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Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 7 English Solutions Chapter 4.3 The Red-Headed League Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 7 English Solutions Chapter 4.3 The Red-Headed League

Class 7 English Chapter 4.3 The Red-Headed League Textbook Questions and Answers

Part-I

1. Find and write the descriptions of different people given in this story.

Red Headed League Questions And Answers Question 1.
Find and write the descriptions of different people given in this story.
Answer:
Character Sketch:
a. Sherlock Holmes: A private detective and the story’s protagonist. His keen observations and ability to reason allowing him to solve puzzles that astonish everyone. Sometimes quiet and contemplative, other times bursting with energy, he uses methods that can confuse and frustrate others. He is somewhat a mystery, rarely letting his thoughts known until he has already solved the crime.

b. Dr. John Watson: Sherlock Holmes’ partner and the story’s narrator. Good natured, brave and down-to-earth, Watson is Sherlock Holmes’ sidekick, even though he rarely helps Holmes actually solve any mysteries and Watson often mirrors the reader’s own confusion.

c. Jabez Wilson: A London pawn-broker, Jabez Wilson is an average man whose only remarkable feature is his lock of fiery red hair. His slow and trusting nature prevented him from seeing anything suspicious about either Vincent Spaulding or the preposterous Red-headed League.

d. John Clay / Vincent Spaulding: A notorious criminal working at Jabez Wilson’s pawnshop under the name of Vincent Spaulding. He is evil and haughty. John Clay catches the attention of Sherlock Holmes in spite of his clever plot.

e. Duncan Ross: John Clay’s partner-in-crime. Duncan’s red hair prompts John Clay to devise the Red-headed League to lure Wilson out of his pawnshop for four hours everyday.

2. Present Mr. Wilson’s story as it would be shown in a comic strip.

The Red-Headed League Questions And Answers  Question 1.
Write what picture you will show in each frame along with the dialogues. Write the dialogue with the help of the story. Examples:

Answer:
Frame 1.
Mr. Wilson’s shop:
Spaulding to Wilson: Sir, why don’t you try for this job?

Frame 2.
Mr. Wilson’s shop:
Spaulding to Wilson : It is to help the red-heads.

Frame 3.
Mr. Wilson’s shop
Spaulding to Wilson: They are paying handsomely. It will be an additional income for you.

Frame 4.
Mr. Wilson’s shop:
Spaulding to Wilson: Sir, I will go along with you. Let’s give it a try.

Frame 5.
At Fleet Street:
Wilson to Spaulding: Just see! It is crowded with red-headed people. I don’t stand a chance.

Frame 6.
At Fleet Street:
Spaulding to Wilson: Sir, don’t be disheartened.

Frame 7.
At Fleet Street:
Spaulding to Wilson: Sir, stay by my side. I’ll push you into the office.

Frame 8.
At the office:
Wilson to Spaulding: At last, we are in the office, but there is no one except one man.

Frame 9.
At the office:
Spaulding to Wilson: Sir, you don’t worry. Just answer his questions confidently.

Frame 10.
Mr. Duncan Ross to Wilson:
I’m pleased with your confidence. I’m glad to announce that you have got the job.

Frame 11.
At Fleet Street:
Wilson to Ross: Thank you so much, Sir. I’m highly obliged.

Frame 12.
At the office:
Wilson to Ross: Sir, what am I supposed to do? How much will I be paid?

Frame 13.
At Fleet Street:
Ross to Wilson: You will have to copy the encylopedia Britannica. You will be paid four pounds a week. And: your timings will be from 10 am to 2 pm.

Frame 14.
At the office:
Wilson to Ross: Wonderful Sir, when do I start?

Frame 15.
At the office:
Ross to Wilson: Mr. Wilson, you begin from tomorrow.

Frame 16.
At the office:
Wilson to Ross: Sir, I will put my heart and soul into my job.
Ross to Wilson: You will have to begin with one letter A and go alphabetically.
Wilson to Ross: Ok, Sir.

Frame 17.
At Wilson’s shop:
Spaulding to Wilson: How is your job going?
Wilson to Spaulding: Well I am enjoying it. Mr. Ross is visiting the office every day. He is very much particular about my timings.

Frame 18.
At the office:
Ross to Wilson: How are you finding your work? This is your salary.
Wilson to Ross: Thank you, Sir.

Frame 19.
At Wilson’s office:
Spaulding to Wilson: How are you Sir and how is your job going?
Wilson to Spaulding: It’s been 8 weeks and 1 am really enjoying. Now Mr. Ross has stopped coming to the office.

Frame 20.
At Wilson’s shop:
Spaulding to Wilson: Good morning. What happened today? You did not go out?
Wilson to Spaulding: The office of the League is shut and locked. There is a note nailed on the door saying the League is dissolved.

Frame 21.
At Wilson’s shop:
Wilson to Spaulding: Do you know anything about the League?

Frame 22.
At Wilson’s shop:
Spaulding to Wilson: 1 am unaware about what happened.

Frame 23.
Wilson to himself:
I should find out more about the League. This is a mystery and I want to know why they played this prank upon me.

Frame 24.
Wilson to himself:
Sherlock Holmes will be the best person to solve this mystery. I will go to him.

3. Form groups of five. Discuss how you can complete the rest of the story without referring to Part II of the story.

The Red Headed League Questions And Answers  Question 1.
Form groups of five. Discuss how you can complete the rest of the story without referring to Part II of the story.
Answer:
Mr. Holmes and Watson try to think out why the League shut so abruptly. Holmes feels he should meet Wilson at home to ask some questions that were bothering him. When he reached Wilson’s house, he notices someone leaving the house. Mr. Holmes enquires about that person and understands that he was Wilson’s assistant. Mr. Holmes feels that he has seen the assistants face before.

Later, he checks on records and finds out that the assistant is none but a notorious criminal clay who was absconding. Mr. Holmes already had a sketch of Mr. Ross. On enquiring he came to know that Ross and Spaulding were very close. Mr. Holmes goes to Mr. Ross’ house and threatens him. Mr. Ross spills the beans, that he and Spaulding were going to rob Mr. Wilson the very next day. Mr. Holmes informs the police and both Spaulding and Ross are caught and put behind bars.

4. Language Study.

Modal auxiliary: You have read about main verbs and auxiliary verbs in Sid VI. You know that auxiliary verbs are helping verbs. Modal auxiliary verbs or modal verbs are also helping verbs. They are used with main verbs to show changes/modifications in the meaning of the main verb. They show possibility, ability, permission, intention, etc.
The modal auxiliaries are:

1. can, may, shall, will
2. could, might, should, would
3. must, ought to, used to, need, dare ………

Remember the following:

1. We do not use ‘to’ before a modal.
2. We do not add ‘-ed’ or ‘-Ing’ to a modal.
3. We can form questions and negative sentences using modals without using the auxiliaries be, have, or do.

Examples:

1. They can swim.
2. May I come In?
3. We shall sing.
4. Can he swim?
5. You may go.
6. She ought to play.
7. He cannot swim.
8. You must go.
9. They might come.

Frame simple sentences – statements, questions, requests. orders, permissions, etc. using the modals listed above.
Answer:

1. Take an umbrella. It may rain today.
2. You should not leave objects lying on the floor.
3. Drivers must stop when the traffic light is red.
4. Can you speak French?
5. I could not solve the problem.
6. May I ask you a question?
7. You may take a holiday today.
8. You should see a doctor.
9. I could run fast when I was young.
10. Can I go out?
11. You need not buy any vegetables.
12. Students shall not enter this room.
13. What should I do to get rid of this pain?

The Red Headed League Question Answer Part – II

1. Put the following events in proper order.

The Red-Headed League 7th Standard Question Answer  Question 1.
Holmes and others go to the bank.
Answer:
The bank received a lot of gold from the Bank of France.

Questions Answers Of Red Headed League Question 2.
Clay digs a tunnel.
Answer:
Clay digs a tunnel.

The Red Headed League Std 7  Question 3.
Ross closes the office of the ‘Red-headed League’.
Answer:
Ross closes the office of the ‘Red-headed League’.

The Red-Headed League 7th Standard Question 4.
Holmes catches the criminal Clay.
Answer:
Holmes visits the area around Mr. Wilson’s shop.

Std 7 English The Red Headed League  Question 5.
Clay and Ross enter the cellar to steal the gold.
Answer:
Holmes and others go to the bank.

The Red Headed League Questions And Answers  Question 6.
The bank received a lot of gold from the Bank of France.
Answer:
Clay and Ross enter the cellar to steal the gold.

The Red Headed League Question And Answer  Question 7.
Holmes visits the area around Mr. Wilson’s shop.
Answer:
Holmes catches the criminal Clay.

2. From the passage, find adverbs that end with ‘-ly’.

Question a.
From the passage, find adverbs that end with ‘-ly’. Find the adjective in each of the adverb
Answer:

 

Adverb	Adjective
frankly	frank
silently	Silent
carefully	careful
finally	final
suddenly	sudden
beautifully	beautiful

3. Discuss the following elements of a detective or mystery story.

Question a.
Discuss the following elements of a detective or mystery story.

1. a mystery
2. strange happenings
3. a smart detective who investigates the happenings
4. a crime/possibility of a crime
5. preventing the crime and catching the criminal.
6. characteristics of the victim
7. characteristics of the criminal
8. characteristics of the detective

Use the elements to prepare outlines of detective stories using your imagination. Write a story using any one of the outlines.
Answer:
Outline:

1. Disappearance of the ‘Will’.
2. Death of the head of the family.
3. Wife and two sons left behind.
4. ‘Will’ to be read before family members.
5. The elder brother in charge of the ‘Will’.
6. He makes excuses of misplacing the ‘Will’ and shows the photocopy of the ‘Will’.
7. The family lawyer insists on the original ‘Will’.
8. The elder brother keeps insisting on having lost the ‘Will’.
9. Mr. Karamchand, a clever and intelligent detective called.
10. The detective makes the necessary enquiries.
11. The elder brother, a gambler, a revelation.
12. The detective catches the elder brother in his own act.
13. The elder brother owns up.
14. The lawyer with the help of the detective prevents a big crime from being executed.

Caught in his own act:

The disappearance of the ‘Will’ was a mystery in the Patwardhan family. The disappearance of the ‘Will’ came to light when it had to be read by the family members after the death of senior Mr. Patwardhan. Mr. Patwardhan had left behind a lot of property and wealth. Mr. Patwardhan had left behind his wife and two sons. When the family lawyer enquired about the ‘Will’, Mrs Patwardhan said that she had given it to her elder son who had said that he would keep it safely. The younger son was unaware of the ‘Will’ made by his father.

When the lawyer of the family asked him if he had read his father’s ‘Will’, he realised what they were saying and asked his mother to show the ‘Will’, she said that it was with her elder son. When the elder son was asked about the ‘Will’, he started making excuses by saying he had misplaced the ‘Will’ and could not find it. The family lawyer insisted that the ‘Will’ be shown to the younger son.

The elder son brought a photocopy of the ‘Will’. The younger son and the family lawyer demanded the original ‘Will’. The elder son kept on making excuses and also said that the original ‘Will’ was lost. There was something in this situation which was a mystery. This is when the younger son hires a smart and intelligent detective, Mr. Karamchand. Mr. Karamchand makes a lot of enquiries and comes to know that the elder son was in the habit of gambling and was in a lot of debts.

Mr. Karamchand also came to know that the elder son was a very sweet talker and could twist and turn situations to his advantage. On the other hand, the younger brother was quite a simpleton who was happy with what he had, making it easier for the elder brother to manipulate him.

Their mother being quite old, had bouts of memory loss. This was another good reason for the elder son to do as he pleased. Mr. Karamchand, very cleverly got the truth out from the elder son. Mr. Karamchand informed the family lawyer, who in turn, demanded the original copy of the ‘Will’ from the elder son.

The lawyer also told him that it was a crime not to show the ‘Will’ to the family members. The elder brother showed the ‘Will’ to the younger brother. The younger brother read the ‘Will’ and handed it to the family lawyer without suspecting anything. The family lawyer went through the ‘Will’ and found out that the ‘Will’ had been tampered with. The dates and certain words were changed for the benefit of the elder brother.

After a lot of interrogation, the elder brother accepted the crime committed by him. The family lawyer rectified the changes made and now the younger brother got his share of property and wealth.

4. Use the following outline to develop a story as a group activity. Then write the story individually.

Question a.
Family returns home late at night ……………. hear conversation between thieves from inside the locked house ……………. family gets ready to counter …………….. attack …………… father opens the …………… door ……………. all enter ………….. no one is seen ……………… but T.V. is on detective serial midway.
Answer:
A Family Drama:
After attending the reception cum dinner of their close friend’s daughter, at the famous five star hotel ‘The Oberoi’, Mr. Pai and his family were returning home discussing the evening. Mr. and Mrs Pai along with their two children Suhani and Soham had attended the function. It was quite late at night, and to add to it, it began to rain making the surroundings dark and scary.

Mr. Pai drove the car cautiously and reached their colony safely. Mr. Pai parked the car while the others waited for him at the entrance of their building. It was still raining and the watchman was nowhere in sight. The common light in the building was not on. The way leading to their house was in darkness. Somehow they gropped their way to the second floor, where they lived. As they reached their house, Mr. Pai felt that he heard footsteps and whispering coming from inside their house. He asked his wife to listen carefully and she too agreed that there was whispering. The conversation indicated robbers searching for valuables. There was no light in their house.

Mr. Pai was an army officer. He asked his family members to stand behind him and he opened the main door very slowly. He could hear conversation and movements too. He slowly went towards the bedroom from where the conversation was coming. The door was closed.

He took out his revolver and pushed the door open quickly only to understand that the conversation was from the T.V. serial ‘Crime Patrol’. He then remembered that he had been watching T.V. before leaving home and had forgotten to switch it off. The other family members who had followed him gave a huge sigh of relief.

5. Language Study.

Synonyms, antonyms, homonyms: Synonyms are the words from the same language that have the same or more or less the same meaning.
Examples:

1. good – nice – pretty
2. shut – closed – sealed
3. intelligent – bright

Antonyms are words from the same language that have opposite meanings.
Examples :

1. strong – weak
2. right – wrong
3. hard – soft
4. up – down

Homonyms are words that are spelt and pronounced in the same way but
have different meaning.
Examples

1. round adjective. – round noun.
2. walk noun. – walk verb.

Start a collection of synonyms, antonyms and homonyms. Collect at least 50 each. Keep adding to your selection.
Answer:
Examples of Synonyms:

1. advice – help – guidance – aid
2. argument – dispute – squabble
3. aromatic – fragrant
4. backbone – spine
5. choosy – picky
6. constant – fixed
7. defective – faulty
8. enormous – huge – immense
9. famous – popular – renowned
10. fantastic – great – brilliant

Examples of Antonyms:

1. predator × prey
2. employer × employee
3. former × latter
4. exhale × inhale
5. natural × artificial

Examples of homonyms:

1. bark (n) – bark (y)
2. bow (n) – bow (y)
3. clear (adj) – clear (y)
4. current (adj) – current (n)
5. fair (adj) – fair (n)

Class 7 English Chapter 4.3 The Red-Headed League Additional Important Questions and Answers

Answer the following questions:

The Red-Headed League Questions And Answers Pdf  Question 1.
Who was well suited for the job?
Answer:
Mr. Wilson was well suited for the job.

The Red Headed League Answers  Question 2.
What would you suggest/advice Mr. Wilson to do in the given situation?
Answer:
The best thing to do when you know a crime is being committed or you are being cheated is to go to the lawful authority. I would suggest/ advice Mr. Wilson to go to the police and file a complaint against the people who had cheated him. It is better to do so rather than taking matters into your own hands and make the situation worse.

The Red-Headed League Book Back Answers Question 3.
What did Holmes want to see? Why?
Answer:
Holmes wanted to see the knees of Mr. Spaulding’s trousers. It was to see if thery were dirty.

The Red Headed League Class 7  Question 4.
Guess where Mr. Merryweather took the others.
Answer:
Mr. Merryweather led the others through an iron gate, down a narrow passage, that led through a dark, passage into a huge cellar, full of big boxes.

The Red Headed League 7th Standard Question 5.
How did Mr. Merryweather come to know about the crime?
Answer:
Mr. Merryweather got a hint of the crime from Mr. Sherlock Holmes.

The Red Headed League Class 8 Question Answer Question 6.
Why did Mr. Holmes think the criminals would act that night?
Answer:
Mr. Holmes had a strong feeling that the criminals would act that night because it was a Friday and the banks and offices would be closed for the weekend making the work of the criminals easier.

Question 7.
How did the criminals enter the cellar?
Answer:
The criminals had made a square gash on the wall which separated Mr. Wilson’s house and the bank’s cellar. They removed a broad stone which left a square hole enabling the criminals to enter into the cellar.

Question 8.
Who were the two criminals?
Answer:
The two criminals were none other than Mr. Vincent Spaulding alias Clay and Mr. Duncan Ross.

Question 9.
Why did Holmes become suspicious?
Answer:
Mr. Holmes became suspicious when he heard that Mr. Spaulding, Mr. Wilson’s assistant worked for only half the wages.

Question 10.
How did Holmes find out that the assistant was a criminal?
Answer:
Mr. Holmes used Mr. Wilson’s description of his assistant, made further enquiries and found out that Mr. Spaulding was none other than Clay, a criminal.

Question 11.
How did Mr. Holmes guess that Mr. Spaulding was digging a tunnel?
Answer:
Mr. Holmes suspected that Mr. Spaulding was digging a tunnel because when Mr. Spaulding Clay. answered the doorbell, the knees of his trousers were wrinkled and stained and this confirmed his suspicion.

Reading Skills, Vocabulary and Grammar

Question 1.
Simple Factual Questions:
Match the columns.

Columns ‘A’	Columns ‘B’
Mr. Hopkins	Representative of the Red-headed league
Mr. Wilson	American Millionaire
Vincent Spaulding	Pawnbroker
Mr. Duncan Ross	Assistant to Wilson

Answer:

Columns ‘A’	Columns ‘B’
Mr. Hopkins	American Millionaire
Mr. Wilson	Pawnbroker
Vincent Spaulding	Assistant to Wilson
Mr. Duncan Ross	Representative of the Red-headed league

Complex Factual Questions:

Question 1.
Why did Wilson like his assistant Spaulding?
Answer:
Wilson liked his assistant Spaulding as he was smart, efficient and worked for only half the normal wages.

Question 2.
Why was Fleet Street full of red-headed people?
Answer:
There was an advertisement in the newspaper calling red-headed people in person to apply for a job at the office of the league. As the office was on Fleet Street, it was full of red-headed people.

Question 3.
What did Mr. Wilson think looking at the crowd?
Answer:
Seeing the crowd of red-headed people on the street, Mr. Wilson lost all hope of getting the job. Hence he wanted to go back.

Question 4.
What happened when Mr. Duncan Ross saw Mr. Wilson?
Answer:
Mr. Duncan was very pleased to see Mr. Wilson and announced immediately that he was well situated for the job. He sent back all the other candidates.

Question 5.
Why did Mr. Wilson accept the job?
Answer:
Mr. Wilson accepted the job because the pay was not only very good but also Spaulding assured Mr. Wilson that he would look after Mr. Wilson’s business in his absence.

Vocabulary.

Question 1.
Make 4 words of minimum 4 letters from the given words.
1. advertisement
2. representative
Answer:
1. adverse, verse, meant, said
2. present, pretest, native, resent

Question 2.
Give nouns form.

1. smart
2. efficient
3. develop
4. sat
5. announce
6. explain.

Answer:

1. smartness
2. efficiency
3. development
4. seat
5. announcement
6. explanation

Grammar.

Question 1.
There was nothing in the office but a couple of chairs and a table. Remove negative.
Answer:
There were only a couple of chairs and a table in the office.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Who do you think is smarter – Mr. Wilson or his assistant?
Answer:
I think Mr. Wilson’s assistant, Spaulding was smarter. It was he who showed the advertisement to Mr. Wilson and urged and encouraged him to apply for the job. Seeing the large number of people trying to get the job, Mr. Wilson wanted to go back but spaulding pushed through the crowed and took him inside the office and saw to it that he got the job.

Question 2.
Would you like to do such a job?
Answer:
I would not like to do such a meaningless mundane and uninteresting job. Jobs should be interesting, challenging and provide scope for further learning and application of different skills which is totally absent in the job taken up by Mr. Wilson.

Question 3.
Why would anyone want to copy an encyclopedia?
Answer:
No one in their right sense would copy an encyclopedia/ However, for reference in some study, students as well as teachers could copy down specific matter they need. In the same very, someone who is challenging some matter given or want to upgrade it can copy relevant portion of an encyclopedia.

Question 4.
What would we do today, if we needed copies of text from a big book?
Answer:
Today, one would just take a photocopy xerox. of the required material.

Question 5.
What is the difference between a dictionary and an encyclopedia?
Answer:
An encyclopedia is a set of books with a collection of information about various topics and subjects while a dictionary contains meanings of different words. Both are arranged in alphabetical order.

Question 6.
Suggest a few words that may appear under ‘A’ after ‘Archery’ in an encyclopedia.
Answer:
Words that may appear under ‘A’ after ‘Archery’ in an encyclopedia could be as follows: architect, aromatics, asparagus, assassinator, astrobiologist, astrophysical, etc.

Simple Factual Questions.

Question 1.
Complete the following.

1. And then suddenly the whole ……………
2. The rooms had been rented ……………
3. Holmes found Mr. Wilson’s story ……………
4. Small, stout, with ……………

Answer:

1. business came to an end.
2. under a false name
3. very unusual
4. no hair on his face

Complex Factual Questions.

Question 1.
Why was Mr. Wilson shocked?
Answer:
Mr. Wilson has been working for eight weeks and as usual when he reached the office at ten o’ clock, he found the door shut and locked. He found a little note nailed on, it which said that the Red-headed league was dissolved. This shocked him.

Question 2.
What did Mr. Wilson do next?
Answer:
Mr. Wilson enquired at the nearly offices, but no one knew anything about the league.

Question 3.
Why did Mr. Wilson go to Mr. Holmes?
Answer:
Mr. Wilson felt cheated when he suddenly lost his job with a good pay. He was curious to find out about the league and why they played a prank upon him. He had also heard about the ability of Mr. Holmes to solve mysteries.

Question 4.
How did Mr. Wilson describe his assistant?
Answer:
Mr. Wilson described his assistant as small, stout, with no hair an his face and had a white splash of acid on his forehead.

Question 5.
What kind of a man was Mr. Wilson?
Answer:
Mr. Wilson was a simpleton. He could be easily taken for a ride. He was hardworking and diligent.

Vocabulary.

Question 1.
Give one word for the following.

1. sincerely and tirelessly
2. A playful trick that causes no harm
3. Something which cannot be explained
4. happening quickly and unexpectedly
5. Solidly built

Answer:

1. diligently
2. prank
3. mystery
4. suddenly
5. stout

Question 2.
Frame a sentence of your own with ‘diligently’.
Answer:
We must always work diligently.

Grammar.

Question 1.
On Saturday I got my salary. (Identify the subject and predicate)
Answer:
Subject-I
Predicate – got my salary on Saturday

Question 2.
I had written Abbots, Archery etc. (Begin with ‘Abbots…’)
Answer:
Abbots, Archery etc. had been written by me.

Question 3.
He did not come at all. Add a question tag.
Answer:
He did not come at all, did he?

Question 4.
Mr. Wilson wrote diligently for four hours. (Identify the part of speech of the underlined words)
Answer:
diligently – adverb
four – adjective

Question 5.
He locked the door of the office. (End with ‘……. the office’)
Answer:
Didn’t he lock the door of the office?

Personal Response.

Question 1.
What would you advice Mr. Wilson to do in the given situation?
Answer:
I feel Mr. Wilson made the right decision to take the help of Mr. Holmes about whom he had heard a lot.

Simple Factual Questions.

Question 1.
Complete the following.

1. Mr. Holmes asked ……………
2. The offices and banks will be ……………
3. We followed him down a ……………
4. We are in the cellar of the city branch of ……………

Answer:

1. the way to the Strand
2. closed for the weekend
3. narrow passage
4. one of the main banks of London

Complex Factual Questions.

Question 1.
Tell the name of the young man who opened the door to Mr. Holmes.
Answer:
The young man who opened the door to Mr. Holmes was his assistant Mr. Vincent Spaulding.

Question 2.
What announcement did Mr. Holmes make?
Answer:
Mr. Holmes announced that they were going to hunt one of the smartest criminals in London.

Vocabulary.

Question 1.
Provide suitable adjective to the nouns given below.

1. weekend
2. banker
3. road
4. passage

Answer:

1. long weekend
2. successful banker
3. busy road
4. interesting passage

Grammar.

Question 1.
We went to the square were Mr. Wilson had his shop. (Change into future tense.)
Answer:
We will go to the square where Mr. Wilson has his shop.

Question 2.
We followed him down a narrow passage. (Rewrite the sentence beginning…. He was followed….)
Answer:
He was followed by us down a narrow passage.

Personal Response.

Question 1.
Why did the criminals take interest in the cellar?
Answer:
Mr. Merryweather’s banks had borrowed a huge quantity of gold from the Bank of France and the boxes in the cellar were full of gold. Hence the criminals were interested in the cellar.

Complex Factual Questions.

Question 1.
Was Clay successful in using his revolver? Why?
Answer:
No, Clay was not successful in using his revolver because Mr. Holmes at once hit him on his wrist and the revolver fell on the floor.

Question 2.
Who came out of the square hole?
Answer:
Mr. Spaulding and Mr. Ross came out of the square hole.

Grammar.

Question 1.
A boyish face emerged. (Pick out the adjective)
Answer:
boyish

Question 2.
He had a companion with him. (Add a question tag)
Answer:
He had a companion with him, didn’t he?

Personal Response.

Question 1.
Who tried to get away? Do you think he was able to escape? Why?
Answer:
Mr. Duncan Ross tried to get away. But, he was not successful in escaping because there were three men waiting for him at the other end.

Simple Factual Questions.

Question 1.
Say if the statements are true or false.

1. Dr. Watson foiled one of the cunning attempts at bank robbery.
2. Using the tunnel they entered the bank.
3. The assistant working for half the wages made Mr. Holmes suspicious.

Answer:

1. False. It was’t Dr. Watson, if was Holmes,
2. False
3. True

Complex Factual Questions.

Question 1.
Why did Mr. Merryweather thank Mr. Holmes?
Answer:
Mr. Merryweather thanked Mr. Holmes as he had foiled one of the most cunning attempts at banks robbery.

Question 2.
What was strange about the advertisement?
Answer:
The advertisement and the peculiar job was purly to get Mr. Wilson away from his shop for some hours every day.

Question 3.
Why did clay and his companion dig the underground tunnel?
Answer:
Clay and his companion dug the underground tunnel to enter the bank and steal the gold without breaking open the doors of the bank.

Question 4.
What confirmed Mr. Holmes’ suspicion?
Answer:
When clay answered the bell, the knees of his trousers were wrinkled and stained, this confirmed his suspicion that he was digging.

Question 5.
“You reasoned it out beautifully!” Express it differently.
Answer:
You solved the puzzle very logically.
or
You connected the dots beautifully.

Vocabulary.

Question 1.
Averbs forms of.

1. thank
2. grateful
3. obvious
4. suspicious
5. admiration

Answer:

1. thankfully
2. gratefully
3. obviously
4. suspiciously
5. admirably

Grammar.

Question 1.
Pick four adjectives from the passage.
Answer:
cunning, cleaver, suspicious, beautifully

Personal Response.

Question 1.
Explain the trick of the ‘Red-headed League’. How was it related to Mr. Wilson’s hair?
Answer:
The ‘Red-headed League’ was a clever idea of Mr. Spaulding and Mr. Ross, to keep away Mr. Wilson from his own home for some time during the day so that they could dig a tunnel from Mr. Wilson’s house to the bank in the hope of stealing the gold from the bank without breaking open the doors of the bank. The ‘Red-headed League’ was no way connected to Mr. Wilson’s hair. It was just a way to get Mr. Wilson to apply for the job.

Language Study.

Question 1.
Complete the exercise by filling in with the right modals.

1. You …………… be late again, (mustn’t / needn’t)
2. You …………… do it now; you can finish it later. (mustn’t / needn’t)
3. I think you ……………….. see a doctor, (should / can)
4. …………… you help me? (May / Will)
5. Students ……………… arrive to class on time, (can / must)
6. I ……………. eat or I’ll faint, (ought to / would)

Answer:

1. mustn’t
2. needn’t
3. should
4. Will
5. must
6. ought to

Question 2.

1. The ……………. (fare/fair) in the village was breathtaking. Fill in with the correct homophone.
2. Mohan won a ……………. (meddle / medal) in the swimming competition. Fill in with the correct homophone.
3. When it …………….(rains/reins), it pours. Fill with the correct word.
4. We were early but they were ……………. (Fill in with the antonym of the underlined word)
5. I (heard / herd) that the assistant worked for half the wages. (Cross out the wrong word)
6. They planned to steal the gold. (Frame a ‘Wh’ question so as to get the underlined words as the answer)

Answer:

1. fair
2. medal
3. rains
4. late
5. herd

Formative Assessment.

Question 1.
What do you have to do when you are told to ‘apply in person’ ?
Answer:

1. i. Before applying for a job in person, it’s necessary to check out who is hiring.
2. ii. Take time to research the employers before applying for jobs in person.
3. iii. You have to know what you need to take when you go there.
4. iv. The information youll need to complete a job application.
5. v. How to prepare for, on the spot interview.
6. vi. These points will guide you to provide all the information you need to apply in person, make a good impression and successfully get hired.

Question 2.
Find samples of ‘classified ads’ from an English newspaper. Where will the advertisement given here be seen in the classifieds?
Answer:
Samples of classified ads from The Times of India:

The advertisement given in the story will be seen in ‘Situations Vacant’ or ‘Part Time Jobs’.

Question 3.
Find out how photographs were developed in those days.
Answer:
Louis Daguerre was the inventor of the first practical process of photography.
Steps followed:

1. Fix the image on a sheet of silver plate.
2. Polish silver plate and coat it in iodine.
3. Put plate in camera and expose it for a few minutes.
4. Once image is painted by light, the plate is put into a solution of silver chloride.
5. This process will create an image that would last a long time and will not get exposed to light.
6. Students should find out more methods of photography.

The Red-Headed League Summary in English

This story is filled with mystery and suspense which keeps the reader wanting to know more. It is about a pawn-broker named Mr. Wilson, who goes to Sherlock Holmes and Watson and tells them about a strange business with a red-haired man. He tells them how his assistant encouraged him to apply for the job which he got. He worked for eight weeks. Suddenly the office closed without any notice. Holmes’ detective mind finds something fishy about the happenings as narrated by Mr. Wilson. The story ends with Mr. Wilson’s assistant Mr. Spaulding being a criminal, and he along with his friend Mr. Ross had planned to rob gold from a bank, through an underground tunnel dug out from Wilson’s house to the bank. However, Sherlock Holmes foiled their plan and put them behind bars.

Introduction:

The lesson The Red-Headed League’ is one of the 56 Sherlock Holmes’ short stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. It involves mystery and suspense.

Glossary:

1. fiery (adj) – glowing
2. pawn-broker (n) – a person who lends money on interest against things of value
3. efficient (adj) – able to work well and produce good results
4. assured (v) – guaranteed
5. diligently (adv) – carefully, sincerely
6. bade (v) – to tell
7. dissolved (v) – disbanded (here) it means the organization was closed down.
8. league (n) – an association or a formal group of people.
9. prank (n)- playful trick that causes no harm.
10. foiled (v) – laid waste, prevented
11. splash (n) – sound made by something hitting the surface of some liquid.
12. Strand (n) – a famous place in London
13. cellar (n) – a room used for storage under a building
14. take the criminals by surprise (phr) – catch then when they least expect it.
15. object (v) – purpose, reason
16. stopped all the holes (phr) – closed all the routes by which criminal may escape/run away
17. seized by the collar (phr) – hold by the neck
18. Frank (adj) – honest and outspoken
19. gash (n) – a long deep cut
20. attempt (v) – to endeavour to do, to try

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 7 History Solutions Chapter 8 An Ideal Ruler Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 7 History Solutions Chapter 8 An Ideal Ruler

Class 7 History Chapter 8 An Ideal Ruler Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Find it from the chapter:

Std 7 History Chapter 8 An Ideal Ruler Question 1.
Grave dangers in the life of Shivaji Maharaj.
Answer:

• The meeting with Afzalkhan.
• The siege of Panhala.
• The attack on Shaistakhan.
• The escape from Agra.

Class 7 History Chapter 8 An Ideal Ruler Question 2.
They risked their life at the time when the Maharaj escaped from Agra.
Answer:
(a) Hiroji Farjand
(b) Madari Meheter

An Ideal Ruler Std 7 Questions And Answers Question 3.
What warning did Shivaji Maharaj issue to the Deshmukh of Rohida Valley?
Answer:
Maharaj warned the Deshmukh of the Rohida Valley not to fail in his duty to the ryot.

An Ideal Ruler Std 7 Question Answer Question 4.
What inspiration can future generations draw ‘ from the life of Shivaji Maharaj?
Answer:
The future generation will continue to draw inspiration from the work of Shivaji Maharaj, who laid the foundation of Swaraj and turning ,
it into Surajya, as an ideal and a source of inspiration.

2. Write about it in your own words:

8. An Ideal Ruler Question 1.
the Deshmukh to avoid any loss of the ryot?
Answer:

• Maharaj warned the Deshmukh of the Rohida Valley not to fail in his duty to the Ryot.
• He told him to visit every village and shift people to a safe place down the ghats.
• He strictly told him not to delay even for a moment.

An Ideal Ruler Std 7 Question 2.
How do we know that his religious policy was that of tolerance?
Answer:
(i) The Maharaj had to struggle against the Islamic rulers such the Adilshahi, the Mughals and the Siddis. But he considered the Muslims in Swaraj as his own people.

(ii) While meeting Afzalkhan, Siddi Ibrahim was a servant in his army.

(iii) Siddi Hilal was a soldier in the army.

(iv) Daulatkhan was an important officer in his navy.

(v) During the campaign, the soldiers were instructed not to harm a mosque. If they came in possession of a copy of the Holy Quran, they should hand over the same with due respect to a Muslim.

An Ideal Ruler Question Answer Question 3.
Explain Shivaji Maharaj’s policy regarding the army.
Answer:

• There was strict discipline in the army.
• The soldiers were paid salaries regularly.
• They were paid cash and not jagirs.
• There was a strict order to the army that the valuable collected from the enemy territories were to be deposited with the government.
• Soldiers were honoured for their bravery.
• Maintenance of the families of soldiers who died in battles were looked after.
• He took care of the wounded soldiers and the enemy soldiers who had surrendered.

3. Give one word for:

8.An Ideal Ruler Question 1.
An important officer in the navy of Swaraj.
Answer:
Daulatkhan

An Ideal Ruler Question 2.
A Tamil poet who composed a poem on Shivaji Maharaj.
Answer:
Subramanyam Bharati

An Ideal Ruler Std 7 Chapter 8 Question 3.
Created an independent kingdom in Bundelkhand.
Answer:
Chhatrasal

8 An Ideal Ruler Std 7 Question 4.
He composed Powadas on the greatness of Shivaji Maharaj.
Answer:
Mahatma Jyotirao Phule

Activities:

1. Tell how you help your friend in his need.
2. List the places named after famous personalities.

Class 7 History Chapter 8 An Ideal Ruler InText Questions and Answers

Can you tell?

Question 1.
How is the waste in your area managed?
Answer:
(i) Recycling: The waste materials such as old newspaper pieces of glass, bottles, empty tins are sold and later are used by recycling it.

(ii) Many NGOs are working for waste management. They are helping the rag pickers to collect the recycling waste from the door steps, rather than collecting from the soil in the bad and dirty condition.
Creating Awareness for waste management.

• Use cloth bags instead of plastic.
• Bye food that has less packaging.
• Reduce paper usage.
• Separating the dry and the wet waste in separate bins.

Question 2.
State the name of the machinery that looks after waste management.
Answer:
BMC: Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation.

Think about it:

Question 1.
Why is it necessary to grow trees?
Answer:

• Trees are very important on this planet.
• They give us oxygen, store carbon.
• They stabilise the soil and gives life.
• They absorb carbon dioxide and harmful gases such as sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide from air.
• They provide habitat and food for birds and other animals.
• They provide us the materials for tools and shelter

Class 7 History Chapter 8 An Ideal Ruler Additional Important Questions and Answers

Complete the sentence by choosing the appropriate word from the options given below:

Question 1.
______ was an important officer in the navy of the Swaraj. (Daulatkhan, Siddi Hilal, Tanaji Malusare)
Answer:
Daulatkhan

Question 2.
The Maharaj inspired _______ to create an independent kingdom in Bundelkhand. (Chhatrasal, Jim Mahal, Daulatkhan)
Answer:
Chhatrasal

Question 3.
_______ was a Sardar in the army of the Maharaj. (Siddi Ibrahim, Siddi Hilal, Daulatkhan)
Answer:
Siddi Hilal

Question 4.
______ has written a book about the greatness of Maharaj. (Pandit fawaharlal Nehru, Kahfikhan, Lala Lajpatrai)
Answer:
Lala Lajpatrai

Question 5.
__________ sacrificed his life while conquering Sinhagad. (Hiroji Farjand, Jiva Mahal, Tanaji Malusare)
Answer:
Tanaji Malusare

Question 6.
________ crossed the sledge of Panhalagad in disguise of Shivaji Maharaj. (kind, cash, gold)
Answer:
Shiva Kashid

Question 7.
Maharaj made arrangements to pay the salaries of soldiers in _______ (Shiva Kashid, Tanaji Malusare, Kanhoji)
Answer:
cash

Question 8.
_______ described in his powadas the greatness of Shivaji Maharaj. (Lokmanya Tilak, Mahatma jyotirao Phule, Lola Lajpatrai)
Answer:
Mahatma Jyotirao Phule

Give one word for:

Question 1.
Built sea forts and created a navy.
Answer:
Sindhudurg

Question 2.
Written long poem on Maharaj.
Answer:
Vishwakavi Rabindranath Tagore.

Answer in one or two sentences each:

Question 1.
Which powers ruled over Maharashtra before the foundation of Swaraj?
Answer:
Adilshahi, the Portuguese and Mughal powers ruled over Maharashtra.

Question 2.
Which four major dangers did Shivaji Maharaj face?
Answer:
(a) Meeting with Afzalkhan
(b) Siege of Panhala
(c) Attack on Shaistakhan
(d) Escape from Agra

Question 3.
What had Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru said about Shivaji Maharaj?
Answer:
“The Maharaj did not belong to Maharashtra alone, he belonged to the whole Indian nation”, was said by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.

Question 4.
What shows that Shivaji Maharaj was a great environmentalist?
Answer:
(a) The garbage in his fort was burnt in an allotted space.
(b) Even vegetables had to be grown on its ash. These lines show that Shivaji Maharaj was a great environmentalist.

Question 5.
Mention few qualities of Shivaji Maharaj.
Answer:
Shivaji Maharaj had innumerable qualities like leadership, management, foresight, political diplomacy, military administration, loyalty towards truth and justice, etc.

Question 6.
Which actions of Shivaji Maharaj prove that he was a pioneer of a new era?
Answer:
Maharaj established Swaraj while fighting against many enemies. This action itself proves that he was a pioneer of a new era.

Question 7.
What did Shivaji Maharaj aim to establish?
Answer:
Shivaji Maharaj aimed at establishing and maintaining an independent and sovereign existence, that did not accept the dominance of any power.

Question 8.
What was deeply installed in Shivaji Maharaj’s mind?
Answer:
The teachings of his parents towards the establishmnet of Swaraj and ethics were deeply instilled in his mind.

Question 9.
How did Tagore see Shivaji Maharaj’s efforts of founding Swaraj?
Answer:
Tagore saw his efforts on founding Swaraj as efforts for realizing a noble cause.

Find it from the chapter:

Question 1.
What advice did Shivaji Maharaj give theageing Kanhoji when he fell ill?
Answer:
When the ageing Kanhoji fell ill, Maharaj told him not to neglect his medicines or treatment on any account.

Write about the following in your own words:

Question 1.
What inspiration can you draw from Shivaji Maharaj’s life?
Answer:
(i) Future generation will continue to look upon the work of Shivaji Maharaj of founding the Swaraj and turning it into Surajya as an ideal and a source of inspiration.

(ii) Shivaji Maharaj was a great National Hero.

(iii) All Indian languages have works that talk about him as an ideal ruler and a source of inspiration.

Question 2.
Organisational skills of the Maharaj.
Answer:
The organisational skills of the Maharaj were unparallel and for this he had his royal associates.

• Jiva Mahala killed Sayyid Banda during the meeting with Afzalkhan.
• Bajiprabhu Deshpande blocked the advances of the enemy on the way to Vishalgad.
• Murarbaji Deshpande defended the fort of Purandar.
• Tanaji Malusare sacrificed his life while conquering Sinhagad.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Hindi Solutions Lokbharti Chapter 2 जंगल Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Hindi Lokbharti Solutions Chapter 2 जंगल (पूरक पठन)

Hindi Lokbharti 9th Std Digest Chapter 2 जंगल Textbook Questions and Answers

मौलिक सृजन :

प्रश्न 1.
जंगल ऑक्सीजन की आपूर्ति करने वाले स्रोत मौलिक सृजन है। इस विषय पर अपने विचार लिखिए।
उत्तर:
प्राचीन काल से ही जंगल मनुष्य के जीवन में विशेष महत्व रखते हैं। यह मानव जीवन के लिए प्रकृति का अनुपम उपहार है। हमारे जंगल पेड़-पौधे ही नहीं अपितु अनेकों उपयोगी जीव-जंतुओं व औषधियों का भंडार हैं। जंगल में प्रचुर मात्रा में पेड़ होते हैं। वे प्रचुर मात्रा में ऑक्सीजन देकर मानव मात्र का कल्याण करते हैं। वैसे तो सभी वृक्ष दिन के समय ऑक्सीजन छोड़ते हैं; जो जीवन के लिए आवश्यक तत्त्व है परंतु पीपल के वृक्ष में ऑक्सीजन प्रदान करने का अनुपात उन वृक्षों की तुलना में अधिक होता है। इसके अतिरिक्त नीम, बबूल, तुलसी, आँवला व शमी आदि वृक्ष भी हमें ऑक्सीज़न देते हैं। यदि जंगल नहीं होते, तो इंसान को जीवन जीने के लिए ऑक्सीज़न पर्याप्त मात्रा में उपलब्ध नहीं होता; ऐसे में जीवन की कल्पना करना असंभव हो जाता।

पठनीय :

प्रश्न 1.
जंगलों से प्राप्त होने वाले संसाधनों की जानकारी का वाचन कीजिए।

लेखनीय :

प्रश्न 1.
महाराष्ट्र के प्रमुख अभयारण्यों की जानकारी निम्न मुद्दों के आधार पर लिखिए।

उत्तर:

नाम	स्थान	विशेषताएँ
कर्नाला अभयारण्य	कर्नाला	तरह तरह के पक्षियों की प्रजातियों के लिए प्रसिद्ध
संजय गांधी राष्ट्रीय उद्यान	मुंबई	वन्य जीवों के लिए प्रसिद्ध एवं बाघों की सफारी देखने लायक
ताडोबा राष्ट्रीय उद्यान	जिला: चंद्रपुर	बाधों के लिए प्रसिद्ध
नागझिरा अभयारण्य	जिला: भंडारा व गोंदिया	वन्य जीव एवं पक्षियों के लिए प्रसिद्ध
पेच राष्ट्रीय उद्यान	नागपुर	वन्य जीवों के लिए प्रसिद्ध

आसपास :

प्रश्न 1.
अपने गाँव/शहर के वन विभाग अधिकारी से उनके कार्यसंबंधी जानकारी प्राप्त कीजिए।

श्रवणीय :

प्रश्न 1.
‘मानो सूखा वृक्ष बोल रहा है’, उसकी बातें निम्न मुद्दो के आधार पर ध्यान से सुनिए :

पाठ के आँगन में :

1. सूचना के अनुसार कृतियाँ पूर्ण कीजिए :

प्रश्न क.
प्रवाह तालिका: कहानी के पात्र तथा उनके स्वभाव की विशेषताएँ।

उत्तर:

प्रश्न ख.
पहचानिए रिश्ते।
1. दादी – तविषा – ………….
2. पीयूष – शैलेश – …………
3. तविषा – शैलेश – …………
4. शैलेश – दादी – …………..
उत्तर:

2. पत्र लेखन

प्रश्न 1.
गरमी की छुट्टियों में नगरपरिषद/ ग्राम पंचायत द्वारा पक्षियों के लिए बनाए घोंसले तथा चुग्गा दाना पानी की व्यवस्था किए जाने के कारण संबंधित विभाग की प्रशंसा करते हुए पत्र लिखिए।
उत्तर:
रामरतन कुमार गुप्ता
राधा बंगला,
कृष्ण नगर,
मुंबई: 400 098
दिनांक: 10 मई, 2017

सेवा में,
पर्यावरण विभाग अधिकारी,
महानगरपालिका,
मुंबई: 400 034

विषयः पक्षियों के लिए घोंसले तथा दाना-पानी की व्यवस्था किए जाने के कारण विभाग की प्रशंसा करते हुए पत्र ।
महोदय,
मैं रामरतन कुमार गुप्ता कृष्ण नगर, मुंबई का निवासी हूँ। मैं इस पत्र के द्वारा आपके विभाग की प्रशंसा करना चाहता हूँ; क्योंकि आपके विभाग के महानगरपालिका के कर्मचारियों ने दादर चौक पर पक्षियों के लिए घोंसले तथा चुग्गा, दाना-पानी की व्यवस्था की है। यह बहुत ही पवित्र कार्य है। पक्षियों के प्रति दयाभाव रखने की प्रेरणा आपके विभाग द्वारा किए गए कार्य से मिल रही है। इस भयंकर गरमी के दिनों में कई पक्षी बिना जल के अपने प्राण त्याग देते हैं लेकिन अब जो कार्य आपके विभाग द्वारा किया गया है; वह प्रशंसनीय एवं काबिल-ए. तारीफ है।

मुझे आशा है कि आपके विभाग द्वारा किए गए कार्य से कई सामाजिक संस्थाएँ एवं महानगरपालिका की अन्य शाखाएँ प्रेरणा लेकर इस प्रकार के कार्य के लिए आगे आएँगी। आपके विभाग की जितनी भी तारीफ की जाए वह कम ही है। हमारे इलाके के सभी लोग आपके विभाग की भूरि-भूरि प्रशंसा कर रहे हैं। सचमुच आपके विभाग के सभी कर्मचारी प्रशंसा के पात्र हैं। सभी को मैं धन्यवाद देना चाहता है। धन्यवाद!

आपका विश्वासी,
रामरतन कुमार गुप्ता

3. कहानी लेखन

प्रश्न 1.
दिए गए शब्दों की सहायता से कहानी लेखन कीजिए। उचित शीर्षक दीजिए और सीख भी लिखिए।
शब्द : अकाल – तालाब – जनसहायता – परिणाम
मानवता: सबसे बड़ा धर्म
उत्तर:
अलकापुरी गाँव धन-धान्य से संपन्न था। गाँव में रहने वाले सभी किसान मेहनती थे। पूरे दिन खेत में परिश्रम करने के बाद भी उनके चेहरे पर रौनक दिखाई देती थी। किसी को किसी बात की कमी नहीं थी। आखिर सभी मेहनत जो करते थे।

कहते हैं ना कि समय एक-सा नहीं रहता है। वह तो बदलता ही रहता है। सुख के बाद दुख आता है। आखिर जीवनचक्र के फेरों से कौन बचा है? अलकापुरी गाँव पर पिछले तीन साल से वर्षा रूठ गई थी। पिछले तीन साल से बरसात की एक बूंद ने भी गाँव की भूमि को छुआ तक नहीं। अलकापुरी पर अकाल का साया मैंडरा रहा था। लोगों के पास जो कुछ था उसका पिछले तीन साल से उन्होंने उपयोग कर लिया था। अब तो सभी के घर में खाने के लाले पड़ गए।

गाँव में एक तालाब था। उसमें भरपूर पानी हुआ करता था लेकिन पिछले तीन साल से वर्षा न होने के कारण वह भी सूख गया। अब तो लोगों को पीने के लिए भी पानी नहीं था। लोग निराश एवं दुखी हो गए। अपने परिवार को लेकर वे दूसरे नगर में जाने लगे। वे गाँव की

सीमा के पास पहुंचे थे। उसी समय सामने से एक साधु पुरुष को आते हुए उन्होंने देखा। साधु के चेहरे पर दिव्य तेज था। उन्हें देखकर ही लगता कि वे कोई पहुँचे हुए साधु हैं। सभी ने साधु को प्रणाम किया व अपना दुख-दर्द उन्हें बताया।

साधु पुरुष कुछ पल के लिए मौन रहे। तत्पश्चात उन्होंने लोगों से पूछा कि आपके गाँव का जमींदार नहीं दिखाई दे रहा है। तब एक किसान ने कहा कि “जमींदार तो गाँव में ही रहेंगे क्योंकि उनके पास हजारों मन अनाज है और कई नौकर-चाकर व घोड़ा-गाड़ियाँ हैं। अतः वे दूसरे नगर से आराम से पानी ला सकते हैं। इसी कारण वे इसी गाँव में रहेंगे।”

साधु गाँववासियों को लेकर जमींदार के घर पहुंचे। जमींदार ने साधु को आदर के साथ प्रणाम किया। साधु के चेहरे पर छाया हुआ दिव्य तेज देखकर जमींदार उनके सामने विनम्र होकर खड़े रहे। साधु ने अपनी दिव्य दृष्टि से जमींदार द्वारा लोगों पर किए गए अपराधों की सूची प्रस्तुत की। जमींदार के अपराधों को गाँव का कोई भी व्यक्ति नहीं जानता था। वे सारी बातें साधु जानते थे।

जमींदार साधु पुरुष के चरणों पर गिर पड़े। उन्होंने अपने अपराधों के लिए क्षमायाचना की। साधु ने हँसते-हँसते कहा कि मानवता सबसे बड़ा धर्म होता है। अत: जनसहायता हेतु तुम्हारे पास जो हजारों मन अनाज हैं वह इन लोगों में बाँट दो। तुम्हारे द्वारा किए गए कार्य का अच्छा परिणाम निकलेगा और इस गाँव पर बरसात की कृपा होगी। इधर जमींदार अनाज का दान कर रहे थे और उसी वक्त वर्षा का आरंभ हुआ। सभी लोगों की नजरें साधु पुरुष को ढूँढ रही थी; पर वे तो लुप्त हो चुके थे।
सीख: इंसान को संकट की घड़ी में दूसरों की मदद करनी चाहिए। वही मनुष्य है, जो मनुष्य के लिए मरता है।

पाठ से आगे :

प्रश्न 1.
पालतू प्राणियों के लिए आप क्या करते हैं?’ अपने विचार लिखिए।
उत्तरः
हमारे परिवेश में कुत्ता, गाय, बिल्ली, घोड़ा, तोता आदि कई प्रकार के पालतू जानवर होते हैं। मानव का कर्तव्य है कि वह पालतू जानवरों के प्रति स्नेह रखें। उनकी सेवा करें। मैं पालतू जानवरों के प्रति अपार प्रेम एवं ममत्व की भावना रखता हूँ। मैं कुत्ते को खाने के लिए रोटी देता हूँ। बिल्ली को पीने के लिए दूध देता हूँ। गाय को खाने के लिए हरी घास देता हूँ। चिड़ियों के लिए दाना व पानी की व्यवस्था करता हूँ। मैंने अपने सभी मित्रों को भी पालतू जानवरों की सेवा करने के लिए प्रेरित किया है। मैंने उन्हें अहिंसा एवं जीवों पर दया के व्रत का पाठ पढ़ाया है। इस तरह मैं पालतू जानवरों की हर प्रकार से हिफाजत एवं उनकी रक्षा करने के लिए प्रतिपल तत्पर रहता हूँ।

Hindi Lokbharti 9th Answers Chapter 2 जंगल Additional Important Questions and Answers

(क) परिच्छेद पढ़कर दी गई सूचना के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए।

कृति (1) आकलन कृति

प्रश्न 1.
कृति पूर्ण कीजिए।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 2.
किसने, किससे कहा?
i. “अम्मा से बात हो जाए तो
उत्तरः
तविषा ने आंटी अणिमा जोशी से कहा।

ii. “मुझे बताने में झिझक कैसी!”
उत्तर:
अणिमा जोशी ने तविषा से कहा।

प्रश्न 3.
कृति पूर्ण कीजिए।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 4.
सहसंबंध लिखिए।
i. रेशम-सी : देह :: जुड़वाँ :
ii. रीडर : अणिमा जोशी :: कामवाली :
उत्तरः
i. खरगोश
ii. कमला

प्रश्न 5.
आकृति पूर्ण कीजिए।
उत्तर:

कृति (2) स्वमत अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
‘हमें पालतू जानवरों के प्रति प्रेम रखना चाहिए।’ इस कथन पर अपने विचार व्यक्त कीजिए।
उत्तर:
मानव आदि काल से कुछ पशुओं को पालता आ रहा है। जिन पशुओं को वह पालता है उसे ‘पालतू पशु’ कहा जाता है। पालतू पशु हमारे लिए श्रम करते हैं। वे हमें भोजन एवं जीवन-यापन की अन्य सामग्रियाँ प्रदान करते हैं। वे जन-समुदाय के लिए अनेक प्रकार से उपयोगी होते हैं। पालतू पशु मनुष्यों की अनेक प्रकार से सहायता करते हैं। बदले में ये मनुष्यों से अच्छे व्यवहार और खान-पान की अच्छी व्यवस्था की अपेक्षा रखते है। धर्म और नीति के भी यह अनुकूल है कि पशुओं के साथ मानव अच्छा व्यवहार करें। उसे अच्छा भोजन दे एवं उसके लिए साफ-सुधरे एवं हवादार आवास का प्रबंध करें।

(ख) परिच्छेद पढ़कर दी गई सूचना के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए।

कृति (1) आकलन कृति

प्रश्न 1.
सत्य-असत्य लिखिए।
i. पीयूष मोनू के निकट गुमसुम बैठा हुआ था।
ii. पीयूष की स्तब्धता तोड़ना दादी ने जरूरी समझा।
उत्तर:
i. असत्य
ii. सत्य

प्रश्न 2.
कृति पूर्ण कीजिए।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 3.
कृति पूर्ण कीजिए।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 4.
किसने, किससे कहा?
i. “अम्मी अच्छी नहीं है न!”
उत्तरः
पीयूष ने अपनी दादी से कहा।

ii. “सोनू तुम्हें हमेशा हँसते देखना चाहता था न!”
उत्तरः
दादी ने पीयूष से कहा।

प्रश्न 5.
कृति पूर्ण कीजिए।
उत्तरः

कृति (2) स्वमत अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
‘बच्चे मन से अधिक संवेदनशील होते हैं।’ इस कथन पर अपने विचार लिखिए।
उत्तरः
बच्चे मन से अधिक संवेदनशील होते हैं। उन्हें ईश्वर प्रदत्त अनमोल वरदान एवं अनुपम कृति कहा जाता है। वे निष्पाप होते हैं। वे हमारे दिए गए संस्कारों तथा परिवेश के बीच बड़े होते हैं। उनकी मुस्कान निर्मल व सभी को प्रसन्न करने वाली होती है। वे दूसरों के दुख को नहीं सह सकते हैं। दूसरों की पीड़ा एवं वेदना से वे अत्यधिक दुखी एवं उदास हो जाते हैं। जब उनका प्रिय खिलौना टूट जाता है; उस वक्त भी वे रोने लगते हैं। वे गुमसुम होकर हृदय से रोते रहते हैं। वे अपनी मन की बात को किसी भी तरह नहीं छुपा पाते हैं। जो मन में आता है; वे बोलते हैं। वे हमेशा दूसरों को खुशियाँ देना चाहते हैं। जब सभी हँसते हैं; तब वे भी प्रसन्न होकर हँसते हैं।

(ग) परिच्छेद पढ़कर सूचना के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए।

कृति (1) आकलन कृति

प्रश्न 1.
उत्तर लिखिए।
i. दादी माँ सोनू को नाले में हरगिज नहीं फिकवा सकतीं।
उत्तर:
दादी माँ सोनू को नाले में हरगिज नहीं फिकवा सकती क्योंकि पीयूष सोनू से बहुत प्यार करता है।

ii. दादी माँ की इच्छा क्या थी?
उत्तरः
घर के बच्चे की तरह सोनू का अंतिम संस्कार किया जाए।

प्रश्न 2.
समझकर लिखिए।
उत्तरः

प्रश्न 3.
आकृति पूर्ण कीजिए।
उत्तरः

कृति (2) स्वमत अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
‘स्थिति से भागने की बजाय उसका सामना करना बेहतर है।’ इस कथन पर अपने विचार लिखिए।
उत्तरः
व्यक्ति को अपने स्थिति से भागना नहीं चाहिए। उसे उसका सामना करना चाहिए। स्थिति से भागने से व्यक्ति को अपनी मंजिल नहीं मिल पाती है। वह अपनी मंजिल से दूर चला जाता है। फिर दर-दर की ठोकरे खाने के अलावा उसे कुछ भी नहीं प्राप्त होता। वास्तव में जब व्यक्ति अपनी स्थिति से दोस्ती कर लेता है, प्रसन्नता के साथ उसे अपनाता है, उत्साह के साथ चलता है तो संघर्ष का सफर उसका साथ देता है और उसे कठिन-से-कठिन डगर को पार करने में मदद करता है। इसलिए प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को अपने जीवन में आने वाली स्थिति का सामना करना चाहिए। जब ऐसा होगा तब ही वो जीवन में आने वाले संघर्षों का सामना कर सकेगा और अपने मनचाहे मुकाम पर पहुंच सकेगा।

(घ) परिच्छेद पढ़कर दी गई सूचना के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए।

कृति (1) आकलन कृति

प्रश्न 1.
प्रस्तुत गद्यांश पढ़कर ऐसे दो प्रश्न तैयार कीजिए कि जिनके उत्तर निम्नलिखित शब्द हों।
i. कॉलेज
ii. बांकड़े
उत्तर:
i. दादी पढ़ाने के लिए कहाँ जाती है?
ii. पूरे दिन खरगोश किसमें नहीं बंद रह सकते?

प्रश्न 2.
समझकर लिखिए।
उत्तरः

प्रश्न 3.
कृति पूर्ण कीजिए।
उत्तरः

प्रश्न 4.
सहसंबंध लिखिए।
निरुत्तर : दादी :: जालीदार : ……..
उत्तर:
बांकड़ा

प्रश्न 5.
सत्य-असत्य लिखिए।
i. पीयूष के मित्र खरगोश को देखने आए थे।
ii. सोनू की मृत्यु के बाद मोनू बड़े आराम से रहने लगा।
उत्तर:
i. सत्य
ii. असत्य

प्रश्न 6.
कारण लिखिए।
उत्तरः

कृति (2) स्वमत अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
‘जानवरों के पास भी भावना होती है। क्या आप इस कथन से सहमत हैं। यदि हाँ, तो अपने विचार लिखिए।
उत्तर:
‘जानवरों के पास भी भावना होती है। इस कथन से मैं सहमत हूँ। उनमें भी जान होती है। वे भी जीव होते हैं। उनकी अपनी दुनिया होती है। उनकी दुनिया में जंगल, उनके बच्चे तथा अन्य प्राणी आदि सभी होते हैं। वे अपने परिवार के साथ रहना पसंद करते हैं। परिवार से बिछड़ जाने का दुख उन्हें होता है। यदि उन्हें उनके परिवार से अलग कर दिया जाए तो चिल्लाते हैं।

चिल्ला-चिल्लाकर अपना दुख वे व्यक्त करते हैं। कई जानवरों को जंगल से शहर में लाया जाता है और लोग उन्हें शौक के तौर पर पालते हैं। उन्हें खाने के लिए तरह-तरह के व्यंजन देते हैं। फिर भी वे खुश नहीं रह पाते। उन्हें अपने माता-पिता की याद सताती रहती है। आखिर वे उनके साथ रहना चाहते हैं। इस प्रकार स्पष्ट है कि प्राणियों के पास भी भावना होती है। उनमें भी संवेदना होती है।

(ङ) परिच्छेद पढ़कर दी गई सूचना के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए।

कृति (1) आकलन

प्रश्न 1.
कारण लिखिए।
उत्तरः

प्रश्न 2.
सत्य-असत्य लिखिए।
i. जंगल जानवरों का घर है।
ii. दादी और शैलेश ने निर्णय लिया कि मोनू को जंगल में ले
जाकर उसके माता-पिता के पास छोड़ देंगे।
उत्तर:
i. सत्य
ii. असत्य

प्रश्न 3.
सही पर्याय चुनकर पूर्ण वाक्य लिखिए।
i. दादी पीयूष का मुँह चूमने लगीं ……………
(च) अब उसे खरगोश नहीं चाहिए था।
(छ) अब उसे तोता नहीं चाहिए था।
(ज) अब उसे उपहार नहीं चाहिए था।
उत्तर :
दादी पीयूष का मुँह चूमने लगीं अब उसे तोता नहीं चाहिए था।

ii. मोनू के दुखी होने का कारण ……………
(च) वह सोनू से बिछड़ गया था।
(छ) वह अपने माता-पिता से बिछड़ गया था।
(ज) वह जंगलों से दूर शहर में आ गया था।
उत्तर :
मोनू के दुखी होने का कारण वह सोनू से बिछड़ गया था।

संभाषणीय :

प्रश्न 1.
“जंगल में रहने वाले पक्षियों के मनोगत’ इस विषय पर कक्षा में चर्चा का आयोजन कीजिए।
उत्तरः
अध्यापक निर्देश: (कुछ छात्रों को जंगल में रहने वाले पक्षियों की भूमिका निभाने के लिए प्रेरित करते हैं।)
संभाषण :

• मैनाः हम कितने खुशनसीब हैं। इस जंगल में बड़े आनंद से विचरण कर रहे हैं।
• कौआः हाँ, चिड़ियाँ बहन। एकदम सही कहा तुमने।
• तोताः हम जब चाहे तब उड़ सकते हैं, यहाँ-वहाँ आ-जा सकते हैं हम पर किसी की रोक-टोक नहीं है।
• कोयल: आप सबकी बात वैसे ठीक ही है। लेकिन क्या आप जानते हैं कि अपने कई भाई-बहन पिंजड़ें में बंद है। निर्दयी इंसान ने उन्हें अपने शौक के लिए पिंजड़ें में बंद करके रखा है।
• तोताः हाँ, कोयल बहन । तुम सच कह रही हो। मेरे कई साथियों को इंसान ने पकड़कर पिंजड़े में बंद कर रखा है। मुझे उनकी बेहद याद आती है; पर मैं कुछ कर भी नहीं सकता हूँ।
• मैनाः सचमुच इंसान बहुत ही निर्दयी प्राणी है। उसके पास हृदय नहीं है। वह कठोर हो गया है।
• कौआ: इंसान अपने अस्तित्व के अलावा अन्य किसी प्राणियों का अस्तित्व स्वीकार ही नहीं करता है। वह इस धरती पर अपना ही अधिकार समझता है। सच बात तो यह है कि हमें भी ईश्वर ने इस धरती पर विचरण करने का अधिकार दे दिया है। पर इंसान इसे समझता नहीं है।

सभी एक साथ : सच है। सच है। सच है। हम सभी को मिलकर इंसान के पास जाना चाहिए और उसे अपनी समस्या से रूबरू कराना चाहिए। चलिए फिर हम अभी चलते हैं। अच्छे कार्य के लिए देरी क्यों करनी है!

जंगल Summary in Hindi

लेखक-परिचय :

जीवन-परिचय : चित्रा मुद्गल का जन्म चेन्नई में १० सितंबर १९४३ को हुआ था। हिंदी साहित्य में आधुनिक लेखिका के रूप में श्रीमती चित्रा मुद्गल जी का नाम उल्लेखनीय है। बच्चों के लिए उपन्यास लिखना आपका प्रिय शौक है। आपने अपने साहित्य के माध्यम से मानवीय संवेदनाओं तथा नए जमाने की गतिशीलता और उसमें जिंदगी की मजबूरियों का चित्रण किया है।
प्रमुख कृतियाँ : उपन्यास – ‘एक जमीन अपनी’, ‘आवां’ आदि, कहानी संग्रह – ‘भूख’, ‘लाक्षागृह लपटें’, ‘मामला आगे बढ़ेगा अभी’, ‘आदि-अनादि’, बाल उपन्यास – ‘जीवक मणिमेख’, बालकथा संग्रह – ‘दूर के ढोल’, ‘सूझ-बूझ’ आदि।

गद्य-परिचय :

संवादात्मक कहानी : ‘संवादात्मक कहानी’ कहानी विधा का एक प्रकार है। इसमें किसी विशेष घटना या विशेष विषय को रोचक ढंग से संवाद रूप में प्रस्तुत किया जाता है।
प्रस्तावना : ‘जंगल’ इस कहानी में लेखिका ने बच्चों के अबोध एवं संवेदनशील मन का अंकन किया है और साथ में जानवरों के प्रति दयाभाव रखने के लिए भी पाठकों को प्रेरित किया है।

सारांश :

‘जंगल’ यह कहानी एक संवादात्मक कहानी है। इस कहानी के माध्यम से लेखिका ने बताया है कि बच्चे संवेदनशील होते हैं। वे मन के सच्चे होते हैं तथा उनका मन निष्पाप होता है। पीयूष के घर पर दो खरगोश थे। एक का नाम था सोनू और दूसरे का नाम था मोनू। पीयूष की माँ द्वारा नीचे फर्श पर गिरी डाबर की पारे की गोली खाने के कारण सोनू की मृत्यु हो जाती है। जिससे पीयूष का मन बहुत व्यथित एवं दुखी हो जाता है। उस अबोध बालक को इस बात का पता भी नहीं है कि उसकी माँ द्वारा गलती होने के कारण सोनू उसे छोड़कर दूसरी दुनिया में चला गया है।

पीयूष को लगता है कि सोनू को उसके माता-पिता द्वारा अलग कर देने के कारण उसकी मृत्यु हो गई है। सोनू की मौत का प्रभाव मोनू पर भी पड़ता है। वह अन्न का त्याग कर देता है। अत: घरवाले पीयूष को समझाते हैं कि वे मोनू को जंगल में छोड़ आएँगे; ताकि वह अपने माता-पिता के साथ खुशी से रह सके। पीयूष इस बात को मान लेता है और निर्णय कर लेता है कि वह आज से किसी भी प्राणी को अपने घर पर नहीं रखेगा।

शब्दार्थ :

1. अनुशासन – नियम
2. झिझक – लज्जा, संकोच
3. बुहारना – झाडू लगाना
4. बुदबुदाना – अस्फुट स्वर में बोलना
5. कोंपल – नई पत्तियाँ
6. धमाचौकड़ी – उछलकूद, उपद्रव
7. बिटर दृष्टि – नजर गड़ाए देखना
8. कीच – कीचड़, दलदल
9. चितकबरी – रंग-बिरंगी
10. पोखर – जलाशय, तालाब
11. हमजोली – साथी, संगी
12. निस्पंद – निश्चल, स्तब्ध
13. प्रतिवाद – खंडन, विरोध
14. असमर्थता – अक्षमता या दुर्बलता
15. निश्चेष्ट – चेष्टा न करने वाला
16. अंतिम संस्कार – मरने के बाद किया जाने वाला क्रिया-कर्म

मुहावरे :

1. घोड़े बेचकर सोना – निश्चिंत होकर सोना।
2. घात लगाना – किसी को हानि पहुँचाने के अवसर ढूँढ़ना।

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 6 History Solutions Chapter 6 Janapadas and Mahajanapadas Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra Board Class 6 History Solutions Chapter 6 Janapadas and Mahajanapadas

Class 6 History Chapter 6 Janapadas and Mahajanapadas Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Answer in one sentence:

Janapadas And Mahajanapadas Class 6 Questions And Answers Question 1.
What is meant by janapada?
Answer:
Small city states came to be known as janapadas.

Janapadas And Mahajanapadas Class 6 Answers Question 2.
What is meant by mahajanapada?
Answer:
Some janapadas gradually became stronger and expanded their geographical bounderies, such janapadas came to be known as Mahajanapadas.

Janapadas And Mahajanapadas Class 6 Question 3.
Where was the first Buddhist council held?
Answer:
The first Buddhist council or sangiti was held at Rajgriha.

Janapadas Class 6 Question 4.
Who introduced the system of standard weights and measures?
Answer:
The Nandas introduced the system of standard weights and measures.

2. Can you name the following?

Janapadas And Mahajanapadas Class 6 Pdf Question 1.
Some part of today’s Maharashtra was occupied by this janapada.
Answer:
Ashamak

Question 2.
This was an assembly of the senior citizens of a janapada
Answer:
Gana-parishad

Question 3.
This was the venue of discussion.
Answer:
Santhagar

Question 4.
Gautam Buddha belonged to this janapada.
Answer:
Shakya Republic

Question 5.
They had a four-column army.
Answer:
The Nanda Kings

3. Match the following:

Question 1.

Column A	Column B
(1) Sangiti (2) Dhanananda (3) Pataligram	(a) Ajatshatru (b) Parishad (c) Mahagovind (d) Nanda king

Answer:
1 – b
2 – d
3 – a

4. Make a table showing the various kingdoms in the Indian sub-continent and their capitals.
Answer:

Kingdoms in the Indian sub-continent	Capitals
Kosala	Shravasti
Vatsa	Kosam, Kaushambi
Avanti	Ujjain
Magadha	Rajgriha
Kashi	Varanasi
Vrijji	Vaishali
Malla	Kushinagar and Pavapur
Kuru	Hastinapur
Panchal	Ahichhatra and Kampilya
Surasen	Mathura
Anga	Champanagri
Assaka	Paudanya
Chedi	Shuktimati
Matsya	Viratnagar

Activity:

• Visit a nearby fort and find out the following:

1. Type of the fort
2. In whose reign it was built
3. The Killedar………..
4. The main feature.

• Find out the different arms and services of the Indian Army.
• Complete the following table:
  

  S.no	Name of the mahajanapada	Location	Capital	Name of the most important king
  (1)		At the foot of the Himalayas.
  (2)	Vatsa
  (3)				Pradyot
  (4)		Region around the cities of Patna, Gaya.

Class 6 History Chapter 6 Janapadas and Mahajanapadas InText Questions and Answers

Activity:

Question 1.
Find out the different arms and services of the Indian Army.
Answer:
Combat Arms :

• Infantry
• Armoured Corps
• Regiment of Artillery

Supporting Arms :

• Army Aviation Corps
• Corps of Engineers
• Corps of Signals
• Mechanized Infantry
• Army Air Defence

Services :

• Army Education Corps
• Army Medical Corps
• Army Ordinance Corps
•  Army Postal Service Corps
• Army Service Corps
• Corps of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers
• Corps of Military Police
• Judge Advocate Generals Department
• Army Dental Corps
• Remount and Veterinary Corps
• Other Services

Question 2.
Complete the following table:

S.no	Name of the mahajanapada	Location	Capital	Name of the most important king
(1)		At the foot of the Himalayas.
(2)	Vatsa
(3)				Pradyot
(4)		Region around the cities of Patna, Gaya.

Answer:

S.no	Name of the mahajanapada	Location	Capital	Name of the most important king
(1)	The Kosala Mahajanapada	At the foot of the Himalayas.	Shravati	King Prasenjit
(2)	Vatsa	The region around Prayag that is Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh.	Kosam	King Udayana
(3)	Avanti	Malwa region of Madya Pradesh.	Ujjayani	Pradyot
(4)	Magadha	Region around the cities of Patna, Gaya.	Rajgriha	King Bimbisara

Class 6 History Chapter 6 Janapadas and Mahajanapadas Additional Important Questions and Answers

Complete the sentence by choosing the correct option:

Question 1.
The period from about 1000 BCE to 600 BCE is considered to be the ______ period.
(a) medieval
(b) Vedic
(c) post-Vedic
Answer:
(c) post-Vedic

Question 2.
The ______ came into existence in the post-Vedic period.
(a) janapadas
(b) mahajanapads
(c) angas
Answer:
(a) janapadas

Question 3.
The janapada called Ashmak occupied a part of today’s _______.
(a) Karnataka
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Bihar
Answer:
(b) Maharashtra

Question 4.
Some of the janapadas were monarchies, while others were ________.
(a) republics
(b) independent
(c) dependent
Answer:
(a) republics

Question 5.
Every janapada had its own ______.
(a) library
(b) palace
(c) coinage
Answer:
(c) coinage

Question 6.
Some janapadas gradually became stronger and ______ their geographical boundaries.
(a) contracted
(b) expanded
(c) built
Answer:
(b) expanded

Question 7.
By sixth century BCE, _______ Mahajanapadas acquired special importance.
(a) fifteen
(b) sixteen
(c) seventeen
Answer:
(b) sixteen

Question 8.
Ajatshatru was the son of _______.
(a) Chandragupta
(b) Shishunag
(c) Bimbisara
Answer:
(c) Bimbisara

Question 9.
The kingdom of Magadha prospered during the reign of ______.
(a) Ajatshatru
(b) Bimbisara
(c) Chandragupta
Answer:
(a) Ajatshatru

Question 10.
Ajatashatru became the ______ of Gautam Buddha.
(a) leader
(b) follower
(c) descendant
Answer:
(b) follower

Question 11.
The first Buddhist Council or sangiti was held at ______.
(a) Rajgriha
(b) Ashmak
(c) Panchal
Answer:
(a) Rajgriha

Question 12.
The foundation for the new _______ Pataligram of Magadha was laid during Ajatshatru’s period.
(a) city
(b) palace
(c) capital
Answer:
(c) capital

Question 13.
_______ was probably in the vicinity of today’s Patna city.
(a) Pataliputra
(b) Vatra
(c) Avanti
Answer:
(a) Pataliputra

Question 14.
A noteworthy successor of Ajatshatru was the Magadha king _______.
(a) Dhananand
(b) Chandragupta
(c) Shishunag
Answer:
(c) Shishunag

Question 15.
Nearly the entire region of northern India came under the ______ of Magadha.
(a) control
(b) influence
(c) subjection
Answer:
(a) control

Question 16.
The _____ ruled the Magadha Empire between 364 BCE and 324 BCE.
(a) Guptas
(b) Nandas
(c) Mauryas
Answer:
(b) Nandas

Question 17.
The Nandas set up a good ________ system necessary to run the huge empire.
(a) political
(b) financial
(c) administrative
Answer:
(c) administrative

Question 18.
The Nandas also ________ the system of standard weights and measures.
(a) introduced
(b) exploited
(c) destroyed
Answer:
(a) introduced

Question 19.
King _______ was the last king of the Nanda dynasty.
(a) Nanda
(b) Dhanananda
(c) Bimbisara
Answer:
(b) Dhanananda

Question 20.
Chandragupta Maurya won ______ and ended the Nanda regime.
(a) Pataliputra
(b) Kashi
(c) Ashmak
Answer:
(a) Pataliputra

Answer the following in one sentence:

Question 1.
Which period is considered to be the post- Vedic period?
Answer:
The period from about 1000 BC to 600 BC is considered to be the post-Vedic period.

Question 2.
When did the janapadas come into existance?
Answer:
The janapadas came into existence during the post-Vedic period.

Question 3.
Around which region did the janapadas spread?
Answer:
The janapadas spread from today’s Afghanistan which is to the north west of the Indian subcontinent to Bengal and Odisha in the east and to Maharashtra in the south.

Question 4.
Which janapada occupied a part of today’s Maharashtra?
Answer:
The janapada called ‘Ashmak’ occupied a part of today’s Maharashtra.

Question 5.
What is the organisation of senior citizens called?
Answer:
The organization of senior citizens is called gana-parishad.

Question 6.
What was the work of the gana-parishad?
Answer:
The members of the gana-parishad came together for discussion and made decisions regarding administrative issues.

Question 7.
What was the place where the gana-parishad met called?
Answer:
The place where the gana-parishad met and took decisions was known as the ‘Santhagar’.

Question 8.
From which Republican state did Gautam Buddha hail?
Answer:
Gautam Buddha hailed from the Shakya Republic.

Question 9.
How many mahajanapadas had acquired special importance in the sixth century BCE?
Answer:
Upto the sixth century BCE, sixteen mahajanapadas had acquired special importance.

Question 10.
Name some powerful mahajanapada.
Answer:
Some of the powerful mahajanapadas were Kosala, Vatsa, Avanti and Magadha.

Question 11.
Who was Bimbisara’s son?
Answer:
Bimbisara’s son was Ajatshatru.

Question 12.
Whose ardent follower did Ajatshatru become?
Answer:
Ajatshatru became the follower of Gautam Buddha.

Question 13.
When was the foundation for the new capital Pataligram laid?
Answer:
The foundation for the new capital Pataligram of Magadha was laid during Ajatshatru’s period.

Question 14.
Which ancient city was in the vicinity of today’s city of Patna?
Answer:
The ancient city Pataliputra was in the vicinity of today’s city of Patna.

Question 15.
Who was the successor of Ajatshatru?
Answer:
A noteworthy successor of Ajatshatru was the Magadha King Shishunag.

Question 16.
Which kingdoms did King Shishunag annex?
Answer:
King Shishunag annexed the kingdoms of Avanti, Kosala, and Vatsa to Magadha.

Question 17.
State the period of Nanda rule.
Answer:
The Nandas ruled the Magadha Empire between 364 BCE and 324 BCE.

Question 18.
Describe the army of the Nanda Kings.
Answer:
The Nanda Kings had a huge four column army of infantry, cavalry, chariots and elephants.

Question 19.
Who was the last king of the Nanda dynasty?
Answer:
King Dhananand was the last king of the Nanda dynasty.

Question 20.
How did the Nanda dynasty decline?
Answer:
During Dhananand’s reign, an ambitious youth Chandragupta Maurya won Pataliputra and brought about an end to the Nanda regime.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 6 Science Solutions Chapter 4 Disaster Management Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 6 Science Solutions Chapter 4 Disaster Management

Class 6 Science Chapter 4 Disaster Management Textbook Questions and Answers

1. What are the emergency contact numbers of the following:

Question a.
Police Control Room
Answer:
100

Question b.
Fire brigade
Answer:
101

Question c.
Ambulance
Answer:
102

Question d.
National level single emergency number for disaster relief
Answer:
108

2. What first aid will you provide in the following situations?
a. Dog bite
b. Scratches/Bleeding
c. Bums/Scalds
d. Snakebite
e. Sunstroke

Question a.
Dog bite
Answer:
First aid is some immediate aid given to a victim or patient before medical treatment is available.

1. Wash the wound with a soap solution.
2. Cover the wound with a clean and dry cloth.
3. Get a doctor’s help.

Question b.
Scratches / Bleeding
Answer:

1. Make the person sit or lie down comfortably.
2. Clean the bleeding part of the bodywith water.
3. Keep it above the level of the heart.

Question c.
Bums/scalds
Answer:

a. Minor bums

1. The injured part should be washed with water or held underwater.
2. Give the victim water to drink.
3. Clean the wounds using a cotton swab soaked in an antiseptic solution.
4. Do not apply oily ointments.
5. Cover the wound using dry dressings.

b. Serious bums

1. Give emotional support.
2. Cover the wound with sterilised cloth.
3. Remove jewellery, shoes etc. if easily possible.
4. Do not touch or burst the blisters on the skin.
5. Do not apply oily ointments.
6. Do not try to remove the cloth if it is struck to the burnt skin.
7. If the patient is conscious give water to drink but avoid tea or coffee or other stimulating drinks. Get medical aid at once.

Question d.
Snakebite
Answer:

1. Wash the wound with water.
2. Give emotional support to the patient.
3. Tie a cloth tightly above the wound.
4. Get immediate medical help.

Question e.
Sunstroke
Answer:

1. Take the patient to a cool place or in the shade.
2. Sponge the whole body with cold water.
3. Place a cloth soaked in cold water on the neck.
4. Give plenty of water or liquids like sherbets to drink.
5. If the patient feels like vomiting make him prone i.e. on his/her abdomen with the head turned to one side.
6. Get medical help or shift the patient to a hospital.

3. Write the causes of the following:
a. Floods
b. Forest fires
c. Landslides/building collapse
d. Storms
e. Earthquakes

Question a.
Floods:
Answer:

1. 1. Floods is a frequently occurring natural disaster in all parts of the world.
   2. Due to excessive rains in the same place, a river overflows its banks causing a flood.
   3. The water drainage system in big cities falls short when there is heavy rainfall, resulting in choking of gutters and drainage lines.
   4. Water overflows on to the roads and surrounding houses.

Question b.
Forest fires:

1. Forest fire is an uncontrolled fire in a forest, pasture or grasslands due to natural or man-made causes.
2. Natural causes of forest fire can be lightning, volcanic eruptions, friction amongst branches of trees in extremely hot and dry weather.
3. Man-made causes of forest fires are clearing land by burning which sometimes goes out of control.
4. Campers and hikers sometimes leave behind a potential source of ignition like a lighted cigarette or a campfire.

Question c.
Landslides/building collapse:
Answer:

1. Landslide causes due to erosion, slope movement in the downward direction, prolonged rainfall and seepage, vibration caused by earthquakes, deforestation, river erosion.
2. Building collapses: Bad design, faulty construction, foundation failure or weak foundation, extraordinary loads, earthquakes, rampant and irregular constructions.

Question d.
Storms:
Answer:
The formation of high and low air pressure belts in the atmosphere causes changes in weather resulting in strong winds or storms.

Question e.
Earthquakes:
Answer:

1. Movements in the interior of the earth release tremendous amount of energy.
2. This causes seismic waves leading to movement of the earth’s surface like tremors, shaking, cracking up.
3. Such vibrations or quaking in the earth’s crust is known as earthquake.
4. Man-made causes like mining, construction of big dams can also lead to earthquakes.

4. Answer the following questions.

Question a.
What is meant by ‘disaster’?
Answer:
A sudden event that causes large-scale damage to life, property and social aspects of a nation or society is called a disaster.

Question b.
What are the types of disasters?
Answer:
Disasters are of two types: Natural disasters and man-made disasters.

Question c.
What is meant by disaster management’?
Answer:
Taking steps to prevent disasters, making plans to face disasters and developing the capacity for that is called disaster management.

Question d.
Which are the main components of disaster management?
Answer:
Emergency planning and implementation of disaster management work are the main components of disaster management. Community participation is close, related to disaster management.

5. Find out about the work of a ‘Sarpa-mitra’.

Question a.
Find out about the work of a ‘Sarpa-mitra’.
Answer:

1. A sarpa-mitra is a friend of snakes, a person who is trained to protect, save and safeguard snakes.
2. Whenever there is a phone call from police or citizens informing the sarpa-mitras about snake sightings, they immediately rush to the situation and rescue the snake that would have been killed at the hands of people.
3. Sarpa-mitra are well trained to handle snakes by capturing them, keeping them in baskets or bags before releasing them in the wild.
4. They are in contact with the Police Department and Forest Department for rehabilitation of snakes.
5. Sarpa-mitra are also trained to perform primary first aid to snake bite victims before they are moved to hospitals.
6. Thus, the sarpa-mitra do a commendable job of saving snakes, saving human life without any monetary gains, but for sheer love of snakes.

6. Find out what a first aid kit / box contains.

Question a.
Find out what a first aid kit / box contains.
Answer:
1. First aid kit/box is a necessity at home, workplace, travelling, schools, etc.
2. It contains a cotton roll, sterilized dressing, a pair of scissors, Dettol or Savlon, Dettol soap, adhesive plaster, tablets like Crocin, necessary medicines – painkiller, Tincture iodine, Electrolyte powder, ear/eye drops, Potassium Permanganate crystals, Bumol ointment for cramps.

7. Suggest remedial measures for dealing with natural or man-made disasters.

Question a.
Suggest remedial measures for dealing with natural or man-made disasters.
Answer:

1. Fire: Use a fire extinguisher. Call the fire brigade. Run to a safe exit.
2. Building collapse: Evacuate the building immediately, seek shelter in other safe places. Call the fire brigade or rescue team. First aid should be given to injured people.
3. Road accident: Call the ambulance immediately. Give first aid if possible.
4. Flood: Do not linger in houses or areas near river banks. Seek shelter in other safe places. Move to safer places at a greater height. Do not step into water currents or drive a vehicle into them.
5. War: Take shelter in relief camps. Provide assistance in the rescue mission.
6. Bomb explosions: Take shelter in relief camps/safe place. Immediately call the police. Be alert and do not touch the unattended objects.
7. Earthquakes: Run to a safe place. Hide below a table.and do not use elevators. Use a staircase.
8. Deluge: Take the warnings and signals from the Meteorological Department keep away from river banks and low-lying areas. Take shelter in relief camps.
9. Storm: Remain in a safe place. Unplug all electrical devices. Take instructions given to people by meteorological department do not take shelter in dilapilated structures and under trees.
10. Tsunami: Move to a safer place, stay alert.
11. Drought: Save water, take care of people and cattle.
12. Landslide: Landslide may be caused due to excessive rains or cloudbusrt in hilly areas. Do not take shelter at the foot of a hill.

Activity:

Question 1.
Compile information about measures taken for disaster management in your school.

Question 2.
Make posters, advertisements, banners about disaster management.

Question 3.
Find out the people/organisations that provide aid during a disaster. Obtain their phone numbers, addresses, etc.

Class 6 Science Chapter 4 Disaster Management Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
In 1993, many people died due to the earthquake at ……………… in Latur district.
Answer:
Killari

Question 2.
Even today, people of shudder at the memory of ……………… 26 July, 2005.
Answer:
Mumbai

Question 3.
In November 2015, many people died due to flooding caused by heavy rains in ……………… .
Answer:
Tamil Nadu

Question 4.
Movements in the interior of the earth release tremendous amounts of ……………… .
Answer:
energy

Question 5.
Vibrations or ……………… in the earth’s crust is known as earthquake.
Answer:
quaking

Question 6.
Man-made causes like ……………… and construction of big dams can also lead to earthquakes.
Answer:
mining

Question 7.
A frequently occurring natural disaster in all parts of the world is ………………. .
Answer:
floods

Question 8.
Forest fires spread at a ……………… speed.
Answer:
tremendous

Question 9.
Landslides occur in hilly areas due to a ……………… .
Answer:
cloudburst

Question 10.
To get protection from fire, use ……………… .
Answer:
fire extinguisher

Match the following. 

Question 1.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. July 2005	a. Floods in Tamil Nadu
2. July 2014	b. Floods in Mumbai
3. November 2015	c. Earthquake in Latur
4. 1993	d. Landslide in Pune

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. July 2005	b. Floods in Mumbai
2. July 2014	d. Landslide in Pune
3. November 2015	a. Floods in Tamil Nadu
4. 1993	c. Earthquake in Latur

State whether the following statements are True or False. If false, correct them.

Disaster Management Class 6  Question 1.
In 1993, many people died due to the earthquake at Malin in Pune district.
Answer:
False: In 1993 many people died due to the earthquake at Killari in Latur district.

Disaster Management Class 6 Exercise Question 2.
Disaster Management Class 6 ExerciseEven today, people of Mumbai shudder at the memory of July 2007.
Answer:
False: Even today people of Mumbai shudder at the memory of July 2005.

Class 6 Science Chapter 4 Disaster Management  Question 3.
Increased risk due to high density of population in a limited area can cause disaster.
Answer:
True

4 Disaster Management Exercise Question 4.
Earthquakes cause huge loss of life and property.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Forest fire is a controlled fire in a forest, pasture or grassland.
Answer:
False: Forest fire is an uncontrolled fire in a forest, pasture or grassland.

Question 6.
Storms cause no disruption of electric supply.
Answer:
False: Storms cause disruption of electric supply.

Question 7.
Community participation is closely related to disaster management.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
National Disaster Management Authority was established in 2008.
Answer:
False: National Disaster Management Authority was established in 2005.

Question 9.
During a disaster, keep watching movies on TV.
Answer:
False: During a disaster keep watching news bulletin on TV.

Question 10.
In case of a disaster, use the website www. imd.gov.in
Answer:
True

Answer the following in one sentence:

Question 1.
What are man-made causes of earthquakes?
Answer:
Mining, construction of big dams can lead to earthquakes.

Question 2.
What are forest fires?
Answer:
A forest fire is an uncontrolled fire in a forest, pasture or grassland due to natural or man-made causes.

Question 3.
State the website to seek government’s help during disaster.
Answer:
To seek government’s help during a disaster we can log on to xvww.imd.gov.in

Question 4.
Where should we take shelter during floods?
Answer:
We should seek shelter in safe places especially safer places at great heights.

Question 5.
What is sunstroke?
Answer:
When we work in the sun continuously for a long time, the body loses a lot of water and minerals. Hence, the person experiences sunstroke.

Question 6.
Name some poisonous snakes.
Answer:
Some poisonous snakes are cobras, kraits, vipers and sea snakes.

Question 7.
What should we do when we come across a snake?
Answer:
When we come across a snake we should contact a sarpa-mitra.

Question 8.
What is first aid?
Answer:
Immediate aid given even before medical treatment is available on facing a disaster or accident is first aid.

Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
What are the effects of an earthquake?
Answer:
The effects of an earthquake are:

1. Destruction of infrastructure i.e buildings, bridges, roads, railway tracks.
2. Change in the direction of the flow of river.
3. Huge loss of life and property.

Question 2.
What are the effects of floods on people?
Answer:

1. There is a huge loss of life and property.
2. Soil erosion
3. Destruction of standing crops.
4. After-effects of floods, like spread of diseases and epidemics affecting the health of the people.

Question 3.
What are the effects of storms?
Answer:

1. Great damage in the storm affected region.
2. Tremendous losses to life and property.
3. Disruption of electric supply.
4. Disruption of transport and communication.

Question 4.
What are the effects of forest fires?
Answer:

1. Great damage to natural wealth and bio-diversity.
2. Pollution of air.

Question 5.
What preventive measures should we take to protect us from fire?
Answer:
To get protection from fire, use fire extinguishers in public places like schools, hospitals, railway stations.

Question 6.
What first aid can be provided to a person if he is bleeding?
Answer:
If a person is bleeding, first make him sit or lie down comfortably. Clean the bleeding part of the body with water and keep it above the level of the heart.

Give scientific reasons:

Question 1.
Why should a dog bite victim get an injection of the anti-rabies vaccine?
Answer:
In a dog bite, there is a risk of infection of rabies through the blood, hence anti-rabies injection is given to the patient.

Question 2.
During a disaster if possible we should take shelter in relief camps.
Answer:
Relief camps provide medicines, food packets, drinking water and first aid. Since these things help victims to restart, people should take shelter in relief camps during a disaster.

Question 3.
During disaster use battery operated radios and mobile.
Answer:
During disaster, many times there is disruption of electricity, hence battery operated mobiles and radios are convenient.

Can you tell?

Question 1.
What event do you see in these pictures?
Answer:
In this picture we see –
(a) earthquakes
(b) drought
(c) flood
(d) fire
(e) storm
(f) volcanic eruptions.

Question 2.
What would you have done in these situations?
Answer:
In these situations I would have tried to save my life. (Answer:wers may vary)

Question 3.
Have you experienced such a situation yourself?
Answer:
No. (Answer:wers may vary)

Question 4.
Why do these events occur?
Answer:
This events are disasters and some occur naturally and some are man-made.

Question 5.
According to you, what can be done to deal with such a disaster?
Answer:
To deal with such a disaster, take help of some elders or ask for help immediately. Be alert and use first-aid / get some immediate aid even before medical treatment becomes available.

Use your brainpower!

Question 1.
What disaster can occur in school or on the way to school?
Answer:
1. Disasters that can occur in school: Fire in the school building, experience tremors of earthquake, school building collapses, slab in one of the classroom collapses, getting injured while playing, getting an electric shock.
2. Disasters that can occur on way to school: You meet with an accident while crossing the road or school bus meets with an accident. Area near school gets flooded.

Classify the following disasters as man-made or natural.
(fire, earthquake, leakage of chemical gases, storms, floods, tsunami, bomb explosions, collapse of a building, war, forest fire)
Answer:

Man-made disasters	Natural disasters
1. Fire	1. Earthquake
2. Leakage of chemical gases	2. Storms
3. Bomb explosion	3. Floods
4. Collapse of a building	4. Tsunami
5. War	5. Forest fire
6. Forest- fire

Can you tell?

Question 1.
How many children are there in your class at present?
Answer:
There are 50 children in my class at present. (Answers may vary)

Question 2.
What would happen if five times this number sat in your class?
Answer:
If five times this number sat in my class, the classroom would be crowded. There will be utter chaos.

Question 3.
Which kind of disaster can occur in an extremely crowded places?
Answer:
In an extremely crowded place there can be panic in the classroom, stampede while going out of the classroom, breathless among fellow students.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Hindi Solutions Lokbharti Chapter 10 रात का चौकीदार Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Hindi Lokbharti Solutions Chapter 10 रात का चौकीदार (पूरक पठन)

Hindi Lokbharti 9th Std Digest Chapter 10 रात का चौकीदार Textbook Questions and Answers

श्रवणीय

प्रश्न 1.
हिंदी तथा मराठी भाषा में लिखी हुई किसी एक लापुकथा का आकलन करते हुए सुनिए और सुनाइए।

पठनीय

प्रश्न 1.
“परिपाठ’ में सप्ताह भर के समाचारपत्रों के मुख्य मुद्दों का चयन करके वाचन कीजिए।

आसपास

प्रश्न 1.
किसी परिचित सुरक्ष से वार्तालाप कीजिए

संभाषणीय

प्रश्न 1.
‘ट्रैफिक पुलिस’ से बातचीत करके उनकी दिनचर्या संबंधी जानकारी लीजिए।
उत्तर:
मैं: नमस्ते, पुलिस अंकल! आप कैसे हैं?
ट्रैफिक पुलिस: मैं ठीक हूँ और इस वक्त मैं अपना काम कर रहा हूँ।

मैं: आप लगातार आठ घंटों तक सड़क पर खड़े रहते हैं। इसे आप कैसा महसूस करते हैं?
ट्रैफिक पुलिस: मुझे अपना काम करने में बड़ा आनंद मिलता है। चाहे हाड़ कँपाती ठंड हो, झ माझम बरसती वर्षा हो या उमस भरी गरमी हो, हर हाल में मुझे अपना काम करना पड़ता है और सड़क यातायात पर नियंत्रण रखना पड़ता है।

मैं: अक्सर बरसात के दिनों में सड़कों पर आवागमन संभव नहीं हो पाता है। जल का जमाव होता है। ऐसे में, लोगों को बहुत कठिनाई का सामना करना पड़ता है। इस बारे में आपकी क्या राय है?
ट्रैफिक पुलिस: मनुष्य सड़कों का लंबे समय से उपयोग करता रहा है। पुरानी सड़कें अच्छी नहीं होती थीं। आधुनिक काल की सड़कें अच्छी होती हैं और हमारी सरकार इस दिशा में कार्य कर रही है। नए-नए पुलों का निर्माण हो रहा है। पक्की सड़कें बनाई जा रही हैं। आनेवाले समय में लोगों को कठिनाई का सामना नहीं करना पड़ेगा।

मैं: क्या आप मुझे सड़क यातायात के नियमों से परिचित करा सकते हैं?
ट्रैफिक पुलिस: क्यों नहीं? यह तो मेरा कर्तव्य है। सड़क यातायात सुचारु रूप से हो, इसके लिए कानून बनाए गए हैं। अपने देश में सड़क की बाईं ओर चलने का नियम है। सड़कों पर भारी वाहनों को एक निर्धारित गति सीमा तक ही चलाया जाता है। चौराहों पर संकेतक बत्तियाँ लगाई जाती हैं ताकि सड़क जाम तथा दुर्घटना जैसी स्थितियों का कम से कम सामना करना पड़े। जहाँ टैफिक लाईटें नहीं होती है, वहाँ हम हाथ के इशारे से यात्रियों को रुकने या जाने का संकेत करते हैं।

मैं: आपके द्वारा दी गई जानकारी के लिए मैं आपका शुक्रिया अदा करता हूँ।

लेखनीय

प्रश्न 1.
अपने परिसर के चौकीदार द्वारा अच्छा कार्य करने लेखनीय हेतु अभिनंदन करने वाला पत्र लिखिए।
उत्तर:

राम चौधरी,
कीर्ति कॉलोनी,
गुलमोहर, दादर,
मुंबई (प.) – 400 019
दिनांक – 4 मार्च, 2018

श्रीमान बहादुर सिंह जी,
सादर प्रणाम।

मैं राम चौधरी कीर्ति कॉलोनी का निवासी हूँ। पत्र पढ़ते हुए आपको अचरज जरूर हो रहा होगा क्योंकि जिस कॉलोनी की आप रखवाली करते हैं, उसी कॉलोनी का एक चौदह वर्षीय बालक पत्र के माध्यम से आप से बात कर रहा है।

मेरे पत्र लिखने का कारण बहुत ही सरल है। पिछले सप्ताह रात के समय रखवाली करते हुए आपने जो बहादुरी दिखाई वह सचमुच काबिले तारीफ है। इसके लिए आपकी जितनी भी प्रशंसा की जाए वह कम है। आपने अपनी जान पर खेलकर दो चोरों को छठी का दूध याद दिलाया, यह सचमुच ही बहादुरी का कार्य है। आपकी बहादुरी व वीरता का सम्मान करते हुए मैं इस पत्र के माध्यम से आपका अभिनंदन करता हूँ। मुझे इस बात की बेहद खुशी है कि आप जैसे बहादुर व्यक्ति हमारी कॉलोनी के रक्षक हैं। आपके कारण ही हम सभी कॉलोनी के लोग रात में चैन की नींद सो सकते हैं।

अत: एक बार फिर मैं आपका अभिनंदन करता हूँ। धन्यवाद!

आपका विनीत,
राम चौधरी।

मौलिक सृजन

प्रश्न 1.
‘पुलिस समाज के रक्षक’ इस बारे में अपना मत लिखिए।
उत्तर:
जिस प्रकार सैनिक विदेशी शत्रुओं से देश की रक्षा करते हैं, उसी प्रकार राष्ट्र-विरोधी तत्त्वों से पुलिस हमारी रक्षा करती है। प्रत्येक राष्ट्र के अपने कानून होते हैं। देश के नागरिक उन कानूनों का पालन करते हैं। परंतु कुछ लोग देश के कानून की अवहेलना कर राष्ट्र विरोधी गतिविधियों में लिप्त रहते हैं, पुलिस विभिन्न अपराधों में उनका चालान कर न्यायालय में प्रस्तुत करती है। पुलिस की अनेक श्रेणियाँ होती हैं। हमारे देश में केंद्रिय रिजर्व पुलिस, यातायात पुलिस, सामान्य पुलिस, सशस्त्र पुलिस और गुप्तचर पुलिस आदि अनेक प्रकार की पुलिस हैं। प्रत्येक राज्य में अपनी अलग-अलग पुलिस हैं।

पुलिस अपराधियों की खोजबीन में हमेशा तत्पर रहती है। पुलिस का कार्य बड़ा कठिन है। राजनेताओं की विभिन्न रैलियों के दौरान सुरक्षा और यातायात की व्यवस्था बनाए रखना, जुलूसों को शांतिपूर्ण ढंग से सम्पन्न करना, हड़ताल, धरनों और बंद के दौरान असामाजिक तत्त्वों से राष्ट्र की सम्पत्ति की रक्षा करना, राजनेताओं की व्यक्तिगत सुरक्षा करना, चोर, डकैतों और लुटेरों से आम नागरिक की रक्षा करना पुलिस का दायित्व है।

पुलिस कर्मचारी चौबीस घंटे खतरों से जूझते हैं। चोर-डकैतों से मुठभेड़ के दौरान घायल हो जाते हैं। भीड़ के द्वारा पथराव की स्थिति में चोट खाते हैं। सर्दी, गर्मी, बरसात में ड्यूटी देनी पड़ती है। विभिन्न प्रकार के अपराधियों को पकड़ना और न्यायालय में प्रस्तुत करना पुलिस का कार्य है। व्यक्तिगत झगड़ों में हस्तक्षेप कर समझौता कराना, चोरी हुए माल को बरामद कराना भी पुलिस के अधिकार क्षेत्र में आता है। इस प्रकार पुलिस अपने विविधतापूर्ण कार्यों से समाज की रक्षा करने का कार्य करती हैं।

पाठ के आँगन में…

1. कृतियाँ पूर्ण कीजिए।

(क) संजाल:

प्रश्न 1.
संजाल:

उत्तरः

(ख) लिखिए:

प्रश्न 1.
चौकीदार द्वारा पैसे न देने वाले घरों की भी रखवाली करने का कारण।
उत्तरः
यदि पैसे न देने वाले के घर चोरी-वोरी की घटना हो जाए तो पुलिस चौकीदार को ही पूछेगी और उस पर झूठा आरोप लग सकता है। ऐसा उसके साथ पहले भी हो चुका था। इसलिए वह पैसे न देने वाले घरों की भी रखवाली करता था।

प्रश्न 2.
चौकीदार की असुरक्षा का कारण –
उत्तरः
गुंडे बदमाशों से चौकीदार की मारपीट हो जाती है। शरीफ दिखनेवाले लोग उस पर रोब जताते हैं। इसलिए चौकीदार स्वयं को असुरक्षित महसूस करता है।

2. नीचे दिए गए अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द लिखिए। इसी प्रकार के अन्य पाँच शब्द बनाकर अपने वाक्यों में प्रयोग कीजिए।

प्रश्न (च)
रातों में सड़क पर लाठी ठोंकते, सीटी बजाकर पहरा देनेवाला
उत्तर:
चौकीदार

प्रश्न (छ)
अपनी जिम्मेदारियाँ तथा कर्तव्य निभाने वाला
उत्तर:
कर्तव्यनिष्ठ

3. घटना के अनुसार वाक्यों का उचित क्रम लगाकर लिखिए:

प्रश्न (त)
ऐसा पहले मेरे साथ हो चुका है साब जी।
उत्तर:
ऐसा पहले मेरे साथ हो चुका है साब जी।

प्रश्न (थ)
जैसी आपकी इच्छा साब जी।
उत्तर:
रात में अकेले घूमते तुम्हें डर नहीं लगता।

प्रश्न (द)
रात में अकेले घूमते तुम्हें डर नहीं लगता।
उत्तर:
जैसी आपकी इच्छा साब जी।

4. ‘लूट-डकैती करने वालों ने चौकीदार से मारपीट की’ यह समाचार पढ़कर मन में आए विचार लिखिए।

प्रश्न 1.
‘लूट-डकैती करने वालों ने चौकीदार से मारपीट की’ यह समाचार पढ़कर मन में आए विचार लिखिए।
उत्तरः
चौकीदार ठंड, वर्षा व गरमी में दिन-रात अपना कर्तव्य निभाकर सबकी सुरक्षा की चिंता करता है। परंतु एक दिन लूट-डकैती करनेवालों ने एक चौकीदार से मारपीट की, यह समाचार पढ़कर मुझे बहुत बुरा लगा। जो निष्कपट भाव से रात के समय सबकी रखवाली करता है, वह स्वयं कितना असुरक्षित और अकेला होता है, इसका अहसास मुझे हुआ। सचमुच, हमारे देश में चौकीदार असुरक्षित होते हैं। उनके पास लाठी और टार्च के अलावा अन्य साधन नहीं होते हैं।

एक लाठी के सहारे वे गुंडे-बदमाश लोगों का सामना नहीं कर सकते हैं। गुंडेबदमाश अपनी टोली के साथ आकर उन्हें मारते-पीटते हैं। अकेले होने के कारण वे उनका सामना नहीं कर पाते हैं। हमारी सरकार को चौकीदारों की सुरक्षा से संबंधित ठोस कानून बनाना चाहिए और उन्हें आवश्यक्तानुसार योग्य शस्त्र इस्तेमाल करने की अनुमति देनी चाहिए।भाषाई कौशल पर आधारित पाठगत कृतियाँ

भाषा बिंदु

प्रश्न 1.
निम्न वाक्यों में से सर्वनाम एवं क्रिया छाँटकर भेदों सहित लिखिए तथा अन्य पाठ्यपुस्तक से खोजकर नए वाक्य बनाइए।

उत्तरः

प्रश्न 2.
निम्न में से संज्ञा तथा विशेषण पहचानकर भेदों सहित लिखिए तथा अन्य पाठ्यपुस्तक से खोजकर नए वाक्य बनाइए।

उत्तरः

Hindi Lokbharti 9th Answers Chapter 10 रात का चौकीदार Additional Important Questions and Answers

(क) परिच्छेद पढ़कर दी गई सूचना के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए।

कृति (1) आकलन कृति

प्रश्न 1.
सूचना के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 2.
किसने, किससे कहा?
1. साब, जी पैसे?
2. अच्छा एक बात बताओ बहादुर, महीने में तुम्हें कितने घरों से पैसे मिल जाते हैं?
उत्तर:
1. चौकीदार ने लेखक से कहा।
2. लेखक ने चौकीदार से कहा।

प्रश्न 3.
कृति पूर्ण कीजिए।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 4.
समझकर लिखिए।
1. चौकीदार की जिम्मेदारी
2. चौकीदार द्वारा पैसे माँगने की तारीख
उत्तरः
1. चौकसी रखना।
2. हर महीने की पहली तारीख को।

कारण लिखिए।

प्रश्न 1.
परिच्छेद में आए हुए अंग्रेजी महीनों के नाम।
उत्तर:
1. दिसंबर
2. जनवरी

प्रश्न 2.
सत्य या असत्य पहचान कर लिखिए।
1. चौकीदार केवल पैसे के लिए ही काम करता है।
2. चौकीदार झूठे आरोपों से डरता है।
उत्तर:
1. असत्य
2. सत्य

प्रश्न 3.
प्रस्तुत गद्यांश को पढ़कर ऐसे प्रश्न बनाइए कि जिनका उत्तर निम्न शब्द हों।
1. तीज
2. चौकीदार
उत्तरः
1. प्रस्तुत गद्यांश में किस त्योहार का नाम आया है?
2. कॉलोनी में रातभर कौन चक्कर लगाता है?

कृति (2) स्वमत अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
‘कर्म ही पूजा है।’ इस विषय पर अपने विचारों को अभिव्यक्त कीजिए।
उत्तर:
कर्म मनुष्य के जीवन का आधार है। कर्म का अर्थ है, हमारे द्वारा किए जाने वाले कार्य। कर्म से ही मनुष्य पहचाना जाता है। कर्म ही उसकी छवि समाज के सम्मुख बनाए रखते हैं। यदि मनुष्य के कर्म बुरे हैं, तो समाज द्वारा उसे नकारा जाता है। अच्छे कर्म उसे आदर व सम्मान का पात्र बनाते हैं। कर्म मनुष्य जीवन को सार्थक करने में महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं। कर्मप्रधान मनुष्य मानवता का कल्याण करने में समर्थ होता है। गांधी जी के अच्छे कर्मो के कारण ही भारत आज़ाद हुआ। नेल्सन मंडेला ने अफ्रीका को आज़ाद कराया। इनके कर्म ही तो थे, जो आज भी लोगों द्वारा पूजे जाते हैं।

(ख) परिच्छेद पढ़कर सूचना के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए।

कृति (1) आकलन

प्रश्न 1.
किसने, किससे कहा लिखिए।
1. बड़े आदमी को डर लगता है तो फिर हम तो बहुत छोटे आदमी हैं।
2. सोते कब हो तुम?
उत्तर:
1. चौकीदार ने लेखक से कहा।
2. लेखक ने चौकीदार से कहा।

प्रश्न 2.
कृति पूर्ण कीजिए।
उत्तर:

पाठ्यांश के आधार पर निम्न वाक्य अपने शब्दों में पूर्ण कीजिए।

प्रश्न 1.
चौकीदार तब अपनी नींद पूरी करता है
उत्तरः
चौकीदार तब अपनी नींद पूरी करता है जब रोज सुबह आठ नौ बजे कॉलोनी में चक्कर लगाकर सब कुछ ठीक है इसकी तसल्ली कर लेता है।

प्रश्न 2.
लेखक को ठीक से नींद नहीं आई क्योंकि
उत्तरः
लेखक को ठीक से नींद नहीं आई क्योंकि वह चौकीदार के बारे में रातभर सोच रहा था कि वह सबकी सुरक्षा की चिंता करता है; पर स्वयं कितना असुरक्षित और अकेला है ।

उत्तर लिखिए।

प्रश्न 1.
सबेरे उठकर लेखक ने यह निर्णय लिया
उत्तरः
वह चौकीदार को उसके चौकसी करने का पूरा मेहनताना देगा।

प्रश्न 2.
इसके प्रति लेखक की श्रद्धा बढ़ गई थी
उत्तरः
चौकीदार के प्रति।

सत्य या असत्य पहचानकर लिखिए।

प्रश्न 1.
चौकीदार असुरक्षित एवं अकेला था।
चौकीदार के माँगने पर तुरंत लेखक ने उसे पैसे दे दिए।
उत्तर:
1. सत्य
2. असत्य

पाठ के आँगन से

नीचे दिए गए अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द लिखिए। इसी प्रकार के अन्य पाँच शब्द बनाकर अपने वाक्यों में प्रयोग कीजिए।

प्रश्न 1.
जो ईश्वर में विश्वास रखता हो
उत्तर:
आस्तिक

प्रश्न 2.
जो कभी न मरे
उत्तर:
अमर

प्रश्न 3.
जो पहले कभी न हुआ हो
उत्तर:
अभूतपूर्व

प्रश्न 4.
जिस जमीन में कुछ पैदा न हो
उत्तर:
बंजर

प्रश्न 5.
जिसके हृदय में दया न हो
उत्तर:
निर्दय

रात का चौकीदार (पूरक पठन) Summary in Hindi

लेखक-परिचय:

जीवन-परिचय: सुरेश कुशवाहा ‘तन्मय’ जी आधुनिक युग के लेखक एवं कवि हैं। वर्तमान समस्याएँ एवं घटनाओं को अपने लेखन में प्रमुख स्थान देना इनके लेखन की विशेषता है। इन्होंने अपने लेखन के माध्यम से बाल साहित्य को समृद्ध किया है। विभिन्न पत्र-पत्रिकाओं में इनकी रचनाएँ छपती रहती है। कहानी विधा पर भी इनकी लेखनी ने अधिकार जमाया हुआ है।

प्रमुख कृतियाँ: बाल कविता संग्रह – ‘अक्षरदीप जलाएँ’, कहानी – ‘छोटू का दर्द’, काव्य संग्रह – ‘शेष कुशल है ‘ आदि।

गद्य-परिचय:

लघुकथा: हिंदी में लघुकथा नवीनतम् विधा है। लघुकथा का मतलब है एक छोटी कहानी जिसका विषय पूरी तरह से विकसित हो, पर जो किसी उपन्यास से कम विस्तृत हो। हिंदी के अन्य सभी विधाओं की तुलना में अधिक लघु आकार होने के कारण यह समकालीन पाठकों के ज्यादा करीब है।
प्रस्तावना: ‘रात का चौकीदार’ इस पाठ के माध्यम से लेखक ‘तन्मय’ जी ने चौकीदार के माध्यम से कर्म ही पूजा है तथा कर्तव्यनिष्ठा से बढ़कर दूसरा कोई धर्म नहीं है, इस तथ्य को उजागर किया है।

सारांश:

प्रस्तुत पाठ एक लघुकथा है। इस लघुकथा में वर्षा, ठंड व गरमी में कॉलोनी में चक्कर लगाकर रखवाली करने वाले कर्तव्यनिष्ठ चौकीदार का वर्णन किया गया है। कॉलोनी में सौ-सवा सौ से भी अधिक घर होने के बावजूद चौकीदार को कभी साठ घर से पैसे मिलते हैं या कभी पचास घर से। फिर भी वह सभी के घरों की रखवाली करता है। पूरी ईमानदारी व लगन से काम करना ही उसकी कर्मनिष्ठा है। इस पाठ द्वारा लेखक ने कुछ लोगों की मुफ्तखोरी को दर्शाते हुए जन-जागृति की प्रेरणा प्रदान की है।

शब्दार्थ:

1. उमस – उष्णता
2. निरीह – उदासीन, बेचारा
3. ऊहापोह – उधेड़बुन
4. पक्का – निश्चित
5. चौकसी – रखवाली
6. झिड़कियाँ – डाँट-फटकार
7. धौंस – धमकी, रोब
8. गुजारा – निर्वाह

मुहावरे:

1. तसल्ली करना – समाधान करना।
2. चैन की साँस लेना – आश्वस्त होना।

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 7 English Solutions Chapter 2.7 Great Scientists Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 7 English Solutions Chapter 2.7 Great Scientists

Class 7 English Chapter 2.7 Great Scientists Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Write what is implied in the following sentences.

Question a.
But few know his inspirational life story, which is all about courage and fighting against the odds.
(What does it tell you about Faraday’s life?)
Answer:
Faraday was bom into an extremely poor family. He had a speech defect which ended his formal education. He wanted to become a scientist. He came across a lot of difficulties and failures but through courage and determination, he achieved fame and name.

Question b.
Even then Davy did not have much hope for Faraday.
(What do the words ‘even then’ suggest?)
Answer:
Davy hired Faraday as his Secretary. Faraday worked relentlessly and became indespensible to Davy. ‘Even then’ suggests that even though Faraday did everything to prove himself, Davy did not believe that Faraday was capable of doing anything great.

Question c.
People started telling Davy that of all his discoveries, the best was Faraday himself.
(What does it suggest about Davy’s work?)
Answer:
The line suggests that the people felt that Davy had made discoveries which were good but Faraday’s discoveries stood out in comparison to Davy’s work.

2. Break the passage into convenient smaller sections. Give sub-headings or titles to each section.

Question 1.
Break the passage into convenient smaller sections. Give sub-headings or titles to each section.
Answer:

• 1st para: Michael Faraday, an inspiration
• 2nd para: Unhappy childhood
• 3rd para: Reading, an obsession
• 4th para: Twist in life
• 5th para: Magic of Electricity
• 6th para: Play of destiny
• 7th para: Fruits of labour
• 8th para: Revolution for mankind
• 9th para: A scientist is born
• 10th para: Challenges in life
• 11th para: Magic of magnets
• 12th para: A legend is born
• 13th para: Failure – a stepping stone to success
• 14th para: Obstacles – a challenge
• 15th para: Luck smiles again
• 16th para: Believe in yourself

3. List the different gadgets and instruments mentioned in the passage. Find more information about them (at least 3), using the Internet.

Question 1.
List the different gadgets and instruments mentioned in the passage. Find more information about them (at least 3), using the Internet.
Answer:
Gadgets and Instruments:
Fan, air conditioners, sewing machines, power tools, cars, trains, aeroplane engines, induction motors, telescopes, Bavarian glass, microscopes, electrical generators, light bulbs. Now you add to the list of gadgets and instruments. You can add your own too.

1. Microscope: It is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), a Dutch scientist, who in the late 17th century became the first man to make and use a real microscope. All microscopes came with a lens that can magnify 40 times the normal size.

2. Electrical generator: It was invented by Michael Faraday in 1831. It is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Sources of mechanical energy include steam, turbines, gas turbines, water turbines, etc. It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

3. Fan: A fan is a machine used to create flow within a fluid, typically a gas such as air. The fan consists of a rotating arrangement of blades which act on the fluid. The fan was invented by Schuyler Skaats Wheeler in 1882.

4. Find out more about the following scientists with the help of the internet.
(a) Michael Faraday
(b) Humphry Davy
(c) Thomos Edison
(d) James Maxwell

Question 1.
Find out more about the following scientists with the help of the internet.
Answer:
(a) Michael Faraday: Michael Faraday (1791-1867) was an English (British) Scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. He was highly influenced by Humphry Davy and William Thomas Brande. He had notable awards to his credit, a few being Royal Medal, Copley Medal, Rumford Medal, Albert Medal.

(b) Humphry Davy: Humphry Davy (1778-1829) was a British scientist. It was he who found out that the inhalation of nitrous oxide produced surprising results, it came to be known as the laughing gas. He was awarded a medal by Napoleon and he identified the element iodine for the first time. He is remembered for his discoveries of sodium, potassium, calcium.

(c) Thomas Alva Edison: Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) an American inventor and businessman, has been described as America’s greatest inventor. He invented the photograph in 1877 because of which he came to be known as ‘The Wizard of Monto Park’. Thomas Edison had hearing problems during his childhood which persisted. The phonograph was the first machine that could record the sound of someone’s voice and play it back.

Edison recited the nursery rhyme ‘Mary had a little lamb’ and the phonograph played the words back to him. This was invented by a man whose hearing was poor and thought himself as deaf. It was Edison who designed a system of power plants. He has got 1093 patents to his credit. Many awards to his credit. Some of them are Franklin Medal, Albert Medal, Technical Grammy Award, etc.

(d) James Clerk Maxwell: James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) was a Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics His most notable work was to formulate the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation. He is known as the Father of Modern Physics. His other contributions included producing the first colour photograph taken in 1861 and many more. He earned an array of awards. To name a few, Rumford Medal, Keith and Hopkins prize, Adams prize, etc.

5. Language Study: Subject and predicate: A word or a phrase in a sentence that shows who or what does the action, is the subject. In the following sentences, the underlined part is the subject.
The baby is laughing.
The glass fell from the table.
The predicate Ls the part of a sentence that tells us something about the subject. The underlined parts of the following sentences show the predicates in them.
The baby is laughing.
The glass fell from the table.

Class 7 English Chapter 2.7 Great Scientists Additional Important Questions and Answers

Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What is the meaning of:

Question i.
Reading became his obsession.
Answer:
He could think of nothing else but reading.

Question ii.
Electricity became a lifelong fascination.
Answer:
Electricity enchanted him throughout his life. Electricity was his passion throughout his life.

Question 2.
Why do you think Faraday’s friend gave him a free ticket to Davy’s programme?
Answer:
Faraday’s friend gave him a free ticket to Davy’s programme because he knew about Faraday’s fascination for electricity and also that he could not afford the ticket.

Question 3.
Give one example each to show that:

Question i.
Faraday was a good pupil.
Answer:
Davy tried to find out how an electric current could be applied continuously, but failed to figure it out. He asked Faraday to try his hand at it. Faraday set to work and within a few days, solved the problem.

Question ii.
Davy was not a good mentor.
Answer:
Davy was not happy at Faraday’s achievement but was jealous of Faraday.

Question 4.
An induction motor is a commonly used electrical machine. What examples of its uses are given here?
Answer:
The examples of electrical machine in which induction motor is commonly used are:

1. fans
2. air conditioning
3. sewing machines
4. photographs
5. power tools
6. cars
7. trains
8. aeroplane engines.

Question 5.
Why were Faraday’s drawings not accepted?
Answer:
Faraday’s drawing were without any mathematical equations as he did not know much about advanced mathematics and lacked formal education. Faraday’s drawing without mathematical equation could not be understood and so his drawings were not accepted.

Question 6.
Does it mean they were wrong?
Answer:
No, Faraday’s drawings were not wrong. It lacked mathematical equations because of which it could not be understood.

Reading Skills, Vocabulary and Grammar

Read the following passage and do the activities.

Simple Factual Questions:

Question 1.
State whether true or false.
i. Faraday’s Laws are about electricity.
ii. Faraday did not suffer speech defect as an adult.
Answer:
i. True
ii. True.

Complex Factual Questions:

Question 1.
Where was Michael Faraday bom?
Answer:
Michael Faraday was born into a poverty- stricken family in a dirty London suburb.

Question 2.
What came to an end when Michael Faraday was twelve?
Answer:
Michael Faraday’s formal education came to an end when he was twelve.

Question 3.
What were the odds against Faraday in his childhood?
Answer:
Faraday was born into an extremely poor family. He suffered from speech defect as a child. He could not even pronounce his own name. Other children laughed at him and even his teachers did not help him. when he was twelve, his mother was forced to pull him out from school. This put an end to his formal education.

Vocabulary:

Give the word meaning for.

Question 1.
‘mentor’
Answer:
A wise and trusted counsellor or teacher.

Question 2.
‘reverse engineer it’
Answer:
Taking apart an object and analyzing its components and workings in detail.

Word building.

Question i.
Give the noun form:
(a) inventor
(b) friend
(c) mysterious
(d) agree
Answer:
(a) invention
(b)friendship
(c) mystery
(d) agreement

Question ii.
Give the verb form:
(a) explosion
(b) comprehensive
(c) revolution
(d) success
(e) inspirational
(f) education
(g) modem
(h) courage
Answer:
(a) explode
(b) comprehend
(c) revolve
(d) succeed
(e) inspire
(f) educate
(g) modernize
(h) encourage

Question iii.
Give the adverb form:
(a) difficult
(b) secret
(c) random
(d) invisible
Answer:
(a) difficulty
(b) secretly
(c) randomly
(d) invisibly

Question iv.
Give the adjective form:
(a) communicate
(b) education
(c) experiment
(d) succeed
Answer:
(a) communicative
(b) educative
(c) experimental
(d) successful

Grammar:

Question 1.
Michael Faraday is regarded as one of the most distinguished scientists and inventors! (Add question tag)
Answer:
Michael Faraday is regarded as one of the most distinguished scientists and inventors isn’t it?

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Do you like reading inspirational stories?
Answer:
Yes, I do like reading inspirational stories. Reading inspirational stories motivates me to do something in life so that I too can gain fame and name while trying to make the world a better place to live in.

Read the following passage and do the activities.

Simple Factual Questions:

State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question i.
Faraday succeeded Davy as the head of the laboratory after Davy’s death.
Answer:
True

Question ii.
He was so engrossed in the lecture that he applaud with the rest of the crowd.
Answer:
False

Complex Factual Questions:

Question 1.
What was the subject of Davy’s lecture?
Answer:
The subject of Davy’s lecture was ‘The Mysterious force of Electric Fluid’.

Question 2.
What happens when an electric current is applied to a wire?
Answer:
When an electric current is applied to a wire, it causes that wire to behave like a magnet.

Question 3.
Why did Davy choose Faraday as his assistant?
Answer:
Davy was temporarily blinded by a chemical explosion which took place inside his lab. He needed an assistant with an excellent memory. He was reminded of Faraday and decided to make him his assistant.

Question 4.
Was Davy fair in his treatment of Faraday?
Answer:
No, Davy was unfair in his treatment of Faraday. He looked down upon Faraday because of his low social status and education. He told Faraday not to aspire for too.much and to stick to book-binding.

Question 5.
How did Faraday respond to that treatment?
Answer:
Davy’s treatment did not dishearten Faraday. Faraday was relentless. He worked day and night and learnt as much as he could and became indispensible to Davy.

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Give the noun forms of the following.
i. comprehensive
ii. aspire
Answer:
i. comprehension
ii. aspiration.

Question 2.
Give the adverb form:
i. difficult
ii. invisible
Answer:
i. difficulty
ii. invisibly.

Grammar:

Question 1.
Destiny had a strange plan in store for him. (Use a question tag)
Answer:
Destiny had a strange plan in store for him, didn’t it?

Question 2.
Identify the subject and predicate from the following sentences.

1. Davy became his role model.
2. Destiny had a strange plan in store for him. Subject Predicate

Subject	Predicate
a. Davy	became his role model.
b. Destiny	had a strange plan in store for him.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
What actions and thoughts of Faraday show that he was inspired by Davy?
Answer:
The actions and thoughts of Faraday which shows he was inspired by Davy are as follows:

1. He kept taking notes.
2. He was so engrossed in the lecture that he forgot to applaud.
3. He bound the notes he had taken down into a book, hoping to gift it to Davy.
4. He was inspired to become a great scientist and Davy became his role model.
5. Faraday thought that it would be wonderful if Davy became his mentor.

Read the following passage and do the activities.

Simple Factual Questions:

Say whether the following statements are true or false.

Question i.
Faraday succeeded Davy in 1829.
Answer:
True

Question ii.
In 1830 Faraday developed memory loss which continued for the rest of his life.
Answer:
False

Complex Factual Questions:

Question 1.
When did Faraday develop memory loss?
Answer:
Faraday developed memory loss in 1840.

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Give a sub-heading or title to the extract.
Answer:
‘Faraday – a Legend is born’.

Grammar:

Question 1.
Find any 4 verbs from the above extract.
Answer:
died, succeeded, made, moved.

Question 2.
Find any 2 proper nouns from the above extract.
Answer:
Faraday and Davy.

Question 3.
Faraday was now a legend. (Add a question tag)
Answer:
Faraday was now a legend, wasn’t he?

Question 4.
Remember that piece of Bavarian glass Faraday had kept on his shelf? (State the Kind of sentence)
Answer:
Interrogative Sentence.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Write the idea behind an electrical generator.
Answer:
Faraday noticed that if he moved a magnet, it would produce electrical current, converting motion into electricity. This is how the electrical generator came into being.

Question 2.
How far did Faraday convert the reminder of his first major failure into an instrument of great success?
Answer:
Faraday used the reminder of his first major failure, the Bavarian glass, to show the concept of polarisation. He thus converted it into an instrument of great success.

Question 3.
What complicated experiment did Faraday begin after he developed a memory loss?
Answer:
After developing a memory loss, Faraday began a complicated experiment to prove that light was closely related to electricity and magnetism.

Language Study

Do as directed.

Question 1.
Pick out the subject and predicate.

Question i.
A wealthy, educated physicist, he met.
Answer:
Subject: He
Predicate: met a wealthy, educated physicist

Question ii.
He was unable to explain.
Answer:
Subject: He
Predicate: was unable to explain

Question iii.
The induction motor spurred a revolution.
Answer:
Subject: The induction motor
Predicate: spurred a revolution

Question iv.
At thirteen, however, he stated working.
Answer:
Subject: He
Predicate: started working at thirteen

Question v.
One day he came across a book on electricity.
Answer:
Subject: He
Predicate: came across a book on electricity one day.

Question vi.
Other children laughed at him.
Answer:

• Subject: Other children
• Predicate: laughed at him
• Remember: If there is no subject, put a ‘you’ in the subjects place.
• e.g. Shut the door.
• Subject: You Predicate: Shut the door

Question 2.
Other children laughed at him. (Add a question tag)
Answer:
Other children laughed at him. didn’t they?

Question 3.
He started reading it. (State the kind of verb – Transitive/ Intransitive)
Answer:
started – transitive verb reading – transitive verb

Question 4.
Other children laughed at him. (Begin with’He…’)
Answer:
He was laughed at by other children.

Question 5.
Faraday solved the problem. (End with ‘…Faraday’)
Answer:
The problem was solved by Faraday.

Question 6.
Faraday was now a legend. (Make it interrogative)
Answer:
Wasn’t Faraday now a legend?

Question 7.
James Maxwell was a wealthy, educated physicist. (Frame a ‘Wh’ question so as to get the underlined word as the answer)
Answer:
Who was James Maxwell?

Question 8.
Get me a glass of water. (Separate the subject and predicate)
Answer:
Subject-You
Predicate – Get me a glass of water.

Question 9.
He undertook it as challenges and opportunities. (Identify the part of speech of the underlined words)
Answer:
challenges, opportunities – nouns.
Writing Skills

Question 10.
Find out from the internet an inspiring story.
Answer:
Lionel Messi, bom in 1987, into a middle-class family who lived in Argentina. He grew up in a football-loving family. He developed a passion for football at an early age. At 5, he showed great skills at a club coached by his father. It was strange to see that he was way too short when compared to the boys of his age. Wherever he went he was the shortest of all.

This did not stop him from playing. At the age of 11, he was diagnosed with growth hormone deficiency and had to take medical assistance. Every night he had to take an injection in his legs for 3 years. His family could not afford the treatment for long. Though he was a great asset for his soccer club, they refused to pay his bills. Lady Luck smiled on him and his family. At 13, he got an offer from F. C. Barcelona that they would pay for his treatment if he played for them.

His family moved to Spain with no money or job, all in the hope that his treatment will make him big enough to play soccer. At 17, despite being injury prone he became the youngest player in F. C. Barcelona to score a goal and became a star performer. Today, Lionel Messi is known as one of the greatest footballers of all time. He has won the most Ballon d’Ors in the world. The FIFA Ballon d’Or (Golden Ball) also known as the European Footballer of the year, was an annual association football award presented to the world’s best male player.
Messi’s story teaches us ‘Never lose hope.
You never know what tomorrow might bring. Keep believing in yourself’.

Great Scientists Summary in English

The lesson ‘Great Scientists’ is an inspirational and motivational lesson. The story about Michael Faraday and his journey through all odds in life to become one of the most distinguished scientists and inventors of modern times is really an eye-opener to all those who give up easily when faced with a difficult situation. Perseverance and a will to win will surely reach you to the height of success is described in this story. This is a story all teens must-read.

Introduction:

The lesson ‘Great Scientists’ is taken from the introduction to ‘Reignited’ by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh.

Glossary:

1. persevering (v) – to continue doing something in a determined way despite having difficulties ‘
2. deterred (v) – discouraged
3. distinguished (adj) – renowned, famous
4. inspirational (adj) – encouraged or making you feel you want to do something
5. poverty-stricken (adj) – extremely poor
6. defect (n) – lack or fault in a person
7. formal education (n) – classroom based education given by trained teachers
8. obsession (n) – the state of being preoccupied with someone or something
9. fascination (n) – passion
10. renowned (adj) – famous
11. comprehensive (adj) – exhaustive
12. dejected (adj) – sad
13. relentless (adj) – persistent
14. indispensable (adj) – that one cannot do without
15. career (n) – profession, occupation
16. revolution (n) – something that signifies a great change
17. reverse (v) – to turn something inside out
18. accomplish (v) – to finish successfully
19. significant (n) – notable
20. souvenir (n) – an item of sentimental value
21. complicated (adj) – difficult
22. randomly (adj) – without definite direction
23. filings (n) – particles of something (metal)
24. invisible (adj) – which cannot be seen
25. galaxies (n) – milky way
26. aliens (n) – any life form of extra terrestrial origin
27. conviction (n) – belief
28. epitomizes (v) – sums up
29. mentor (n) – a wise and trusted counsellor or teacher
30. reverse engineer it – taking apart an object and analyzing its components and working in detail
31. dynamo – a machine for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy
32. applaud – clap.
33. perseverance – hard work.
34. aspirations (n) – hopes of achieving something.
35. binding (v) – to join separate pieces of paper and make a book.
36. chemist (n) – a person who does chemical experiments or research.
37. consistent (adj) – that does not change over a period of time.
38. engrossed (v) – engaged with complete attention.
39. hooked (adj) – being so excited about something that you are unable to leave.
40. isolated (adj) – alone, separate.
41. legend (n) – a person who is very famous and admired.
42. novel (adj) – new and unusual.
43. pursue (v) – to engage in an activity over a long period of time.

Read More:

Gift Nifty Historical Data

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Science Solutions Part 1 Chapter 2 Periodic Classification of Elements Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Science Solutions Part 1 Chapter 2 Periodic Classification of Elements

Periodic Classification Of Elements Question 1.
Rearrange the columns 2 and 3 so as to match with the column 1.

Column 1	Column 2	Column 3
i. Triad	a. Lightest and negatively charged particle in all the atoms	1. Mendeleev
ii. Octave	b. Concentrated mass and positive charge	2. Thomson
iii. Atomic number	c. Average of the first and the third atomic mass	3. Newlands
iv. Period	d. Properties of the eighth element similar to the first	4. Rutherford
v. Nucleus	e. Positive charge on the nucleus	5. Dobereiner
vi. Electron	f. Sequential change in molecular formulae	6. Moseley

Answer:

Column 1	Column 2	Column 3
i. Triad	Average of the first and the third atomic mass	Dobereiner
ii. Octave	Properties of the eighth element similar to the first	Newlands
iii. Atomic number	Positive charge on the nucleus	Moseley
iv. Period	Sequential change in molecular formulae	Mendeleev
v. Nucleus	Concentrated mass and positive charge	Rutherford
vi. Electron	Lightest and negatively charged particle in all the atoms	Thomson

Periodic Classification Of Elements Class 10 Maharashtra Board Question 2.
Choose the correct option and rewrite the statement:
(a) The number of electrons in the outermost shell of alkali metals is…….
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 7
Answer:
(a) 1

(b) Alkaline earth metals have valency 2. This means that their position in the modern periodic table is in…….
(a) Group 2
(b) Group 16
(c) Period 2
(d) d-block
Answer:
(a) Group 2

(c) Molecular formula of the chloride of an element X is XCl. This compound is a solid having high melting point. which of the following elements be present in the same group as X.
(a) Na
(b) Mg
(c) Al
(d) Si
Answer:
(a) Na

(d) In which block of the modem periodic table are the nonmetals found?
(a) s-block
(b) p-block
(c) d-block
(d) f-block
Answer:
(b) p-block

Class 10 Science Chapter 2 Periodic Classification Of Elements Notes Question 3.
An element has its electron configuration as 2, 8, 2. Now answer the following questions.
a. What is the atomic number of this element?
Answer:
The atomic number of this element is 12.

b. What is the group of this element?
Answer:
The group of this element is 2.

c. To which period does this element belong?
Answer:
This element belongs to period 3.

d. With which of the following elements would this element resemble? (Atomic numbers are given in the brackets)
N(7), Be(4), Ar(18), Cl(17)
Answer:
This element resembles Be(4).

Class 10 Science 1 Chapter 2 Periodic Classification Of Elements Question 4.
Write down the electronic configuration of the following elements from the given atomic numbers. Answer the following question with explanation.

a. ₃Li, ₁₄Si, ₂He, ₁₁Na, ₁₅P which of these elements belong to be period 3?
Answer:

Elements	Electronic configuration
(i) 3Li	2,1
(ii) 14Si	2, 8,4
(iii) 2He	2
(iv) 11Na	2, 8, 1
(v) 15P	2, 8, 5

Elements belong to the 3rd period: ₁₄Si, ₁₁Na and ₁₅P.

b. ₁H, ₇N, ₂₀Ca, ₁₆S, ₄Be, ₁₈Ar. Which of these elements belong to the second group?
Answer:

Elements	Electronic configuration
(i)  1H	1
(ii) 7N	2, 5
(iii) 20Ca	2, 8, 8, 2
(iv) 16S	2, 8, 6
(v) 4Be	2, 2
(iv) 18Ar	2, 8, 8

Elements belongs to the 2nd group: ₄Be and ₂₀Ca.

c. ₇N, ₆C, ₈O, ₅B, ₁₃Al Which is the most electronegative element among these?
Answer:

Elements	Electronic configuration
(i) 7N	2,5
(ii) 6C	2,4
(iii) 80	2,6
(iv) 5B	2,3
(v) 13A1	2, 8,3

Among these, ₈O is the most electronegative element.

d. ₄Be, ₆C, ₈O, ₅B, ₁₃Al Which is the most electropositive element among these?
Answer:

Elements	Electronic configuration
(i) 4Be	2, 2
(ii) 6C	2, 4
(iii) 8O	2, 6
(iv) B	2, 3
(v) 11Al	2, 8, 3

Among these, ₁₃Al is the most electropositive element.

e. ₁₁Na, ₁₅P, ₁₇Cl, ₁₄Si, ₁₂Mg which of these has largest atoms?
Answer:

Elements	Electronic configuration
(i) 11Na	2, 8, 1
(ii) 15P	2, 8, 3
(iii) 17Cl	2, 8, 7
(iv) 14Si	2, 8, 4
(v) 12Mg	2, 8, 2

₁₁Na has the largest atomic size.

f. ₁₉K, ₃li, ₁₁Na, ₄Be Which of these atoms has smallest atomic radius?
Answer:

Elements	Electronic configuration
(i) 19K	2, 8, 8, 1
(ii) 3Li	2, 1
(iii) 11Na	2, 8, 1
(iv) 4Be	2, 2

₄Be has smallest atomic radius.

g. ₁₃Al, ₁₄Si, ₁₁Na, ₁₂Mg, ₁₆S Which of the above elements has the highest metallic character?
Answer:

Elements	Electronic configuration
(i) 13Al	2, 8, 3
(ii) 14Si	2, 8, 4
(iii) 11Na	2, 8, 1
(iv) 12Mg	2, 8, 2
(v) 16S	2, 8, 6

₁₁Na has the highest metallic character.

h. ₆C, ₃Li, ₉F, ₇N, ₈O Which of the above elements has the highest nonmetallic character?
Answer:

Elements	Electronic configuration
(i) 6C	2, 4
(ii) 3Li	2, 1
(iii) 9F	2, 7
(iv) 7N	2, 5
(v) 8O	2, 6

₉F has the highest non metallic character.

Science 1 Chapter 2 Class 10 Maharashtra Board  Question 5.
write the name and symbol of the element from the description.
a. The atom having the smallest size.
Answer:
Helium(He).

b. The atom having the smallest atomic mass.
Answer:
Hydrogen(H₂).

c. The most electronegative atom.
Answer:
Fluorine(F₂).

d. The noble gas with the smallest atomic radius.
Answer:
Helium(He).

e. The most reactive nonmetal.
Answer:
Fluorine(F₂).

Class 10 Science Chapter 2 Periodic Classification Of Elements  Question 6.
Write short notes.
a. Mendeleev’s periodic law.
Answer:
when the elements are arranged in the order of their increasing atomic masses, Mendeleev found that the elements with similar physical and chemical properties repeat after a definite interval. On the basis of these finding Mendeleev stated the periodic law. The physical and chemical properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic masses.

b. Structure of the modern periodic table.
Answer:
(1) In the modern periodic table, the elements are arranged in the order of their increasing atomic number. In the modern periodic table there are seven horizontal rows called periods and eighteen vertical columns (1 to 18) called groups. The arrangement or the periods and groups results into formation of boxes. Atomic numbers are serially indicated in the upper part of these boxes.

(2) Each box represents the place for one element. Apart from these seven rows, there are two rows of elements placed separately at the bottom of the periodic table. They are lanthanides and actinides series. There are 118 boxes in the periodic table including the two series that means there are 118 places for elements in the modern periodic table.

The formation of a few elements was established experimentally very recently and thereby the modern periodic table is now completely filled with 118 elements.

(3) On the basis of the electronic configuration, the elements in the modern periodic table are divided into four blocks, viz. s-block, p-block, d-block and f-block. The s-block constitute groups 1 and 2. The groups 13 to 18 constitute the p-block. Groups 3 to 12 constitute the d-block, while the lanthanide and actinide series at the bottom form the f-block. The d-bloclçelements are called transition elements.

A zig-zag line shown in the p-block of the periodic table. This zig-zag line shows the three traditional types of elements, i.e. metals, nonmetals and metalloids. The metalloid elements lie along the border of zig-zag line. All the metals lie on the left side of the zig-zag line while all the nonmetals lie on the right side.

c. Position of isotopes in the Mendeleev’s and the modern periodic table.
Answer:
Isotopes were discovered long time after Mendeleev put forth the periodic table. A challenge was posed in placing isotopes in Mendeleev’s periodic table, as isotopes have the same chemical properties but different atomic masses. Isotopes do not find separate places in this table.

Moseley found out that atomic number is a fundamental property of an element rather than its atomic mass. The atomic number of any element is increased by one unit (number) from the atomic number or subsequent element. In the modern periodic table, the elements are arranged in the order of their increasing atomic numbers, that time the problem or discrepancy in the pairs or isotopes of elements observed in Mendeleev’s periodic table was solved. The isotopes or ₁₇Cl³⁵ and ₁₇Cl³⁷ were placed in the same group as both have the same atomic number.

Periodic Classification Of Elements Class 10 State Board Question 7.
Write scientific reasons.
a. Atomic radius goes on decreasing while going from left to right in a period.
Answer:
(1) In a period while going from left to right, atomic radius goes on decreasing and the atomic number increases one by one, that means positive charge on the nucleus increases by one unit at a time.

(2) However, the additional electron is added to the same outermost shell. Due to the increased nuclear charge the electrons are pulled towards the nucleus to a greater extent, as a result the size of atom decreases i.e., atomic radius decreases.

b. Metallic character goes on decreasing while going from left to right in a period.
Answer:
(1) Metals have a tendency to lose the valence electrons to form cations. This tendency of an element is called the metallic character of the element.

(2) while going from left to right within a period the outermost shell remains the same and electrons are added to the same shell. However, the positive charge on the nucleus goes on Increasing while the atomic radius goes on decreasing and thus the effective nuclear charge goes on increasing. As a result of this the tendency of atom to lose electrons decreases, i.e., electropositivity decreases. Thus, metallic character goes on decreasing within a period from left to right.

c. Atomic radius goes on increasing down a group.
Answer:
The size of an atom is indicated by its radius. while going down a group a new shell is added. Therefore, the distance between the outermost electron and the nucleus goes on increasing. These electrons experience lesser pull from the nucleus. Thus, atomic radius goes on increasing down a group.

d. Elements belonging to the same group have the same valency.
Answer:
(1) The valency of an element is determined by the number of valence electron in the outermost shell of an atom of an element.

(2) All the elements in a group have the same number of valence electrons. Therefore, elements in the same group should have the same valency. For example, the elements of group I contain only one valence electron: the valency of elements of group I is one. Similarly for group II, the valency is two.

e. The third period contains only eight elements even through the electron capacity of the third shell is 18.
Answer:
(1) In the modern periodic table, there are seven horizontal rows called periods. In a periods elements are arranged in an increasing order of their atomic numbers. The third row contains 8 elements and the electron capacity of the third shell is 18.

(2) In the third period, while moving from left to right, atomic number increases, number of electrons increases in the shell. The number of elements present in 3^rd period is decided on the basis of electronic configuration and octet rule.

Atomic number	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
Elements	Na	Mg	Al	Si	P	S	Cl	Ar

Argon (Ar) is the last element of the third period and has a capacity of maximum 18 electrons. Its octet of electrons is completed and as argon belongs to zero group, the third shell contains 18 electrons.

Periodic Classification Of Elements Exercise Question 8.
Write the names from the description.
a. The period with electrons in the shells, K, L and M.
Answer:
Third period.

b. The group with valency zero.
Answer:
Group 18.

c. The family of nonmetals having valency one.
Answer:
Halogen family.

d. The family of metals having valency one.
Answer:
Group 1.

e. The family of metals having valency two.
Answer:
Group 2.

f. The metalloids in the second and third periods.
Answer:
Boron, Silicon.

g. Nonmetals in the third period.
Answer:
Phosphorous, sulfur and chlorine and argon.

h. Two elements having valency 4.
Answer:
Carbon, silicon.

Project:
Do it your self.
1. Find out the applications of all the inert gases, prepare a chart and display it in the class.
2. Find out the properties and uses of group 1 and group 2 elements.
3. Find out the properties and uses of period 2 and period 3 elements.

Can you recall? (Text Book Page No. 16)

Science 1 Chapter 2 Periodic Classification Of Elements Question 1.
What are the types of matter?
Answer:
The types of matter are solid, liquid, gas and plasma.

Class 10 Science Chapter 2 Periodic Classification Of Elements Exercise Question 2.
what are the types of elements?
Answer:
The types of elements are metals, nonmetals and metalloids.

Periodic Classification Of Elements Class 10 Solutions Question 3.
What are the smallest particles of matter called?
Answer:
The smallest particles are called atoms.

Periodic Classification Of Elements Question 4.
what is the difference between the molecules of elements and compounds?
Answer:

1. Elements contain only one kind of atoms in the free state or combined state.
2. An element cannot be decomposed into simple substances by any chemical reaction or simple physical process, e.g. copper, iron, oxygen.
3. A compound is produced by a chemical reaction of two or more elements.
4. The constituents of a compound can be separated by a chemical process, e.g. salt, water and sugar.

Can you tell? (Text Book Page No.16)

Identify Dobereiner’s triads from the following groups of elements having similar chemical properties:
(i) Mg (24.3), Ca (40.1), Sr (87.6)
(ii) S (32.1), Se (79.0), Te (127.6)
(iii) Be (9.0), Mg (24.3), Ca (40.1)
Answer:
Dobereiner’s triads
(i) S (32.1), Se (79.0), Te (127.6)
(ii) Be (9.0), Mg (24.3), Ca (40.1)

Use your brain power! (Text Book Page No. 20)

Class 10 Periodic Classification Of Elements Solutions Question 1.
write the molecular formulae of oxides of the following elements by referring to the Mendeleev’s periodic table. Na, Si, C, Rb, P, Ba, Cl, Sn.
Answer:

Elements	Oxides of Elements
Na	Na2O Sodium oxide
Si	SiO2 Silicon oxide
C	CO2 Carbon dioxide
Rb	Rb2O Rubidium oxide(yellow solid)
P	P2O5 Phosphorous pentaoxide
Ba	BaO Barium oxide
Cl	Cl2O Chlorine monoxide
Sn	SnO2 Tin oxide(stannic oxide)

Periodic Classification Of Elements Class 10 Question 2.
Write the molecular formulae of the compounds of the following elements with hydrogen by referring to the Mendeleev’s periodic table. C, S, Br, AS, F, O, N, Cl.
Answer:

Elements	Compounds (with hydrogen)
C	CH4 Methane
S	H2S Hydrogen sulphide
Br	HBr Hydrogen bromide
As	AsH3 Arsine
F	HF Hydrogen fluoride
O	H2O Water
N	NH3 Ammonia
Cl	HCl Hydrogen chloride

Can you tell? (Text Book Page No. 22)

Periodic Classification Of Elements Class 10 Question And Answers Question 1.
Go through the modern periodic table and write the names one below the other of the elements of group 1.
Answer:

Periodic Classification Of Elements Class 10 Short Notes Question 2.
Write the electronic configuration of first four elements in this group.
Answer:

Elements	Electronic configuration
Hydrogen	1
Lithium	2, 1
Sodium	2, 8, 1
Potassium	2, 8, 8, 1

Periodic Classification Of Elements Solutions Question 3.
Which similarity do you find in their configuration?
Answer:
The similarity is observed in valence electrons of these elements. The valence electron in these elements is one.

10th Science Part 1 Chapter 2 Periodic Classification Of Elements Question 4.
How many valence electrons are there in each of these elements?
Answer:
There is one valence electron in all these elements.

Can you tell? (Text Book Page No. 23)

Question 1.
On going through the modern periodic table it is seen that the elements Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F and Ne belong to the period-2. write down electronic configuration of all or them.
Answer:

Elements	Electronic configuration
Li	2, 1
Be	2, 2
B	2, 3
C	2, 4
N	2, 5
O	2, 6
F	2, 7
Ne	2, 8

Question 2.
Is the number of valence electrons same for all these elements?
Answer:
The number of valence electrons is different for all these elements.

Question 3.
Is the number of shells the same in these?
Answer:
The number of shells is the same.

Can you tell? (Text Book Page No. 24)

Question 1.
The elements in the third period, namely, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl and Ar have electrons in the three shells, K, L, M. Write down the electronic configuration of these elements.
Answer:

Elements	K Shell	L Shell	M Shell	Electronic configuration
Na	2	8	1	2, 8, 1
Mg	2	8	2	2, 8, 2
Al	2	8	3	2, 8, 3
Si	2	8	4	2, 8, 4
P	2	8	5	2, 8, 5
S	2	8	6	2, 8, 6
Cl	2	8	7	2, 8, 7
Ar	2	8	8	2, 8, 8

(Think about it) (Text Book Page No.19)

Question 1.
There are some vacant places in Mendeleev’s periodic table. In some of these places, the atomic masses are seen to be predicted. Enlist three of these predicted atomic masses along with their group and period.
Answer:

Atomic mass	Group	Period
44	III	4
72	IV	5
100	VII	6

Question 2.
Due to uncertainty in the names of some of the elements, a question mark is indicated before the symbol in the Mendeleev’s period table. What are such symbols?
Answer:
Symbols : Yt, Di, Ce, Er, La.

Use your brain power! (Text Book Page No. 19)

Question 1.
Chlorine has two isotopes, viz. cl-35 and Cl-37. Their atomic masses are 35 and 37 respectively. Their chemical properties are same. where should these be placed in Mendeleev’s periodic table? In different places or in the same place?
Answer:
The arrangement of elements is done on the basis of atomic mass. Since the atomic masses of chlorine (isotopes) are different i.e. 35 and 37, they should be kept in different places in Mendeleev’s periodic table.

Use your brain power! (Text Book Page No.21)

Question 1.
How is the problem regarding the position of cobalt (₅₉CO) and nickel (₅₉Ni) in Mendeleev’s periodic table resolved in modern periodic table?
Answer:
Mendeleev arranged the elements in their increasing order of atomic masses. But some elements with higher atomic masses are placed before those having lower atomic masses, e.g. cobalt (CO) with atomic mass 58.93 is placed before nickel (Ni) having atomic mass 58.71. Moderm periodic table was prepared on the basis of the atomic number of elements. The atomic number of CO is 27 and that of Ni is 28. So nickel is placed after cobalt.

Question 2.
How thd the position of \({ }_{17}^{35} \mathrm{Cl}\) get fixed in the modern periodic table?
Answer:
In Mendeleev’s periodic table, the difference between atomic masses of two consecutive elements is not the same ³⁵Cl and ³⁵Cl. Moseley found out the atomic number of the elements. The atomic number of any element is increased by one unit (number) from the atomic number of subsequent element.

Isotopes \({ }_{17}^{35} \mathrm{Cl}\) and \({ }_{17}^{37} \mathrm{Cl}\) occupy the same position in the modern periodic table. Both isotopes have the same atomic number.

In the modern periodic table, the elements are arranged in the order of their increasing atomic numbers, that the problem of discrepancy in the pairs of isotopes elements observed in Mendeleev’s periodic table was solved. The isotopes of \({ }_{17}^{35} \mathrm{Cl}\) and \({ }_{17}^{37} \mathrm{Cl}\) were placed in the same group as both have the same atomic number.

Question 3.
Can there be an element with atomie mass 53 or 54 in between the two elements, chromium \({ }_{24}^{52} \mathrm{Cr}\) and manganese \({ }_{25}^{55} \mathrm{Mn}\)?
Answer:
In Mendeleev’s periodic table, the difference between atomic masses of two consecutive elements is not the same (⁵²Cr and ⁵⁵Mn). Moseley found out the atomic number of the elements. The atomic number of any element is increased by one unit (number) from the atomic number of subsequent element. \({ }_{24}^{52} \mathrm{Cr} \rightarrow{ }_{25}^{55} \mathrm{Mn}\) that means in between two elements (Cr aind Mn), element with mass 53 or 54 do not exist.

Question 4.
what do you think? Should hydrogen be placed in the group 17 of halogens or group 1 of alkali metals in the modern periodic table?
Answer:
(1) Hydrogen is placed in group 1 and in group 17 as it resembles alkali metals as well as halogens. Thus, no fixed position was given to hydrogen in Mendeleev’s periodic table.

(2) On the other hand, hydrogen easily donates the electron and forms a stable cation (H⁺), but it does not easily form a stable anion (H^–), hydride ion. Hence, it is better placed in group 1 rather than in group 17 in the modern periodic table.

Use your brain power! (Text Book Page No. 24)

Question 1.
The elements in the second period : Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F and Ne have electrons in the two shells K and L. Write down the electronic configuration of these elements.
Answer:

Element	Electronic configuration
	K shell	L shell
Li	2	1
Be	2	2
B	2	3
C	2	4
N	2	5
O	2	6
F	2	7
Ne	2	8 Octet complete

Question 2.
The elements in the third period: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl and Ar have electrons in the third shell K, L and M. write down the electronic configuration of these elements.
Answer:

Elements	K Shell	L Shell	M Shell	Electronic configuration
Na	2	8	1	2, 8, 1
Mg	2	8	2	2, 8, 2
Al	2	8	3	2, 8, 3
Si	2	8	4	2, 8, 4
P	2	8	5	2, 8, 5
S	2	8	6	2, 8, 6
Cl	2	8	7	2, 8, 7
Ar	2	8	8	2, 8, 8

Think about it (Text Book Page No. 24)

Question 1.
what is the relationship between the electronic configuration of an element and its valency?
Answer:
The valency of an element is determined by the number of electrons in the outermost shell.

Question 2.
The atomic number or beryllium is 4. while that of oxygen is 8. Write down the electronic configuration of the two and deduce the valency from the same.
Answer:

Element	Atomic number	Electronic configuration	Valency
Beryllium	4	2, 2	2
Oxygen	8	2, 6	2

Question 3.
The table given below is based on modern periodic table. write in it the electronic configuration of the first 20 elements below the symbol and write the valency (as shown in a separate box)
Answer:
Group

Question 4.
what is the periodic trend in the variation of valency while going from left to right within a period? Explain your answer with reference to period 2 and period 3.
Answer:

(1) In a period, change in valency of an element varies electronic configuration. The number of valence electrons is different in these elements. However, the number of shells is the same.
(2) In a period, while going from left to right, the atomic number increases by one at a time and the number of valence electrons also increases by one at a time.
(3) In periods 2 and 3, while going from left to right, valency varies.

Elements	Li	Be	B	C	N	O	F	Ne
Valancy	1	2	3	4	3	2	1	0

Elements	Na	Mg	Al	Si	P	S	Cl	Ar
Valancy	1	2	3	4	3	2	1	0

Question 5.
What is the periodic trend in the variation of valency while going down a group?
Explain your answer with reference to the group 1, group 2 and group 18.
Answer:

(1) The valency of an element is determined by the number of valence electron in the outermost shell of an atom of an element.

(2) All the elements in a group have the same number of valence elements. Therefore, elements in the same group should have the same valency. For example, the elements of group 1 (H, Li, Na, K etc.) contain only one valence electron. the valency of elements of group 1 is one. Similarly for group 2, (Be, Mg, Ca) contain two valence electrons, the valency of elements of group 2 is two.

(3) The elements of group 18 1 (Ne, Ar) contain 8 electrons (exception, Helium contain 2 electrons). Since the octet is completed their valency is zero.

Use your brain power! (Text Book Page No. 25)

Element	K	Na	Rb	Cs	Li
Atomic radius (pm)	231	186	244	264	152

Question 1.
By referring to the modern periodic table find out the groups to which above the elements belong.
Answer:
The above elements belong to group 1.

Question 2.
Arrange the above elements vertically downwards in an increasing order of atomic radii.
Answer:
The above elements arranged vertically downward in an increasing order or atomic radii:

Li	Na	K	Rb	Cs
152	186	231	244	262

Question 3.
Does this arrangement match with the pattern of the group 1 of the modern periodic table?
Answer:
This arrangement match with the pattern of the group 1 of the modern periodic table in an increasing order of atomic radii.

Question 4.
Which of the above elements have the biggest and the smallest atom?
Answer:
The biggest atom : Cs
The smallest atom : Li

Question 5.
What is the periodic trend observed in the variation of atomic radii down a group?
Answer:
while going down a group, atomic number increases, atomic radius increases. Therefore atomic size gradually increases.

Use your brain power! (Text Book Page No. 26)

Question 1.
Look at the elements of third period. Classify them Into metals and nonmetals.
Answer:
Third row: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar
Metals: Na, Mg, Al
Nonmetals: P, S, Cl, Ar

Question 2.
On which side of the period are the metals? Left or right?
Answer:
Left side of the period are the metals.

Question 3.
On which side of the period did you find the nonmetals?
Answer:
Right side of the period are the nonmetals.

(Use your brain power !) (Text Book Page No. 27)

Question 1.
What is the cause of non-metallic character of elements?
Answer:
The tendency of an element to form anion or electronegativity is the nonmetallic character of element.

Question 2.
what is the expected trend in the variation of nonmetallic character of elements from left to right in a period?
Answer:
In a period, as the atomic number increases from left to right, electronegativity increases, non-metallic character increases. This is due to a decrease in the atomic size.

Question 3.
What would be the expected trend in the variation of nonmetallic character of elements down a group?
Answer:
In a group as the atomic number increases, electropositivity increases while electronegativity decreases, nonmetallic character decreases.

Full in the blanks:

Question 1.
Using Dobereiner’s law of triads, find the missing number.

Answer:
Using Dobereiner’s law or triads, the missing number is

Question 2.
In the Mendeleev’s periodic table, properties of elements are periodic function of their ……..
Answer:
In the Mendeleev’s periodic table, properties of elements are periodic function of their atomic masses.

Question 3.
The vertical columns in the Mendeleev’s periodic table are called …….
Answer:
The vertical columns in the Mendeleev’s periodic table are called groups.

Question 4.
Eka-aluminium is called ……..
Answer:
Eka-aluminium is called gallium

Question 5.
Zero group elements are called ……..
Answer:
Zero group elements are called noble gases.

Question 6.
In the modern periodic table, the elements are the periodic functions of ……..
Answer:
In the modern periodic table, the elements are the periodic functions of atomic numbers.

Question 7.
The d-block elements are called ……..
Answer:
The d-block elements are called transition elements.

Question 8.
The group …….. contains the members of the halogen family.
Answer:
The group 17 halogen the members of the halogen family.

Question 9.
…….. is the distance between the nucleus of the atom and its outermost shell.
Answer:
Atomic radius is the distance between the nucleus of the atom and its outermost shell.

Question 10.
The number of electrons in an atom is equal to the same of ……..
Answer:
The number of electrons in an atom is equal to the same of atomic number.

Question 11.
Henry Moseley shows that the atomic number (Z) of an element corresponds to the positive charge on the nucleus or the number of ………
Answer:
Henry Moseley showed that the atomic number (Z) of an element corresponds to the positive charge on the nucleus or the number of protons.

Question 12.
The ……. block contains the group 1 and 2.
Answer:
The s-block contains the group 1 and 2.

Question 13.
The elements are arranged in such a way that …… are on left side of zig-zag line and …….. on the right side.
Answer:
The elements are arranged in such a way that metals are on left side or zig-zag line and nonmetals on the right side.

Choose the correct option and rewrite the statement:

Question 1.
which of the following ti-lads does not follow Dobereirier’s law of triads?
(a) Li, Na, K
(b) Ca, Sr, Ba
(c) Be, Mg, Ca
(d) Cu, Ag, Au
Answer:
(d) Cu, Ag, Au

Question 2.
During Newlands time …….. elements were known.
(a) 56
(b) 65
(c) 63
(d) 36
Answer:
(a) 56

Question 3.
Halogens belong to group …….. in the modern periodic table.
(a) 15
(b) 16
(c) 17
(d) 18
Answer:
(c) 17

Question 4.
Noble gases belong to group …….. in modern periodic table.
(a) 15
(b) 16
(c) 17
(d) 18
Answer:
(d) 18

Question 5.
The law of octaves was given by ……..
(a) Dobereiner
(b) Newlands
(c) Mendeleev
(d) Moseley
Answer:
(b) Newlands

Question 6.
Eka-boron was subsequently named as ……..
(a) gallium
(b)germanium
(C) scandium
(d) molybdenum
Answer:
(C) scandium

Question 7.
The halogen which is liquid at room temperature is ………   (Practice 4ctivity Sheet — 3)
(a) fluorine
(b) astatine
(C) bromine
(d) iodine
Answer:
(C) bromine

Question 8.
……… is used in balloons and in scuba diving.
(a) Helium
(b) Oxygen
(c) Nitrogen
(d) Ozone
Answer:
(a) Helium

State whether the following statements are True or False. Rewrite the correct statement:

Question 1.
Newlands was the first to classify elements having similar chemical properties into groups
of three.
Answer:
False. (Dobereiner was the first to classify elements having similar chemical properties into groups of three.)

Question 2.
Dobereiner named the group of elements having similar properties as Triads.
Answer:
True.

Question 3.
Dobereiner stated the law of octet.
Answer:
False. (Doberemer stated the law of triads.)

Question 4.
Newlands stated the law of triads.
Answer:
False. (Newlands stated the law of octaves.)

Question 5.
Eka-aluminium was later named as germanium.
Answer:
False. (Eka-aluminium was later named as gallium.)

Question 6.
Mendeleev’s periodic table is more useful because it gives information about known and unknown elements.
Answer:
True.

Question 7.
Mendeleev arranged elements in the increasing order of their atomic masses.
Answer:
True.

Question 8.
Mendeleev was the first who successfully classified all known elements.
Answer:
True.

Question 9.
In the modern periodic table, properties of the elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers.
Answer:
True.

Question 10.
The d-block elements are called transition elements.
Answer:
True.

Question 11.
There are 7 periods in the long form of the periodic table.
Answer:
True.

Question 12.
Elements are classified on the basis of their atomic numbers.
Answer:
False. (Elements are classified on the basis of their electronic configuration.)

Question 13.
The chemical properties of the elements in the same group show similarity.
Answer:
True.

Question 14.
Lanthanides and actinides are also called the d-block elements.
Answer:
False. (Lanthanides and actinides are also called the f-block elements.)

Question 15.
All the elements of a group have the same number of valence electrons.
Answer:
True.

Question 16.
In a period, atomic sizes increases from left to right.
Answer:
False. (In a period, atomic size decreases from left to right.)

Question 17.
In a period, the metallic character increases from left to right.
Answer:
False. (In a period. the metallic character decreases from left to right.)

Question 18.
In a group, the metallic character decreases from top to bottom.
Answer:
False. (In a group, the metallic character increases from top to bottom.)

Question 19.
The zig-zag line separates the metals from nonmetals in the periodic table i.e. metals are on the left side and nonmetals are on the right side.
Answer:
True.

By observing the correlation in the first pair, complete the second pair:

Question 1.
Dobereiner : Triad : : Newlands law :………
Answer:
Octaves

Question 2.
Mendeleev’s periodic table : Atomic mass :: Modern periodic table :……..
Answer:
Atomic number

Question 3.
Group-1 : Alkali metals: :…….: Halogens.
Answer:
Group 17

Question 4.
Solid : Iodine : : …….. : Bromine.
Answer:
Liquid

Question 5.
Chlorine : 2, 8, 7 :: Fluorine : ……..
Answer:
2, 7

Question 6.
Horizontal row Periods : :…….: Groups.
Answer:
Vertical columns

Find the odd one out and give reasons:

Question 1.
Newlands, Moseley, Dobereiner, Mendeleev.
Answer:
Moseley. (Moseley brought out the importance of atomic number, while the other tried to classify the elements on the basis or atomic mass.)

Question 2.
Fluorine, Sulphur. Bromine, Iodine.
Answer:
Sulfur. (Others are halogens.)

Question 3.
Sodium, Aluminium, Chlorine, Carbon.
Answer:
Carbon. (Carbon belongs to the second row, while the others belong to the third row.)

Question 4.
Nitrogen, Neon, Argon, Helium.
Answer:
Nitrogen. (The others are inert gases.)

Match the columns:

Question 1.

Column I	Column II
(1) Modern periodic table	(a) Group 17
(2) Vertical columns	(b) Period 2
(3) Halogen	(c) Atomic number
(4) Smallest period	(d) Group
	(e) Period 3

Answer:
(1) Modern periodic table – Atomic number
(2) Vertical columns Group
(3) Halogen – Group 17
(4) Smallest period – Period 2.

Question 2.

Column I	Column II
(1) Dobereiner	(a) Atomic number
(2) New lands	(b) Triads
(3) Moseley	(c) Atomic mass
(4) Mendeleev	(d) Octaves
	(e) Sodium

Answer:
(1) Dobereiner – Triads
(2) Newlands – Octaves
(3) Moseley – Atomic number
(4) Mendeleev – Atomic mass.

Question 3.

Column I	Column II
(1) Eka-silicon	(a) Scandium
(2) Eka-boron	(b) Gallium
(3) Eka-aluminum	(c) Germanium
	(d) Cesium

Answer:
(1) Eka-silicon – Germanium
(2) Eka-boron – Scandium
(3) Eka-aluminium – Gallium.

Question 4.

Column I	Column II
(1) Noble gas	(a) 18 elements
(2) First period	(b) Eight elements
(3 ) Second period	(c) Two elements
(4) 3rd period	(d) Helium
	(e) Six electrons in the last orbit

Answer:
(1) Noble gas – Helium
(2) First period – Two elements
(3) Second period – Eight elements
(4) 3^rd period – 18 elements.

Question 5.

Column I	Column II
(1) s-block elements	(a) Lanthanides and actinides
(2) p-block elements	(b) Groups 1, 2
(3) d-block elements	(c) Groups IIIA to VIIA and zero group
(4) f-block elements	(d) Groups 3 to 12
	(e) Zero group elements
	(f) Groups 13 to 18

Answer:
(1) s-block elements – Groups 1, 2
(2) p-block elements – Groups 13 to 18
(3) d-block elements – Groups 3 to 12
(4) f-block elements – Lanthanides and actinides.

Question 6.

Column I	Column II
(1) Helium	(a) Alkali metal
(2) Horizontal row	(b) Alkaline earth metal
(3) Group I	(c) Period
(4) Group II	(d) Zero group
	(e) Metalloid

Answer:
(1) Helium – Zero group
(2) Horizontal row – Period
(3) Group I – Alkali metal
(4) Group II – Alkaline earth metal.

Write the names from the description:

Question 1.
The period with electrons In the shells K, L and M.
Answer:
Third period.

Question 2.
The group with valency zero.
Answer:
Group 18.

Question 3.
The family of nonmetals having valency One.
Answer:
Halogen family.

Question 4.
The family of metals having valency two.
Answer:
Group 2.

Question 5.
The metalloids in the second and third period.
Answer:
Boron, silicon.

Question 6.
The family of metals having valency one.
Answer:
Group 1.

Question 7.
Nonmetals In the third period.
Answer:
Phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine, and argon.

Question 8.
Two elements having valency 4.
Answer:
Carbon. silicon.

Question 9.
First three noble gases.
Answer:
Helium, neon, and argon.

Name the following:

Question 1.
Horizontal rows In modern periodic table.
Answer:
Periods.

Question 2.
Two elements having a single electron in their outermost shell.
Answer:
Hydrogen, sodium.

Question 3.
Three elements with filled outermost shell.
Answer:

1. Helium
2. Neon
3. Argon.

Question 4.
Three elements having 7 electrons in their outermost shell.
Answer:

1. Fluorine
2. Chlorine
3. Bromine.

Question 5.
An alkali metal in period 2.
Answer:
Lithium.

Question 6.
An alkaline earth metal in period 3.
Answer:
Magnesium.

Question 7.
Halogen in period 3.
Answer:
Chlorine.

Question 8.
Three nonmetallic elements in period 2.
Answer:

1. Nitrogen
2. Oxygen
3. Fluorine.

Question 9.
The element with electronic configuration (2, 7).
Answer:
Fluorine.

Question 10.
The elements in periods 2 and 3 having stable electronic configuration.
Answer:

1. Neon
2. Argon.

Question 11.
The three metals in the third period of the modern periodic table.
Answer:

1. Sodium
2. Magnesium
3. Aluminum.

Answer the following questions: (Practice Activity Sheet – 3)
An element has its electron configuration as 2,8,8,2.

Question 1.
What is the atomic number of this element?
Answer:
The atomic number of this element is 20.

Question 2.
what is the group of this element?
Answer:
The group of this element is 2.

Question 3.
To which period does this element belong?
Answer:
The element belongs to period 4.

Answer the following questions in one sentence each:

Question 1.
In Dobereiner’s triad containing L, Na, K, if atomic masses of 1ithium and potassium are 6.9 and 39.1, then what will be the atomic mass of sodium? (Practice Activity Sheet – 3) (March 2019)
Answer:
The atomic mass of sodium is the average of the atomic masses or Li and K i.e., \(\frac{6.9+39.1}{2}\) = 23.

Question 2.
who was the first scientist to prepare the periodic table?
Answer:
Mendeleev was the first scientist to prepare the periodic table.

Question 3.
State the number of groups and periods in the modern periodic table.
Answer:
There are 18 groups and 7 periods in the modern periodic table.

Question 4.
How many elements are there in the second and the third periods of the periodic table?
Answer:
There are eight elements in the second and the third periods of the periodic table.

Question 5.
State the number of elements in the shortest period.
Answer:
There are two elements in the shortest (first period) period.

Question 6.
State the number of elements in the modern periodic table.
Answer:
There are 118 elements in the modern periodic table.

Question 7.
which column is known as the zero group in the modern periodic table?
Answer:
The last column, i.e. 18th column on the right side of the modern periodic table is known as the zero group in the modern periodic table.

Question 8.
which group elements have seven electrons in the outermost shell?
Answer:
Group 17 elements have seven electrons in the outermost shell.

Question 9.
How many electrons are there in the outermost shell of group 2 elements?
Answer:
There are 2 electrons in the outermost shell of group 2 elements.

Question 10.
How many electrons are there in the outermost shell of group 18 elements?
Answer:
There are 8 electrons mn the outermost shell or group 18 elements, except He, which has 2 electrons.

Question 11.
which block or the modern periodic table separates metals and nonmetals with the help of zig-zag line?
Answer:
p-block of the modern periodic table separates metals and nonmetals with the help of zig-zag line.

Question 12.
Name an alkali metal in the second period.
Answer:
Lithium is an alkali metal in the second period.

Question 13.
Name the halogen in the second period.
Answer:
Fluorine is the halogen in the second period.

Question 14.
Name a metalloid in the third period.
Answer:
Silicon is a metalloid in the third period.

Question 15.
Name the group to which sodium and lithium belong.
Answer:
Sodium and 1ithium belong to group IA or the periodic table.

Question 16.
Name the group to which magnesium and calcium belong.
Answer:
Magnesium and calcium belong to group IIA of the periodic table.

Question 17.
Name the group to which the most reactive metals belong.
Answer:
The most reactive metals belong to group IA.

Question 18.
Name the element having one shell and one valence electron.
Answer:
Hydrogen has one shell and one valence electron.

Question 19.
How many valence electrons are there in the outermost shell of silicon?
Answer:
There are four valence electrons present in the outermost shell of silicon.

Question 20.
State the electronic configuration of nitrogen and phosphorus.
Answer:
Electronic configuration of nitrogen (N) : 2, 5.
Electronic configuration of phosphorus (P) : 2, 8, 5.

Question 21.
write the electronic configuration: ₁₃Al (Practice Activity Sheet – 1)
Answer:
Electronic configuration of ₁₃Al : 2, 8, 3

Question 22.
Name the group containing highly reactive nonmetals only.
Answer:
Group 17 contains highly reactive non-metals, namely, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

Question 23.
Name the last three elements of the second period in increasing order of atomic number.
Answer:
The last three elements of the second period in increasing order of atomic number are oxygen, fluorine, and neon.

Question 24.
Name the three nonmetals in the second period of the modern periodic table.
Answer:
The three nonmetals in the second period of the modern periodic table are nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine.

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
State Doberelner’s law of triads giving one example.
Answer:
Dobereiner made groups of three elements each, having similar chemical properties and called them triads. He arranged the three elements in a triad in an increasing order of atomic mass and showed that the atomic mass of the middle element was approximately equal to the mean or the atomic masses of the other two elements.
Examples : Lithium (Li), Sodiun (Na), Potassium (K) form Dobereiner’s triad.

Question 2.
Give a suitable illustration of Dobereiner’s law of triads.
Answer:
(1) Lithium, sodium, and potassium form Doberemer’s triad. They show similar chemical properties. Their atomic masses are as follows:

Element	Li	Na	K
Atomic mass	6.9	23	39.1

According to Dobereiner’s law or triads, the atomic mass of the middle element is approximately the arithmetic mean of the atomic masses of the other two elements.
\(\frac{6.9+39.1}{2}\) which is approximately the 23.0 atomic mass of sodium.
Thus. the atomic mass of sodium (23) is the average of the atomic masses or lithium (6.9) and potassium 39.1.

(2) Another triad of elements: Calcium (40.1), strontium (87.6) and barium (137.3).

Question 3.
(A, B, C) is a Dobereiner’s triad. complete the following chart and give reason for the answer:

Element	A	B	C
Atomic mass	10.08	12.01	…

Answer:

Element	A	B	C
Atomic mass	10.08	12.01	13.94

Let the atomic mass of C be x. As (A, B, C) is a Dobereiner’s triad, \(\frac{x+10.08}{2}\) = 12.01
∴ x = 24.02 – 10.08 = 13.94
∴ atomic mass of C = 13.94.

Question 4.
From the following set of the elements and their atomic masses obtain Dobereiner’s triad:

Element	Br	K	I	Cl
Atomic mass	35.5	79.9	126.9	35.5

Answer:
Among the given four elements, the three elements in the increasing order of atomic masses and having similar properties are

Element	Br	K	I
Atomic mass	35.5	79.9	126.9

Hence, the above three elements represent Dobereiner’s triad.

Question 5.
State the limitations of Dobereiner’s law of triads.
Answer:

1. During Dobereiner’s period, all elements were not known and also atomic mass was not known accurately.
2. Dobereiner discovered few triads among all the elements.
3. He could not classify aul known elements into triads.

Question 6.
State Newlands’ law of octaves.
Answer:
When the elements are arranged in an increasing order of their atomic masses, the properties of the eighth element are similar to those of the first.
It is found that Na is the eighth element from Li and both of them have similar properties.

Question 7.
Illustrate Newlands’ law of octaves with a suitable example.
Answer:
(1) Newlands’ law of octaves states that when the elements are arranged in the order of their increasing atomic masses, every eighth element has properties similar to those of the first.

(2) Illustration: If the first 21 elements, except inert gases, are arranged in the order of their increasing atomic masses we have octaves as given below:

H	Li	Be	B	C	N	O
F	Na	Mg	Al	Si	P	S
Cl	K	Ca	Cr	Ti	Mn	Fe

It is found that Na is the eighth element from Li and both of them have similar properties. Similarly, the elements, in the following pairs show similar properties: C and Si, Na and K, Mg and Ca, F and Cl.

Question 8.
Explain the limitations of Newlands’ law of octaves.
Answer:
(1) Newlands’ law of octaves i.e. applicable to only the first few elements i.e., only up to calcium out of total 56 elements known at that time.

(2) Newlands placed two elements each in some boxes to accommodate all known elements e.g. CO and Ni, Ce and La. He placed some elements with different properties under the same note in the octave. For example, Co and Ni under the note Do along with halogens, while Fe having similarity with CO and Ni away from them along with the nonmetals O and S under the note Ti.

(3) Newland’s octaves did not have provision to accommodate the newly discovered elements.

Question 9.
Describe the merits of Mendeleev’s periodic table. (March 2019)
Answer:
(1) To give the proper place in the periodic table, atomic masses of some elements were revised in accordance with their properties. For example, the previously determined atomic mass or beryllium, 14.09, was changed to the correct value 9.4, and beryllium was placed before boron.

(2) Mendeleev had kept some vacant places in the periodic table for elements that were yet to be discovered. Three of these unknown elements were given the names eka-boron, eka-aluminum and eka-silicon from the known neighbors and their atomic masses were indicated as 44, 68 and 72, respectively. Their properties were also predicted.

Later on, these elements were discovered subsequently and were named as scandium (SC), gallium (Ga) and germanium (Ge) respectively. The properties of these elements matched well with those predicted by Mendeleev. Due to this success all were convinced about the importance of Mendeleev’s periodic table.

(3) There was no place reserved for noble gases in Mendeleev’s original periodic table. when noble gases such as helium, neon and argon were discovered, Mendeleev created the ‘zero group’ without disturbing the original periodic table in which the noble gases were placed very well.

Question 10.
What are the demerits of Mendeleev’s periodic table?
Answer:
(1) The elements cobalt (CO) and nickel (Ni) have the same whole number atomic mass. As a remit there was an ambiguity regarding their sequence in Mendeleev’s periddic table.

(2) Isotopes were discovered long time after Mendeleev put forth the periodic table. A challenge was posed in placing isotopes in Mendeleev’s periodic table as isotopes have the same chemical properties but different atomic masses.

(3) The rise in atomic mass does not appear to be uniform when elements are arranged in an increasing order of atomic masses. It was not possible, therefore, to predict how many elements could be discovered between two heavy elements.

(4) Position of hydrogen: Hydrogen shows similarity with halogens (group VII). For example, the molecular formula of hydrogen is H₂ while the molecular formulae of fluorine and chlorine are F₂ and Cl₂, respectively. In the same way, there is a similarity in the chemical properties of hydrogen and alkali metals (group I). There is a similarity in the molecular formulae of the compounds of hydrogen alkali metals (Na, K, etc.) formed with chlorine and oxygen. On considering the above properties it is difficult to decide the correct position of hydrogen whether it is in the group of alkali metals (group I) or in the group of halogens (group VII).

Compounds Of H	Compounds Of Na
HCl	NaCl
H2O	Na2O
H2S	Na2S

Similarly in hydrogen and alkali metals.

Element (Molecular formula)	Compounds with metals	Compounds with non-metals
H2	NaH	CH4
Cl2	NaCl	CCl4

Question 11.
write a short note on: Moseley’s contribution and the modern periodic table.
Answer:
The English scientist Henry Moseley demonstrated, with the help of the experiments done using X-ray tube, that the atomic number (Z) of an element corresponds to the positive charge on the nucleus or the number of the protons in the nucleus of the atom or that element. He suggested that ‘atomic number’ is more. fundamental property of an element rather than its atomic mass. On the basis of this research, elements were arranged in the order of their increasing atomic numbers in a more systematic way. Accordingly, the statement of the modern periodic law was stated.

Question 12.
State the modern periodic law.
Answer:
The chemical and physical properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers.

Question 13.
what is meant by modern periodic table?
Answer:
The classification of elements resulting from an arrangement of the elements in an increasing order of their atomic numbers (Z) is the modern periodic table.

Question 14.
write the answers to the questions with reference to the structure of the periodic table.

(a) Which points are considered for the modern periodic table?
(b) How are blocks indicated?
(c) Which elements are present near the zig-zag line?
(d) Draw the electronic configuration of the second-row elements of first group in the periodic table.
(e) In a periodic table while going from left to right atomic radius decreases. Explain.  (Practice Activity Sheet – 1)
Answer:
(a) In the modern periodic table, the elements are arranged in the order of their increasing atomic number. In the modern periodic table there are seven horizontal rows called periods and eighteen vertical columns (1to 18) called groups. The arrangement of the periods and groups results into formation of boxes. Atomic numbers are serially indicated in the upper part of these boxes.

(b) On the basis of the electronic configuration, the elements in the modern periodic table are divided into four blocks, viz. s-block, p-block and f-clock, The s-block constitutes the groups 1 and 2. Groups 13 to 18 constitute the p-block. Groups 3 to 12 constitute the d-block, while the lanthanide and actinide series at the bottom form the f-block. The d-block elements are called transition elements. A zig-zag line is shown in the p-block of the periodic table.

(c) The zig-zag line shows the three traditional types of elements, i.e. metals, nonmetals and metalloids. The metalloid elements lie along the border of the zig-zag line. All the metals lie on the left side of the zig-zag line while all the nonmetals lie on the right side.

(d) The electronic configuration of the second row elements of the first group in the periodic table is shown below:

(e) (1) In a period while going from left to right, atomic radius goes on decreasing and the atomic number goes on increasing one by one. It means the positive charge on the nucleus increases by one unit at a time.

(2) However, the additional electron gets added to the same outermost shell. Due to the increased nuclear charge the electrons are pulled towards the nucleus to a greater extent. As a result, the size of the atom decreases i.e. the atomic radius decreases.

Question 15.
Observe the figure and answer the following questions.

(a) Identify the block shown by box A and write an electronic configuration of any one element of this block.
(b) Identify the block of element denoted by letter B and write its period number. (Practice Activity Sheer – 3)
Answer:
(a) The block shown by box A is the s-block.
Electronic configuration of Mg: 2, 8, 2.

(b) The block of element denoted by letter B is the d-block and its period number is 4.

Question 16.
Give two examples of metalloids.
Answer:
Metalloids: Boron (B) and Silicon (Si).

Question 17.
write a short note on the zig-zag line in the modern periodic table.
Answer:

• A zig-zag line is shown in the p-block of the periodic table.
• The zig-zag 1ine shows the three traditional types of elements is metals, nonmetals and metalloids.
• The metalloid elements lie along the border or this zig-zag line.
• All the metals lie on the left side of the zig-zag line.
• All the nonmetal’s lie on the right side of the zig-zag line.

Question 18.
Classify the following elements into group 1, 16 and 17 :
Chlorine, Hydrogen, Oxygen: Bromine.
Answer:
Group 1 : Hydrogen.
Group 16 : Oxygen.
Group 17 : Chlorine and Bromine.

Question 19.
Classify the following elements into Alkali metals, Halogens, Alkaline earth metals:
(Cl^– Br^– I^–), (Ca, Sr, Mg), (Li, Na, K).
Answer:
Alkali metals : (Li, Na, K)
Halogens : (Cl^– Br^– I^–).
Alkaline earth metals : (Ca, Sr, Mg).

Question 20.
Classify the following elements into Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids :
(P, C, N), (Ca, Fe, Al), (Si, Ge, Sn), (K. Mg, Na).
Answer:
Metals : (Ca, Fe, Al), (K, Mg, Na).
Nonrnetals : (P, C, N).
Metalloids : (Si, Ge, Sn).

Question 21.
Identiry the electronic configuration of the Inert gas elements, third row elements, seventeen group elements, second group elements:
(i) (2, 8, 2), (ii) (2, 8, 8), (iii) (2, 8, 1), (iv) (2, 7), (v) (2, 2), (vi) (2, 8), (vii) (2, 8, 7).
Answer:
Inert gas elements : (2, 8, 8), (2, 8).
Third row elements : (2, 8, 2), (2, 8, 7), (2, 8, 8).
Second group elements : (2, 8, 2), (2, 2).
Seventeen group elements : (2, 7), (2, 8, 7).

[Note: (1) The outermost shell of all noble gases contain 8 electrons (except He). (2) Atoms or all 3^rd row elements contain 3 shells. Out of which first shell contains 2 and 2^nd shell contains 8 electrons. (3) The elements of group 17 contains 7 electrons in the outermost shell. (4) The elements or group 2 contains 2 electrons in the outermost shell.]

Question 22.
Define : (i) Group (ii) Period.
Answer:
(i) Group : The vertical column of elements in the periodic table or elements is called a group.
(ii) Period : The horizontal row bf the elements in the periodic able of the elements is called a period.

Question 23.
write the numbers of vertical columns (groups) and horizontal rows (periods) in the long form of the periodic table.
Answer:
There are 18 vertical columns or groups and seven horizontal rows or periods of the elements in the long form of the periodic table.

Question 24.
Depending on electronic configuration the properties of the elements vary in different groups. Explain why?
Answer:
(1) There are 18 vertical columns in the modern periodic table and are called groups. These groups are 1 and 2, 13 to 18 and 3 to 12.

(2) The number of valence electrons in all these elements from the group 1, i.e., the family of alkali metals, is the same. Similarly, the elements from any other group, the number of their valence electrons to be the same. For example, the elements beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) belong to the group 2, i.e. the family of alkaline earth metals. There are two electrons in their outermost shell the number of valence electrons are 2.

Similarly, there are seven electrons in the outermost shell of the elements such as fluorine (F) and chlorine (Cl) from the group 17, i.e. the family of halogens the number of valence electron is 1. As a result, all elements belonging to the same group have the same valence electrons and show similar chemical properties.

(3) while going from top to bottom within any group, one electronic shell is added at a time. Atomic radius and atomic size increases and hence shows gradation of properties of the elements down the group. From this, the electronic configuration of the outermost shell is characteristic of a particular group.

Question 25.
Depending on electronic configuration the properties of elements vary in different periods. Explain why?
Answer:
(1) In the modern periodic table, there are seven horizontal rows called periods.

(2) In a period, change in valency of an elements varies electronic configuration.

(3) The number of valence electrons is different in these elements. However, the number of shells is the same. In a period, while going from left to right, the atomic number increases by one at a time and the number of valence electrons also increases by one at a time. In a period, there is gradation in properties of elements.

(4) The elements with the same number of shells occupied by electrons belong to the same period. The elements in the second period, namely, Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F and Ne have electrons in the two shells, K and L. The elements in the third period, namely, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, and Ar have electrons in the three shell6: K, L and M.

(5) The chemical reactivity of an element is determined by the number of valence electrons in it and the shell number of the valence shell. In a period, while going from left to right, the atomic number increases by one at a time as a result atomic radius gradually decreases. Hence, atomic size decreases.

Question 26.
What is meant by periodic trends in the modern periodic table?
Answer:
when the properties of elements in a period or a group of the modern periodic table are compared, certain regularity is observed in their variations. it is called the periodic trends in the modern periodic table. The periodic trends are observed in properties of elements, namely, valency, atomic size and metallic-nonmetallic character.

Question 27.
What is meant by valency?
Answer:
The valency of an element is determined the number of electrons present in the outermost shell of its atoms, i.e. valence electrons.

Question 28.
Define atomic size. How does it vary in a period and a group?
Answer:
(1) The distance between the centre of the atom and the outermost shell of the atom is called the atomic radius. The size of an atom is indicated by its radius. Atomic radius is expressed in unit picometre (pm). (1 pm = 10^-12 m). The size or atom depends on number of shells, more the number of shells larger is the atomic size.

(2) In a group, while going down a group the atomic size goes on increasing because while going down a group newer shells are successively added. This increases the distance between the outermost electron and the nucleus. Hence, the nuclear attraction on these electrons goes on decreasing. Thus in a group atomic size increases.

(3) while going from left to right within a period, atomic radius goes on decreasing and the atomic number goes on increasing one by one. The positive charge on the nucleus increases by one unit at a time. However, the additional electron gets added to the same outermost shell. Due to the increased nuclear charge, the electrons are pulled towards the nucleus to a greater extent, as a result, the size of the atom decreases.

Question 29.
Discuss the trends in the variation of metallic and nonmetallic properties In a period and in a group.
Answer:
(1) Metals have a tendency to loose the valence electrons to form cations having a stable noble gas configuration. This tendency of an element is called electropositivity is the metallic character of that element.

(2) Nonmetals have a tendency to accept the valence electrons to form anions having a stable noble gas configuration. This tendency of an element is called electronegativity is the nonmetallic character of that element.

(3) In a group, while going down a group a new shell is added, resulting in an increase in the distance between the nucleus and the valence electrons. This results in lowering the effective nuclear charge and thereby lowering the attractive force on the valence electrons. As a result of this the tendency of the atom to lose electrons increases.

Also, the penultimate shell becomes the outermost shell on losing valence electrons. The penultimate shell is a complete octet. Therefore, the resulting cation attains special stability. The metallic character of an atom is its tendency to lose electrons. Therefore, the following trend is observed: The metallic character of elements increases while going down the group.

(4) while going from left to right within a period the outermost shell remains the same. However, the positive charge on the nucleus goes on increasing while the atomic radius goes on decreasing and thus the effective nuclear charge goes on increasing. Therefore, valence electrons are held with greater attractive force. This is called electronegativity. As a result of this the tendency of atom to lose valence electrons decreases within a period from left to right, i.e., electronegativity increases. Thus, non-metallic character of elements increases within a period from left to right.

Question 30.
Name the elements, group, formulae and physical state belonging to the halogen family.
Answer:

Group	Elements	Formula	Physical state
17	Fluorine	F2	Gas
	Chlorine	Cl2	Gas
	Bromine	Br2	Liquid
	Iodine	I2	Solid

Question 31.
Considering the elements of period 3 in the moderm periodic table, answer the following questions:
(a) Name the ‘element’ in which all the shells are completely filled with electrons.Answer:
Answer:
The element in which all the shells are completely filled with electrons is argon. (2, 8, 8).

(b) Name the element which has one electron in the outermost shell.
Answer:
The element which has one electron in the outermost shell is sodium (2, 8, 1).

(c) State the most electronegative element in this period.
Answer:
The most electronegative element in this perod is chlorine (cl).

Question 32.
The atomic number of aluminium is 13. With the help of diagram, write the electronic configuration and valency.

Answer:
The electronic configuration aluminium = 2, 8, 3
The valency of aluminium = 3

Question 33.
Observe the following diagram and answer the following questions:

(i) Identify elements X and Y.
Answer:
An element X is Sodium (Na).
An element Y is Lithium (Li).

(ii) Do these elements belong to the same group? Explain.
Answer:
Yes, these elements belong to the same group as they have the same number of valence electrons.

(iii) which element is more electropositive in nature? Why?
Answer:
Element X is more electropositive than Y. This is because while going down the group, electropositivity increases with increase in atomic size.

Taking into consideration the period of the elements given below, answer the following questions: (March 2019)

Element	O	B	C	N	Be	Li
Atomic radius (pm)	66	68	77	74	111	152

Question 1.
Arrange the above elements in decreasing order of their atomic radii.
Answer:
The above elements are arranged in decreasing order of their atomic radii:

Li	Be	B	C	N	O
152	111	88	77	74	66

Question 2.
State the period to which the above elements belong.
Answer:
The above elements belong to period 2.

Question 3.
why this arrangement of elements is similar to the above period of the modern periodic table?
Answer:
As we move from left to right within a period, the atomic number increases one by one means the position charge on the nucleus increases by one unit at a time, but the electrons are added to the same orbit thereby increasing the pull towards the nucleus which decreases the size of the atom.

Question 4.
Which of the above elements have the biggest and the smallest atom?
Answer:
The biggest atom: Lithium (Li)
The smallest atom: Oxygen (O)

Question 5.
What is the periodic trend observed in the variation of atomic radius while going from left to right within a period?
Answer:
while going from left to right in a period, the atomic number increases, atomic radius decreases. Therefore, atomic size gradually decreases.

Write scientific reasons:

Question 1.
Zero group elements (inert gases) are called noble gases.
Answer:
(1) In the atoms of the inert gas elements (zero group elements), all the electronic shells, including the outermost shell, are completely filled.

(2) The electronic configuration is stable, and these elements do not lose or accept electrons. These elements do not take part in chemical reactions. These elements are gases. Hence, they are called noble gases.

Question 2.
while going down the second group, the reactivity of the alkaline earth metals increases.
Answer:
The reaction of alkaline earth metal with water is M + 2H₂O → M(OH)₂ + H₂. while going down the second group as Be → Mg → Ca → Sr → Ba, the gradation in this chemical property or the alkaline earth metals is seen. while going down the second group the reactivity of the alkaline earth metals goes on increasing thereby the ease with which this reaction takes place also goes on increasing.

Thus, Beryllium (Be) does not react with water. Mg (Magnesium) reacts with steam. whereas calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr) and barimm (Ba) reacts with water at room temperature with increasing rates.

Question 3.
Fluorine is the most reactive among the halogens.
Answer:

• Fluorine has the electronic configuration (2, 7).
• It requires only one electron to complete the octet.
• The atomic size of fluorine is the smallest among the halogens. Hence, the nuclear attraction on the outermost electrons is maximum. Hence, fluorine is the most reactive among the halogens.

Question 4.
Sodium is more metallic than aluminium.
Answer:

• Metals give electrons. Sodium has electronic configuration (2, 8, 1). It has only one electron in the outermost shell.
• It can easily give a single electron in the outermost shell. Hence, Sodium is a strong metal.
• Aluminium has an electronic configuration (2,8,3). It has three electrons in the outermost shell.
• Donation of three electrons is more difficult than the donation of one electron. Hence, sodium is more metallic than aluminium.

Distinguish between the following:

Question .1
Mendaleev’s periodic table and Modern periodic table.
Answer:
Mendaleev’s periodic table:

1. In this table, the elements are arranged in the order of their increasing atomic weights
2. In this table, the position of an element is based on its properties and atomic weight.
3. There are 8 groups in this table.
4. In this table, some elements having similar properties are found in different groups, while those having different properties are sometimes found in the same group.
5. Isotopes do not find separate places in this table.

Modern periodic table:

1. In this table, the elements are arranged in the order of their increasing atomic number.
2. In this table, the position of an element, is based on its electronic configuration.
3. There are 18 groups in this table.
4. In this table, the elements belonging to the same group show similar chemical properties.
5. Isotopes of an element can be placed at the same place as their atomic number is the same.

Question 2.
Groups and periods
Answer:
Groups:

1. The vertical columns of elements in the modern periodic table are called groups.
2. The group number indicates the number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom of an element belonging to that group.
3. The elements in the same group show similar chemical properties

periods:

1. The horizontal row of elements in the modern periodic table are called periods.
2. The period number indicates the number of electronic shells present in an atom of an element belonging to that period.
3. The elements in the same period do not show similar properties, but their chemical properties gradually change from left to right in a period.

Question 3.
s-block elements and p-block elements
Answer:
s-block elements:

1. The groups IA (1) and IIA (2) elements together with hydrogen constitute the s-block.
2. They have one or two electrons in the outermost shell.
3. The elements of the s-block, except hydrogen, are all metals.

p-block elements :

1. The group III A (13) – VII A (17) and the zero group (18) elements constitute the p-block.
2. They have three to eight electrons in the outermost shell.
3. The elements of the p-block include a few metals, all metalloids and all nonmetals.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 7 Science Solutions Chapter 6 Measurement of Physical Quantities Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 7 Science Solutions Chapter 6 Measurement of Physical Quantities

Class 7 Science Chapter 6 Measurement of Physical Quantities Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Write answers to the following questions in your own words:

Question a.
Why is the weight of the same object different on different planets?
Answer:
The weight of the same object is different on different planets because weight depends on the gravitational force of the planet and gravitational force on every planet is different so the weight also differs from planet to planet.

Question b.
What precautions will you take to make accurate measurements in day-to-day affairs?
Answer:
Following precautions will be taken to make accurate measurements in day to day affairs:

1. The balance should carry the stamp of standardisation by the department of weights and measures.
2. Balance should be stable and the pointer of the balance should be upright.
3. The underside of the pan should not be tampered with any other weight or layers of other metal.
4. The weight should be made of metal.

Question c.
What is the difference between mass and weight?
Answer:

Mass	Weight
1. The amount of matter present in a substance is called mass.	1. The gravitational force that acts on this mass is called its weight.
2. It is a scalar quantity.	2. It is a vector quantity.
3. Mass remains same everywhere on the earth.	3. Weight changes from place to place on the ‘        earth.

2. Who is my companion? 

Class 7 Science Chapter 6 Measurement Of Physical Quantities Exercise Question 1.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. Velocity	a. Litre
2. Area	b. Kilogram
3. Volume	c. metre/second
4. Mass	d. kilogram/cubic metre
5. Density	e. square metre

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. Velocity	c. metre/second
2. Area	e. square metre
3. Volume	a. Litre
4. Mass	b. Kilogram
5. Density	d. kilogram/cubic metre

3. Explain giving examples. 

Question a.
Scalar quantity:
Answer:
A quantity that can be completely expressed by its magnitude alone is called a scalar quantity, e.g. length, breadth, area, mass, temperature, density, time, work. In all these examples a value with a unit is used to express quantities. Thus, we say that the length of a tunnel is 2 km.

Question b.
Vector quantity:
Answer:
The quantity that is expressed completely only.’ v when magnitude and direction are both given is called a vector quantity. Displacement, velocity are vector quantities e.g. a displacement of 20 km towards north, the aeroplane flying at a velocity of 500 km/hr towards Mumbai.

4. Explain, giving examples, the errors that occur while making measurements.

Question a.
Explain, giving examples, the errors that occur while making measurements.
Answer:
Major causes of errors in measurement are:

1. Not using the appropriate device.
2. Not using the device properly.

Example: While buying things at grocery shops and the vegetable market remember to look out for the following:

• The balance should carry the stamp of standardisation by the department of weights and measures.
• Balance should be stable. The pointer of the balance should be upright.
• No changes should be done on the underside of the pan of the balance.
• Weight should be made up of metals and it has to be standardized.

5. Give reasons:

Question a.
It is not proper to measure quantities by using body parts as units.
Answer:
It is not proper to measure quantities by using body parts as units because length of the body parts changes from person to person, so accurate measurement can not be found with the body parts as units.

Question b.
It is necessary to get the weights and measures standardized at regular intervals.
Answer:
It is necessary to get the weights and measures standardized at regular intervals because of that accurate weight and measurement can be taken. Errors will be avoided.

6. Explain the need for accurate measurement and the devices to be used for that.

Question a.
Explain the need for accurate measurement and the devices to be used for that.
Answer:

1. Measurement of substances that are precious or of great importance and used in very small quantities is done meticulously and accurately.
2. Due to advancements in technology, devices that measure very small magnitudes of quantities like distance, mass, time and temperature are available now.
3. e.g. distance and time in connection with very important sports competitions, mass of gold, body temperature etc.
4. Devices to be used for this are thermometer, digital balance (Analytical balance) etc.

Project:

Class 7 Science Chapter 6 Measurement Of Physical Quantities Question 1.
Collect information about various physical quantities used in day-to-day life and the devices used for their measurement.

Class 7 Science Chapter 6 Measurement of Physical Quantities Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks:

Std 7 Science Chapter 6 Measurement Of Physical Quantities Question 1.
The amount of matter present in a substance is called ………………. .
Answer:
mass

Measurement Of Physical Quantities Class 7 Exercise Question 2.
…………. is the qualitative measure of the inertia of an object.
Answer:
mass

6. Measurement Of Physical Quantities Question 3.
The larger the mass, the ……………. is the inertia.
Answer:
greater

6.Measurement Of Physical Quantities Question 4.
Mass is a …………… quantity.
Answer:
scalar

Physical Quantities And Measurement Class 7 Question 5.
…………… does not change from place to place anywhere in the world.
Answer:
mass

Measurement Of Physical Quantities Class 7 Question 6.
The gravitational force that acts on a mass is called its ……………. .
Answer:
weight

6 Measurement Of Physical Quantities Question 7.
Wright is a …………… quantity.
Answer:
vector

Question 8.
System International (SI) is also called ………….. .
Answer:
metric system

Question 9.
In Egypt in ancient times, the distance from a man’s elbow to the tip of his middle finger was called a ………… .
Answer:
cubit

Question 10.
Gold was weighed in a unit called …………… .
Answer:
gun

Who is my companion?

Question 1.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. Gold	a. Hour glass
2. Time	b. Vector
3. Distance	c. Gunj
4. Weight	d. Cubit

Answer

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. Gold	c. Gunj
2. Time	a. Hour glass
3. Distance	d. Cubit
4. Weight	b. Vector

Say whether true or false. Correct and rewrite the false statements:

Question 1.
The standards of the six fundamental units are kept in the National Physical Laboratory at New Delhi.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Matter has a natural tendency to resist a change in its state, which is called inertia.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Weight and mass are both equal quantities.
Answer:
False. Weight and mass are both different quantities

Question 4.
Work is a vector quantity.
Answer:
False. Work is a scalar quantity

Question 5.
Velocity is a scalar quantity.
Answer:
False. Velocity is a vector quantity

Question 6.
Unit of time in both the systems is second.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
Unit of mass in C.G.S. system is kilogram
Answer:
False. Unit of mass in C.G.S. system is gram

Question 8.
Symbol of unit of second is sec.
Answer:
False. Symbol of unit of second is ‘s’

Question 9.
1 cubic foot means 28.317 ml
Answer:
False. 1 cubic foot means 28.317 litres.

Question 10.
Vector quantity requires magnitude only.
Answer:
False. Vector quantity required magnitude and direction both.

Give scientific reasons:

Question 1.
Weight of our body on the moon is less than that on the earth.
Answer:

1. Gravitational power of moon is less than the earth.
2. Weight depends on the gravitational power of that place.
3. Since the gravitational power of the moon is less than that of the earth, the weight on moon is less than that on the earth.

Question 2.
Mass is a scalar quantity
Answer:
Mass is a scalar quantity because it can be completely expressed by its magnitude alone, so it is scalar quantity.

Question 3.
Weight is a vector quantity.
Answer:
Weight can be expressed completely only when magnitude and direction are both given so weight is a vector quantity.

Distinguish between the following:

Question 1.
Scalar quantity and Vector quantity
Answer:

Scalar quantity	Vector quantity
1. A quantity that can be completely expressed by its magnitude alone is called a scalar quantity.	1. The quantity that is expressed completely only when magnitude and direction are both given is called a vector quantity.
2. e.g. mass, length, area, breadth, density, time, work etc.	2. e.g. velocity displacement

Question 2.
M.K.S. system and C.G.S. system
Answer:

M.K.S. system	C.G.S. system
1. In this system distance is measured in metres, mass in kilograms and time in seconds.	1. In this system distance is measured in centimetres, mass in grams and time in seconds.
2. e.g. Unit of velocity is m/sec, Unit of area is square metre.	2. e.g. Unit of velocity is cm/sec, Unit of area is square centimetre.

Define the following:

1. Mass: The amount of matter present in a substance is called mass.
2. Inertia: Matter has a natural tendency to resist a change in its state, which is called Inertia.
3. Weight: The gravitational force that acts on the mass is called its weight.
4. Physical Quantities: The quantities in day to day life which can be measured are called physical quantities.
5. Standardization: The process of checking things against a standard measure from time to time is called standardization.

Write answers to the following questions in your own words.

Question 1.
What is an atomic clock?
Answer:
An extremely accurate type of clock which is regulated by the vibrations of an atomic or molecular system such as caesium atom or ammonia is called atomic clock. It is used to maintain standard times of countries accurately.

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Why would the weight of an object be; maximum at the poles and minimum at the equator?
Answer:

1. The gravitational force that acts on the mass is called the weight.
2. The earth is not exactly spherical, it flattens at the poles.
3. As the distance increases the gravitational force decreases.
4. Therefore due to reduced distance at the poles compared to the equator, the weight is maximum at the poles than equator.

Question 2.
Why is the weight of an object at a high altitude less than its weight at the sea-level?
Answer:

1. The gravitational force that acts on the mass is called the weight.
2. The gravitational force is always inversely proportional to the distance.
3. So as the distance increases between the earth and the object, the gravitational force decreases.
4. The gravitational force by which the earth attracts an object towards its centre is called weight.
5. The weight at the sea-level is higher than at higher altitude, as the object is at a greater distance at higher altitudes compared to sea-level.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Hindi Solutions Lokbharti Chapter 5 जूलिया Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Hindi Lokbharti Solutions Chapter 5 जूलिया

Hindi Lokbharti 9th Std Digest Chapter 5 जूलिया Textbook Questions and Answers

लेखनीय :

प्रश्न 1.
छोटे व्यवसायियों के साथ दिए गए मुद्दों के आधार पर वार्तालाप कीजिए और संवाद के रूप में लिखिए।

उत्तरः

• रमेश – नमस्कार ! मोहनलाल जी कैसे हैं? बड़े दिनों बाद मुलाकात हुईं। अभी आप कौन-सा व्यवसाय कर रहे हैं?
• मोहनलाल – नमस्कार रमेश! मैं अच्छा हूँ। अभी कुछ दिनों पहले ही मैंने अगरबत्ती-उद्योग की शुरुआत की है।
• रमेश – मोहनलाल जी! इतने सारे व्यवसाय के होते आपने इस व्यवसाय का चुनाव क्यों किया?
• मोहनलाल – रमेश, इस व्यवसाय को चुनने का मुख्य कारण है इसमें लागत कम लगती है और लाभ ज्यादा होता है। इसके लिए ज्यादा जगह की भी आवश्यकता नहीं होती है तथा सरकार की तरफ से आसान शर्तों में कर्ज मिलने की भी सुविधा है। अगर आप छोटे स्तर पर शुरूआत करना चाहते हैं तो आप अपने घर से भी इस व्यापार की शुरूआत कर सकते है। सिर्फ व्यापार की शुरूआत करने से पहले आपको व्यापार का रजिस्ट्रेशन करवाना आवश्यक है।
• रमेश – इसके लिए आपको दिन में कितना समय देना पड़ता है?
• मोहनलाल – रमेश इसके लिए मुझे ज्यादा समय की आवश्यकता नहीं होती है क्योंकि मैंने अपने घर से इसकी शुरूआत की है। इससे मुझे दो फायदे हुए कि मैं अपने परिवार के साथ भी समय बिता सकता हूँ और साथ-ही-साथ मेरा व्यापार भी चलता रहता है।
• रमेश – मोहनलाल जी, क्या आपको इस व्यापार से आनंद मिल रहा है?
• मोहनलाल – बिल्कुल रमेश, मुझे बहुत खुशी है कि मैंने इस उद्योग को अपनाया। कमाई के साथ-ही-साथ मुझे इस बात की भी प्रसन्नता है कि मेरे कारण कुछ लोगों को रोजगार मिला। अंतरराष्ट्रीय बाजार में भी अगरबत्ती की भारी माँग है। इसलिए मुझे इस कार्य से बहुत ही आनंद का अनुभव हो रहा है।
• रमेश – मोहनलाल जी, इतनी सारी महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी देने के लिए आपका बहुत-बहुत धन्यवाद! अच्छा चलता हूँ नमस्कार।
• मोहनलाल – नमस्कार रमेश।

श्रवणीय :

प्रश्न 1.
दूरदर्शन पर प्रसारित होने वाले ‘हास्य कवि सम्मेलन’ की कविताएँ सुनिए और किसी एक कविता का आशय अपने मित्रों को सुनाइए।

आसपास :

प्रश्न 1.
घरेलू काम करने वाले लोगों की समस्याओं की सूची बनाइए।

पठनीय :

प्रश्न 1.
किसी अन्य पाठ्यपुस्तक से एकांकी पढ़िए ।

मौलिक सृजन :

प्रश्न 1.
जूलिया की जगह आप होते तो …….. विषय पर अपने विचार स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तरः
प्रस्तुत पाठ में लेखक ने जूलिया की पात्रता को जिस प्रकार दर्शाया है, उससे यह ज्ञात होता है कि वह एक सीधी-साधी और डरपोक महिला है; जो अन्याय को भी सहन कर लेती है। अगर उसकी जगह मैं होता, तो यह अन्याय कभी-भी सहन नहीं करता। क्योंकि अन्याय को सहन करना भी एक प्रकार का अपराध है। अगर मैंने परिश्रम किया है, तो उसका उचित पारिश्रमिक मुझे मिलना ही चाहिए।

कार्य को शुरू करने से पहले ही मैं अपने कार्य और वेतन संबंधी सारी चर्चा कर लेता। कार्य की समाप्ति पर अगर मालिक पक्ष वेतन देने में आनाकानी करता या झूठे कारण दिखाकर वेतन कम करने का प्रयास करता, तो उसके खिलाफ आवाज उठाता। इसके बाद भी मालिक मेरा पूरा पारिश्रमिक नहीं देता, तो मैं प्रशासन की मदद लेने में भी हिचकता नहीं और अपना पूरा मेहनताना लेकर ही रहता। मैं कायर और डरपोक बनकर अत्याचार नहीं सहता।

पठित गद्यांश पर आधारित कृतियाँ पूर्ण कीजिए:

प्रश्न 1.
संजाल पूर्ण कीजिए

उत्तरः

प्रश्न 2.
कारण लिखिए :
(क) गृहस्वामी द्वारा जूलिया से माफी माँगना
(ख) गृहस्वामी से जूलिया को संसार के साथ लड़ने के लिए कहना
उत्तरः
(क) गृहस्वामी ने जूलिया के साथ एक छोटा-सा कूर मजाक किया।
(ख) इस संसार में दब्बू और रीढ़रहित लोगों के लिए कोई स्थान नहीं है।

प्रश्न 3(क).
परिच्छेद में प्रयुक्त कोई एक मुहावरा ढूँढ़कर उसका सार्थक वाक्य में प्रयोग कीजिए :
उत्तरः
ठग लेना – धोखा देना
वाक्यः गृहस्वामी ने जूलिया के पूरे पैसे न देकर उसे ठग लिया।

प्रश्न ख.
‘पर’ शब्द के दो अर्थ लिखिए।
उत्तरः
i. किंतु
ii. पंख

प्रश्न 4.
संसार में दब्बू और रीढ़रहित लोगों के लिए कोई स्थान नहीं है’, इसपर लगभग आठ से दस वाक्यों में अपने विचार लिखिए ।
उत्तरः
इस संसार में दब्बू और रीढ़रहित लोगों के लिए कोई स्थान नहीं है क्योंकि हमारी सामाजिक परिस्थिति ऐसी बन चुकी है कि खामोश रहनेवाले या भयभीत रहनेवाले लोगों के साथ और अधिक अन्याय होता है। डरने के कारण उनका सही हक भी मार लिया जाता है। हमारा किसान सालभर मेहनत करता है लेकिन कुछ लोग उनका अधिकार मार लेते हैं और किसान खामोशी के साथ यह अन्याय सहन करता रहता है।

गरीब मजदूर पूरा दिन मेहनत करता है। लेकिन कुछ बोल नहीं पाने के कारण लोग उसके अधिकारों का हनन करते हैं और उसे उचित मेहनताना नहीं मिल पाता है। इसलिए यह समाज ऐसे लोगों के लिए नहीं है जो खामोशी से सारे ज्यादतियों को बर्दाश्त करते हैं। लोग ईमानदारी के साथ अपना कार्य संपन्न करने के बावजूद भी अपने अधिकारों से वंचित रह जाते हैं सिर्फ दब्बू और रीढ़रहित होने के कारण। अतः इस समाज में डरपोक लोगों के लिए कोई स्थान नहीं है।

पाठ के आँगन में :

1. सूचना के अनुसार कृतियाँ पूर्ण कीजिए :

प्रश्न क.
संजाल :

उत्तरः

प्रश्न ख.
ऐसे प्रश्न तैयार कीजिए जिनके उत्तर निम्नलिखित शब्द हो :
1. वान्या
2. रुबल
उत्तरः
1. कोल्या के बीमार होने पर जूलिया ने किसे पढ़ाया था?
2. रूस की मुद्रा को क्या कहते हैं?

2. पाठ में प्रयुक्त अंकों का उपयोग करके मुहावरे लिखिए।

प्रश्न 1.
पाठ में प्रयुक्त अंकों का उपयोग करके मुहावरे लिखिए।
उत्तरः

1. दो – नौ दो ग्यारह होना।
2. एक – एक और एक ग्यारह होना।
3. उन्नीस – उन्नीस-बीस का फर्क होना।
4. चार – चार चाँद लगाना।
5. पाँचों – पाँचों उँगलियाँ घी में होना।

3. ‘कई बार अज्ञान के कारण गरीबों को ठगा जाता है यह देखकर मेरे मन में विचार आए ……………… 

प्रश्न 1.
‘कई बार अज्ञान के कारण गरीबों को ठगा जाता है यह देखकर मेरे मन में विचार आए ………………
उत्तर:
कई बार जीवन में ऐसी घटनाएँ देखने को मिलती है जिसका प्रभाव बड़े लंबे समय तक रहता है। मैं एक बार एक दवाखाने में बैठा था। मेरे अगल-बगल कई मरीज बैठे थे । उनमें से एक मरीज था जो लगातार खाँस रहा था। उसकी स्थिति देखकर ही मालूम हो रहा था कि वह एक बहुत ही गरीब इंसान है। काफी देर बाद उसका नंबर आया और मेरा नंबर ठीक उसके बाद था इसलिए मैं भी उसके साथ डॉक्टर के चेम्बर के अंदर गया।

डॉक्टर ने परीक्षण करने के बाद उसको बहुत सारे टेस्ट लिख दिए और कहा पहले टेस्ट कराकर ले आओ फिर दवाई दूंगा। अज्ञानता के कारण वह डॉक्टर से यह भी नहीं पूछ पाया कि यह टेस्ट उसे क्यों दिए गए हैं? वह गरीब बेचारा चुपचाप अपना सिर झुकाए कमरे से बाहर निकल गया।

जो टेस्ट उस डॉक्टर ने दिए थे वो काफी महंगे थे और एक गरीब व्यक्ति के लिए वो सारे टेस्ट एक साथ करवाना मुश्किल का काम था। उस समय मेरे मन में यह विचार आया कि बड़ा होकर मैं भी डॉक्टर बनूंगा और गरीबों को नि:शुल्क सेवा करूंगा। गाँव के लोग सीधेसाधे होते हैं और ज्यादा पढ़े-लिखे भी नहीं होते हैं। इसी का फायदा उठाकर लोग मनचाहे ढंग से उन्हें ठगते हैं।

विशेषकर डॉक्टर जिन्हें भगवान के बाद सबसे ज्यादा सम्मान की नजरों से देखा जाता है। कुछ लोग इस पवित्र पेशे को बदनाम कर रहे हैं। मैं आगे चलकर एक डाक्टर के रूप में सिर्फ मरीजों की सेवा करूँगा। यही मेरी इच्छा है।

पाठ से आगे :

प्रश्न 1.
परिचारिका पाठ्यक्रम नर्सिंग कोर्स संबंधी जानकारी अंतरजाल से प्राप्त कीजिए और आवश्यक अर्हता संबंधी चर्चा करें।

भाषा बिंदु :

प्रश्न 1.
नीचे दिए गए चिहनों के सामने उनके नाम लिखिए तथा वाक्यों में उचित विरामचिहून लगाइए।

उत्तर:
Hindi Lokbharti 9th Answers Chapter 5 जूलिया Additional Important Questions and Answers

(क) सूचना के अनुसार निम्नलिखित कृतियाँ परिच्छेद के आधार पर पूर्ण कीजिए।

कृति (1) आकलन कृति

प्रश्न 1.
कृति पूर्ण कीजिए।
उत्तर :

कृति (2) आकलन कृति

प्रश्न 1.
कारण लिखिए।
i. गृहस्वामी द्वारा खुद ही जूलिया को पैसे देना –
ii. गृहस्वामी की पत्नी द्वारा जूलिया को तीन दिन की छुट्टी देना –
उत्तर :
i. क्योंकि जूलिया अपने आप गृहस्वामी से पैसे नहीं माँगती।
ii. क्योंकि तीन दिन से जूलिया के दाँतों में दर्द हो रहा था।

प्रश्न 2.
समझकर लिखिए।
i. इतवार को जूलिया ने यह काम किया
ii. चार दिन यह बीमार रहा
उत्तर:
i. सिर्फ कोल्या को घूमाने ले गई थी।
ii. कोल्या

प्रश्न 3.
सत्य या असत्य पहचानकर लिखिए।

1. गृहस्वामी कोल्या के स्कूल का हिसाब करना चाहता था।
2. गृहस्वामी के अनुसार जूलिया की तनख्वाह तीस रूबल वार्षिक तय हुई थी।
3. गृहस्वामी ने जूलिया का हिसाब डायरी में नोट कर रखा था।
4. जूलिया से पहले की गवर्नेस को गृहस्वामी तीस रूबल महीना ही देता था।

उत्तर:

1. असत्य
2. असत्य
3. सत्य
4. सत्य

प्रश्न 4.
सही विधान चुनकर पूर्ण वाक्य फिर से लिखिए।
i. मेरे ख्याल से तुम्हें …………
(क) घर की जरूरत होगी।
(ख) पैसों की जरूरत होगी।
(ग) कपड़ों की जरूरत होगी।
उत्तर:
(ख) पैसों की जरूरत होगी।

ii. तुम्हें हमारे यहाँ काम करते हुए ………..
(क) तीन महीने हुए हैं।
(ख) दो वर्ष हुए हैं।
(ग) दो महीने हुए हैं।
उत्तर:
(ग) दो महीने हुए हैं।

कृति (3) शब्द संपदा

प्रश्न 1.
वचन परिवर्तन कीजिए।
i. छुट्टी
ii. दाँत
उत्तर:
i. छुट्टियाँ
ii. दाँत

प्रश्न 2.
समानार्थी शब्द लिखिए।

1. स्वर
2. तनख्वाह
3. महीना
4. छुट्टी

उत्तर:

1. आवाज
2. वेतन
3. माह
4. अवकाश

प्रश्न 3.
विरुद्धार्थी शब्द परिच्छेद से ढूंढकर लिखिए।

1. नौकर × ………
2. गैरजरूरत × ………
3. बाद में × ……..
4. सही × ……..

उत्तर:

1. मालिक
2. जरूरत
3. पहले
4. गलत

कृति (4) स्वमत अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
‘मजदूरों के साथ होता अन्याय’ इस विषय पर अपने विचार लिखिए।
उत्तरः
मजदूर हमारे समाज का वह तबका है जिस पर समस्त आर्थिक उन्नति टिकी होती है। वह मानवीय श्रम का सबसे आदर्श उदाहरण है किंतु उनकी स्थिति दयनीय है। उन्हें हर दिन काम नहीं मिल पाता है। उनसे श्रम अधिक लिया जाता है तथा पारिश्रमिक कम दिया जाता है। अत: मजदूरों के कल्याण की दिशा में सरकार को कठोर कदम उठाने चाहिए। मजदूरों के श्रम का सम्मान करना चाहिए तथा उनकी जीवन-दशा में सुधार की प्रक्रिया तेज की जानी चाहिए।

(ख) परिच्छेद पड़कर सूचना के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए।

कृति (2) आकलन कृति

प्रश्न 1.
उत्तर लिखिए।
i. यह बहुत कीमती थी
ii. इनके भाग्य में हमेशा नुकसान उठाना बदा है
उत्तर:
i. प्याली
ii. गृहस्वामी के

प्रश्न 2.
उपर्युक्त गद्यांश से दो ऐसे प्रश्न तैयार कीजिए जिनके उत्तर निम्नलिखित शब्द हो।
i. टहनी
ii. डायरी
उत्तर:
i. किसकी खरोंच लगने से बच्चे की जैकेट फट गई?
ii. गृहस्वामी हर एक चीज किसमें नोट करता है?

प्रश्न 3.
सत्य या असत्य पहचानकर लिखिए।

1. गृहस्वामी के भाग्य में हमेशा फायदा उठाना बदा है।
2. गृहस्वामी प्याली का दो रूबल ही काटेगा।
3. जूलिया अपने काम में ढील देगी तो उनके पैसे नहीं करेंगे।
4. दस जनवरी को गृहस्वामी ने जूलिया को दस रूबल दिए थे।

उत्तर:

1. असत्य
2. सत्य
3. असत्य
4. सत्य

प्रश्न 4.
सही विधान चुनकर पूर्ण वाक्य फिर से लिखिए।

i. इतनी बड़ी बात तुम्हारी मालकिन ने …………..
(क) मुझे बताई तक नहीं।
(ख) किसी से छुपाया नहीं।
(ग) तुम्हें क्यों बताया।
उत्तर:
(क) मुझे बताई तक नहीं।

ii. चौदह में से तीन और घटा तो बचते हैं ………….
(क) दस रूबल
(ख) पाँच रूबल
(ग) ग्यारह रूबल
उत्तर:
(ग) ग्यारह रूबल

कृति (3) शब्द संपदा

प्रश्न 1.
लिंग परिवर्तन कीजिए।
i. नौकरानी – नौकर
ii. मालकिन – मालिक
उत्तर:
i. प्याली
ii. गृहस्वामी के

प्रश्न 2.
समानार्थी शब्द परिच्छेद से ढूंढकर लिखिए।

1. किस्मत
2. मूल्यवान
3. हानि
4. कारण

उत्तर:

1. भाग्य
2. कीमती
3. नुकसान
4. वजह

प्रश्न 3.
विरुद्धार्थी शब्द लिखिए।
i. झूठ × ………
ii. ज्यादा × ………..
उत्तर:
i. सच
ii. कम

(ग) परिच्छेद पढ़कर सूचना के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए।

कृति (1) आकलन कृति

प्रश्न 1.
कृति पूर्ण कीजिए।
उत्तर:

कृति (2) आकलन कृति

प्रश्न 1.
समझकर लिखिए।
i. जूलिया इसके बावजूद भी गृहस्वामी को धन्यवाद देती है।
ii. गृहस्वामी को यह बात जानकर जरा भी आश्चर्य नहीं होता।
उत्तर:
i. जबकि गृहस्वामी ने उसे ठगा, धोखा दिया और उसके पैसे हड़प लिए।
ii. जूलिया ने जहाँ-जहाँ काम किया उन लोगों ने उसे एक पैसा तक नहीं दिया।

कृति (3) शब्द संपदा

प्रश्न 1.
वचन परिवर्तन कीजिए।

1. पंजों
2. बात
3. रुबल
4. पैसा

उत्तर:

1. पंजा
2. बातें
3. रूबल
4. पैसे

प्रश्न 2.
विरुद्धार्थी शब्द लिखिए।

1. ऊँच × …
2. धीमा × …..
3. भला × ……
4. अन्याय × ……..

उत्तर:

1. नीच
2. तेज
3. बुरा
4. न्याय

प्रश्न 3.
समानार्थी शब्द लिखिए।

1. भौरु
2. बोदा
3. आश्चर्य
4. निर्मम

उत्तर:

1. डरपोक
2. मूर्ख
3. अचरज
4. निर्दयी

भाषाई कौशल पर आधारित पाठगत कृतियाँ

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में से अव्यय शब्द पहचानकर लिखिए।
i. मुझे लगता है कि तुम अपने आप पैसे भी नहीं माँगोगी।
ii. कोल्या को घुमाने के लिए ले गई हो।
उत्तर:
i. कि – समुच्चबोधक अव्यय
ii. के लिए – संबंधसूचक अव्यय

प्रश्न 2.
कोष्ठक में दी गई सूचना के अनुसार काल परिवर्तन कीजिए।

1. मैं तुम्हारी तनख्वाह का हिसाब करता हूँ। (पूर्ण भूतकाल)
2. मैं खुद ही तुम्हें पैसे दूंगा। (सामान्य वर्तमानकाल)
3. आप सही कह रहे हैं। (सामान्य भविष्यकाल)
4. मैं तीस रूबल ही देता था। (अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाल)
5. तुमने चाय की प्लेट तोड़ी थी। (पूर्ण वर्तमानकाल)
6. मैं प्याली के दो रूबल काढूँगा।(अपूर्ण भूतकाल)
7. मारिया वान्या के जूते चुराई। (सामान्य भविष्यकाल)
8. मैं झूठ बोल रहा हूँ। (सामान्य भूतकाल)
9. तुम मुझे धन्यवाद दे रही हो। (सामान्य भविष्यकाल)
10. मैंने तुम्हे ठगा है। (अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाल)
11. मैंने तुम्हारे साथ मजाक किया। (पूर्ण भूतकाल)
12. तुम इस संसार से लड़ोगी। (सामान्य भूतकाल)

उत्तर:

1. मैंने तुम्हारी तनख्वाह का हिसाब किया था।
2. मैं खुद ही तुम्हें पैसे देता हूँ।
3. आप सही कहेंगे।
4. मैं तीस रूबल ही दे रहा हूँ।
5. तुमने चाय की प्लेट तोड़ी है।
6. मैं प्याली के दो रूबल काट रहा था।
7. मारिया वान्या के जूते चुराएगी।
8. मैंने झूठ बोला।
9. तुम मुझे धन्यवाद दोगी।
10. मैं तुम्हे ठग रहा हूँ।
11. मैंने तुम्हारे साथ मजाक किया था।
12. तुम इस संसार से लड़ी।

प्रश्न 3.
निम्नलिखित अशुद्ध वाक्य शुद्ध करके लिखिए।

1. मैंने इसमें नोट कर रखे हूँ।
2. मेरे ख्याल पर तुम्हें पैसों में जरूरत होगी।
3. तुमने चाय का प्लेट और प्याली तोड़ी थी।
4. इसे भी डायरी पर नोट कर लेता हैं।

उत्तर:

1. मैंने इसमें नोट कर रखा है।
2. मेरे ख्याल से तुम्हें पैसों की जरूरत होगी।
3. तुमने चाय की प्लेट और प्याली तोड़ी थी।
4. इसे भी डायरी में नोट कर लेता हूँ।

प्रश्न 4.
निम्नलिखित अव्यय शब्दों का अपने वाक्यों में प्रयोग कीजिए।
i. और
ii. कि
उत्तर:
i. इस संसार में दब्बू और रीढ़रहित लोगों के लिए कोई स्थान नहीं है।
ii. तुम जानती हो कि मैंने तुम्हें ठग लिया है।

जूलिया Summary in Hindi

लेखक-परिचय :

जीवन-परिचय : अंतोन पाव्लाविच चेखव का जन्म दक्षिण रूस के तगानरोग नामक स्थान में हुआ था। ये रूसी कथाकार और नाटककार थे। उन्होंने रूसी भाषा में चार कालजयी नाटक दिए। उनकी साहित्यिक रचनाएँ सारे विश्व में सराही जाती हैं। उनकी कहानियों में सामाजिक कुरीतियों का व्यंग्यात्मक चित्रण किया गया है। ये कुशल साहित्यक होने के साथ-साथ एक सफल चिकित्सक भी रहे।
प्रमुख कृतियाँ : नाटक – ‘तीन बहने’, ‘द चैरी आर्चर्ड’, ‘इवानोव’ आदि।
कहानी संग्रह – ‘अन्ना ऑन नेक’, ‘अबैड बिजनेस’, ‘द वर्ड मार्केट’, ‘ओल्ड एज’, ‘ग्रीषा’ आदि। लघु
उपन्यास – ‘ए ड्रीरी स्टोरी’, ‘द वाइफ’ आदि।

गद्य-परिचय :

एकांकी : एकांकी का आकार छोटा होने के कारण इसमें एक अंक की ही कथा होती है। इसकी कथा व संवाद आदि से अंत तक रोचक और आकर्षक होते हैं।
प्रस्तावना : प्रस्तुत एकांकी ‘जूलिया’ के माध्यम से लेखक अंतोन चेखव ने समाज के ऐसे लोगों पर कुठाराघात किया है जो डरपोक और दब्बू हैं तथा स्वयं पर होनेवाले अन्याय का भी प्रतिरोध नहीं करते हैं।

सारांश :

जूलिया वासिल्देवना बच्चों की देखभाल करने वाली एक गवर्नेस है। एक बार उसके मालिक उसे घर पर बुलाते हैं और अन्यायपूर्वक उसका वेतन काट लेते हैं, लेकिन डरपोक और दब्बू स्वभाव की होने के कारण जूलिया उनका विरोध नहीं कर पाती है। तब उसके मालिक उसे समझाते हुए कहते हैं कि उन्होंने तो वेतन काटने का सिर्फ नाटक किया था। उसे यह समझाने के लिए कि यह समाज अत्यंत निर्दयी है।

यहाँ पर अपना हक छीनकर लेना पड़ता है। अगर व्यक्ति संघर्ष नहीं करेगा तथा अपने अधिकार के लिए आवाज नहीं उठाएगा तो यह समाज उसे जीने नहीं देगा। उस पर अन्याय करता ही रहेगा। इसलिए समाज में रहना है, तो अपने अधिकारों के लिए पूरी शक्ति के साथ लड़ना होगा। क्योंकि डरपोक लोगों के लिए इस समाज में कोई स्थान नहीं है। .

शब्दार्थ :

1. गवर्नेस – छोटे बच्चों की देखभाल करनेवाली
2. तनख्वाह – वेतन
3. रूबल – रूस की मुद्रा
4. नागा – वह जिस दिन काम न किया हो
5. रुआँसी – रोने जैसी
6. कसर – कमी
7. टहनी – डाली
8. खरोंच – रगड़
9. यकीन – विश्वास
10. अनर्थ – सर्वनाश, बुरा, अनिष्ठ
11. कूर – कठोर, निर्दय
12. दब्बू – भोंदू, कमजोर
13. भीरु – डरपोक
14. बोदा – मूर्ख, सुस्त
15. ज्यादतियाँ – अन्याय
16. खामोश – शांत, चुप
17. निर्मम – निर्दयी
18. हृदयहीन – दूसरों की भावनाओं की परवाह न करने वाला
19. रीढ़रहित – अति दुर्बल, कमजोर
20. पंजा – नाखून
21. सहना – बर्दाश करना
22. अन्याय – अत्याचार

मुहावरे :

1. हड़प लेना – बेईमानी से अधिकार कर लेना/दूसरे की वस्तु हजम कर जाना।
2. सबक सिखाना – दंड देना।
3. आसमान से गिरना – आश्चर्यचकित होना।
4. ठग लेना – धोखा देना।
5. तंग आना – परेशान होना।