacity to fight.
Except for the United Kingdom, the rest of the three were in need of military and technological aid but America was too involved to pay attention to their need.
Hence, the other members of CENTO were not satisfied. They wanted to withdraw from the treaty and act independently.
Iran and Pakistan withdrew from the treaty and hence CENTO became non-operational.

Question 2.
SAARC has achieved success in some fields.
Answer:

SAARC has achieved success in some fields for e.g. a centre for the dissemination of agro-related information was started in Bangladesh and it has also been used as a platform for research related to seeds, animal husbandry, and fisheries.
A SAARC center for meteorological research was established in Dhaka.
In Kathmandu, an orthopedic center was established.
Efforts are being made to promote tourism in SAARC countries.
SAARC is also working to eliminate poverty in South Asia with the help of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (ESCAP).
An inter-Governmental group was established to formulate an agreement (SAFTA- South Asia Free Trade Area) for promoting free trade and economic cooperation among SAARC nations.
The SAARC Documentation Centre was established in Delhi for the dissemination of information.
SAARC Human Resources Development Centre was established in Islamabad (Pakistan).
Agreements were signed to counter the smuggling of narcotic drugs. Committees were appointed for development in the fields of postal services and transportation.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The Cold War began between America and Soviet Russia.
Answer:

The tussle between the Capitalist nations and Communist nations for power and ideological influence which began after the second world war is referred to as the ‘Cold War.
During the world war, Russia gained prominence in Eastern Europe while America, France, and England gained prominence in Western Europe.
The Eastern European nations under the influence of Soviet Russia adopted Communist ideology.
The Western European nations under the influence of America adopted a Capitalist ideology and democratic system.
This situation caused the emergence of the ‘Cold War’ between Soviet Russia and America.

Question 2.
India has always opposed colonialism.
Answer:

India is acknowledged as a great democracy in the world.
After independence, India adopted the policy of active non-alignment in international politics.
India would always strive to establish global peace.
India would not tolerate foreign intervention in her internal matters. India shall respect the regional unity and sovereignty of other countries.
India emphasizes the principle of ‘live and let live’ supported by peaceful co-existence.
For e.g. in the post-independence period in 1949, a conference was held in Delhi in which support was declared to the issue of Indonesia’s independence. It was demanded that the Dutch should leave Indonesia before 1950 and grant its independence.
The position India took in the case of Africa, is also very important. India took a strong initiative in demanding independence of African countries especially the protectorates of European nations.
India insisted that the foreign rulers (colonialist European countries) should leave the colonies.
India cared about Africa because of its long-standing relations with African countries.
Mahatma Gandhi showed Africa the path to satyagraha for independence.
Thus, India had been at the forefront of the struggle against colonialism.

Class 12 History Chapter 10 Cold War Intext Questions and Answers

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 77)

Collect information about the ‘United Nations’ with the help of the internet. Create groups of students in the class and let them compile the information of various specialized agencies of the United Nations.
Answer:
The United Nations was established after World War II with the aim of preventing any war in the future and establishing peace in the world. UN is the largest and most powerful intergovernmental organisation in the world. It was established on 24th October 1945. Currently, 193 countries in the world are members of the UN. The headquarter of the UN is located in New York, USA. Since its establishment UN has been working for maintaining world peace and avoiding conflict among nations, it also works for remoting sustainable development, protection and preservation of the environment, and protecting human rights.

The important agencies of the UN are as follows:
(i) International Labour Organisation (ILO):
Established in – 1919 to improve the conditions and living standards of workers.
Headquarters – Geneva.

(ii) International Monetary Fund (IMF):
Established in – 1945 to promote international monetary cooperation.

(iii) Food and Agricultural Organisation:
Established in – 1945

(iv) United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO):
Established in – 1945.

(v) World Health Organisation:
Established in – 1948

(vi) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA):
Established in – 1957

(vii) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP):
Established in – 1965

(viii) World Trade Organisation (WTO):
Established in – 1995

(ix) UN Women:
Established in – 2010

(x) United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC):
Established in – 1997

(xi) United Nation Environmental Programme (UNEP):
Established in – 1972

(xii) International Development Association (IDA):
Established in – 1960

(xiii) United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF):
Established in – 1946

(xiv) International Telecommunication Union (ITU):
Established in – 1865

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 83)

Review the proceedings of NAM conferences held during the period from 1992 to the Venezuela conference of 2016.
Answer:
NAM was established in 1961 in Belgrade, SR Serbia, Yugoslavia through an initiative of the Indian Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is an organization of Redeveloping nations that are not formally aligned, with any major power flex. Here is the list of NAM summits:

10th NAM Summit: 1-6 September 1992 – Jakarta, Indonesia.
11th NAM Summit: 18-20 October 1995 – Cartagena, Colombia.
12th NAM Summit: 2-3 September 1998, Durban, South Africa.
13th NAM Summit: 20-25 Feb 2003, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
14th NAM Summit: 15-16 September 2006, Havana, Cuba.
15th NAM Summit: 11-16 July 2009, Sharm-El-Sheikh, Egypt.
16th NAM Summit: 26-31 August 2012, Tehran, Iran.
17th NAM Summit: 13-18 September 2016, Porlamar, Venezuela.

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 85)

Collect information about SAARC conferences till 2014, with the help of the internet.
Answer:
SAARC also known as The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation is the regional intergovernmental organisation in South Asia. Total 8 countries are members of SAARC.

Nepal
Bhutan
India
the Maldives
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Afghanistan.

The First Summit was held in Dhaka, Bangladesh on 7-8 December 1985, signed the SAARC charter on 8 December 1985 thereby establishing the regional association and study groups on the problems of terrorism, drug trafficking, etc.
Second Summit India: Date – 17-18 November 1986 in Bangalore.
Appointment of Ambassador Abdul Ahsan of Bangladesh as the first Secretary-General of South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation.
3rd Summit: 2-4 November 1987 in Kathmandu, Nepal.
4th Summit: 29-31 December 1988 in Islamabad, Pakistan.
5th Summit: 21-23 November 1990 in Male, Maldives.
6th Summit: 21 December 1991 in Colombo, Sri Lanka
7th Summit: 10-11 April 1992, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
8th Summit: 2-4 May 1995, New Delhi, India
9th Summit: 12-14 May 1997, Male, Maldives.
10th Summit: 29-31 July 1998, Colombo, Sri Lanka
11th Summit: 4-6 January 2002, Kathmandu, Nepal.
12th Summit: 4-6 January 2004, Islamabad, Pakistan.
13th Summit: 12-13 November 2005, Dhaka, Bangladesh
14th Summit: 3-4 April 2007, New Delhi, India
15th Summit: 1-3 August 2008, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
16th Summit: 28-29 April 2010, Thimphu, Bhutan
17th Summit: 10-11 November 2011, Addu City, Maldives.
18th Summit: 26-27 November 2014, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Project (Textbook Page No. 87)

Collect information about the ‘Commonwealth Games’ with the help of the internet.
Answer:
The Commonwealth Games is an international multi-sport event involving athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. The event was first held in 1930, and, with the exception of 1942 and 1946, has taken place every four years since then. The Commonwealth Games were known as the British Empire Games from 1930 to 1950, the British Empire and Commonwealth Games from 1954 to 1966, and British Commonwealth Games from 1970 to 1974. Athletes with a disability are also included as full members of their national teams, making the Commonwealth Games the first fully inclusive international multi-sport event. It is also the world’s first multi-sport event that inducts an equal number of women’s and men’s medal events and was implemented recently in the 2018 Commonwealth Games. With such unique features, the World Economic Forum called the event inspiring and significant.

Their creation was inspired by the Inter-Empire Championships, as a part of the Festival of Empire, which was held in London, England in 1911. Melville Marks Robinson founded the games as the British Empire Games which were first hosted in Hamilton, Canada in 1930. During the 20th and 21st centuries, the evolution of the movement of the game has resulted in several changes to the Commonwealth Games. Some of these adjustments include the creation of the Commonwealth Winter Games for snow and ice sports for the commonwealth athletes, the Commonwealth Paraplegic Games for commonwealth athletes with a disability, and the Commonwealth Youth Games for commonwealth athletes aged 14 to 18. The first edition of the winter games and paraplegic games were held in 1958 and 1962 respectively, with their last edition held in 1966 and 1974 respectively and the first youth games were held in 2000. The 1942 and 1946 Commonwealth Games were canceled because of the Second World War.

12th Std History Questions And Answers:

India: Social and Religious Reforms Question Answer Class 12 History Chapter 5 Maharashtra Board

February 14, 2025February 13, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 5 India: Social and Religious Reforms Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 History Chapter 5 Question Answer India: Social and Religious Reforms Maharashtra Board

Class 12 History Chapter 5 India: Social and Religious Reforms Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 12 Chapter 5 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy wrote an English letter against the ___________
(a) caste system
(b) child marriage
(c) practice of sati
(d) segregation of women (Purdah system)
Answer:
(c) practice of sati

Question 2.
‘Arya Samaj’ was founded by ___________
(a) Swami Vivekanand
(b) Mahatma Jotirao Phule
(c) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
(d) Ramaswamy Naikar
Answer:
(c) Swami Dayanand Saraswati

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Brahmo Samaj	Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(b) Satyashodhak Samaj	Mahatma Jotirao Phule
(c) Paramhamsa Sabha	Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde
(d) Ramkrishna Mission	Swami Vivekanand

Answer:
Paramhamsa Sabha – Dadoba Pandurang Tarkhadkar

2. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
The title conferred on Raja Ram Mohan Roy by the Mughal Badshah-
Answer:
Raja

Question 2.
The one who founded ‘Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College’-
Answer:
Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan

Question 3.
The one who participated in ‘Vykom Satyagraha’-
Answer:
Ramaswamy Naikar

Question 4.
The one who made the law of free and compulsory primary education in Kolhapur Princely State-
Answer:
Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj

3. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Prarthana Samaj.
Answer:
Prarthana Samaj:

Had its origins in Paramhamsa Sabha.
Founded by Dadoba Pandurang Tarkhadkar.
Founding members like Dr. Atmaram Pandurang, Justice M. G. Ranade, Dr. R. G. Bhandarkar opposed idol worship and emphasized monotheism.
Opened schools for girls, orphanages, and night schools for workers.
Focussed on gender equality, wiping outcaste discriminations, and appreciating the values of mundane life.

Question 2.
Satyashodhak Samaj.
Answer:
Satyashodhak Samaj:

Founded in 1873 by Mahatma Jotirao Phule in Pune.
Cracked a whip on the social customs and practices which pushed the Indian masses into a miserable state.
Showed a new path to artisans, workers, and other downtrodden people.
Characteristics of Satyashodhak Samaj included monotheism, rejection of the authority of Vedas and Puranas, acceptance of rationality, opposition to the dominance of priests and idol worship, etc.
Mahatma Phule and his wife Savitribai Phule started a school for girls.
His work was continued by Gopalbaba Walangkar who criticized untouchability in his book ‘Vital Vidhwamsan’.
Shivram Janba drew attention to the problems of deprived women like Murali, Jagatini, and Devdasi.

4. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
What were the social reforms on which Raja Ram Mohan Roy put a great emphasis?
Answer:
Contribution of Raja Ram Mohan Roy:

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was born in Bengal.
Translated Sanskrit Upanishads into Bengali.
He was a witness to his brother’s wife immolating herself on her husband’s funeral pyre and this incident made him raise his voice against this evil social custom which according to him is not mentioned in any of the religious scriptures as a prescribed social obligation.
It was due to the efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy that a law was passed by the Governor-General of Bengal Lord William Bentinck abolishing Sati in 1829.
He was also opposed to child marriage and purdah, opened an English medium school, launched the first periodical in Bengali, and also another publication in Persian.
He started ‘Atmiya Sabha’, a philosophical discussion circle,’ Brahmo Samaj in 1828.
He spoke in support of the anti-colonial movements in Spanish colonies in South America.
Ram Mohan Roy laid the foundation of modernity in India.
Organizations like Manavdharma Sabha, Paramahamsa Sabha, and Dnyanprasar Sabha were inspired by his work.

Question 2.
Write about the contributions of the Ramkrishna Mission.
Answer:
Ramkrishna Mission:

Swami Vivekananda founded the Ramkrishna Mission in 1897.
Focussed on serving needy people, working for people affected by famine, health care for the sick people, education for women, etc.
It also gave a message to the Indian youth to get up to awaken and keep moving until the goal is achieved.

Question 3.
Write about the contributions of Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan.
Answer:
Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan:

Was born in 1817 in Delhi.
Fluent in Urdu, Persian, Arabic, and English.
Established ‘Scientific Society’ for Muslims.
After returning from England he founded the Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875 which later developed into ‘Aligarh Muslim University.
Started a periodical entitled ‘Mohammadan Social Reformer’.
Worked for the propagation of modern education, science, and technology.

Question 4.
Describe the contribution of Ramaswamy Naikar.
Answer:
Ramaswamy Naikar:

Born in ‘Erode’ in Tamil Nadu in 1879.
He became a follower of Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy and worked for propagating the use of ‘Swadeshi’.
He participated in the Vykom Satyagraha in Travancore against untouchability.
Started the ‘Swabhiman Andolan’ in Tamil Nadu.
Fought against the varna system and child marriage.
He was addressed as ‘Periyar’ or Great Soul because of his magnanimous work.
Was a great speaker and author.
Took a radical position on issues like women’s rights and family planning.

Class 12 History Chapter 5 India: Social and Religious Reforms Intext Questions and Answers

Let us find out. (Textbook Page No. 36)

Collect information about ‘Singh Sabha’ that was founded in Amritsar.
Answer:
The Singh Sabha Movement was a Sikh movement that began in Punjab in the 1870s in reaction to the proselytizing activities of Christians, Hindu reform movements (Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj), and Muslims (Aligarh movement and Ahmadiyah). The movement was founded in an era when the Sikh Empire had been dissolved and annexed by the British, the Khalsa had lost its prestige, and mainstream Sikhs were rapidly converting to other religions.

The movement’s aims were to propagate the true Sikh religion and restore Sikhism to its pristine glory; to write and distribute historical and religious books of Sikhs, and to propagate Gurmukhi Punjabi through magazines and media. The movement sought to reform Sikhism and bring back into the Sikh fold the apostates who had converted to other religions; as well as to interest the influential British officials in furthering the Sikh community. At the time of its founding, the Singh Sabha policy was to avoid criticism of other religions and political matters.

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 36)

Collect information with the help of the internet and teachers about these people: Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Vishnushastri Pandit, Veereshlingam Pantalu, and Maharshi Dhondo Keshav Karve.
Answer:
(A) Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar:

Pandit Vidyasagar was born on 26th September 1820 in the Midnapore district of Bengal Presidency (now in West Bengal).
A Sanskrit scholar, he joined Fort William College as the Head Pandit in the Sanskrit department in 1846.
In 1846, he left Fort William and joined Sanskrit College as ‘Assistant Secretary’.
In 1851, he became the principal of Sanskrit College.
In 1854, Vidyasagar started his campaign for widow remarriage.
Due to his efforts, the ‘Widow Remarriage Act was passed in 1856.
He was keen to advocate for education for women.
He exercised his power and lobbied hard for the opening of schools for girls.
He gave more importance to educational reforms than social reforms.
He emphasized teaching through Mother’s tongue.
He has enriched Bengali Education System by writing many good textbooks for students.
Vidyasagar died in 1891 at the age of 70.

(B) Vishnushastri Pandit:

Vishnushastri Pandit was born in a Chitpavan Brahmin family to Sanskrit scholar Krishnashastri Chiplunkar.
Worked as a school teacher in government schools during the years 1872-1879.
Co-founded the newspapers Kesari (Marathi) and Mahratta (English) along with Lokmanya Tilak and Gopal Ganesh Agarkar.
Also co-founded The New English School in Pune.
Began his career as a writer
In 1874, he started the monthly ‘Nibandmala’ for which he is principally remembered.
Translated the following works in Marathi-
- Rasselas by Samuel Johnson
- Kadambari by Banabhatta
- The Arabian Nights

Rao Bahadur Kandukuri Veereshlingam Pantalu was considered the ’Father of Renaissance movement in Telugu’.
Born on 16th April 1848 at Rajamundry, Andhra Pradesh.
Social reformer and writer at Madras Presidency under British rule.
After completing his matriculation in 1869, he started working as a school teacher in a village.
A scholar of three languages namely Telugu, Sanskrit, and English.
He is most revered for his contribution to the reformation of Telugu society.
Wrote extensively on the emancipation of women, advocated widow remarriage, and denounced child marriages.
Set up schools for the education of girls and women.
In 1887, he started a Brahmo Mandir at Rajamundry.
In 1893, the government of India conferred the title ‘RaoBahadur’ on him
He passed away on 27th May 1919 aged 71.

(D) Maharshi Dhondu Keshav Karve:

Born on 18th April 1858 at Sheravali, India, Dhondu Keshav Karve, or Maharshi Karve he was popularly known as a social reformer in India.
Was a Professor, Activist, Writer, and Social Worker.
Noted for supporting the education of women and for organizing associations for the marriage of Hindu widows.
In 1893, he established the Widow Marriage Association.
He set an example by marrying a widow after his first wife had died in 1891.
Established an educational institution in 1896, Hindu Widows Home in Poona.
He started Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women’s University in 1916.
On his 100th birthday, he was conferred India’s highest honour the ‘Bharat Ratna’.
He died in Pune on November 9, 1962, aged 104.

Project (Textbook Page No. 39)

Collect information about the efforts for women’s education in Maharashtra with the help of the internet.
Answer:
Students can use the following points as reference:

Trace women’s education down the ages.
Education in Maharashtra from 1818-1903.
Pioneer of Women’s education in India-Savitribai Phule.
Female literacy in Maharashtra today.
Schemes for women by the Government of Maharashtra.

12th Std History Questions And Answers: