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National Income Question Answer Class 12 Economics Chapter 7 Maharashtra Board

February 15, 2025February 14, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 7 National Income Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 Economics Chapter 7 Question Answer National Income Maharashtra Board

Class 12 Economics Chapter 7 National Income Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Economics Class 12 Chapter 7 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. Complete the following statements:

Question 1.
While estimating national income, we include the only the value of final goods and services in order to
a) make computation easier
b) avoid double counting
c) maximize national welfare of the people
d) evaluate the total economic performance of a nation
Answer:
b) avoid double counting

Question 2.
NDP is obtained by
a) deducting depreciation from GNP
b) deducting depreciation from GDP
c) including depreciation in GDP
d) including depreciation in GNP
Answer:
b) deducting depreciation from GDP

Question 3.
In India, national income is estimated using
a) output method
b) income method
c) expenditure method
d) combination of output and income method
Answer:
d) combination of output and income method

2. Complete the Correlation:

1) ……………… :C+I+G+(X-M)::GNP:C+I+G + (X-M) + (R-P).
2) Output method : ……………… :: Income method : Factor cost method
3) Theoretical difficulty : Transfer payments :: ……………… : Valuation of Inventories
Answer:

GDP
Product / Inventory method
Practical difficulty

3. Identify the incorrect pair:

a) National Income Committee — 1949
b) Financial year 1’ April to 31st March
c) Income method — National Income = Rent + Wages + Interest + Profit + Mixed income + Net Income from abroad
d) Expenditure method – National Income = Rent + Wages + Interest + Profit
Options:
1) a 2) b 3) c 4) d
Answer:
d) Expenditure method — National Income = Rent + Wages + Interest + Profit

4. Identify and Explain the following concepts:

Question 1.
Vrinda receives monthly pension of Rs.5,000/- from the State Government.
Answer:
Concept: Transfer payment.
Explanation : Pension is a part of money income earned by an employee during his service period with the entrepreneur.
Such income is paid by Government to an employee after his retiement so as to make employee survive during his retirement period.
Thus, transfer income is not included in National Income. It is just an government expenditure.

Question 2.
Viru kept aside 1oo kgs. out of 500 kgs. of wheat produced in his farm for his family.
Answer:
Concept: Production for self-consumption. Explanation : In above case, Viru’s total production is 500 kgs but he keep aside 100 kgs for his self consumption.
This 100 kg will not be shown by him as his income and hence it will not be included in national income accounting.
Such output kept for self consumption is called as theoretical difficulty in measurement of national income.

Question 3.
Sheetal purchased wheat flour for her bakery from the flour mill.
Answer:
Concept: Intermediate goods.
Explanation : In the above case, wheat flour is not the final product.
Wheat flour will be used by Sheetal to produce cake or pastry or biscuits which will be final product for her.
So, in above case wheat flour is considered j! (8) as intermediate goods. Intermediate goods are excluded while calculating NI by Final ( Ans. Goods approach method and included while calculating by Value Added approach method.

Question 4.
Shobha collected data regarding the money value of all final goods and services produced in the country for the financial year 2018-2019.
Answer:
Concept: National Income.
Explanation : National Income estimate ( measures the column of commodities and ) services turned out during a given period, counted without duplication.
NI is the macro concept. It is flow concept.

Question 5.
Rajendra has a total stock of 500 gel pens in his shop which includes 200 gel pens produced in the previous financial year.
Answer:
Concept: Flow Concept
Explanation : National Income accounting considers the production of goods and services in a current year. The production of previous year is ignored.
Thus, out of total inventory, of Mr Rajendra, only 300 pens will be taken into consideration while calculating NI for the current year.

5. Answer the following

Question 1.
Explain the two sector model of circular flow of national income.
OR
Explain the circular flow of National Income.
Answer:
The two sector economy consists of household J and business firm. The income is circulated between household and business firm. It is explained with the help of following diagram.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 7 National Income 1
In every economy there is household sector on one hand and business firm on the other hand.

(A) Household is the basic consuming unit. It) centres around a family. Its main function j is to consume goods and services. Business firm is the basic producing unit. Its main function is to produce goods and services with the aim of maximising profits. When s the household supplies factor services (land, ^ labour, capital, enterprise to business firms, business firms supply goods and services to the household. This is known as Real Flow.

(B) In a money economy when the household supplies factor services, there is a flow of income from the business firm to the j household in form of rent, wages, interest and profit. This income comes from the firms to the household sector. The household ; sector uses this income to satisfy the wants. Therefore, there is a flow of consumption expenditure from the household to the business firms. The flow of factor payments from business sector to household sector and corresponding flow of consumption expenditure from household sector to business firms. This is known as Money Flow. Both the money flow and real flow should balance for the smooth functioning of the economy. If the money flow is greater j than real flow there would be inflation and if the money flow is less than the real flow there would be deflation.

(C) In the above diagram, the inner circle represents the Real flow and the outer circle represents the Money flow. There is circular and continuous flow of money income as production is a continuous activity due to never ending human wants. The circular J flow shows interdependence in the economy.

Question 2
Explain the importance of national income.
Answer:
National income data is very useful for various purposes. It is as follow :

For the Economy : National income data are very important for macro economic analysis and performance of the economy.
National Policies : National income gives the industrial policy, agricultural policy, export promotion policy etc.
Economic Planning : The data of national income is very important tools for long term and short term economic planning e.g. planning for aggregate saving, investment, output, etc.
Economic Research: The data of national income is very useful to the research students to study in detail how income is produced, how it is distributed, how much is spent, saved or taxed.
Comparison of Standard of Living :
Because of national income, it is possible to do comparison between the standard of living of the people of different countries and home country.
Distribution of Income : The data of national income is very important to understand the disparities in the income of different sections of the society and to make the policies to reduce the disparities in income.
Speed of Economic Growth : Because of national income, it is possible to know the trends or speed of the economic growth of our country in relation to previous years.

Question 3.
Explain the features of national income.
Answer:
(1) Flow Concept : National Income is the flow of goods and services produced in the economy during a year. The flow of goods takes place when there is production activity in the economy. It generates flow of income in the form of rent, wages, interest and profit.

(2) Avoid Double Counting: While estimating National Income we include only the value of final goods and services and not the value of intermediate goods or raw materials to avoid double counting.

(3) National Income is the net aggregate value : National Income includes net value of goods and services produced. It does not include depreciation cost. Depreciation is wear and tear of capital goods due to their continuous use in production.

(4) Transfer Income : Transfer Income in J the form of old age pension, lottery prize, scholarship, etc. are not to be included as they are received without contributing anything to the current national income.

(5) National Income is money valuation of goods: National Income is always expressed ( in money terms. Only those goods and services which are exchanged for money are included. Unpaid services like the service of housewife should not be included.

(6) National Income is calculated for one year : National Income is always expressed with reference to time period i.e. generally one financial year from 1st April to 31st March of every year.

(7) Net Income from Abroad: While estimating National Income net Income from abroad i.e. difference between exports and imports (X – M) as well as net income from foreign investment should be included (R – P).

(8) Macro Economic Concepts : National Income is a macro economic concepts as it is the aggregate income of the country. It includes the value of goods and services produced in the different sectors of the economy. National Income data present the (1) There are many theoretical difficulties picture of the performance of the economy in the measurement of National Income, during a given period of time.

(9) National Income is calculated at current and constant price: National Income when calculated at the prevailing market price it is called National Income at current price and when it is calculated at the base year price, it is called National Income at constant price

Question 4.
Explain the concept of Green GNP.
Answer:
The Green GNP is the measurement of the national income adjusted for degradation of environment.
E.g. The National Income for a current year is 8,000 units and the degradation of environment is 500 units, so Green GNP is ( 8000 – 500 = 7500 units.
The green GNP considers the environmental degradation or resource depletion.
It is defined as, “Green GNP is an indicator of sustainable use of natural environment and equitable distribution of benefits of development.”

The features of Green GNP are :

Sustainable economic development means economic development without creating pollution or environmental degradation.
The benefits of sustainable economic development should be equally distributed. In the long period of time it helps to promote economic welfare.
Green GNP = (Net fall in stock of natural capital + Pollution load)

6. State with reasons, whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:

Question 1.
There are many theoretical difficulties in the measurement of national income.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.
National income is a very broad concept and it is difficult to precisely define what exactly should be included and not to be included.

Transfer payment: If it included in national income then there will be overestimation of NI. E.g. pension, gifts, unemployment allowances, etc. are excluded.
Unpaid services : The value of unpaid services are not included in national income as they are not paid for. E.g. services of housewife.
Illegal income : The income from illegal activities are not included in NI. E.g. black marketing, smuggling.
Production kept for self-consumption :
It is not accounted for in the national income as such product does not enter the

Question 2.
Under output method, value added approach is used to avoid double counting.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

The value added approach is the difference between the value of final output and input at each stage of production.
In this approach, the value added at each stage of production is considered.
E.g.
In the above example, value of groundnut with shell is ₹ 50, after removing shells value of groundnut is ₹ 80, after crushing groundnut value oil ₹ 120 and when oil is packed its value ₹ 150.
So, the value added raw groundnut (₹ 50), groundnut (₹ 30), oil (₹ 40), packed oil (₹ 30), total value ₹ 150 is included in national income.

7. Answer in detall:

Question 1.
Explain the practical difficulties involved in the measurement of national income.
Answer:
National Income means money value of) goods and services produced in the country in a year.
AccordingtoNationallncome Committee:
“A national income estimate measures the volume of goods and services turned out during a period without duplication.” National income is a very broad concept and it is difficult to precisely define what exactly should be included and not to be included. So, there are many practical difficulties in the measurement of NI.

Practical Difficulties or Statistical Difficulties :

Problem of double counting: In case of certain goods it is difficult to distinguish properly between final goods and intermediate goods. That’s why problem of double counting arises e.g. flour is final goods for housewife, but it is intermediate goods for the bakery.
Existence of non-monetised sector : In India large non-monetised sector exists in rural area specially in agriculture. In agriculture many places goods and services are exchanged with goods that’s why it is difficult to count in national income.
Inadequate and unreliable data : Because of illiteracy it is difficult to get adequate and reliable data from unorganised sector, small enterprises, agriculture, etc.
Depreciation : Its difficult to measure exact value of depreciation. There are no uniform common accepted standard rates of depreciation applicable to the various capital assets.
Capital gain or loss : Due to capital gain there is over estimation and due to capital loss there is under estimation of national income.
Illiteracy and ignorance : Majority of small producer in developing counties are illiterate and ignorant and are not able to keep accounts of their productive activities.
Lack of systematic, occupational classification: There is lack of systematic occupational classification, which makes the calculation of national income difficult. Especially in rural areas where many villagers work on farms for some time and also take some other job during off season.
Untrained and incompetent staff: Due to untrained and incompetent staff, accurate and timely, information cannot be obtained.

Importance of National Income (NI) :
For the economy : National income data are particularly important for macro economic analysis and performance of the economy.

Question 2.
Explain the income method and expenditure method of measuring national income.
OR
Explain any two methods of measuring National Income.
Answer:
National Income is macro economic concept. National Income means money value of goods and services produced in the country in a year. There are three methods to measure national income.
(1) The Output Method,
(2) The Income Method,
(3) The Expenditure Method.

(A) The Income Method : This method is also known as factor cost method. According to this method national income is the sum of income received by all factors of production in a year. So national income is the income received by all the citizens of the country in a year. In income method national income studied from the distribution side. According to income method national income or GNP is
NI = R + W + I + P + MI + (X – M)

Rent (R) : Rent and Royalty is usually treated as the payment for the land, building, machines that are rented.
Wages (W) : It includes wages and salaries earned by labour as well as it includes commission, bonus, social security payments, fringe benefits, etc.
Interest (I) : Interest is the payment for using the services of capital. It includes interest paid by banks, insurance companies etc.
Profit (P) : It includes the profit of private and public sector companies.
Mixed Income (MI) : It is the income which is earned by self-employed. They earn income through various sources like wages for effort put, rent on own property, interest on own capital, etc.
Net Exports (X – M) : It is the difference between export and imports.

Precautions :

Transfer payment : It should not be included in national income. E.g. pension, gifts, unemployment allowances, lottery prize, etc.
Unpaid services : It should not be included in national income. E.g. services of housewife, teacher teaching her own child, etc.
Second hand goods : The income from sale of second hand goods should not be included.
Financial asset : The income from sale of shares and bonds should not be included in national income.
Tax revenue : The revenue of government through taxes should not be included in national income.
Undistributed profits of companies, income from government property and profits from public enterprise should be included.
The imputed value of production kept for self-consumption and rental value of owner-occupied houses should be included in national income.

(B) Expenditure Method :
This method also known as outlay method. NI = C + I + G + (X – M) + (R – P)
National Income can also be calculated by adding up the expenditure incurred on purchase of final goods and services. We can get National Income by summing up all consumption expenditure, investment expenditure made by all individuals, firms as well as the government of a country during a year.

Consumption Expenditure (C) : It includes all expenditure incurred on goods and services by households during the year. It includes expenditure mostly on durable and non-durable goods, which are consumed by the consumers. E.g. food, medical care, clothing, car, computer and services, etc.
Investment Expenditure (I) : It refers to the investment made by private businessman on capital goods like machinery, plants, factories, warehouses, etc.
Government Expenditure on goods and services (G) : Government expenditure refers to expenditure on consumption and investment –
- Consumption expenditure : It refers to expenditure incurred on various administrative services like law and order, defence education, generation and distribution of electricity.
- Investment expenditure : It refers to expenditure incurred by government on construction of roads, railways, dams, canals, etc.
Net Exports (X – M): It refers to difference between exports and imports of the country. If the exports are more than imports then net exports will be positive, it is called Trade Surplus and if imports are greater than exports, the net exports will be negative, it is called as Trade Deficit.
Net Receipts (R-P) : It is the difference between expenditure incurred by foreigners in the country (R) and expenditure incurred abroad by Nationals (P). Net Receipts can also be Positive or Negative.
Net National Expenditure = NNE = C + I + G + (X – M) + (R – P) – Depreciation. NNPFC or NI = C + I + G + (X -M) + (R -P) “Depreciation “ Indirect Tax + Subsidies.

Precautions :
The following precautions should be taken while estimating National Income.

To avoid double-counting take the expenditure incurred only on final goods and services.
Government expenditure on transfer payments to be excluded like unemployment allowances, old age pension, etc.
Expenditure on second-hand goods like furniture, house, land, and financial assets { like shares, bonds, etc. should be excluded.
Exclude expenditure incurred on the purchase of financial assets such as shares, bonds, etc.
Deduct indirect tax and add subsidies. Out of these methods, output method and income method are extensively used.
The expenditure method is rarely used because of its practical difficulties.
In India, the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) adopts a combination of output method and income method to estimate N.I. of India.

12th Std Economics Questions And Answers:

Forms of Market Question Answer Class 12 Economics Chapter 6 Maharashtra Board

February 15, 2025February 14, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 5 Forms of Market Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 Economics Chapter 6 Question Answer Forms of Market Maharashtra Board

Class 12 Economics Chapter 6 Forms of Market Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Economics Class 12 Chapter 6 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. Choose the correct option:

Question 1.
Statements that are incorrect in relation to index numbers.
a) Index number is a geographical tool.
b) Index numbers measure changes in the air pressure.
c) Index numbers measure relative changes in an economic variable.
d) Index numbers are specialized averages.
Options :
1) c and d
2) a and b
3) b and c
4) a and d
Answer:
2) a and b

Question 2.
Statements that highlight the significance of index numbers.
a) Index numbers are useful for making future predictions.
b) Index numbers help in the measurement of inflation.
c) Index numbers help to frame suitable policies.
d) Index numbers can be misused.
Options :
1) b, c and d
2) a, c and d
3) a, b and d
4) a, b and c
Answer:
4) a, b and c

Question 3.
Statements that apply to weighted index
numbers.
a) Every commodity is given equal importance.
b) It assigns suitable ‘weights’ to various commodities.
c) In most of the cases, quantities are used as weights.
d) Laaspeyre’s and Paasche’s method is used in the calculation of weighted index numbers.
Options :
1) b, c and d
2) a, c and d
3) a, b and d
4)a, b, c and d
Answer:
1) b, c and d

Question 4.
Statements related to limitations of index numbers.
a) Index numbers are not completely reliable.
b) There may be a bias in the data collected.
c) Every formula has sorne kind of defect.
d) Index numbers ignore changes in the qualities of products.
Options :
1) a, c and d
2) a, b, c and d
3) a, b and d
4) b, c and d
Answer:
2) a, b, c and d

Question 5.
Choose the correct pair:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 6 Index Numbers 1
Options :
1) 1-d, 2-c, 3-a, 4-b
2) 1-d, 2-a, 3-b, 4-c
3) 1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a
4) 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b
Answer:
2) 1-d, 2-a, 3-b, 4-c

2. Complete the Correlation:

1) Price Index: Inflation :: ………………. : Agricultural production
2) ……………….: Base year prices :: P₁ : Current year prices
3) Laaspeyre’s index : ………………. :: Paasches index : Current year quantities
4) ……………….: Single variable :: Composite index: Group of variables
Answers:

Quantity Index
P₀
Base year quantity
Univariate Index

3. Solve the following:

Question 1.
Calculate Price Index number from the given data:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 6 Index Numbers 2
Answer:

Commodity	Base Year price 2005 (P₀)	Current Year price 2006 (P₁)
A	6	8
B	16	18
C	24	28
D	4	6
Total	Σp₀= 50	Σp₁ = 60

Steps:
Add the price of base year (p₀)
Add the price of current year (p₁)
P₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0}}\) x 100
= \(\frac{60}{50}\) x 100
= 120
Hence P₀₁ = 120

Question 2.
Calculate Quantity Index number from the given data:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 6 Index Numbers 3
Answer:

Commodity	Base Year Qty.(q₀)	Current Year Qty. (p₁₎
P	170	90
Q	150	70
R	100	75
S	195	150
T	205	95
Total	Σp₀ = 820	Σp₁ = 480

Steps : Add quantities of base year (q0).
Add quantities of current year (q ).
Q₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma q_{1}}{\Sigma q_{0}}\) x 100
= \(\frac{480}{820}\) x 100
= 58.53
Hence, Q₀₁ = 58.53
As quantity in the current year has fallen Q₀₁ is less than loo.

Question 3.
Calculate Value Index number from the given data:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 6 Index Numbers 4
Answer:
Steps:
(1) Formula used for Value Index Number
= V₀₁ = Zpq x 100
(2) We find product of prices and their respective quantities of the different commodities for the base year to derive p0q0, then take the sum total of the products to derive Zp0q0.
(3) Similarly, find the product of prices and their respective quantities for the current year to derive p1q1, then take the sum total of the products to derive p₁q₁.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 6 Index Numbers 5
Value Index Number = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{0}}\) x 100
= \(\frac{6,540}{1,890}\) x 100
= 346.03
Value Index Number = 346.03

Question 4.
Calculate Laaspeyre’s and Paasche’s index from the given dala:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 6 Index Numbers 6
Answer:
I’m 7
Price Index P₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0}}\) x 100
= \(\frac{42}{40}\) x 100
= 105
Hence, P₀₁ = 105

4. Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Simple Index Numbers and Weighted Index Numbers.
Answer:

Simple Index Number	Weighted Index Number
(a) Simple index number is a simple average of index number of individual goods.	(a) Weighted index number is a weighted average of products after assigning suitable weights to individual goods.
(b) It is easy to calculate.	(b) It is difficult to calculate.
(c) All commodities are given equal importance.	(c) All commodities are given different levels of importance.
(d) It gives rough estimates of price change	(d) It gives an accurate estimate of price change.
(e) It is less used in practice.	(e) It is mostly used in practice.

Question 2.
Price Index and Quantity Index.
Answer:

Price Index Number	Quantity Index Number
(a) Price index number measures the changes in price over a period of time.	(a) Quantity index number measures the changes in quantity over a period of time.
(b) It can be used for measuring the changes in prices as well as other purpose e.g. in fixing wages, interest rates, tax rates, etc.	(b) It can be used only for measuring the changes in the quantities e.g. of items like exports, imports, etc.
(c) It is a very popular concept and can be easily calculated and understood.	(c) It is not so popular as it cannot be easily calculated.

Question 3.
Laaspeyre’s Index and Paasche’s Index.
Answer:

Laspeyre’s Index Number	Paasche’s Index Number
(a) Laspeyre uses base year quantity (Q₀) as weights to calculate index numbers.	(a) Paasche uses current year quantity (Q_t) as weights to calculate index number.
(b) He gave this formula P₀₁ = \( \frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{0}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{0}} \) [where P₀₁= Price index number p₀ = Price of the base year p₁ = Price of the current year q₀ = Quantities of the base year]	(b) He gave this formula = P₀₁ = \( \frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{1}} \) [where P₀₁= Price index number p₀ = Price of the base year p₁ = Price of the current year q₀ = Quantities of the base year]
(c) He is a German Economist who gave the method of calculating Index Number in the year 1871. .	(c) He is a German Statistician who devised the method of calculating Index Number in the year 1874.

5. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:

Question 1.
Index numbers measure changes in the price level only.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.

Index numbers are statistical devices which are used to measure changes in some quantities which cannot be measured directly.
It shows the changes in the variables like price, quantity of output, exports, standard of living, cost of living, stock markets, etc.
Index numbers are like economic barometers, measuring changes in variables over time with respect to a chosen base year.
Hence, it is not right to say Index Numbers measures changes in price only.

Question 2.
Index numbers are free from limitations.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
Although index numbers are very useful in business and industry, they suffer from following limitation:

Bias in the data: If the data is not collected properly, we may not get proper index numbers.
Based on samples : If the samples are not collected properly, there may be error in index number calculations.
Misuse of index number : We compare the index numbers with the base year, but if a businessman chooses a base year in which profits are high and show that his profits are falling now.
Changes in the economy : In long run habits, tastes, etc of people may change, so it is difficult to include all such changes in index number.
Hence, it is not right to say that index numbers are free from limitations.

Question 3.
Index numbers can be constructed without the base year.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
Index numbers can be constructed without the base year because :

Index Numbers are the tools for measuring J the changes in the magnitude of a variable or a group of variables over time with respect to a chosen year.
Prices of some goods may increase and of other may decrease during the two periods. Index numbers solves this problem by taking the average change.
For example, to know cost of living of people in general in India, Government chooses a base year 2010 which is taken as 100. Then cost of living is calculated in 2019 which may be 140.
This difference of 40(140-100) shows that cost of living in India has increased by 40% ( since 2010.
Hence, Index Numbers cannot be constructed – without the base year.

6. Answer the following:

Question 1.
Explain the features of index numbers.
Answer:
Features of Index Numbers :

Index numbers are a specialised form of averages.
They are expressed in percentage form without using a percentage sign.
The year for which index number is being prepared is the current year.
The year from which index number is being prepared is called the base year which is ? always taken as 100.
They are used in measuring the changes ( in magnitudes which cannot be measured directly.
The formula used for Price Index Number = \(\frac { Total price of the current year }{ Total price of the base year }\) x 100
They are considered as barometer of economic activity.
Index number which is calculated from a single variable is called “univariate index” and which is constructed from a group of variables is called a “composite index”.

Question 2.
Explain the significance of index numbers in economics
Answer:
Index numbers are significant tools of economic analysis in the following ways:

(1) Help in formulating Policies : Index numbers help the government and business organisations in framing their suitable economic policies for agriculture and industrial sector, wage and dearness allowance policies, etc.

(2) Help in the study of Trends and Tendencies : Index numbers study the relative changes in the level of phenomenon of different periods of time, so they can be used to predict future events. The economists can study the general trends of changes in price levels, agricultural and industrial production, export, imports, etc.

(3) Economic Barometer : Just as barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure, index numbers measure the level of economic and business behaviour. They are very important for an economist, businessman, planners, policy makers, etc.

(4) Helps in Measurement of Inflation :
It helps the government to take measures against inflation by giving additional D.A. to the employees on the basis of Dearness Index.

(5) Help to adjust National Income : By comparing current year’s national product prices with the base year’s prices, the Domestic Product (GDP) produced. Hence, this shows changes in real national income.

(6) To present Financial Data in Real Income : Index numbers are used to adjust price change, wage change, etc. Thus deflating helps to present the financial data at constant prices.
(Note: Deflating means to make adjustments in the original data)

(7) Helps in determining Depreciation
Cost: The price index helps in determining the depreciation cost of durable goods. At the time of inflation, it is useful to know the original cost of the commodities.

7. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
Explain the steps involved in the construction of index numbers.
Answer:
Steps involved in the construction of j index numbers are as follows :
1. Purpose of an Index Number : Before constructing an index number, one must know the purpose for which the index number is constructed. E.g. for the whole c sale price or retail price or for agricultural – output, etc.

2. Selection of a Base Year : It is important to select a base year against which comparisons are made. So base year or reference year should be
(i) a recent year and not a distant past.
(ii) it should be normal and free from natural calamities, war, etc.

3. Selection of Commodities: When the cost c of living index number of the middle class jj families is to be constructed, the items that are used by middle class families in everyday life should be included and items like big cars, AC’s, etc. should not be included.

4. Selection of Prices : Prices differ from city to city and even from shop to shop in the same city. Hence, we should take a few standard shops from where middle class families buy goods and take the average of the prices of goods sold by them. Otherwise index number
constructed may be misleading.

5. Selection of suitable Average : An ; index number is a special kind of average, Generally arithmetic mean is commonly ? used for construction of index number as it is simple to calculate.

6. Selection of Formula : Number of formulae can be used for construction, of index numbers. Economists have to decide which formula to use for the construction of a particular index number.

7. Assigning proper Weights : Weights refer to the relative importance of different items in the construction of an index number. ( Weights may either be quantity weights (q) or value weights (p). All weights may not be equally important. Therefore, by s assigning specific weights better result can be obtained.

Index Questions

Find out (Textbook Page 58) :

(a) List of crops included in the Index of Agricultural Production in India.
Answer:
Food grains : Rice, Wheat, Jowar, Bajra, Maize, Ragi, Barley and Small Millets. Gram, Tur and other pulses.
Fibres: Cotton, Jute, Mesta and Sannhemp.
Non-food grains : Oilseeds Groundnut, Sesame, Rapeseed and Mustard, Linseed, Castorseed, Safflower, Nigerseed, Soyabean, Sunflower, Coconut and Cottonseed.
Plantation crops: Tea, Coffee and Rubber.
Condiments and Spices : Pepper, Ginger, Garlic, Chillies, Turmeric, Arecanut, Coriander and Cardamom.
Fruits and Vegetables : Potato, Onion, Banana, Cashewnut, Tapioca and Sweet Potato.
Other Crops : Sugarcane, Tobacco and Guarseed.

(b) List of products included in the Index j of Industrial Production in India.
Answer:
Index of Industrial Production in ; India includes – Consumer Durable goods, Consumer non-durable goods, manufacturing goods, mining, electricity, infrastructure or construction goods, etc.

Find out (Textbook Page 59) :

Newspaper headlines related to the following types of index numbers :
(a) Price Index
(b) Agricultural Productivity Index
(c) Index of Industrial Production
(d) Equity Share Price Index
Answer:
[Students should do this activity by themselves.]

12th Std Economics Questions And Answers:

Money Market and Capital Market in India Question Answer Class 12 Economics Chapter 9 Maharashtra Board

February 15, 2025February 14, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 9 Money Market and Capital Market in India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 Economics Chapter 9 Question Answer Money Market and Capital Market in India Maharashtra Board

Class 12 Economics Chapter 9 Money Market and Capital Market in India Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Economics Class 12 Chapter 9 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. Complete the following statements:

Question 1.
Development financial institutions were established to …………………
a) provide short-term funds.
b) develop industry, agriculture, and other key sectors.
c) regulate the money market.
d) regulate the capital market.
Answer:
b) develop industry, agriculture, and other key sectors.

Question 2.
The money market faces a shortage of funds due to
a) inadequate savings.
b) growing demand for cash.
c) presence of unorganized sector.
d) financial mismanagement.
Answer:
a) inadequate savings.

Question 3.
Individual investors have lost confidence in the
capital market due to
a) lack of financial instruments.
b) high transaction costs.
c) low returns.
d) financial scams.
Answer:
d) financial scams.

Question 4.
Commercial banks act as intermediaries in the financial system to
a) make profits
b) accelerate the country’s economic growth.
c) mobilize the savings and allocating them to various sectors of the economy.
d) control the credit.
Answer:
c) mobilize the savings and allocating them to various sectors of the economy.

2. Complete the correlation:

1) Money market : Short term funds :: …………….. : Long term funds
2) …………….. : Central Bank:: SBI : Commercial Bank
3) Co-operative banks : Organized sector :: Indigenous bankers : ……………..
4) Primary market : …………….. :: Secondary market : Old issues
Answers:

Capital market
RBI
Unorganised sector
New issue

3. Find the odd word:

Question 1.
Types of Bank Accounts:
Answer:
Saving A/c, D-mat A/c, Recurring A/c, Current A/c.

Question 2.
Unregulated Financial Intermediates:
Answer:
Mutual fund, Nidhi, Chit fund, Loan Companies.

Question 3.
Financial Assets:
Answer:
Bonds, Land, Government Securities,
Derivatives.

Question 4.
Quantitative Tools:
Answer:
Bank Rate, Open Market Operation, Foreign Exchange Rate, Variable Reserve Ratio.

4. Assertion and Reasoning:

Question 1.
Assertion (A) : Money market economizes use of cash
Reasoning (R) : Money market deals with financial instruments that are close substitutes of money
Options: 1) (A) is True, but (R) is False
2) (A) is False, but (R) is True
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
4) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Answer:
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Question 2.
Assertion (A) : Regional stock exchanges have witnessed a sharp decline in the volume of trade.
Reasoning (R) : Investors prefer to trade in securities listed in premier stock exchanges like BSE, NSE etc.
Options:
1) (A) is True, but (R) is False
2) (A) is False, but (R) is True
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
4) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Answer:
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Question 3.
Assertion (A) : The unorganized sector of the money market lacks transparency.
Reasoning (R) : Activities of the unorganized sector are largely confined to rural areas.
Options:
1) (A) is True, but (R) is False
2) (A) is False, but (R) is True
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
4) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Answer:
4) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

Question 4.
Assertion (A) : Foreign exchange management and control is undertaken by commercial banks.
Reasoning (R) : RBI has to maintain the official rate of exchange of rupee and ensure its stability.
Options:
1) (A) is True, but (R) is False
2) (A) is False, but (R) is True
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
4) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Answer:
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

5. Identify and explain the concepts from the given illustrations:

Question 1.
Raghu’s father regularly invests his money in stocks and bonds.
Answer:
Concept: Financial Market
Explanation : Financial Market refers to a market where financial assets such as bonds, stocks, derivatives, government securities foreign currency, etc. are sold and purchased.

Question 2.
Sara makes a monthly contribution to a fund jointly created by her friends. The collected fund is then given to a chosen member through lucky draw.
Answer:
Concept: Chit fund
Explanation : Under chit fund, members make regular contribution to the fund, bids or draws are made on the basis of a criteria mutually agreed upon by members.

Question 3.
Tina deposited a lurnpsurn amount of 50,000 in the bank for a period of one year.
Answer:
Concept: Fixed deposit
Explanation : Fixed deposit refers to a lumpsum amount deposited by a customer for a specified period of time. Compared to all other deposits, fixed deposits carry a high rate of interest.

Question 4.
ABC bank provides d-mat facility, safe deposit lockers, internet banking facilities to its customers.
Answer:
Concept: Ancillary function of Commercial Bank
Explanation : Ancillary services are those services of commercial banks which are provided beside the primary services of bank. Ancillary services are transfer of j funds collection of money, making periodical payments on behalf of the customer, merchant banking, foreign exchange, safe deposits lockers, D-mat facility, internet banking.

6. Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Money market and Capital market.
Answer:

Money Market

Capital Market

(a) Money market is a market for lending and borrowing of short term funds. It is a market for “near money”.

(a) Capital market is a market for long-term funds both equity and debt, raised within and outside the country.

(b) Money market is divided into 2 structure Organised sector of money market Unorganised sector of money market

(b) Capital market is divided into 4 parts.
Government securities

Industrial securities market
Development financial institutions
Financial Intermediaries.

Question 2.
Demand deposit and Time deposit.
Answer:

Demand Deposits	Time Deposits
(a) Deposits that are withdrawable on demand are known as demand deposits.	(a) Deposits that are repayable after a certain period of time are known as time deposits.
(b) Example : 1. Current Account 2. Saving Account	(b) Example : 1. Recurring Deposits 2. Fixed Deposits

Question 3.
Organized sector and Unorganized sector of money market.
Answer:

Organized Sector	Unorganized Sector
(a) The organized sector of the money market is within the direct purview of RBI regulation.	(a) This market is unorganized because its activities are not systematically co-ordinated by the RBI.
(b) It consist of Reserve Bank of India. Commercial Bank, Co-operative Bank, Regulated Financial Intermediaries, etc.	(b) The unorganized Indian Money market is largely made up of indigenous bankers, money lenders and unregulated non-bank financial intermediaries.

7. Answer the following:

Question 1.
Explain the problems faced by the money market in India.
Answer:
Following are the problems of money market in India:
(a) Shortages of Funds : Generally, there is shortage of funds in Indian Money Market on account of various factors like inadequate banking facilities, low savings, lack of banking habits, existence of parallel economy,- etc. have also been responsible for the paucity of funds in the money market.

(b) Existence of Unorganised Money Market : This is one of the major defects of Indian Money Market. It does distinguish between short term and long term finance, and also between the purposes of finance. Since it is outside the control and supervision of RBI. It limits the RBI’s control over money market.

(c) Delays in technological up-gradation: Use of advanced technology is a pre requisite for the development and smooth functioning of financial markets. Delays in up-gradation of technology hampers the working of the money market.

(d) Absence of Well Organized Banking Sector : Branch expansion was very slow before bank nationalization in 1969. Even now the banks are largely concentrated in large towns and small cities. There is lack of movement of funds. Indian banking system is not yet a well organized sector.

(e) No Uniformity in the rates of interest:
There exists too many rates of interest in the Indian Money Market such as the borrowing rate of government, deposits and lending rates of co-operatives and commercial banks, lending rates of financial institutions, etc. This is due to lack of mobility of funds from one section of the money market to another.

(f) Seasonal fluctuations : The seasonal stringency of money and high rate of interest during the busy season (November to June) is striking feature of Indian Money market. There are wide fluctuation in the interest rates from one season to another. Money Market add money into the money market during the busy season and withdraw funds during the slack seasons.

Question 2.
Explain the functions of commercial bank.
Answer:
(A) Meaning A bank is a dealer in credit. Any institution that accepts deposits from public who have more cash than it needs immediately and gives loans to those who are need is called as a bank. Commercial bank performs all these functions for earning profit. Commercial banks play an important role in mobilizing savings and allocating ) them to various sectors of the economy. It includes both scheduled commercial banks l and non scheduled commercial banks.

(B) Definition of Commercial Bank :
Banking Regulation Act 1949 “”Banking means the accepting for the purpose of lending or investment of deposits of money from public repayable on demand or otherwise and withdrawable by cheque, demand draft, order or otherwise.
The above definition clearly indicates the essential function of a bank is mainly dealing in money and credit.

(C) Functions of a Commercial Bank :
Commercial Bank performs a variety of functions to satisfy the needs of the various S sectors of the economy.

The functions of Commercial Banks are as follows:

(I) Accepting Deposits:
The most significant and traditional function of commercial bank is accepting ? deposits from public. A commercial bank acts as the custodian of public deposits. This l function is very important because it helps in the mobilisation of funds from households to businessman for production purposes, Commercial banks act as intermediary by accepting deposits and paying interest on them and giving loans and charging interest) from borrowers at a high rate. The difference j between the two is the profit of the bank. Commercial bank accepts the following types of deposits :

(A) Demand Deposits
(B) Time Deposits

(A) Demand Deposits : The deposits which ; are withdrawable on demand, are known as demand deposits. They are of two types (1) Current Account Deposits (2) Saving) Account Deposits

(1) Current Account Deposits : Current j account deposits are usually held by businessmen, industrial enterprises, public bodies for business transactions. Money deposited in current account can be withdrawn in part or full at any time and any number of times by the depositors without any prior notice. Overdraft facilities and agency service are provided by the bank to the current account holders. Very low or no interest is paid on these accounts as the banks cannot utilise these short term deposits. Banks may charge certain amount of service charges on account holders.

(2) Saving Account Deposits : Saving account deposits are opened by salaried class or people with fixed income for holding their short term savings. Money deposited in these accounts retain high degree of liquidity. At the same time it earns nominal interest. It is a kind of demand deposits which is generally kept by people for sake of safety.

(B) Time Deposits : These are deposits, which are repayable after a certain period of time. They are of two types – (1) Recurring Deposits (2) Fixed Deposits

(1) Recurring Deposits : These are deposits under which people deposit a fixed amount at regular interval for specified period of time. These deposits encourage savings and carry high rate of interest.
(2) Fixed Deposits : Fixed deposits are time deposits or term deposits, which attract fund for a specific period. It is a time bound deposit as the amount deposited cannot be withdrawn before the maturity of the period. However, loans can be taken from the bank against the security of this deposit, within that period. These deposits earn a higher rate of interest.

(II) Advancing / Granting Loans :
The second major function of a commercial bank is to make loans and advances out of the money, which comes to it from the public by way of deposits. Direct loans and advances are given to all types of persons particularly to businessmen and investors against personal security, gold, silver and other assets. The profit earning capacity of commercial banks depends on this function of lending. Generally banks grant loans and advances to the borrowers in the following forms :
(1) Loans (2) Cash Credit (3) Overdraft facility (4) Discounting of bills.

(III) Ancillary Functions :
Commercial Banks also provide variety of ancillary services like – transfer of funds, j collection of money, making periodical ( payments on behalf of the customer, merchant banking, foreign exchange, safe deposit lockers, D-mat facility, internet banking, mobile banking, ATM facility, purchase and sale of securities, etc.

(IV) Credit Creation :
It is an important function of commercial banks. Commercial banks are the creators of credit.
Commercial Bank collects deposits from public which is called as primary deposits. After deducting required reserves, bank lends money to the borrower which is called j as secondary deposits or derivative deposits. This procedure is followed by entire banking [ system in a country leading to creation of credit.
Thus, every loan creates deposits and every deposits creates loans.

Question 3.
Explain the role of capital market in India.
Answer:
Role of Capital Market:

Mobilizes long term savings : Capital market helps to mobilize long term savings from various section of the population through the sale of securities.
Provides equity capital : Capital market provides equity capital or share capital to entrepreneurs which will be used by entrepreneurs to purchase business assets and also to fund the business operations.
Operational efficiency : Capital market helps to achieve operational efficiency by lowering the transaction costs, simplifying transaction procedures, lowering settlement timings in purchase and sale of stocks.
Quick valuation : Capital market helps to determine a fair and quick value of both equity (shares) and debt (bonds, debentures) instruments.
Integration : Capital market brings integration among real and financial sectors, equity and debt instruments, government and private sector, domestic and external funds, etc.

Question 4.
Explain the problems of capital market in India.
Answer:
Following are the problems of capital market in India :

Scams : It is observed that different types of financial scams in the stock exchange have affected the confidence of individual investors in the securities market. Scams involve manipulation of larger amount of money, which results in public distrust and loss of confidence among the individual investors.
Inadequate debt instruments : There is less trading in debt securities due to narrow investor base, high cost of issue, lack of accessibility to small and medium enterprises.
Lack of informational efficiency : Indian stock markets lacks informational efficiency as compared to advanced countries.
Decline in volume of trade : There is sharp decline in the volume of trade in regional stock exchanges. This is due to investors preferring trading in securities listed in premier stock exchanges like BSE and NSE.

8. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
Explain the role of money market in India.
Answer:
(A) Meaning:
Money market is a market for lending and borrowing short term funds.
It is a market for near money.
It deals in short term instruments like trade bills, government securities, promissory notes, etc.

Money market centres are located at Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata. Money market consists of organised as well as unorganised j sector.

Role of Money Market in India :

(a) Portfolio Management : Money market deals with different types of financial instruments which are designed to suit the risk and return preferences of the investors. This enables the investors to hold a portfolio of different financial assets which in turn, j helps in minimizing risk and maximizing returns.

(b) Implementation of monetary policy :
Various monetary policies are implemented by the Central Bank, with an aim to manage the quantity of money, to meet the requirements of different sectors of the economy and to increase the pace of economic growth. Money market ensures successful implementation of these monetary policies. It also guides the central bank in developing an appropriate interest policy.

(c) Growth of Commerce, Industry and Trade : Money market facilitates discounting bills of exchange to local and international traders who are in urgent need of short-term funds. It also provides working capital for agriculture and small scale industries.

(d) Financial requirements of the Government : Money market helps the Government to fulfil its short term financial requirements on the basis of Treasury Bills.

Economizes the use of cash : Money market deals with various financial instruments that are close substitutes of money and not actual money. Thus, it economizes the use of cash.

Equilibrating mechanism : Money
market helps to establish equilibrium between the demand for and supply of short term funds by allocating rationally the available resources and thus mobilizing the savings of public into fruitful investment channels.

Liquidity Management : Money Market, through the monetary authorities facilitates better management of liquidity and money in the economy. This, in turn, leads to economic stability and development of the country.

Short-term requirements of borrowers :
Money market provides short-term financial needs of the borrowers at reasonable prices.

Question 2.
Explain the functions of RBI.
Answer:
(A) Introduction: Central Bank is the apex or the supreme monetary banking authority and occupies an important position in the monetary and banking structure of the country.
The guiding principle of a Central Bank is to act only in public interest and for the welfare of the country without regards to profit as primary consideration.
In India, The Reserve Bank of India is the Central Bank. It was established as shareholder’s bank on 1st April, 1935. It was nationalized on 1st January, 1949.

(B) Definitions :
(1) According to M. H. de Kock –
“A Central Bank is one which constitutes the apex of the monetary and banking structure of the country. ”

“(2) According to Prof. W. A. Shaw –
“Central Bank is a bank which controls credit.”

(C) Functions of Central Bank :
(1) Issue of Currency Notes : The Central i Bank has been authorised to print and issue ; currency notes. The RBI enjoys the monopoly of note issue of all denominations except one rupee note. The one rupee note and coins are issued by the Ministry of Finance of the government of India but their distribution is undertaken by RBI.

(2) Banker to the Government: The Central Bank acts as (A) a banker, (B) advisor, and (C) agent to the government. It performs all these functions which commercial banks do for their customers.
As a banker to the government, central bank transacts the business of Central and State governments. It accepts money and makes payments on behalf of these governments.
As an advisor, central bank advises the government on various economic issues and policies.
As an agent, central bank acts as a representative of central bank and attends l the international meetings of IMF and World Bank.
In short, it is a friend, philosopher and guide to the government.

(3) Bankers’ Bank : It supervises, co-ordinates j and controls the operations and activities of the commercial banks. As their bank it undertakes the following functions:
(a) acts as custodian of cash reserve.
(b) acts a lender of the last resort.
(c) provides clearing house function.

(4) Controller of Credit or Money Supply : Central Bank regulates the volume of credit and money supply in the country. The main objective behind this is to maintain price and ; economic stability in the country.
There are various methods which Central Bank uses to control the supply of credit in : the economy. They are –

Quantitative Measures control the quantity or volume of credit created by the commercial banks. They are bank rate, open market operation and cash reserve ratio.
Qualitative Measures or Selective Measures deal with the purpose and direction of credit. They are – varying margin requirements, regulation of credit, moral suasion and direct action.

(5) Custodian of Foreign Exchange Reserve of the Country: The Central Bank is also a custodian of country’s gold and major foreign currencies like US dollar, Euro the British Pound, etc. obtained by government from international trade.
The central bank also maintains international liquidity.

(6) Developmental and Promotional Functions : In developing countries like India, a very important function of Central Bank is to promote economic development.

To promote banking habits among the poor people.
To provide agriculture finance through NABARD and to promote rural and agricultural development.
To provide industrial finance through IDBI, SFC and IFCI and boost the growth of industrial sector.
To provide export – import finance through EXIM bank.
To encourage small savings through Unit Trust of India.

(7) Data Collection and Publicity : The Central Bank also collects and publishes information relating to agriculture, industrial and financial sectors of the economy, exports and imports, banking, trends in money and capital market, etc.
Its main publications include – Report on Currency and Finance, RBI Bulletin, RBI Journals and various research papers.

Intext Questions

Try this (Textbook Page 81)

Identify the type of finance into – Personal finance, Corporate finance or Public finance.
Answer:

Personal Finance	Corporate Finance	Public Finance
Building a retirement corpus.	Raising share capital through sale of equity shares.	Collection of tax revenue.
Clearing home loan through EMI (Equated Monthly Instalment)	Managing working capital needs.	Expenditure on social infrastructure such as health and education.

Find out (Textbook Page 83)

Find out names of the Central Banks of the following countries.

(1) USA
(2) Canada
(3) Russia
(4) Germany
(5) China
(6) UK (United Kingdom)
(7) Sweden
(8) France
(9) Japan
(10) Australia
Answer:
(1) USA : Federal Reserve System ;
(2) Canada : Bank of Canada
(3) Russia : Central Bank of Russia
(4) Germany : Deutsche Bundes bank
(5) China : People’s Bank of China
(6) UK (United Kingdom) : Bank of England
(7) Sweden : Sveriges Riksbank
(8) France : Banque de France
(9) Japan : Bank of Japan
(10) Australia : Reserve Bank of Australia

Try this (Textbook Page 85)

Pair the logos given with their respective banks as given in the bracket below :
(State Bank of India, HSBC Bank, Union Bank of India, Axis Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, HDFC Bank)
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 9 Money Market and Capital Market in India 1

Try this (Textbook Page 85)

Collect information of Co-operative banks in your region at different levels.
Answer:
[Students should do this activity by themselves]

Find out (Textbook Page 90):

List the regional stock exchanges in India.
Answer:

Regional Stock Exchanges in India :
Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)
National Stock Exchange (NSE)
Calcutta Stock Exchange (CSE) Metropolitan Stock Exchange (MSE)
India International Exchange (India INX)
NSE IFSC Ltd.

12th Std Economics Questions And Answers:

Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Question Answer Class 12 History Chapter 1 Maharashtra Board

February 14, 2025February 13, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 History Chapter 1 Question Answer Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Maharashtra Board

Class 12 History Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 12 Chapter 1 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
In 1440 ________ started the printing press.
(a) James Watt
(b) Gutenberg
(c) Aristotle
(d) Homer
Answer:
(b) Gutenberg

Question 2.
In 1609 _______ made a modified telescope.
(a) John Kay
(b) Copernicus
(c) Galileo
(d) Kepler
Answer:
(c) Galileo

Question 3.
_________ was the first explorer to circumnavigate the African continent.
(a) Henry the Navigator
(b) Marco Polo
(c) Bartholomew Dias
(d) Columbus
Answer:
(c) Bartholomew Dias

B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) John Kay	Flying shuttle
(b) Samuel Crompton	Cotton gin
(c) Edmund Cartwright	Power loom
(d) James Watt	Steam engine

Answer:
Samuel Crompton – Spinning Mule

2. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
Father of the empirical science —
Answer:
Galileo

Question 2.
Scientists who told the world that the centre of our planetary system is the ‘Sun’ and not the ‘Earth’ —
Answer:
Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 3.
The treatise was written by Varahmihir —
Answer:
Brihatsamhita

3. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Q3
Answer:

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
European Crusades.
Answer:

The two cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem considered holy by the Jews, Christians, and Muslims were under Islamic rule in the 11th century.
Christians of Europe wanted to regain hold over these cities and fought several wars known as ‘Crusaders’.
The common people in Europe were highly inspired to be part of such religious wars.
When the Pope announced that the sins of those who took part in such wars would be forgiven and would immediately go to Heaven, there was spontaneous participation by the common people in the crusaders.
Besides social and political circumstances, the Roman emperors were also trying to bring Syria and Asia Minor under their control.
Moreover, the rich merchants in Genova and Venice in Italy were looking for Central Asian markets to establish their trade.
The first crusade started in 1096 C.E.
A second call for the crusade was given by Pope Eugenius III who sought help from the French King Louis VII and the German King Conrad III.
The crusaders were ultimately defeated by the Turks and in 1187 C.E. Saladin, the Sultan of Egypt defeated the crusaders by conquering Jerusalem.
However, the crusaders failed for several reasons such as the attitude of the Pope and the European rulers common people losing faith, the rift between the Pope and the European kings, etc.

Question 2.
Metallurgy in Europe.
Answer:

England had a number of iron mines.
Therefore, it was necessary to advance the technique of smelting iron to acquire purified iron from it.
The fuel for iron furnaces was replaced from wood to coal.
Special machines were made to keep the furnaces at a set temperature and to maintain their aeration.
In 1865, the process of producing steel from molten iron was invented and the nature of the iron industry underwent a major transformation.
At about the same time, a method was adopted to pour the molten metal into casts for making iron bars (e.g. rails).

5. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The European Renaissance is supposed to have reached its zenith in the 15th-16th centuries.
Answer:

The European Renaissance began in the 14th century C.E.
It reached its zenith in the 15th and 16th centuries.
These three centuries laid the foundations of a culture based on rationalism and science.
This age gave a new direction to human intellect genius and way of life.
People started writing poetry, drama, and fiction.
Novel experiments were conducted in the field of science.
In the pre-renaissance period, the thought about the existence of the universe revolved around ‘God’.
In short, in this period new inventions, machinery, art, drama, literature, and geographical discoveries have taken place.

Question 2.
The ‘Industrial Revolution first began in England.
Answer:
‘Industrial Revolution’ indicates the transition from manual production to mechanized production.

In England, the atmosphere was suitable for the industrial revolution.
Large amounts of iron ore and coal were available.
The humid climate of England was suitable for producing yarn.
These conditions proved to be favourable for the textile industry in England.
England had also established a large number of colonies by then so England could obtain raw material at cheap rates from these colonies.
England could also export the processed goods and sell it in their colonies with large profit margins using their navy.
The availability of cheap labour made it possible for them to maintain an optimum level of costs.
These factors prepared the ground for the industrial revolution in England thus giving a boost to its economy. Because of the above reasons Industrial revolution first began in England.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The European natural scientists of the 17th century laid the foundations of modern science.
Answer:
The scientists of the 17th century emphasized the following things:

To prove that scientific principles established by empirical experiments are true despite time and space.
To convert the emergent scientific rules into scientific formulae.
To create new scientific parlance and so on.
These efforts helped the progress of science.

Question 2.
The economy based on surplus production supported economic nationalism and also imperialism.
Answer:

Economic nationalism began the vicious circle of continuously capturing new marketplaces, searching for sources of a cheap supply of raw material, maintaining an unbroken chain supply of raw material), to attract more and more investors, to safeguard their investments. This resulted in limitless exploitation of the colonies.
Extreme nationalism, industrialization, concepts of racial superiority, aggressive colonial policies further supported the growth of imperialism.
The result was the immense expanse of the empires like England, France, Belgium, Germany, etc.

7. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the causes and effects of European crusades.
Answer:
Causes of European crusades:

The two cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem considered holy by the Jews, Christians, and Muslims were under Islamic rule in the 11th century.
Christians of Europe wanted to regain hold over these cities and fought several wars known as ‘Crusaders’.
The common people in Europe were highly inspired to be part of such religious wars.
When the Pope announced that the sins of those who took part in such wars would be forgiven and would immediately go to Heaven, there was spontaneous participation by the common people in the crusaders.
Besides social and political circumstances, the Roman emperors were also trying to bring Syria and Asia Minor under their control.
Moreover, the rich merchants in Genova and Venice in Italy were looking for Central Asian markets to establish their trade.
The first crusade started in 1096 C.E.
A second call for the crusade was given by Pope Eugenius III who sought help from the French King Louis VII and the German King Conrad III.
The crusaders were ultimately defeated by the Turks and in 1187 C.E. Saladin, the Sultan of Egypt defeated the crusaders by conquering Jerusalem.
However, the crusaders failed for several reasons such as the attitude of the Pope and the European rulers common people losing faith, the rift between the Pope and the European kings, etc.

The crusades had far-reaching effects:

According to some historians, the crusades led to the end of feudalism in Europe.
The faith in the Pope began to decline.
The contact with the regions in Central Asia led to the increased trade and new venues were opened for cities in Italy and Germany.
It led to the rise of a new class of traders.
European warfare went through many changes for e.g. they acquired expertise in building forts, managing the forts as military outposts, building bridges, etc.
The European kings levied new taxes which were added to the royal treasury.
The Europeans were introduced to newer types of plants, fruits, perfumes, etc.
The Europeans came in contact with the Arabs and adopted many Arabic words in Alchemy, Music, and Commerce.

Question 2.
Give detailed information on the development of science and scientific inventions during the renaissance period.
Answer:
The scientists of the 17th century emphasized the following things:

To prove that scientific principles established by empirical experiments are true despite time and space.
To convert the emergent scientific rules into scientific formulae.
To create new scientific parlance and so on.
These efforts helped the progress of science.
The compass, the barometer, telescope, and the thermometer were invented during this period.
Microscopes were invented to observe various types of micro-organisms.
Robert Boyle, an alchemist discovered that that the absolute pressure and the volume of a gas are inversely proportional.
The research in physics was more focused on heat and sound.
In zoology, a methodology known as ‘Taxonomy’ was developed to classify animals.
Benjamin Franklin’s research was on lightning and electricity. He coined many technical terms which are used in science even today.

Class 12 History Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Intext Questions and Answers

Try to do this. (Textbook Page No. 3)

Collect information about how the early European universities worked.
Answer:

Early European universities were the University of Bologna in 1088 or the University of Paris (1150-1170).
the University of Bologna is considered the ‘mother of universities’.
European universities concentrated on science and research
Original Medieval universities arose from the Roman Catholic Church schools
Purposes included training of professionals, scientific investigation, and teaching critical thinking and research.
During Renaissance, the humanist ideas were slowly accepted
Universities began preparing the student for a civilized life
The curriculum included liberal arts such as Trivium (grammar, rhetoric, logic) and Quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music)

Find it out. (Textbook Page No. 8)

Make a list of the European countries where the Industrial Revolution spread in its first stage.
Answer:
The industrial revolution first began in Britain in the late 1770s and first spread to Belgium followed by France and the German states and in North America.

Project (Textbook Page No. 9)

Collect detailed information about the voyages of Bartholomew Dias and Vasco-da- Gama and read it aloud in the class.
Answer:
(A) Bartholomew Dias:

Bartholomew Dias was a Portuguese explorer.
He was the first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa which the Portuguese would name as the ‘Cape of Good Hope.
Dias and his crew departed from Lisbon, Portugal in August 1487 with three ships.
Dias’s expedition sailed along the African coast following the route of Diogo Cao who had earlier sailed along the African coast in the 1480s.
Near the southern tip of Africa Dias’s 3 ships sailed into a dangerous storm that pushed them away from the African coast. They sailed around the tip of Africa in January 1488 without seeing the land.
After 30 days without seeing land, he entered what he named Aguada de Sao Bras (Bay of Saint Blaise) in February 1488.
Dias wanted to continue to India but he was forced to turn back when his crew refused to go further and the rest of the officers favored going back home.
It was on his return journey that he actually discovered the Cape of Good Hope in May 1488.
Dias returned to Lisbon in December 1488 after an absence of 16 months and 17 days.

(B) Vasco da Gama:

Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea.
His initial voyage to India was the first to link Europe and Asia by an ocean route, connecting the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and therefore the West and the Orient.
This discovery is considered to be a milestone in world history.
Vasco da Gama’s discovery of the sea route to India opened the way for an age of imperialism in Asia.
Vasco da Gama landed in Calicut, India on May 20, 1498.
This boosted the economy of the Portuguese Empire.
Vasco da Gama led the two of the India Armadas, the first and the fourth.
In 1524, Vasco da Gama was appointed as Governor of India, with the title of Viceroy, and was ennobled as Count of Vidigueria in 1519.

12th Std History Questions And Answers:

Std 8 Civics Chapter 2 Questions And Answers The Indian Parliament Maharashtra Board

February 14, 2025February 13, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 Civics Solutions Chapter 2 The Indian Parliament Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Class 8 Civics Chapter 2 The Indian Parliament Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

The Indian Parliament Class 8 Questions And Answers Chapter 2 Maharashtra Board

Class 8 Civics Chapter 2 The Indian Parliament System Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct option.

Question 1.
Candidates to the Lok Sabha are elected through ……….. .
(a) Territorial constituencies
(b) Religious constituencies
(c) Local bodies
(d) Proportional Representation System
Answer:
(a) Territorial constituencies

Question 2.
The ………….. of India is the ex-officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
(a) President
(b) Vice-President
(c) Prime Minister
(d) Chief Justice
Answer:
(b) Vice-President

2. Find and write.

Question 1.
Members of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are known as ……………….. .
Answer:
Members of Parliament (MPs)

Question 2.
The responsibility of making laws is with the ……………… .
Answer:
Parliament

3. Explain the following statements with reasons:

Question 1.
Rajya Sabha is a permanent House.
Answer:

The tenure of the members of Rajya Sabha does not get over at the same time.
1/3rd of the total membership of Rajya Sabha retire after every two years and equal number of new members get elected.
Because the limited members of Rajys Sabha retire step by step, it can function continuously.
Since Rajya Sabha is never dissolved completely it is called a permanent House.

Question 2.
Lok Sabha is known as the first House.
Answer:

Lok Sabha is the lower and the first House of the Parliament of India.
Lok Sabha is the House of Representatives directly elected by the people. Hence, Lok Sabha is known as the first House.

4. Answer the following in 25 to 30 words:

Question 1.
How are members of the Lok Sabha elected?
Answer:

As per the Constitution, there can be a maximum of 552 members in Lok Sabha.
General elections to Lok Sabha are held after every five years and members are directly elected by the people.
To ensure equal representation to all sections of the community, some seats are reserved for members belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
In case there are no representation from the Anglo-Indian community, the President can appoint two members from this community to the Lok Sabha.
Thus, Lok Sabha is the representative body of the citizens of India.

Question 2.
Explain the functions of the Speaker of Lok Sabha.
Answer:
The functions of the Speaker of Lok Sabha are :

To conduct the business of the House in an unbiased manner.
To take care of the rights and privileges of the members of Lok Sabha.
To interpret the rules of daily functioning of the House and work accordingly.
To maintain the decorum and dignity of the House.

5. Explain the step involved in the lawmaking process.

Question 1.
Parliament :
Answer:

The Legislature at the national level is called the Parliament.
It consists of the President and two houses, i.e., the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.
Though the President is an inseparable part of the Parliament, he/she cannot participate in the discussions in either of the Houses of the Parliament.
The Constitution of India has created the Parliament.

Question 2.
Amendment to the Constitution :
Answer:

According to the changing times, certain necessary changes have to be made in some laws. The process of making such changes is called Amendment.
Only the Parliament has the right to make such amendments to the Constitution.
The Constitution amendment bill is considered to be an important bill.
The Parliament discusses why the amendment is required and decides whether to accept it or not.

Question 3.
Members of Parliament :
Answer:

The members of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are known as Members of Parliament (MPs).
The members of Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people.
The members of Rajya Sabha are elected from the constituent States and Union Territories.
MPs try to resolve the queries and complaints of their constituencies by raising questions in the Parliament.
MPs also participate in the process of formulation of laws.
The Government allocates funds to MPs to carry out development activities in their constituencies.

Question 4.
Bill of Law:
Answer:

At the initial stage of lawmaking process, a rough draft of the law is prepared.
This rough draft or outline is known as ‘draft proposal of the law’ or ‘bill of law’.
The Bill clearly mentions the objectives and the details of the proposed law.
Every bill has to undergo three readings in both the Houses, and then it is put to vote.

Can you find out?

For the purpose of elections, the State is divided into territorial constituencies. The constituent States in India get seats on the basis of their population. For e.g.

Maharashtra – 48 seats
Gujarat – 26 seats
Madhya Pradesh – 29 seats
Goa – 02 seats
Uttar Pradesh – 80 seats

Understand It:
(The gist of the conversation held between Mazy, Radhika, Ran veer and others.)

Any Indian citizen who has completed 18 years of age is only eligible to vote.
An Indian citizens who has completed 25 years of age can contest for Lok Sabha election.
A citizen of India can contest for election from any constituency of any State.
Citizens of other countries cannot contest for elections of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
Just as there are set criteria for qualifying for election, there are set criteria for disqualification as well.

Rights regarding passing of Bills:

Though Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha have same set of rights, Lok Sabha has certain rights which are not available for Rajya Sabha.
Bills related to finance (Money Bills) and such other bills are first introduced and passed in Lok Sabha.
Rajya Sabha has limited powers with respect to money bills.
Rajya Sabha can pass a resolution on the subject in the State List.

Can you tell?

Certain laws which become out-of-date (obsolete) are abolished. Can you give examples of such obsolete laws? For example, Privy purses.

Know this too:

Every year, on 1 February the Union Finance Minister presents the national budget to the Lok Sabha. Previously, it was presented on 28 February.
The State Legislatures also follow the same procedure of law making as in the Parliament.
The bill passed can become a law only after it is signed by the President at the Union level and by the Governor at the State level.

Project:

The President nominates 12 members to the Rajya Sabha. Collect information on what are the criteria for their selection.

Class 8 Civics Chapter 2 The Indian Parliament Additional Important Questions and Answers

Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct option:

Question 1.
…………….. is the upper House of the Parliament.
(a) Legislative Assembly
(b) Lok Sabha
(c) Rajya Sabha
(d) Legislative Council
Answer:
(c) Rajya Sabha

Question 2.
The …………… of India has created the Parliament of India.
(a) Legislature
(b) Executive
(c) Constitution
(d) British Law
Answer:
(c) Constitution

Question 3.
1/3rd members of total membership of Rajya Sabha, who have completed their tenure of six years, retire after every ……………….. years.
(a) two
(b) four
(c) five
(d) six
Answer:
(a) two

Question 4.
If ……………….. feels that the Parliament should make a law of the subject in the state list, it can pass a resolution to that effect.
(a) Lok Sabha
(b) Rajya Sabha
(c) Executive
(d) President
Answer:
(b) Rajya Sabha

Question 5.
Every year in the month of February, the ………….. presents the national budget to the Lok Sabha.
(a) Prime Minister
(b) President
(c) Finance Minister
(d) Speaker
Answer:
(c) Finance Minister

Question 6.
The President appoints ……………….. distinguished personalities to the Rajya Sabha.
(a) two
(b) eight
(c) fifteen
(d) twelve
Answer:
(d) twelve

Find and write:

Question 1.
……………. represent the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
The Speaker

Question 2.
The bill passed by the State legislature becomes a law after it is signed by the ………….. .
Answer:
Governor

Question 3.
The House that gives representation to 29 States and 7 Union Territories is ………………. .
Answer:
Rajya Sabha

Complete the following Concept maps:

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 8 Civics Solutions Chapter 2 The Indian Parliament 1
Answer:

Question 2.
Maharashtra Board Class 8 Civics Solutions Chapter 2 The Indian Parliament 3
Answer:

Question 3.
Maharashtra Board Class 8 Civics Solutions Chapter 2 The Indian Parliament 5
Answer:

Write short notes on:

Question 1.
The Chairman of Rajya Sabha :
Answer:

The Vice-President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha.
He exercises a control over the functioning of Rajya Sabha.
Maintaining discipline in the House is the function of the Chairman of Rajya Sabha.
He also has the responsibility of facilitating discussions in the House by giving members a chance to speak, etc.

Question 2.
Speaker of Lok Sabha :
Answer:

The speaker is elected in the very first meeting after the election of Lok Sabha.
The members of Lok Sabha elect one member among them as the Speaker.
Lok Sabha functions under the guidance and control of the Speaker.
It is the responsibility of the speaker to conduct the business of the House in an unbiased manner.
The Speaker has to maintain decorum and dignity of the House.
Moreover, he has to interpret the rules and work accordingly.

Question 3.
Control over Council of Ministers :
Answer:

Council of Ministers are drawn from the Parliament and hence Parliament exercises control over them.
The members of Parliament exercise this control through multiple ways.
It is the responsibility of the Parliament to see that the Council of Ministers does not disregard the Parliament.
In case the Lok Sabha passes a no-confidence motion against the Council of Ministers, it has to resign.

Answer the following in 25 to 30 words :

Question 1.
Write about Lok Sabha elections.
Answer:

Since Lok Sabha is a House of people’s representatives, elections are held after every five years.
Elections to Lok Sabha which are held every five years are known as General elections.
When Lok Sabha is dissolved before the completion of five years and elections are held, such elections are called mid- term elections.
When a member resigns or dies suddenly, election held for such a seat is called by-election.

Question 2.
Explain the composition of Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
The composition of Rajya Sabha is as follows :

The total membership of Rajya Sabha is 250 members.
Amongst them, 238 members are elected from the constituent states and Union Territories.
Remaining twelve members, who are distinguished personalities from the fields of literature, arts, science, sports and social work, are appointed by the President.
The members of Rajya Sabha are elected through the system of proportional representation.

Question 3.
Explain the functions of the Parliament.
Answer:
In order to achieve welfare of the people and the objectives of the 8 Constitution, the Parliament has to perform 8 following functions :

To formulate new laws and to repeal the outdated laws.
To make necessary changes in the existing laws.
To amend the Constitution wherever necessary.
To keep control over Council of Ministers.

Question 4.
Mention the ways of amending the Constitution.
Answer:
The Constitution can be amended in following ways :

Few provisions in the Indian Constitution can be amended by simple majority.
Some provisions require special (2/3rd) majority of the Parliament.
Few other provisions can be amended by special majority plus consent from more than half of the constituent states.

Explain the following statements with reasons:

Question 1.
Though Lok Sabha is the Lower House, it is more powerful than Rajya Sabha.
Answer:

Since members of Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people, it represents the people of the nation in the true sense.
Money bills related to financial matters are presented in Lok Sabha. Rajya Sabha has very limited powers with respect to Money Bills.
Since the total membership of Lok Sabha is more than Rajya Sabha, it always gets an upper hand when decisions are taken in the joint meeting of both the Houses.
Only Lok Sabha can pass a no-confidence motion against the Council of Ministers.

Hence, though Lok Sabha is the lower House, it is more powerful than Rajya Sabha.

Answer the following questions in details:

Question 1.
Explain the steps involved in the law-making process.
Answer:
The Bill undergoes following process in order to be converted into a Law (Act).
1. First reading :

The minister of the concerned department/ministry or member of the Parliament presents the bill in the House.
The objectives and the structure of the Bill are mentioned.

2. Second reading :

The positive and negative points of the bill are discussed.
The defects and faults in the bill are stressed.
After removing the defects and the faults, the bill is put to vote.

3. Committee Stage :

Sometimes, if required, the Bill is sent to the committee of the House.
The Bill is discussed in the Committee in details.
The Committee report consisting of instructions and recommendations is sent to the House.
The Bill is discussed clause by clause and then voting is taken.

4. Third reading :

The Bill is once again discussed in the House.
Voting is taken for approving the Bill.

5. Approval of the other House :

The Bill has to undergo the same procedure even in the other House.
The Bill is approved by majority.

6. Assent by the President :

After getting an approval from both the Houses, the Bill is further sent for assent by the President.
After the final assent and signature of the President, the Bill is converted into Law.

Question 2.
Distinguish between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha on the basis of following points:
1. Number of members
2. Age limit
3. Election
4. Tenure
Answer:

Points	Lok Sabha	Rajya Sabha
1. Number of members	Maximum 552 members	Total 250 members.
2. Age limit	25 years	30 years
3. Election	Directly elected by the people	238 members elected from the constituent states and Union Territories. 12 members appointed by the President.
4. Tenure	5 years	Permanent House. Tenure of every member is 6 years.

Question 3.
Why, according to you, the Constitution must have granted the President, the right to appoint twelve members to the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
1. The President appoints twelve members to the Rajya Sabha. These members are usually experienced and distinguished personalities from the fields of literature, arts, science, sports and social service.

2. Such personalities are very active and totally devoted to their respective fields. Hence, they have no time for contesting the elections.

3. They keep themselves away from election procedures like campaigning, conducting meetings, etc. So their election to the Parliament is not possible.

4. But, to derive benefit from their profound knowledge and experience for making of laws, their presence in the Parliament is essential.
Therefore, I feel that the Constitution has granted the President, the right to appoint twelve members to the Rajya Sabha.

8th Std Civics Questions And Answers:

Cold War Question Answer Class 12 History Chapter 10 Maharashtra Board

February 14, 2025February 13, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 10 Cold War Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 History Chapter 10 Question Answer Cold War Maharashtra Board

Class 12 History Chapter 10 Cold War Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 12 Chapter 10 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
The headquarters of SEATO were located at ___________
(a) Thailand
(b) the Philippines
(c) Pakistan
(d) the United Kingdom
Answer:
(a) Thailand

Question 2.
A fund named ‘Africa Fund’ was raised at ___________ for providing necessary aid to neighbouring nations of South Africa.
(a) Jakarta
(b) Harare
(c) Namibia
(d) Indonesia
Answer:
(b) Harare

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
On 30th June 1977, this organisation ceased to exist –
Answer:
SEATO

Question 2.
The idea of Commonwealth games was introduced by –
Answer:
Reverend Astley Cooper

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
No country was included in the ANZUS treaty except Australia, New Zealand, and the United States of America ___________
(a) they did not want to let the United Kingdom and France have an upper hand
(b) it was a military pact
(c) it was a secret pact
(d) it was a pact only among countries with friendly relations
Answer:
(a) they did not want to lot the United Kingdom and France to have an upper hand

3. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 10 Cold War 3
Answer:

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Cold War.
Answer:

Definition: The tussle between Capitalist nations and Communist nations for power and ideological influence, which began after the Second World War is referred to as the ‘Cold War.
Walter Lippmann, an American political columnist was the first to use the term ‘Cold War’.
‘Cold War’ is characterized by the following factors –
- No Direct War.
- The intense race for armament.
- Aggressive Political Policies.
- Mutual lack of Faith among Nations.
- Political and Economic Pressurisation.
- Ideological Conflict.
The aftermath of the Second World War created conditions leading to the Cold War.
England and France lost their primary positions in world politics.
During the world war, Russia gained prominence in Eastern Europe while America, England, and France gained prominence in Western Europe.
The Eastern European nations under the influence of Soviet Russia adopted communist ideology while the Western European nations under the influence of America adopted capitalist ideology and democratic system. This situation caused the emergence of the ‘Cold War.

Question 2.
Non- Alignment Movement.
Answer:

After the Second World War, India decided not to join either Russia or America. India adopted the policy of development by its own efforts and shape its own strategies leading towards peace. This policy is known as the ‘NAM-Non Alignment Policy’.
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. Sukarno (Indonesia), Nkrumah (Ghana), Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt), and Marshal Tito (Yugoslavia) were the architects of the concept ‘NAM’.
The nations, which adopt an independent foreign policy based on the concept of peaceful co-existence, support other nations in their independence struggle, and do not involve themselves in the military agreements or bilateral treaties with the superpowers is known as ‘Non-Aligned Nations’.
Non-Alignment is a concept concerned more with progress and peace than war and poverty, so it is positive.

5. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
CENTO became non-operational.
Answer:

CENTO stands for Central Treaty Organisation.
CENTO earlier known as the ‘Baghdad Pact’ or Middle East Treaty Organisation (METO) is a treaty among four nations namely, Turkey, Pakistan, Iran, and England.
This treaty was signed on 24th February 1955. Iraq joined later.
America started providing the member nations of CENTO economic and military aid.
America feared that if Soviet Russia attacked any of the member nations, then all member nations should fight it collectively.
But in reality, none of the member nations had the military capacity to fight.
Except for the United Kingdom, the rest of the three were in need of military and technological aid but America was too involved to pay attention to their need.
Hence, the other members of CENTO were not satisfied. They wanted to withdraw from the treaty and act independently.
Iran and Pakistan withdrew from the treaty and hence CENTO became non-operational.

Question 2.
SAARC has achieved success in some fields.
Answer:

SAARC has achieved success in some fields for e.g. a centre for the dissemination of agro-related information was started in Bangladesh and it has also been used as a platform for research related to seeds, animal husbandry, and fisheries.
A SAARC center for meteorological research was established in Dhaka.
In Kathmandu, an orthopedic center was established.
Efforts are being made to promote tourism in SAARC countries.
SAARC is also working to eliminate poverty in South Asia with the help of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (ESCAP).
An inter-Governmental group was established to formulate an agreement (SAFTA- South Asia Free Trade Area) for promoting free trade and economic cooperation among SAARC nations.
The SAARC Documentation Centre was established in Delhi for the dissemination of information.
SAARC Human Resources Development Centre was established in Islamabad (Pakistan).
Agreements were signed to counter the smuggling of narcotic drugs. Committees were appointed for development in the fields of postal services and transportation.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The Cold War began between America and Soviet Russia.
Answer:

The tussle between the Capitalist nations and Communist nations for power and ideological influence which began after the second world war is referred to as the ‘Cold War.
During the world war, Russia gained prominence in Eastern Europe while America, France, and England gained prominence in Western Europe.
The Eastern European nations under the influence of Soviet Russia adopted Communist ideology.
The Western European nations under the influence of America adopted a Capitalist ideology and democratic system.
This situation caused the emergence of the ‘Cold War’ between Soviet Russia and America.

Question 2.
India has always opposed colonialism.
Answer:

India is acknowledged as a great democracy in the world.
After independence, India adopted the policy of active non-alignment in international politics.
India would always strive to establish global peace.
India would not tolerate foreign intervention in her internal matters. India shall respect the regional unity and sovereignty of other countries.
India emphasizes the principle of ‘live and let live’ supported by peaceful co-existence.
For e.g. in the post-independence period in 1949, a conference was held in Delhi in which support was declared to the issue of Indonesia’s independence. It was demanded that the Dutch should leave Indonesia before 1950 and grant its independence.
The position India took in the case of Africa, is also very important. India took a strong initiative in demanding independence of African countries especially the protectorates of European nations.
India insisted that the foreign rulers (colonialist European countries) should leave the colonies.
India cared about Africa because of its long-standing relations with African countries.
Mahatma Gandhi showed Africa the path to satyagraha for independence.
Thus, India had been at the forefront of the struggle against colonialism.

Class 12 History Chapter 10 Cold War Intext Questions and Answers

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 77)

Collect information about the ‘United Nations’ with the help of the internet. Create groups of students in the class and let them compile the information of various specialized agencies of the United Nations.
Answer:
The United Nations was established after World War II with the aim of preventing any war in the future and establishing peace in the world. UN is the largest and most powerful intergovernmental organisation in the world. It was established on 24th October 1945. Currently, 193 countries in the world are members of the UN. The headquarter of the UN is located in New York, USA. Since its establishment UN has been working for maintaining world peace and avoiding conflict among nations, it also works for remoting sustainable development, protection and preservation of the environment, and protecting human rights.

The important agencies of the UN are as follows:
(i) International Labour Organisation (ILO):
Established in – 1919 to improve the conditions and living standards of workers.
Headquarters – Geneva.

(ii) International Monetary Fund (IMF):
Established in – 1945 to promote international monetary cooperation.

(iii) Food and Agricultural Organisation:
Established in – 1945

(iv) United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO):
Established in – 1945.

(v) World Health Organisation:
Established in – 1948

(vi) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA):
Established in – 1957

(vii) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP):
Established in – 1965

(viii) World Trade Organisation (WTO):
Established in – 1995

(ix) UN Women:
Established in – 2010

(x) United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC):
Established in – 1997

(xi) United Nation Environmental Programme (UNEP):
Established in – 1972

(xii) International Development Association (IDA):
Established in – 1960

(xiii) United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF):
Established in – 1946

(xiv) International Telecommunication Union (ITU):
Established in – 1865

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 83)

Review the proceedings of NAM conferences held during the period from 1992 to the Venezuela conference of 2016.
Answer:
NAM was established in 1961 in Belgrade, SR Serbia, Yugoslavia through an initiative of the Indian Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is an organization of Redeveloping nations that are not formally aligned, with any major power flex. Here is the list of NAM summits:

10th NAM Summit: 1-6 September 1992 – Jakarta, Indonesia.
11th NAM Summit: 18-20 October 1995 – Cartagena, Colombia.
12th NAM Summit: 2-3 September 1998, Durban, South Africa.
13th NAM Summit: 20-25 Feb 2003, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
14th NAM Summit: 15-16 September 2006, Havana, Cuba.
15th NAM Summit: 11-16 July 2009, Sharm-El-Sheikh, Egypt.
16th NAM Summit: 26-31 August 2012, Tehran, Iran.
17th NAM Summit: 13-18 September 2016, Porlamar, Venezuela.

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 85)

Collect information about SAARC conferences till 2014, with the help of the internet.
Answer:
SAARC also known as The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation is the regional intergovernmental organisation in South Asia. Total 8 countries are members of SAARC.

Nepal
Bhutan
India
the Maldives
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Afghanistan.

The First Summit was held in Dhaka, Bangladesh on 7-8 December 1985, signed the SAARC charter on 8 December 1985 thereby establishing the regional association and study groups on the problems of terrorism, drug trafficking, etc.
Second Summit India: Date – 17-18 November 1986 in Bangalore.
Appointment of Ambassador Abdul Ahsan of Bangladesh as the first Secretary-General of South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation.
3rd Summit: 2-4 November 1987 in Kathmandu, Nepal.
4th Summit: 29-31 December 1988 in Islamabad, Pakistan.
5th Summit: 21-23 November 1990 in Male, Maldives.
6th Summit: 21 December 1991 in Colombo, Sri Lanka
7th Summit: 10-11 April 1992, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
8th Summit: 2-4 May 1995, New Delhi, India
9th Summit: 12-14 May 1997, Male, Maldives.
10th Summit: 29-31 July 1998, Colombo, Sri Lanka
11th Summit: 4-6 January 2002, Kathmandu, Nepal.
12th Summit: 4-6 January 2004, Islamabad, Pakistan.
13th Summit: 12-13 November 2005, Dhaka, Bangladesh
14th Summit: 3-4 April 2007, New Delhi, India
15th Summit: 1-3 August 2008, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
16th Summit: 28-29 April 2010, Thimphu, Bhutan
17th Summit: 10-11 November 2011, Addu City, Maldives.
18th Summit: 26-27 November 2014, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Project (Textbook Page No. 87)

Collect information about the ‘Commonwealth Games’ with the help of the internet.
Answer:
The Commonwealth Games is an international multi-sport event involving athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. The event was first held in 1930, and, with the exception of 1942 and 1946, has taken place every four years since then. The Commonwealth Games were known as the British Empire Games from 1930 to 1950, the British Empire and Commonwealth Games from 1954 to 1966, and British Commonwealth Games from 1970 to 1974. Athletes with a disability are also included as full members of their national teams, making the Commonwealth Games the first fully inclusive international multi-sport event. It is also the world’s first multi-sport event that inducts an equal number of women’s and men’s medal events and was implemented recently in the 2018 Commonwealth Games. With such unique features, the World Economic Forum called the event inspiring and significant.

Their creation was inspired by the Inter-Empire Championships, as a part of the Festival of Empire, which was held in London, England in 1911. Melville Marks Robinson founded the games as the British Empire Games which were first hosted in Hamilton, Canada in 1930. During the 20th and 21st centuries, the evolution of the movement of the game has resulted in several changes to the Commonwealth Games. Some of these adjustments include the creation of the Commonwealth Winter Games for snow and ice sports for the commonwealth athletes, the Commonwealth Paraplegic Games for commonwealth athletes with a disability, and the Commonwealth Youth Games for commonwealth athletes aged 14 to 18. The first edition of the winter games and paraplegic games were held in 1958 and 1962 respectively, with their last edition held in 1966 and 1974 respectively and the first youth games were held in 2000. The 1942 and 1946 Commonwealth Games were canceled because of the Second World War.

12th Std History Questions And Answers:

India: Social and Religious Reforms Question Answer Class 12 History Chapter 5 Maharashtra Board

February 14, 2025February 13, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 5 India: Social and Religious Reforms Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 History Chapter 5 Question Answer India: Social and Religious Reforms Maharashtra Board

Class 12 History Chapter 5 India: Social and Religious Reforms Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 12 Chapter 5 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy wrote an English letter against the ___________
(a) caste system
(b) child marriage
(c) practice of sati
(d) segregation of women (Purdah system)
Answer:
(c) practice of sati

Question 2.
‘Arya Samaj’ was founded by ___________
(a) Swami Vivekanand
(b) Mahatma Jotirao Phule
(c) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
(d) Ramaswamy Naikar
Answer:
(c) Swami Dayanand Saraswati

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Brahmo Samaj	Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(b) Satyashodhak Samaj	Mahatma Jotirao Phule
(c) Paramhamsa Sabha	Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde
(d) Ramkrishna Mission	Swami Vivekanand

Answer:
Paramhamsa Sabha – Dadoba Pandurang Tarkhadkar

2. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
The title conferred on Raja Ram Mohan Roy by the Mughal Badshah-
Answer:
Raja

Question 2.
The one who founded ‘Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College’-
Answer:
Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan

Question 3.
The one who participated in ‘Vykom Satyagraha’-
Answer:
Ramaswamy Naikar

Question 4.
The one who made the law of free and compulsory primary education in Kolhapur Princely State-
Answer:
Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj

3. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Prarthana Samaj.
Answer:
Prarthana Samaj:

Had its origins in Paramhamsa Sabha.
Founded by Dadoba Pandurang Tarkhadkar.
Founding members like Dr. Atmaram Pandurang, Justice M. G. Ranade, Dr. R. G. Bhandarkar opposed idol worship and emphasized monotheism.
Opened schools for girls, orphanages, and night schools for workers.
Focussed on gender equality, wiping outcaste discriminations, and appreciating the values of mundane life.

Question 2.
Satyashodhak Samaj.
Answer:
Satyashodhak Samaj:

Founded in 1873 by Mahatma Jotirao Phule in Pune.
Cracked a whip on the social customs and practices which pushed the Indian masses into a miserable state.
Showed a new path to artisans, workers, and other downtrodden people.
Characteristics of Satyashodhak Samaj included monotheism, rejection of the authority of Vedas and Puranas, acceptance of rationality, opposition to the dominance of priests and idol worship, etc.
Mahatma Phule and his wife Savitribai Phule started a school for girls.
His work was continued by Gopalbaba Walangkar who criticized untouchability in his book ‘Vital Vidhwamsan’.
Shivram Janba drew attention to the problems of deprived women like Murali, Jagatini, and Devdasi.

4. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
What were the social reforms on which Raja Ram Mohan Roy put a great emphasis?
Answer:
Contribution of Raja Ram Mohan Roy:

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was born in Bengal.
Translated Sanskrit Upanishads into Bengali.
He was a witness to his brother’s wife immolating herself on her husband’s funeral pyre and this incident made him raise his voice against this evil social custom which according to him is not mentioned in any of the religious scriptures as a prescribed social obligation.
It was due to the efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy that a law was passed by the Governor-General of Bengal Lord William Bentinck abolishing Sati in 1829.
He was also opposed to child marriage and purdah, opened an English medium school, launched the first periodical in Bengali, and also another publication in Persian.
He started ‘Atmiya Sabha’, a philosophical discussion circle,’ Brahmo Samaj in 1828.
He spoke in support of the anti-colonial movements in Spanish colonies in South America.
Ram Mohan Roy laid the foundation of modernity in India.
Organizations like Manavdharma Sabha, Paramahamsa Sabha, and Dnyanprasar Sabha were inspired by his work.

Question 2.
Write about the contributions of the Ramkrishna Mission.
Answer:
Ramkrishna Mission:

Swami Vivekananda founded the Ramkrishna Mission in 1897.
Focussed on serving needy people, working for people affected by famine, health care for the sick people, education for women, etc.
It also gave a message to the Indian youth to get up to awaken and keep moving until the goal is achieved.

Question 3.
Write about the contributions of Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan.
Answer:
Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan:

Was born in 1817 in Delhi.
Fluent in Urdu, Persian, Arabic, and English.
Established ‘Scientific Society’ for Muslims.
After returning from England he founded the Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875 which later developed into ‘Aligarh Muslim University.
Started a periodical entitled ‘Mohammadan Social Reformer’.
Worked for the propagation of modern education, science, and technology.

Question 4.
Describe the contribution of Ramaswamy Naikar.
Answer:
Ramaswamy Naikar:

Born in ‘Erode’ in Tamil Nadu in 1879.
He became a follower of Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy and worked for propagating the use of ‘Swadeshi’.
He participated in the Vykom Satyagraha in Travancore against untouchability.
Started the ‘Swabhiman Andolan’ in Tamil Nadu.
Fought against the varna system and child marriage.
He was addressed as ‘Periyar’ or Great Soul because of his magnanimous work.
Was a great speaker and author.
Took a radical position on issues like women’s rights and family planning.

Class 12 History Chapter 5 India: Social and Religious Reforms Intext Questions and Answers

Let us find out. (Textbook Page No. 36)

Collect information about ‘Singh Sabha’ that was founded in Amritsar.
Answer:
The Singh Sabha Movement was a Sikh movement that began in Punjab in the 1870s in reaction to the proselytizing activities of Christians, Hindu reform movements (Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj), and Muslims (Aligarh movement and Ahmadiyah). The movement was founded in an era when the Sikh Empire had been dissolved and annexed by the British, the Khalsa had lost its prestige, and mainstream Sikhs were rapidly converting to other religions.

The movement’s aims were to propagate the true Sikh religion and restore Sikhism to its pristine glory; to write and distribute historical and religious books of Sikhs, and to propagate Gurmukhi Punjabi through magazines and media. The movement sought to reform Sikhism and bring back into the Sikh fold the apostates who had converted to other religions; as well as to interest the influential British officials in furthering the Sikh community. At the time of its founding, the Singh Sabha policy was to avoid criticism of other religions and political matters.

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 36)

Collect information with the help of the internet and teachers about these people: Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Vishnushastri Pandit, Veereshlingam Pantalu, and Maharshi Dhondo Keshav Karve.
Answer:
(A) Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar:

Pandit Vidyasagar was born on 26th September 1820 in the Midnapore district of Bengal Presidency (now in West Bengal).
A Sanskrit scholar, he joined Fort William College as the Head Pandit in the Sanskrit department in 1846.
In 1846, he left Fort William and joined Sanskrit College as ‘Assistant Secretary’.
In 1851, he became the principal of Sanskrit College.
In 1854, Vidyasagar started his campaign for widow remarriage.
Due to his efforts, the ‘Widow Remarriage Act was passed in 1856.
He was keen to advocate for education for women.
He exercised his power and lobbied hard for the opening of schools for girls.
He gave more importance to educational reforms than social reforms.
He emphasized teaching through Mother’s tongue.
He has enriched Bengali Education System by writing many good textbooks for students.
Vidyasagar died in 1891 at the age of 70.

(B) Vishnushastri Pandit:

Vishnushastri Pandit was born in a Chitpavan Brahmin family to Sanskrit scholar Krishnashastri Chiplunkar.
Worked as a school teacher in government schools during the years 1872-1879.
Co-founded the newspapers Kesari (Marathi) and Mahratta (English) along with Lokmanya Tilak and Gopal Ganesh Agarkar.
Also co-founded The New English School in Pune.
Began his career as a writer
In 1874, he started the monthly ‘Nibandmala’ for which he is principally remembered.
Translated the following works in Marathi-
- Rasselas by Samuel Johnson
- Kadambari by Banabhatta
- The Arabian Nights

Rao Bahadur Kandukuri Veereshlingam Pantalu was considered the ’Father of Renaissance movement in Telugu’.
Born on 16th April 1848 at Rajamundry, Andhra Pradesh.
Social reformer and writer at Madras Presidency under British rule.
After completing his matriculation in 1869, he started working as a school teacher in a village.
A scholar of three languages namely Telugu, Sanskrit, and English.
He is most revered for his contribution to the reformation of Telugu society.
Wrote extensively on the emancipation of women, advocated widow remarriage, and denounced child marriages.
Set up schools for the education of girls and women.
In 1887, he started a Brahmo Mandir at Rajamundry.
In 1893, the government of India conferred the title ‘RaoBahadur’ on him
He passed away on 27th May 1919 aged 71.

(D) Maharshi Dhondu Keshav Karve:

Born on 18th April 1858 at Sheravali, India, Dhondu Keshav Karve, or Maharshi Karve he was popularly known as a social reformer in India.
Was a Professor, Activist, Writer, and Social Worker.
Noted for supporting the education of women and for organizing associations for the marriage of Hindu widows.
In 1893, he established the Widow Marriage Association.
He set an example by marrying a widow after his first wife had died in 1891.
Established an educational institution in 1896, Hindu Widows Home in Poona.
He started Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women’s University in 1916.
On his 100th birthday, he was conferred India’s highest honour the ‘Bharat Ratna’.
He died in Pune on November 9, 1962, aged 104.

Project (Textbook Page No. 39)

Collect information about the efforts for women’s education in Maharashtra with the help of the internet.
Answer:
Students can use the following points as reference:

Trace women’s education down the ages.
Education in Maharashtra from 1818-1903.
Pioneer of Women’s education in India-Savitribai Phule.
Female literacy in Maharashtra today.
Schemes for women by the Government of Maharashtra.

12th Std History Questions And Answers:

World: Decolonisation Question Answer Class 12 History Chapter 9 Maharashtra Board

February 14, 2025February 13, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 9 World: Decolonisation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 History Chapter 9 Question Answer World: Decolonisation Maharashtra Board

Class 12 History Chapter 9 World: Decolonisation Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 12 Chapter 9 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
In the First World War ____________ and Turkey were defeated.
(a) America
(b) France
(c) England
(d) Germany
Answer:
(d) Germany

Question 2.
In 1935 ____________ was separated from India.
(a) Myanmar
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) the Maldives
(d) Iran
Answer:
(a) Myanmar

Question 3.
In 1947, first conference of ____________ countries was held.
(a) Unity
(b) Asian
(c) Atlantic
(d) Manchester
Answer:
(b) Asian

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
a. Bandung	Bandung conference
b. Paris	The first Pan-African Congress in 1919
c. London	The first Conference of ‘African Association’ in 1900
d. Manchester	Asian Unity Conference

Answer:
Manchester – The 5th Pan-African Congress in 1945

2. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
During the Second World War, the independence movements in Africa were more intensified ____________
(a) The colonies in Africa threw away the dominance of alien European powers
(b) African leaders were trained in the western education system
(c) During the Second World War the British and the French began to give some rights to the people in their colonies
(d) European countries were involved in the Second World war
Answer:
(c) During the Second World War the British and the; French began to give some rights to the people in their colonies

3. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Bandung Conference.
Answer:

India called the first conference of Asian countries in 1947 which was attended by the representatives of 25 Asian countries.
In this conference, the concept of Asian regionalism was shaped. The issues like common problems faced by Asian people, the social, economic, and cultural problems of the Asian countries, and the need for mutual co-operation among Asian countries were discussed in this conference.
This conference was followed by the first conference of Asian and African countries held in 1955 at Bandung in Indonesia. This is known as the ‘Bandung Conference’.
In this conference, the problems of Afro-Asian countries were discussed and it was decided to focus on world peace and mutual co-operation.

Question 2.
Concept of African Unity.
Answer:

The concept of African unity was first put forward by H.S. Williams. He formed an organization while in London, called as ‘African Association’ (later called as Pan-African Association).
He organised its first conference in 1900. W.E.B. Du Bois, an American sociologist of African origin was present at this conference.
In 1919, the second conference of African leaders and thinkers was held in Paris, known as the ‘Pan-African Congress’.
Thereafter, W.E.B. Du Bois and his associates called a series of Pan-African Congress at various places. This resulted in the idea of Pan-African unity taking deep roots in Africa.
The 5th Pan-African Congress was held at Manchester in 1945 by people of African origin living in Manchester.

4. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
There were three wars fought between the British and Myanmar.
Answer:

Myanmar is a Southeast Asian country. In 1599 the Portuguese defeated the king of one of the kingdoms in Myanmar.
However, in 1611 various dynasties ruling in Myanmar got together, defeated the Portuguese, and amalgamated their kingdoms.
United Myanmar adopted an expansionist policy and conquered Manipur and Assam.
It means that the British Indian territory was under threat of being invaded, a situation that caused three wars between the British and Myanmar is known as the Anglo-Burmese war.
The first war in 1826 was won by the British and they took over Assam and Manipur and Arakan.
British also defeated Myanmar in the second war. At about the same time the French had taken over the regions of ‘Upper Burma’.
In the third war, the British won this region too, thereby ruling over the entire Myanmar.
In this way during three Anglo-Burmese wars British annexed the entire Myanmar.

Question 2.
The end of the Second World War created an environment in which the process of decolonisation gained speed.
Answer:

The Second World War dealt a serious blow to the colonial powers, depriving them of their former prestige.
The process of decolonisation accelerated in a short time because of the conflicts among European coloniser countries and the anti-colonial movements in the colonies.
The European countries could not have reasoned out colonisation and the exploitation of colonies from an intellectual platform.
The Asian and African continents were filled with a heightened spirit of independence movements.
The awareness about these movements spread rapidly. Many countries in both continents obtained their freedom.
In ten years following the end of the Second World War, with successive waves of decolonisation in Asia and Africa, the Third World took its place as a new player in the international arena.

Class 12 History Chapter 9 World: Decolonisation Intext Questions and Answers

Get to know: (Textbook Page No. 72)

Collect more information regarding the ‘Atlantic Charter’ and organise a class discussion on the topic.
Answer:
Introduction: The Atlantic Charter was a pivotal policy statement issued on August 14, 1941, that defined goals for the post-war world. The Atlantic Charter was drafted by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President F.D. Roosevelt at the Atlantic Conference in Newfoundland. All the allies of World War II later confirmed it. The terms of the Atlantic Charter were as follows:

No territorial expansion and territorial changes were against the wishes of the people.
All people had a right to self-determination.
No territorial gains were sought by the U.S. and the U.K.
Trade and barriers were to be lowered.
There was to be global economic co-operation and advancement of social welfare.
The participants would work for a world free of want and fear.
The participants would work for freedom of the seas.
There was to be disarmament of aggressor nations and post-war common disarmament. This agreement proved to be one of the first steps towards the formation of the United Nation.

Discuss in the Class (Textbook Page No. 75)

Make a list of the colonies of the British colonies in Asia and Africa with their geographical locations and discuss in the class their independence struggle and the dates of their independence.
Answer:
Introduction: The decolonisation of Asia was the gradual growth of independence movements in Asia, leading ultimately to the retreat of foreign powers and the creation of a number of nation-states in the region. A number of events were catalysts for this shift, most importantly the Second World War.

The freedom struggle of some of the countries like Sri Lanka, Maldives is mentioned in the textbook. The countries of Asia and Africa which got independence from British rule are as follows:
1. British colonies in Asia
Hong Kong:

Hong Kong is a coastal city and major port in southern China.
It was returned to the United Kingdom following its war. It was controlled directly by a British governor until the expiry of the 99-year lease of the New Territories which occurred in 1997. From that date, the territories were called as a Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China.

2. Singapore:

Singapore officially known as the Republic of Singapore is a sovereign island city-state in maritime Southeast Asia.
In 1819, Sir Thomas Raffles negotiated a treaty whereby King Johor allowed the British to locate a trading port on the island, leading to the establishment of the British crown colony of Singapore.
After the end of World War II British granted self-government culminating in Singapore’s merger with Malaysia.
On 9th August 1965, Singapore separated from Malaysia to become an independent and sovereign state.

3. India:

India is situated in South East Asia surrounded by the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Indian Ocean on the south.
India got independence from British rule on 15th August 1947. Indian National Movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi played an important role in the freedom of the country.

4. Pakistan:

Pakistan is in Asia, the neighbouring country of India.
As the United Kingdom agreed to the partitioning of India in 1947, the modern state of Pakistan was established on 14th August 1947.

5. Cyprus:

Cyprus is an island in the Eastern Basin of the Mediterranean Sea in Western Asia.
In 1914 it was annexed by U.K Between 1945 and 1959 EOKA was created that fought a campaign for the end of British rule in Cyprus.
An independent ‘The Republic of Cyprus’ was created in 1960.

6. British colonies in Africa:

On 31st May 1910, Britain gave South Africa nominal independence.
This union was a dominion that included the former colonies of the Cape and Natal.
This union only became fully sovereign in 1931 when all powers Britain had over the country were abolished.

7. Egypt:

Egypt has coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea, the River Nile, and the Red Sea.
The Egyptian Revolution of 1919 was a countrywide revolution against the British occupation of Egypt.
The revolution led to Great Britain’s later recognition of Egyptian independence in 1922.

8. Nigeria:

Lagos was invaded by British forces in 1851 and annexed in 1865.
It became a British protectorate in 1901 while her colonization lasted until 1960 when an independence movement succeeded in gaining independence and Nigeria became an independent republic in 1979.

9. Ghana:
Got independence on 6 March 1957.

10. Kenya:
Became independent on 12 December 1963.

Project (Textbook Page No. 76)

Collect information with the help of the internet regarding French colonies in Asia and Africa.
Answer:
In the 19th century starting with the conquest of Algiers in 1830 France began to establish a new empire in Africa and Southeast Asia. The following is a list of all countries that were part of the French colonial empires in the last 500 years.

French Indochinese Union (1887 – 1954)
Laos (protectorate) (1893 – 1953)
Cambodia (protectorate) (1863 – 1953)
Vietnam
India and Sri Lanka: French establishment of India composed of Puducherry (1765 – 1954), Karikal (1725 – 1954), Chandranagar (1673 – 1952), Yanam (1673 – 1952)
Taiwan (1884 – 1885)
Basilan (1845)
Lebanon (1920 – 1946)
Syria (1920 – 1946)
China: The territory of Kouang-Tcheou-Wan (1898 – 1945), The province of Yunan, Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Shamian island (1859 – 1949)

12th Std History Questions And Answers:

Colonialism and the Marathas Question Answer Class 12 History Chapter 4 Maharashtra Board

February 14, 2025February 13, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 4 Colonialism and the Marathas Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Std 12 History Chapter 4 Question Answer Colonialism and the Marathas Maharashtra Board

Class 12 History Chapter 4 Colonialism and the Marathas Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 12 Chapter 4 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
Marathas defeated the Portuguese during the siege of __________
(a) Vengurla
(b) Phonda
(c) Surat
(d) Rajapur
Answer:
(b) Phonda

Question 2.
The political relations between Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and the British began due to the __________ episode.
(a) Kudal campaign
(b) Afzal Khan
(c) Fazal Khan
(d) coronation
Answer:
(b) Afzal Khan

Question 3.
The younger brother of Bajirao Peshwa I defeated the __________ at Vasai.
(a) British
(b) French
(c) Dutch
(d) Portuguese
Answer:
(d) Portuguese

Question 4.
The ‘Third Battle of Panipat’ was fought between Marathas and the __________
(a) British
(b) Abdali
(c) Ahmed Khan Bangash
(d) Najib Khan
Answer:
(b) Abdali

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Cosme da Guarda	Portuguese historian
(b) Gonsalo Martez	Portuguese emissary
(c) Francois Martin	Chief of the Dutch factory
(d) Henry Revington	British Officer

Answer:
(c) Francois Martin – Governor General of Pondicherry

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
The first Europeans to arrive in India-
Answer:
Portuguese

Question 2.
The place where the Portuguese stored their ammunition-
Answer:
Panvel

Question 3.
They honoured Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj with tributes for ensuring the safety of their factories and issuing trade permits-
Answer:
The Dutch

Question 4.
The British agent at Jaitapur-
Answer:
Velaji

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj levied octroi on the salt trade to __________
(a) oppose the Portuguese
(b) stop the British trade of salt
(c) raise funds for Swarajya
(d) oppose the colonialists
Answer:
(b) stop the British trade of salt

3. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj built a naval force.
Answer:
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had foreseen the ulterior motives of the foreigners and their ways of infiltration. He built strategies to arrest their advances in India. He took immediate measures by creating a strong naval force. He levied octroi on British trade salt as a measure to protect the local salt trade. Thus, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj adopted a strong policy against the European colonizers.

Question 2.
Maratha’s policies were anti-colonial.
Answer:
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had foreseen the ulterior motives of the Europeans and their ways of infiltration. So, he built strategies to arrest their advances in India. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj adopted a very strong policy against the European colonisers by levying octroi on the British salt trade etc. The Marathas were the only Indian rulers to adopt a policy of resistance against the European colonisers.

4. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Write about Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj’s policies regarding the European traders as seen in his Adnyapatra.
Answer:
The strategy of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj against the Europeans is clearly seen in Adnyapatra.
The following were his policies:

They should be kept at bay maintaining only business relations.
Not allotting them any space near the entrance of a creek or a sea fort.
Their establishments should not be a nuisance.
They should not be allowed to flaunt their military strength.
Not allow them to construct any permanent buildings.
They must accept these conditions otherwise they are of no use.
He also said that a fine should be collected if any foreign traders were found in the enemy land during expeditions.
After they pay the fine, they should be sent back to their factory or the place from where they had arrived.
They should not be treated in the same manner as the enemy is treated.

Question 2.
Explain Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj’s resolute policy of safeguarding Maratha sovereignty.
Answer:
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj took several steps to safeguard the Maratha empire.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj created a strong naval force and constructed forts for e.g., Hillforts, Sea forts, and Land forts.
Henry Oxenden, a British agent who was present at the coronation of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj sought permission to open a factory at Rajapur.
He also levied 2.5% octroi on British goods.
An agreement was signed between the British and the Marathas on 12th June 1674.
According to this agreement, the Marathas issued permission to open factories at Rajapur, Dabhol, Chaul, and Kalyan. He also prohibited the usage of British coinage.
He also refuted some of the conditions put by the British such as the British goods found afloat from the wrecked ships should be returned to them and the Marathas should enter a treaty with the Siddis of Janjira.
This clearly reveals his resolute policy of safeguarding Maratha’s sovereignty.

Question 3.
Why did the strongest Maratha rule come to an end?
Answer:
There were several reasons for the downfall of the Maratha empire:
(i) Internal weakness of the Maratha Empire: The empire of the Marathas was not well knit. It was a confederacy of the Maratha chiefs who were in conflict with one another. The nominal unity of the Marathas remained only up to the period of the rule of Madhav Rao I.

(ii) Lack of Political Foresight: The Marathas lacked wisdom and farsightedness. They failed to achieve the political unity of India and therefore failed to utilise the resources of the country either for the benefit of the people or for meeting the challenge of a foreign foe.

(iii) Incapable Leadership: All capable Maratha chiefs died by the end of the eighteenth century. After that the leadership of the Marathas was taken over by Bajirao II, Daulatrao Scindia, Yashwant Rao Holkar, and Nana Phadnavis. The Marathas thus lacked leadership.

(iv) Military weakness of the Marathas: The Marathas were militarily weak compared to the English as they had left their traditional method of guerrilla warfare and adopted European methods which they failed to perfect.

(v) Diplomacy of the English: The English were more diplomatic than the Marathas. The quarrels among the Marathas provided a good opportunity for the English to take advantage. Besides, the English had their eyes on the politics of the entire India.

5. Observe the map on textbook page 29 and answer the questions based on it.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 4 Colonialism and the Marathas 5

Question 1.
Where were the Dutch colonies on the west coast of India?
Answer:
On the west coast of India, there were warehouses at Vengurla in Konkan and at Photo Novo (Parangi Pettai) and Tegna Pattam (Devanapattinam) in Karnataka.

Question 2.
Where did the French establish their colonies on the east coast of India?
Answer:
The French had their colony in Pondicherry (Puducherry) on the east coast.

Question 3.
Whose warehouses were at Agra and Allahabad?
Answer:
This warehouse is not mentioned on the map. This area was ruled by the Mughals.

Project (Textbook Page No. 33)

Question 1.
Collect information about the colonies established by the European colonialists in various countries with the help of internet.
Answer:
The European colonialists had their colonies in the following countries.
(A) Africa:

Belgium – Belgian Congo, Lado Enclave, Rwanda, and Burundi
Britain – Sudan, Basutoland, Balleland, British East Africa (Kenya), British Somaliland, British Togoland
Gold Coast, South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, Botswana, Nigeria, Ghana, etc.
France – Gambia, Comoros, French Algeria, French Congo, French Guinea, Ivory Coast, French Madagascar, etc.
Dutch – Dutch East Indies, Curacao, The Dutch Slave Coast, the Dutch Gold Coast, Surinam.
Germany – German East Africa, German Southwest Africa, German West Africa.
Portugal – Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique.

(B) Asia:

Britain – Colony Aden, British Borneo, Burma, Ceylon, Cyprus, India, Iraq, Malay, North Borneo, Palestine, etc.
France – Cochin, China, Annam, Laos, and Cambodia.
Dutch – Dutch East Indies, Malacca, Taiwan, Tonkin/Annam, Maluku Islands.
Portugal – Goa, Malacca and Southeast Asia, China and Japan, Spice Islands, South Asia, Persian Gulf, and the Red Sea.

Britain – Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York,
Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
France – New France (including Canada and Louisiana), French West Indies and
French Guiana.
Dutch – New Netherland was the first Dutch colony in North America.

(D) South America:

Spain – Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic.

12th Std History Questions And Answers:

Std 8 Civics Chapter 6 Questions And Answers Bureaucracy Maharashtra Board

February 14, 2025February 13, 2025 by Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 Civics Solutions Chapter 6 Bureaucracy Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Class 8 Civics Chapter 6 Bureaucracy Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

Bureaucracy Class 8 Questions And Answers Chapter 6 Maharashtra Board

Class 8 Civics Chapter 6 Bureaucracy Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Identify if the following statements are correct or wrong and rewrite the wrong statements in their correct form:

Question 1.
In a Parliamentary democracy, representatives elected by the people and ministers bear the administrative responsibility.
Answer:
Correct.

Question 2.
Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) recruits candidates for civil services in Maharashtra.
Answer:
Wrong – Maharashtra Public Service Commission recruits candidates for civil services in Maharashtra.

2. Explain the following statements with reasons:

Question 1.
Reservation policy is followed even in Civil Services.
Answer:

A part of the society comprising of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Women, Other Backward Castes and specially-abled is termed as the weaker section of the society.
It was essential to empower these weaker sections.
They were left out of civil services due to social inequality.
In order to establish social justice and provide opportunities to weaker sections of the society, reservation policy is followed even in civil services.

Question 2.
It is necessary for civil servants to be politically neutral.
Answer:

In Parliamentary democracy, in India, a new government comes in power after every five years. But the bureaucracy is permanent, i.e. they remain same.
Bureaucracy is expected to implement the policies and decisions of the earlier government with same efficiency and commitment.
Civil servants are expected to keep away from taking a political stand and remain neutral while discharging their duties.
If civil servants work according to their political views it will lead to chaos. Hence, they should be politically neutral.

3. Answer the following questions in 25 to 30 words:

Question 1.
Explain the role of the ministers and civil servants in the efficient administration of the department.
Answer:

The efficiency of a particular department depends upon the inter-relationship between the Minister and his Secretary and Deputy secretary.
The decisions taken by the Ministers are based on the necessary information provided by the bureaucracy.
The bureaucracy, i.e. civil servants have complete information about the financial provisions for a particular scheme or plan and also about the history of successes and failures of policies.
Hence, if the Ministers develop mutual trust and transparency with the civil servants, it will help in the efficient administration of the department.

Question 2.
Explain how the bureaucracy provides stability to the political system.
Answer:

Bureaucracy does the work of implementing decisions taken by the ministers.
Several important reforms introduced during the post-independent period have been effectively implemented by the bureaucracy.
It consistently provides services like water supply, public cleanliness, transport, electricity, etc. to the people and brings stability in their day-to-day life.
It acts as an instrument of social transformation and democratisation. In this way, it gives stability to the political system.

4. Complete the concept picture.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 8 Civics Solutions Chapter 6 Bureaucracy 1
Answer:

5. Discuss characteristics of bureaucracy.

Question 1.
Bureaucracy:
Answer:

It is the administrative system that works under the Union Executive.
As this administrative system includes civil servants i.e. bureaucrats, it is called Bureaucracy.
It has the responsibility of actual implementation of government’s policies.
Though the ministers control the bureaucracy, they are dependent on the bureaucracy for information and efficient functioning.

Question 2.
Armed Forces and Civil Services:
Answer:

Defending the country from external aggression and internal threats and ensuring security of the country is carried out by the Armed Forces.
Services provided to the citizens for making their daily lives comfortable and enabling them to develop themselves and the society are called Civil Services.
The administrative system developed to provide services to citizens are called Civil Services.
The armed forces help the civil services for internal security.

Meaning of the Headlines given In the box:

Maharashtra Board Class 8 Civics Solutions Chapter 6 Bureaucracy 7

In the box, a few posts like District Collector, Municipal Commissioner, flnance Secretary, and Divisional Commissioner are mentioned.
They are civil servants in the government’s administrative system, working for the welfare of the people.

Project:

Question 1.
Prepare a questionnaire and interview a civil servant in your locality

Class 8 Civics Chapter 6 Bureaucracy Additional Important Questions and Answers

Choose the correct options and complete the statements:

Question 1.
…………….. is permanent in nature.
(a) Election Commission
(b) Bureaucracy
(c) President
(d) Prime Ministers
Answer:
(b) Bureaucracy

Question 2.
The bureaucracy is politically ……………….. .
(a) positive
(b) negative
(c) biased
(d) neutral
Answer:
(d) neutral

Question 3.
The Parliament holds the ……….. responsible for malpractices.
(a) bureaucracy
(b) Prime Minister
(c) minister
(d) President
Answer:
(c) minister

Question 4.
The ………….. has established autonomous institutions like the Public Service Commissions for selecting efficient civil servants.
(a) Constitution
(b) Council of Ministers
(c) Parliament
(d) President
Answer:
(a) Constitution

Question 5.
The ‘Indian Foreign Service’ is included under ……………
(a) All India Services
(b) Union or Central Services
(c) State Civil Services
(d) Armed Forces
Answer:
(b) Union or Central Services

Identify if the following statements are correct or wrong and rewrite the wrong statements in their correct form:

Question 1.
Bureaucracy is an important instrument of social transformation.
Answer:
Correct.

Question 2.
Civil servants are not aware of the history of successes and failures of policies.
Answer:
Wrong – Civil servants are aware of the history of successes and failures of policies.

Question 3.
Civil servants are never publicly criticised.
Answer:
Correct.

Complete the following concept maps:

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 8 Civics Solutions Chapter 6 Bureaucracy 3
Answer:

Question 2.
Maharashtra Board Class 8 Civics Solutions Chapter 6 Bureaucracy 5
Answer:

Explain the following statements with reasons:

Question 1.
Coordination between the Civil Servants and Ministers help in efficient functioning of the government.
Answer:

In Parliamentary democracy, the Executive is responsible for the efficient governance of the country.
The decisions relating to the concerned department are made by the minister-in-charge, but necessary information to make such decisions is given by the civil servants.
The ministers are dependent on the civil servants for many reasons.

Hence, coordination and mutual trust between the civil servants and ministers help in efficient functioning of the government.

Question 2.
The Bureaucracy is not held directly responsible for any success or failure of policy.
Answer:

It is the Minister who is responsible for the efficient and smooth functioning of his department.
Though providing necessary information and giving advice is the function of the bureaucracy, it is not accountable for any inefficiency.
The Parliament holds the Minister responsible for inefficiency and malpractices.
In such case, the Minister bears the responsibility and protects the bureaucracy.

Thus, the anonymity of bureaucracy is preserved, which means they are not held directly responsible for any success or failure of policy. ‘

Question 3.
Bureaucracy is considered as an important instrument of social transformation.
Answer:

Many laws are enacted by the government for empowerment of women, protection of children and marginalised sections of the society.
Social change is brought through the implementation of such policies.
These laws are successfully implemented by the bureaucracy.

Hence, Bureaucracy is considered as an important instrument of social transformation.

Answer the following questions in 25 to 30 words:

Question 1.
Explain the characteristics of Bureaucracy.
Answer:

Bureaucracy is the administrative system which actually implements the government’s policies.
Though the government changes, bureaucracy remains constant. Thus, it is permanent in nature.
It has to remain politically neutral and discharge its duties.
Its anonymity is maintained, i.e. it is not held directly responsible for any success or failure of policies and it is never publicly criticized.

Thus, the structure of Bureaucracy in India is extensive and complex.

Question 2.
Explain the significance of Indian bureaucracy.
Answer:

The Indian bureaucracy implements the policies made by the government for the welfare of the people effectively.
It provides several essential services to the people consistently and brings stability in their day to day life.
It provides stability to the political system.
It acts as an important instrument of social transformation and democratization of society.

Question 3.
Explain the role of bureaucracy in the democratisation of society.
Answer:

Equality and social justice are important values of democracy.
Bureaucracy has helped in bringing marginalised sections of society into the mainstream by implementing the reservation policy effectively.
Their participation has been increased in the process of decision¬making.
Democratisation of society not only requires progressive laws and policies but also effective participation of bureaucracy in implementing it.

Thus, bureaucracy plays an important role in the democratisation of society.

Question 4.
Why have autonomous institutions like Public Service Commissions been established?
Answer:
The Constitution of India has established autonomous institutions like Public Service Commissions for following reasons:

To select civil servants.
To conduct competitive exams for selecting candidates on the criteria of merit and efficiency.
To decide other aspect to like the nature of the exam, syllabus, eligibility, etc.
To select efficient and deserving candidates through interviews and recommend them to the government for appointment.

Open-Ended Question:

Question 1.
Express your views on ‘ideal bureaucracy’.
Answer:
Bureaucracy includes civil servants and all the employees working in various government offices. In India, bureaucracy is criticised most of the times and is seldom praised.
According to me, an ideal bureaucracy should function as follows:

The bureaucracy should advise and force the ministers to adopt policies of public welfare.
It should give full cooperation to the ministers for implementing policies effectively.
It should adopt the principle of equality and an unbiased approach while implementing the policies so that maximum people are benefitted.
It should make the people aware of different beneficial policies.
It should strictly keep away from ill- practices like corruption, unnecessary delay, cheating and frauds, etc.
It should aim at establishing social justice by extending maximum benefits to weaker sections.
It should function as an effective medium for development of the country, social transformation and democratisation of society.

(B) Oral Examination:

Answer the following questions orally:

Question 1.
Who is the Chief Civil Servant of your district?

Question 2.
Name any two schemes/plans implemented by the government officers for your village/city.

Question 3.
How do armed forces help the civil servants?

Question 4.
Who is the Chief Civil Servant of a taluka/tehsil?

Formative Evaluation:

Oral Work:

1. Interview:
Prepare a questionnaire and interview a civil servant in your locality.

2. Group discussion:
Conduct a group discussion in your class on the topic ‘Role of bureaucracy in the development of city/village.’

Project:

Question 1.
Collect information about the working of bureaucracy at taluka/tehsil level.

8th Std Civics Questions And Answers: