Maharashtra Board Class 12 Sociology Important Questions Chapter 6 Social Problems in India

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Important Questions Chapter 6 Social Problems in India Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Sociology Important Questions Chapter 6 Social Problems in India

1A. Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternative given in the brackets and rewrite it.

Question 1.
Several social movements emerged to solve __________ problems. (social, legal, political)
Answer:
social

Question 2.
The problems are a __________ process. (singular, mono, two-way)
Answer:
two-way

Question 3.
An individual problem __________ may rest with the individual. (cause, solution, depth)
Answer:
cause

Question 4.
Lack of education or skills is __________ problem. (group, individual, normal)
Answer:
individual

Question 5.
A social problem is __________ than an individual problem. (same, old, different,)
Answer:
different

Question 6.
People feel the need for collection action to solve the __________ problem. (individual, social, legal)
Answer:
social

Question 7.
__________ is an inevitable and irreversible biological process of life. (Ageing, Workplace, Family)
Answer:
Ageing

Question 8.
The commonest criterion for measuring the process of ageing in an individual is one’s __________ age. (death, chronological, birth)
Answer:
chronological

Question 9.
In India, the age of __________ has been adopted by the Census of India for classifying and categorising ageing population. (50, 60, 70)
Answer:
60

Question 10.
Many ages persons are fully or partially dependent for __________ support on their families. (government, financial, NGOs)
Answer:
financial

Question 11.
The National Policy on older persons was announced in __________ (Jan 1997, Jan 1998, Jan 1999)
Answer:
Jan 1999

Question 12.
__________ are helping to solve the problem of the aged in India. (NGOs, Family, Society)
Answer:
NGOs

Question 13.
Nowadays there are __________ communities which gives support to older persons. (dance, online, sports)
Answer:
online

Question 14.
Many __________ are lacking basic amenities and are impersonal in their care of the inhabitants. (old age homes, family, NGOs)
Answer:
old age homes

Question 15.
The term __________ means, “People who are jobless, actively seeking work and available to take a job”. (Job, Work, Unemployment)
Answer:
Unemployment

Question 16.
According to NSSO, an unemployed person is one who puts in less than __________ hours of paid work in a week. (14, 16, 20)
Answer:
14

Question 17.
Advances in technology have rendered numerous workers unemployed as their __________ has become redundant today. (skill sets, habits, experience)
Answer:
skillsets

Question 18.
When individuals are __________ jobs, there is a period of no employment between one job and the next. (joining, switching, enjoying)
Answer:
switching

Question 19.
During the __________ periods, there are greater chances of workers to lose theirs in the construction sector. (important, boom, lull)
Answer:
lull

Question 20.
__________ of people to urban areas has an effect on urban unemployment. (Demand, Poverty, Seasonal migration)
Answer:
Seasonal migration

Question 21.
As per the Census of India definition, the productive category refers to people within the ages of __________ years. (11-49, 15-59, 20-60)
Answer:
15-59

Question 22.
An unemployed __________ population unable to add value to the economy becomes a burden on the working population. (adult, minor, aged)
Answer:
adult

Question 23.
Lack of __________ may drive people to engage in anti-social activities. (obstacles, jobs, opportunities)
Answer:
opportunities

Question 24.
__________ need to develop mindsets that are open to change. (Ageing, Academics, Addiction)
Answer:
Academics

Question 25.
The __________ programmes must be on choice-based, need-based and learner-centred. (educational, occupational, family)
Answer:
educational

Question 26.
The __________ has laid emphasis on vocational training from the secondary stage upwards. (RUSA, New Pension Policy, New Educational Policy)
Answer:
New Educational Policy

Question 27.
__________ is one measure to minimise the extent of unemployment. (Self-employment, Jobs, Shifts)
Answer:
Self-employment

Question 28.
__________ are a significant percentage of the agrarian workforce. (Farmers, Monsoon, Technology)
Answer:
Farmers

Question 29.
Human intervention has led to increased __________ (problem, pollution, solution)
Answer:
pollution

Question 30.
The emission of greenhouse gases has caused depletion of the __________ layer. (Methane, Butane, Ozone)
Answer:
Ozone

Question 31.
Failure of the crops forces impoverished farmers to live a life in __________ (fun, bury, debt)
Answer:
debt

Question 32.
The psychological burden of being indebted passes on the __________ (next generation, neighbours, relatives)
Answer:
next generation

Question 33.
The __________ are farmers with large landholdings. (Zamindars, Deshmukh, Peasants)
Answer:
Zamindars

Question 34.
In rural India, the custom of __________ has wreaked havoc for farmers. (dowry, debt, ageing)
Answer:
dowry

Question 35.
Farmer’s suicide can dampen the spirit of __________ (trading, domestic work, farming)
Answer:
Farming

Question 36.
__________ insurance should be provided to farmers against crop failure. (Crop, Health, Mediclaim)
Answer:
Crop

Question 37.
Water harvesting and water management will help to channelise the use of __________ resources with great discretion. (natural, water, air)
Answer:
water

Question 38.
To stop the exploitation of farmers removal of the system of __________ is necessary. (debt, insurance, middlemen)
Answer:
middlemen

Question 39.
__________ is an alternative to monoculture. (multi-cropping, water harvesting, domestication)
Answer:
multi-cropping

Question 40.
Domestic violence means within the family. (abuse, suicide, policy)
Answer:
abuse

Question 41.
Victims of domestic violence may need __________ (support, intensive counselling, medicines)
Answer:
intensive counselling

Question 42.
__________ plays an effective role to sensitize the public about domestic violence. (family, peers, media)
Answer:
media

Question 43.
NGOs are backed with services of __________ and __________ departments. (social and moral, fun and fair, legal and police)
Answer:
legal and police

Question 44.
__________ is a situation of psychological or physical dependence on alcohol, drugs, the internet, or mobiles. (Addiction, Ageing, Unemployment)
Answer:
Addiction

Question 45.
Addiction can also lead to __________ behaviour. (social and happy, anti-social and depression, moral and value)
Answer:
anti-social and depression

Question 46.
The addictive element in tobacco is __________ which impacts the brain. (amphetamine, nicotine, cocaine)
Answer:
nicotine

Question 47.
The deadly effects of __________ addiction are mouth, throat and lung cancer. (tobacco, alcohol, cocaine)
Answer:
tobacco

Question 48.
__________ are types of drugs that have the potential to be addictive. (Narcotics, hookah, dhumti)
Answer:
Narcotics

Question 49.
__________ is chewing tobacco known as a carcinogen and is highly addictive. (Pan, Gutka, Chaini)
Answer:
Gutka

Question 50.
__________ addiction is on the rise among teenagers in India. (Smoking, Snacks, Whitener,)
Answer:
Whitener

Question 51.
__________ products are abused throughout the country. (Cannabis, Form, International)
Answer:
Cannabis

Question 52.
According to the present __________, smoking in public places is banned. (Friendly Smoking law, Anti-Smoking Law, Peer Smoking law)
Answer:
Anti-Smoking Law

Question 53.
The minimum age of buying tobacco products is __________ years of age. (14, 16, 18)
Answer:
18

1B. Correct the incorrect pair and rewrite it.

Question 1.
(a) Unacceptable behaviour by several persons – Social problem
(b) Degenerative process – Ageing
(c) Single, without a child, isolated people face the problem of – Loneliness
(d) Due to mechanical lifestyle – Weaker section
Answer:
(d) Due to mechanical lifestyle – Lack of empathy

Question 2.
(a) Role of government – Educational stagnation
(b) Old age homes – Lack of basic amenities
(c) Weaker sections – Women, LGBT
(d) Exploitation – If dependent on others
Answer:
(a) Role of government – To care of the aged

Question 3.
(a) Unemployment – Jobless people
(b) Seasonal shift – Family
(c) Rural unemployment – 5.3%
(d) Urban unemployment – 7.8%
Answer:
(b) Seasonal shift – Agriculture

Question 4.
(a) Switching jobs – Influx of people migration in urban areas
(b) Changing economy – Face lull and the boom period
(c) Gap in demand and supply – Unemployment crisis
(d) Productive age group – 12-70 years
Answer:
(d) Productive of age group – 15 to 59 years

Question 5.
(a) Unutilised human resources – Adult employment
(b) Educational stagnation – Educated but skill-deficient
(c) Anti-Social activities – School
(d) Underemployment – Person with Ph.D. degree works as a clerk
Answer:
(c) Anti-social activities – Lack of opportunities

Question 6.
(a) Industry-Education symbiosis – Farmers
(b) Impact on mental health – Disappointed with life
(c) Academics need to change – learner-centered
(d) New educational policy – Vocational training
Answer:
(a) Industry-Education symbiosis – Industry-University

Question 7.
(a) Entrepreneurship and self-employment – Start-ups
(b) Depletion of the ozone layer – Flood
(c) Farmers – Agrarian workforce
(d) Exploitation of natural resources – Environmental degradation
Answer:
(b) Depletion of the ozone layer – Greenhouse gases

Question 8.
(a) Impoverished farmers – Indebtedness
(b) Unaware of new technologies and method farming – Ignorance
(c) Landless – Labourers
(d) Indebted – Zamindars
Answer:
(d) Large landholdings – Zamindars

Question 9.
(a) Wreaked havoc in farmers life – Dowry system
(b) Criminal offense – Social evil dowry
(c) Health status – Life and Crop insurance
(d) Vidarbha and Marathwada regions – Farmer’s suicide
Answer:
(c) For distressed farmers and crop failure – Life and Crop insurance

Question 10.
(a) Multi-cropping – Monoculture
(b) Middlemen – Operator between farmer and markets
(c) Water harvesting – Use of water resources
(d) Role of Banks – Set the system as farmer-friendly
Answer:
(a) Multi-cropping – Polyculture

Question 11.
(a) Sensitise the public and create awareness – Role of media
(b) Support women, children – Role of NGOs
(c) Empowering LGBT – Role of law
(d) Enforcing law – Personal empowerment
Answer:
(d) Enforcing law – Role of Police

Question 12.
(a) Dysfunctional relationships – Snide remarks, bickering
(b) Traditional and religious outlook – The supremacy of man over women
(c) Gender binary – Family
(d) Heteronormativity – Heterosexism
Answer:
(c) Gender binary – Female and male

Question 13.
(a) Vulnerability – Lack of power, control, and finance.
(b) Victims of domestic violence – Psychological trauma
(c) Psycho-somatic disorder – Bedwetting, irregular menstrual cycle
(d) Section 377 – Role of NGO
Answer:
(d) Section 377 – Empowering LGBT persons

1C. Identify the appropriate term from the given options in the box and rewrite it against the given statement.

Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan, Internet addiction, Unemployment crises, Narcotic drugs, Verbal spats, and physical assault, Switching job, Environmental deterioration, Peer pressure, Mobile phone, Cannabis, heroin, Gender discrimination, Educational change, Mobile addiction, Chronological age, Domestic violence, Multi cropping, Seva Dhan Foundation, Mumbai, Individual Problem, Inadequate Skills, Higher longevity, Substance addiction, 15-59 years, Startup, Nicotine, NGOs, Internet, NPCP, Domestic violence, Unutilised human resources.

Question 1.
One’s own habit is the root cause of the problem.
Answer:
Individual problem

Question 2.
Collective action is required to solve the problem.
Answer:
Social problem

Question 3.
The size of ageing population is continuously increasing.
Answer:
Higher longevity

Question 4.
The commonest criterion for measuring the process of ageing.
Answer:
Chronological age

Question 5.
In January 1999 a policy was announced for the matter of well-being of older persons.
Answer:
NPCP

Question 6.
Advances in technology have rendered many workers unemployed.
Answer:
Inadequate Skills

Question 7.
It leads to an influx of people in urban areas.
Answer:
Switching job

Question 8.
More job applications and fewer vacancies.
Answer:
Unemployment crises

Question 9.
As per the census of India, the productive age group.
Answer:
15-59 years

Question 10.
The adult population is unemployed.
Answer:
Unutilised human resources

Question 11.
A young company founded by one or more entrepreneurs to develop a unique product and bring it to the market.
Answer:
Startup

Question 12.
Academics need to develop mindsets that are open to change.
Answer:
Educational change

Question 13.
The salient feature of which is to enable institutions of higher education for capacity building in different fields of employment.
Answer:
Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan

Question 14.
Farmers find it difficult to engage in gainful agricultural activity.
Answer:
Environmental deterioration

Question 15.
The practice of growing two or more crops on the same price of land in the same growing season.
Answer:
Multi cropping

Question 16.
It finds in almost all classes, ages, categories, sexes, and genders.
Answer:
Domestic violence

Question 17.
Dysfunctional relationships between different members within the family can lead to.
Answer:
Verbal spats and physical assault

Question 18.
Not acceptable in the 21st century.
Answer:
Domestic violence

Question 19.
They provide legal and professional support to deal with domestic violence cases.
Answer:
NGOs

Question 20.
It’s an outcome of physical and biological dependence on chemical substances.
Answer:
Substance addiction

Question 21.
The addictive element in tobacco impacts the brain.
Answer:
Nicotine

Question 22.
The most frequently abused drugs in India.
Answer:
Cannabis, heroin

Question 23.
It is a means to an entire virtual world and the world of social media.
Answer:
Internet

Question 24.
A constant need to access sites for gaming, adult sites, social media, entertainment and stimulation.
Answer:
Internet addiction

Question 25.
The need to almost constantly be on call.
Answer:
Mobile addiction

Question 26.
One of the reasons for the habit of smoking or doing weed among friends.
Answer:
Peer pressure

Question 27.
De-addiction centres in Maharashtra.
Answer:
Seva Dhan Foundation, Mumbai

Question 28.
Nowadays, it’s a status symbol in society.
Answer:
Mobile phone

1D. Correct underlined words and complete the statement.

Question 1.
Smoking in public places is permissible.
Answer:
Smoking in public places is banned.

Question 2.
The minimum age of buying tobacco products is 14 years of age.
Answer:
The minimum age of buying tobacco products is 18 years of age.

Question 3.
Alcohol is a drink that contains ozone.
Answer:
Alcohol is a drink that contains ethanol.

Question 4.
An addict will try to access the car or vehicle at any cost to which he/she is addicted.
Answer:
An addict will try to access the substance or object at any cost to which he/she is addicted.

Question 5.
Games can also lead to anti-social behaviour and depression.
Answer:
Addiction can also lead to anti-social behaviour and depression.

Question 6.
Tobacco addiction refers to habituated tobacco drinking or swallowing.
Answer:
Tobacco addiction refers to habituated tobacco chewing or smoking.

Question 7.
The deadly effects of mobile addiction are mouth, throat, and lung cancer.
Answer:
The deadly effects of tobacco addiction are mouth, throat, and lung cancer.

Question 8.
Alcohol is a type of drug that has the potential to be addictive.
Answer:
Narcotics are types of drugs that have the potential to be addictive.

Question 9.
Codeine-based tablets continue to be diverted from the domestic market for drug abuse.
Answer:
Codeine-based cough syrups continue to be diverted from the domestic market for drug abuse.

Question 10.
Excessive use of garments diminishes the value of interpersonal relationships.
Answer:
Excessive use of the internet diminishes the value of interpersonal relationships.

Question 11.
Addiction is open Pandora’s box of possibilities.
Answer:
Internet/mobile phones are open Pandora’s box of possibilities.

Question 12.
Domestic violence refers to cooperation within the family.
Answer:
Domestic violence refers to abuse within the family.

Question 13.
In a matriarchal context; there is the unwritten acceptance of male authority.
Answer:
In a patriarchal context; there is the unwritten acceptance of male authority.

Question 14.
Industrialists are a significant percentage of the agrarian workforce.
Answer:
Farmers are a significant percentage of the agrarian workforce.

Question 15.
Farmer’s rebirth is a serious social problem.
Answer:
Farmer’s suicide is a serious social problem.

Question 16.
Animal intervention has led to an increased population.
Answer:
Human intervention has led to an increased population.

Question 17.
The impoverished farmers live a life steeped in money.
Answer:
The impoverished farmers live a life steeped in debt.

Question 18.
The psychological burden at farmers being indebted passes on to the villagers.
Answer:
The psychological burden of farmers being indebted passes on to the next generation.

Question 19.
Bt cotton seeds are cheaper.
Answer:
Bt cotton seeds are more expensive.

Question 20.
The seeds obtained from corn crops cannot be used for the next sowing.
Answer:
The seeds obtained from BT crops cannot be used for the next sowing.

Question 21.
Dowry is a social wealth.
Answer:
Dowry is a social evil.

Question 22.
Employed means “people who are jobless.”
Answer:
Unemployed means “people who are jobless.”

Question 23.
The periodic industrial boom is one of the causes of unemployment.
Answer:
The periodic industrial recession is one of the causes of unemployment.

Question 24.
Typing skills on the age-old manual printer has very limited use in present times.
Answer:
Typing skills on the age-old manual typewriter have very limited use in present times.

Question 25.
Addiction is intrinsic to the organism.
Answer:
Ageing is intrinsic to the organism.

Question 26.
Higher longevity and lower mortality have resulted in a decrease in the ageing population in India.
Answer:
Higher longevity and lower mortality have resulted in an increase in the ageing population in India.

Question 27.
The loss of a spouse or loved one can cause much crowded.
Answer:
The loss of a spouse or loved one can cause much loneliness.

Question 28.
Anxiety and depression are significant among youngsters.
Answer:
Anxiety and depression are significant among the aged.

Question 29.
MGOs have contributed significantly towards helping the problem of the aged in India.
Answer:
NGOs have contributed significantly towards helping the problem of the aged in India.

Question 30.
Social problem is experienced by an individual.
Answer:
Individual problem is experienced by an individual.

Question 31.
The problems are one-way processes.
Answer:
The problems are a two-way process.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Factors responsible for unemployment
Answer:
Unemployment means people who are jobless and actively seeking work and are available to take a job.
There are various factors responsible for employment they are as follows.
Inadequate skills – Advancement in technology has made many workers unemployed as their skill-sets have become redundant today. In short lack adequate skills many people face unemployment.

The frequent shift in jobs – Frequently switching jobs, creates a period of no employment between one job and the next. For example, a farmer may remain unemployed after the harvest season and may have to search for other odd jobs in urban areas.

Changing economy – The world economy has ups and downs that affect the opportunities for employment. For example, the construction and real estate sector is well-known for periods of huge economic activity and lull periods In the lull periods there are greater chances of workers losing their jobs.

Seasonal shift – especially in agricultural fields, banking and shipping industry has an effect on urban unemployment.

The gap in demand and supply – Job aspirants are more but job opportunities are less, which creates unemployment crises. The number of individuals who fit a job is far higher than the openings available.
Above are the factors which are responsible for unemployment.

Question 2.
Effects of unemployment
Answer:
Unemployment means “people who are jobless and actively seeking work and available to take a job.”
The effects of unemployment are as follows:
Unutilised human resources – All individuals are valuable human resources whether they are skilled or unskilled but unutilized human resources become a burden on the working population.

Educational stagnation – Educational stagnation means their training has failed to equip them adequately for the world of work. The government spends crores of rupees on education and yet the educated output is largely skill-deficient or unemployable.

Underemployment – There are many examples of persons who are trained in one field but who work in a totally unrelated area are cases of unemployment. A person with a professional degree or Ph.D. may work as a clerk in absence of suitable employment.

Anti-social activities – Increase in anti-social activities due to lack of opportunities.

Impact on mental health – Those who end up being disappointed with life, studies or trapped in boredom. May become frustrated, develop a negative outlook on life; and even fee-lonely, depressed and suicidal.

Question 3.
Causes of Farmers’ suicide
Answer:
Impact of environmental deterioration – Due to environmental deterioration, farmers face many problems such as crops get completely destroyed and it creates adverse conditions wherein farmers find it difficult to engage in gainful agricultural activity. In India, we have in recent times seen instances of flooding and drought.

Impact of globalization – Dumping of agricultural products in India due to globalization’s free trade policy has adversely affected the pricing of local products.

Indebtedness – Farmers who take loans from government agencies, private individuals or organisations, are often unable to repay loans and their interest if the crops fail for one or more seasons. The impoverished farmers live a life in debt.

The disparity of land holdings – Landless agricultural are the largest section of farmers who depend on others’ land for survival. Hence most farmers in India have small and marginal landholding. Their economic resources are inadequate which compel them to suicide. Most farmers in India have small and marginal landholding. Their economic resources are inadequate.

Dowry system – Farmers take money from institutions or money lenders on the pretext of agricultural needs, but end up utilizing the loans for personal purposes such as giving into dowry demands. This has been seen in the case of suicides in the Vidarbha and Marathwada regions of Maharashtra.

Thus, inability to repay the loans to avoid humiliation and out of depression, a large number of Indian farmers are committing suicide.

Question 4.
Causes of domestic violence
Answer:
Patriarchal system – Patriarchal family is the root cause of domestic violence. There is a huge imbalance of power between men and others in our society. There is the unwritten acceptance of male authority.

Insecurity – Insecurity of one partner, especially of men can lead to feelings of suspicion, the threat to one’s ego, one’s authority, notions of infidelity, etc. which are reasons enough to cause violence and abuse.

Heteronormativity – It refers to the social expectation that human behavior must fit into the gender binary. There are numerous instances of gender discrimination not merely against women, but also transgender persons, and gender non-conforming family members.

Dysfunctional relationships – There are various factors responsible for strains in relationships between different members within the family, which can trigger snide remarks, bickering, labelling, verbal spats, and physical assault.

Question 5.
Measures to tackle addiction problems
Answer:
Creating awareness – The very first measure is to create awareness about various kinds of addiction, via educational programs and camps.

Counselling – It is necessary to recommend people with addiction problems to professionals such as counsellors or psychologists for professional intervention.

De-addiction Clinics – Are professional clinics that work as centres to help addicts through de-addiction which works as a support system for the addicts.

Laws – Legislative provisions for those drug peddlers who upload messages or data which are anti-social, dangerous, life-threatening, and so forth.

Mass media – Mass media is an effective tool to do societal awareness about awareness can be created. Through the World Wide Web.

The above listed are the few measures that we can utilize to tackle the addiction problems.

Question 6.
Social problem
Answer:
A social problem is a condition affecting a significant number of people in ways considered undesirable, able which it is felt that something can be done through collective social action.

Social problems are types of behavior seen as unacceptable by several persons and groups. Such behavior is problematic as it goes against existing social norms or the aspirations of people. People feel the need for collective action to solve the problem.

For example, some of the specific social problems which are widespread in 21st century India are ageing, domestic violence, addiction, gender inequality.

The social problem means a violation of the established norm. It gives rise to stress, strain, tension, and conflicts. The social problem is a universal phenomenon. Although social problems are universal their nature differs from society to society.

3. Write differences.

Question 1.
Mobile/smartphones addiction and Internet addiction
Answer:

Mobile addiction	Internet addiction
(i) Nature: It refers to obsession to mobile phone for various reasons ,and a desire to constantly upgrade one’s mobile phone.	(i) Nature: It refers to a compelling need on the part of an individual to have to continuously access to specific internet sites for personal needs orobsessions.
(ii) Impact: Mobile addiction may cause injuries and deaths due to careless behaviours like speaking on the phone while driving, dangerously posing for selfies, anxiety caused by loss of one’s phone and contacts.	(ii) Impact: Internet addiction increases stress or anxiety in the individual. It affects one’s physical health, interpersonal relationships, personal neglect and access to inaccurate, prejudiced, and exploitative data.
(iii) Nature of problem: Mobile addiction is a problem as it leads to the need to almost constantly be on call, taking selfies or photos, the need to post all images of oneself, forwarding messages etc.	(iii) Nature of problem: Internet addiction is a problem because one constantly needs to access sites for gaming, adult sites, social media, entertainment and stimulation.
(iv) Solution: Self-assessment and social involvement in hobby, sports, games can help overcome mobile addiction.	(iv) Solution: Laws to prevent cyber bullying, counselling, group activity can help overcome the problem of internet addiction.
(v) Effects: Smart phone addiction is often fueled by an overuse of internet.	(v) Effects: Internet addiction results to mobile addiction as it give access to Connectivity, social media networking, gaming, web world etc.

4. Explain the following concepts with examples.

Question 1.
Dowry System
Answer:

• Dowry is any property or valuable security given directly or indirectly to a man by his bride or brides family at the time of her marriage is the exploitation of the women by her in laws. Not only the women (bride) but also her family is held to ransom by demanding dowry.
• The ill-treatment makes the life of the women so miserable that she may take recourse to suicide.
• No consideration is paid to the economic conditions of the bride’s parents who may become bankrupt under the burden of the Dowry Prohibition Act-1961 abolishes practice of dowry.
• Examples: Evil system deeply rooted in people give or take dowry for improving their social prestige.

Question 2.
Substance addiction
Answer:

• Substance Addiction: refers to a physical and biological dependence on chemical substances which leads to unpleasant symptoms when the person stops using the substance.
• Most common addictions involve the use of alcohol, tobacco, other legal and illegal drugs and other mood-altering substances. The use of these may be physically, biologically and psychologically harmful to the user and others. It can also lead to anti-social behaviour and depression.
• The epidemic of substance abuse in the younger generations has assumed alarming dimensions in India. Causes for this are changing values, increasing economic stress and dwindling supportive bonds.
• Example: Abuse of substances such as alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, tobacco, gutka, etc. can cause serious problems with family, friends, the workplace and the law.

Question 3.
Mass Media
Answer:

• Mass media communication is an effective tool to raise societal awareness about addiction.
• The mass media has played a significant role in formulating and influencing public opinion on social issues by disseminating information.
• The world wide web has numerous platforms such as FAQs answered, help lines, help groups etc., through which social awareness can be related.
• Examples: Newspaper, T.V., Radio, Internet

Question 4.
Heteronormativity
Answer:

• Heteronormativity refers to the social expectations of human behaviour; that it must necessarily fit into the ‘gender binary’.
• The ‘gender binary’ is the division of gender into boy/man and girl/woman. Heteronormativity implies that boys/men and girls/women are expected to behave differently, according to the sex as male or female. Thus, their behaviour is understood to fall into two categories:
  • behaviour expected from boys and men
  • behaviour expected from girls and women.
• Those who do not follow these expectations are criticized, made fun of, teased, harassed or even punished. However, today, heteronormativity and its related gender stereotypes are questioned or challenged.
• Example: Examples of heteronormative expectations that are found in society are:
  • boys are strong and courageous
  • Teaching or nursing is a girl’s profession, they can be good caretakers.

Question 5.
Ageing
Answer:
According to Hess ageing is “An inevitable and irreversible biological process of life.”

Ageing is universal, it occurs in all members of the population, unlike disease. Ageing is progressive; it is a continuous process. Ageing is intrinsic to the organism. Ageing is degenerative. In India the size of ageing population is continuously increasing. Higher longevity andl ower mortality have resulted in the increase in the number of ageing population in India.

As one ages, there is a tendency for various parts of the physical body to begin deteriorating. There is a sense of being neglected by others in the family, or even in the neighbourhood leading to loneliness.Many aged are fully or partially dependent for financial support on their families.they may not have access to health care of any kind – for physical or psychological ailments.

Example: The youth, younger adults and care givers may also fail to understand the problems of the aged give rise to the problem of ageing

Question 6.
Start-ups
Answer:

• A Start-up is a young company founded by one or more entrepreneurs to develop a unique product or service and bring it to the market.
• It can get its funding from incubators, they help start-ups get started and running.
• The IT field has given a significant boost to start-ups in India.
• Examples: OLA, Flipkart, Makemy Trip, Shop Clues, Trazoo

Question 7.
Patriarchy
Answer:

• A family wherein the authority rests within the eldest male or in his absence, with the eldest son is called patriarchal family.
• Descent is traced to paternal line. After marriage the woman lives in her husband’s house.
• Property is transferred through the father and only the sons inherit it.
• Patriarchal family is universal.
• Examples: In India majority of families are patriarchal based.

5A. Complete the concept map.

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5B. State whether the following statements are True or False with reasons.

Question 1.
Problems are a two-way process.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• Problems are of two types individual problem and social problem.
• Individual problem are interconnected with social problem.
• Individuals don’t live in isolation but are part of a larger group, e.g., an individual may have a personal of loneliness. This could be rooted in the fact that the people around her/him have’ isolated her/him due to some reason.
• On the other hand, this same individual may feel lonely because of one’s own peculiar personality traits which the larger group disapproves of. e.g., having excess pride due to one’s self-image.
• Hence problems are a two way process.

Question 2.
Ageing is an artificial and reversible process.
Answer:
This statement is False.

• Ageing is an inevitable and irreversible biological process of life.lt is regular changes that occur in mature genetically representative organisms living under representative environmental conditions as they advance in chronological age.
• Ageing is universal, it occurs in all members of the population, unlike disease. It is progressive; and a continuous process.
• Ageing implies changes in the body and mind of a person along with it’s gradual impact on social life and life style.
• Ageing is intrinsic to the organism and degenerative.

Question 3.
The problems of the ageing leads to social, physical and mental health issues.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• Health concerns – Health includes physical, mental and emotional wellness. As one ages, there is a tendency for various parts of the physical body to begin deteriorating Problems can relate to any physiological/biological problem, such as dental, bones, stomach, heart, hearing, vision etc.
• In addition to physical problems, there are mental health issues revolving around feelings of alienation, conflict, dissatisfaction, disappointment, anxiety, loneliness.
• Psychological problems – Loss of a spouse or loved one can cause loneliness. Inability to do things which one was capable of previously can add to the sense of loneliness. Which is a psychological problem, ageing may also lead to Anxiety and depression accompanied by a sense of guilt; a tendency to feel that one is a burden to one’s family, friends and relatives.
• Social concerns – The aged are forced to do all kinds of work and also subjected to cruelty, abuse, mockery, harassment – from within the family as well as from outside. Elderly/Aged persons may become victims of exploitation especially when they become increasingly dependent on others for all kinds of services.
• Thus, the problems of the ageing leads to social, physical and mental health issues.

Question 4.
Changes made in the content of educational courses will help overcome the problem of unemployment.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• If educational programmes are relevant to community needs, local needs, industrial needs, they will help to develop useful human resources for needs in a changing world.
• There is a need to cultivate skills through education especially those which are employment worthy or those which can promote self-employment, and develop entrepreneurial potential of the learners.
• Vocationalisation will provide options for learner to branch into vocational programmes of study and industry.
• Education symbiosis is encouraged in several institutions in areas of science, engineering, pharmacy, medicine, technology, media studies, fashion designing and management it provides employment opportunities.

Question 5.
Training of many individuals has failed to equip them adequately for the world of work.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• There are many individuals who receive formal training and who continue to remain unemployed. Perhaps their training has failed to equip them adequately for the world of work.
• It is true that many educational are out of touch with the needs of the outside world. Much of what is learnt is knowledge-centric. While the role of knowledge is invaluable, there is a desperate need to also cultivate skills, especially those which can promote self-employment, and develop entrepreneurial potential of the learners.
• The government spends crores of rupees on education and yet the educated output is largely skill-deficient or unemployable.

Question 6.
Lack of employment opportunities may drive people to engage in social activities and a negative impact on national development.
Answer:
This statement is False.

• Lack of employment opportunities may drive people to engage in anti-social activities.
• Several children every year drop out from school system and find themselves engaged in anti-social activities. They do this to make quick and easy money.
• An adult population which is unemployed are unable to add value to the economy but become dependent on others for satisfaction of their needs. They become a burden on the working population.
• Youth and young adults make up the future of our society. Unemployment among them can have a negative effect on national development.

Question 7.
In 21st century a mobile phone is a status symbol.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• It is a fact that sale of mobile phones are even increasing.
• The market is flooded with all kinds of advance mobile phones.
• Advertisements have trapping/encouraging the masses to purchase more sophisticated models, with large memories, battery life, camera and many more.
• Above all proves that now mobile phones is not just a communication gadget but status quo.

Question 8.
Internet and mobile addiction is not a serious problem.
Answer:
This statement is False.

• The impact of mobile addiction is similar to the consequences of internet addiction, both have adverse impact on individuals overusing it.
• A teenager or young adult may spend hours on gaming; an older adult could be obsessed with sex sites.
• Internet addiction becomes a problem when it increases stress or anxiety in the individual affects one’s physical health, diminishes the value of interpersonal relationships, leads to personal neglect, leads individuals to data that is inaccurate, prejudiced, titillating, unreliable and exploitative.
• Similarly, mobile addiction is a problem again, like in the case of internet addiction, it leads to a certain type of behaviour. It may create a need to almost constantly be on call, to almost continuously take selfies or photos of any and everything, an urge to post all images of oneself immediately on social media, the need to keep forwarding messages mindlessly to numerous people and so on.
• Mobile phones and internet can be used for destructive, negative and vested purposes.
• There are many accounts of injuries and deaths due to careless behaviours like speaking on the phone while driving, dangerously posing for selfies, being overemotional in a public space; checking one’s messages during sleep. The consequences take a toll on mental and physical well-being.
• Hence, we can conclude mobile and internet have created serious problems.

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Do you think de-addiction centres play a vital role in the life of addicts. Explain it.
Answer:

• Yes, de-addiction centres play a vital rule in the life of addicts.
• De-addiction centres treats the addicts carefully and monitoring their health. As per the requirement of addicts they give them moderate dosages of drugs for to recovery and to face withdrawal syndrome.
• De-addiction centres make a support system for it to help addicts.

Question 2.
A farmer named Lahanu Tatya Khabale and his joint family have been living in Vidharbha region, Marathwada, Maharashtra for almost five generations. But last year all of a sudden, his grandfather committed suicide. Give possible reasons behind his suicide.
Answer:
As per the latest study of Vidharbha regions many farmers suicide focuses majorly on:

• Crop failure, due to this, many farmers in Vidharbha region are switching to use BT cotton seeds.
• BT cotton seeds provide higher yield but are expensive and require good irrigational facilities, which are not available in
• Lahanu Khabale’s land and on top of that irregular monsoons leads to crop failure.
• Besides this, BT seeds obtained from BT crops cannot be used for the next sowing.
• Due to that Lahanu Khabale was deeply rooted in debt.
• He was also in further debt to private money lenders because he had borrowed money for his daughters dowry.
• Above mentioned economic burdens and social stigma provoked Lahanu Khabale’s grandfather to commit suicide.

Question 3.
Youngsters nowadays pick up various forms of addictions even though they were not exposed to these addictions in their family. Explain how this happens.
Answer:

• Today’s youth have access to a vast array of knowledge i.e., internet.
• Many youngsters get exposed to different forms of addiction on the internet.
• Due to a lack of reliable information they become vulnerable to various forms of addiction i.e., drugs.
• Mostly youngsters aren’t introduced to these addictions through their families, but rather through they’re peers with whom they are closer due to the internet.
• It is mostly these peers who provoke them towards addiction.
• Peer pressure and social acceptance are the main driving forces behind addiction in the youth of today.

7. Answer the following question in detail. (About 150-200 words)

Question 1.
Discuss why domestic violence occur suggest remedial measures to prevent domestic violence.
Answer:
Domestic violence happen across all classes, age, categories, sexes and gender. Domestic violence means abuse within the family. Violence means abuse within the family. Violence implies psychological, emotional, verbal and physical torture.

Domestic violence occur because of various reasons such as

• Patriarchy which demands unwritten acceptance of male authority.
• Insecurity of one partner, can lead to feelings of suspicion causing domestic violence.
• Dysfunctional relationships : strains a relationship .
• Traditional and religious outlook.

Following are some of the measures to prevent domestic violence:

• Creating awareness: It is necessary to create awareness that domestic violence is not acceptable in 21st century society.
• Personal empowerment: Especially weaker section like women, child, transgender who are most vulnerable for abuse. It is necessary for them to empower themselves through Self-Help Groups (SHGs), NGOs, age-mates, social workers and so on.
• Role of media: Various types of media can help for creating awareness and can help to dispel ignorance about domestic violence.
• Role of NGOs: Non-governmental organisations play a vital role for dealing with domestic violence cases. NGOs are backed up with police department, legal professionals all together they can help victims to get justice.
• Role of law: Only laws cannot make changes in the society but legal and constitutional provisions make remarkable changes for empowering individuals.
• Role of police: It is very important that police staff become sensitive and serious about the cases of domestic violence. Today there are women police staff specially assigned to handle issues regarding violence towards women.

Question 2.
“Social problem is universal”, discuss this statement with regards to factors responsible for ‘unemployment’.
Answer:
Social problem is when a society traditional or modern, faces some problems. When people feel the need for collective action to solve the problem, that problem is refer as social problem.
Now we will discuss about unemployment a social problem and factors affecting to it:

• Lack of skills or inadequate skills: Due to technology advancement in industry the workers are lacking with required skills. So, such people face unemployment.
• Switching of jobs: When individual switch the job that time, there is a period of no employment between one job and the next e.g., a farmer who is able to work during the monsoons, may remain unemployed after the harvest season.
• Changing economy: The world economy has its up and downs e.g., real estate sector. Due to global economy industry face lull period and boom period and during lull period there are chances of workers to losing their jobs.
• Seasonal shift: Like the season cycle, in certain sectors employment are facing seasonal period. This is seen in agriculture, banking sectors and shipping industry.
• Gap in demand and supply: India is facing unemployment crisis means number of job vacancies are very less as compare to number of applicants.