Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Economics Important Questions Chapter 7 Unemployment in India Important Questions and Answers.
Maharashtra State Board 11th Economics Important Questions Chapter 7 Unemployment in India
1A. Choose the correct option:
Question 1.
Disguisedly unemployed labour has ___________ marginal productivity.
(a) zero
(b) one
(c) minimum
(d) maximum
Answer:
(a) zero
Question 2.
Introduction of computer causes ___________ unemployment.
(a) technological
(b) structural
(c) frictional
Answer:
(a) technological
Question 3.
Defective education system causes ___________ unemployment.
(a) educated
(b) technological
(c) frictional
(d) rural
Answer:
(a) educated
Question 4.
Unemployment during the off season is called ___________ unemployment.
(a) urban
(b) seasonal
(c) disguised
(d) involuntary
Answer:
(b) seasonal
Question 5.
Unemployment during recession is called ___________ unemployment.
(a) cyclical
(b) frictional
(c) structural
(d) voluntary
Answer:
(a) cyclical
Question 6.
Unemployment due to power cut is called ___________ unemployment.
(a) frictional
(b) cyclical
(c) seasonal
Answer:
(a) frictional
Question 7.
Educated unemployment is ___________ unemployment.
(a) open
(b) hidden
(c) cyclical
Answer:
(a) open
Question 8.
Employment Guarantee scheme was first introduced in ___________
(a) Maharashtra
(b) Karnataka
(c) Kerala
(d) Orissa
Answer:
(a) Maharashtra
Question 9.
Employment Guarantee Scheme was started in the year ___________
(a) 1972
(b) 1969
(c) 1970
Answer:
(a) 1972
Question 10.
Post graduate working as a peon is called ___________
(a) underemployment
(b) unemployment
(c) structural unemployment
Answer:
(a) underemployment
1B. Complete the correlation:
Question 1.
Disguised Unemployment : Rural Unemployment : : Frictional Unemployment : ___________
Answer:
Urban unemployment
Question 2.
Offseason : Seasonal Unemployment : : Excessive pressure on land : ___________
Answer:
Disguised unemployment
Question 3.
Involuntary Unemployment : People are willing to work : : ___________ : Person capacity to work is under utilised
Answer:
Underemployment
Question 4.
Technological Unemployment : Introduction of robotic technology : : ___________ : Breakdown of Machinery
Answer:
Frictional unemployment
Question 5.
Horse carts had been replaced by auto rickshaws : Structural unemployment : : Period of depression : ___________
Answer:
Cyclical unemployment
Question 6.
Employment Guarantee Scheme : 28th March 1972 : : Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana : ___________
Answer:
April 1999
Question 7.
Training about 2 lakh rural youth every year : Training rural youth for self-employment : : Wage Employment Scheme : ___________
Answer:
Jawahar Rozgar Yojana
Question 8.
MGNREGS : at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment : : TRYSEM : ___________
Answer:
Training about 2 lakh rural youth every year.
1C. Suggest the economic terms for the given statements:
Question 1.
A situation where people are willing to work but unable to get a job.
Answer:
Unemployment
Question 2.
A person working less than fourteen hours per week.
Answer:
Unemployed
Question 3.
A person working 15-28 hours a week.
Answer:
Underemployed
Question 4.
A person working 8 hours per day.
Answer:
Employed
Question 5.
Type of self unemployment.
Answer:
Voluntary unemployment
Question 6.
The situation in which all available resources are used inefficiently manner.
Answer:
Full employment
Question 7.
Unemployment is found in villages.
Answer:
Rural unemployment
Question 8.
Unemployed during the slack season.
Answer:
Seasonal unemployment
Question 9.
Unemployment was found among graduates and postgraduates.
Answer:
Educated unemployment
Question 10.
Unemployment is created due to breakdown of machinery, power failure, etc.
Answer:
Frictional unemployment
1D. Find the odd word out:
Question 1.
Concept of unemployment – Involuntary unemployment, Voluntary unemployment, Underemployment, Frictional unemployment.
Answer:
Frictional unemployment
Question 2.
State with a low rate of unemployment – Goa, Punjab, Gujarat, Bihar.
Answer:
Gujarat
Question 3.
Economic effects of Unemployment – Social tension and unrest, Loss of human dignity, Waste of human resources, Helplessness.
Answer:
Waste of human resources.
1E. Complete the following statements:
Question 1.
Structural unemployment arise due to ___________
Answer:
a drastic change in the economic structure of a country
Question 2.
Unemployment due to cyclical fluctuations in level of business activity is called as ___________
Answer:
Cyclical unemployment
Question 3.
Scheme introduced to provide productive employment to rural population is ___________
Answer:
Employment Guarantee Scheme
Question 4.
Excessive pressure on land leads to ___________
Answer:
disguised unemployment
Question 5.
Unemployment found in towns and cities are called as ___________
Answer:
urban unemployment
Question 6.
Technological unemployment arises because of ___________
Answer:
changes in technology
Question 7.
Frictional unemployment is caused due to breakdown of ___________
Answer:
machinery, power failure, strikes, etc.
Question 8.
Hypothetical situation where all available resources are used efficiently is termed as ___________
Answer:
Full employment
Question 9.
A person is considered unemployed if he works for ___________
Answer:
less than 14 hours per week
Question 10.
Disguised Unemployment is also known as ___________
Answer:
invisible unemployment
1F. Choose the wrong pair:
Question 1.
| Types of Unemployment | Reasons |
| 1. Seasonal unemployment | (a) Due to slack season |
| 2. Disguised unemployment | (b) Due to more people working than actual |
| 3. Educated unemployment | (c) Due to imbalance between job opportunities and the number of educated youth |
| 4. Industrial unemployment | (d) Due to fast industrial growth |
Answer:
Wrong Pair : (4) Industrial unemployment – Due to fast industrial growth.
Question 2.
| Schemes | Aims/Objectives |
| 1. Employment Guarantee Scheme | (a) to provide productive employment to the rural population. |
| 2. Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana | (b) to provide gainful employment to rural unemployed and underemployed. |
| 3. TRYSEM | (c) to train 2 lakh rural youth every year. |
| 4. Startup India Initiative | (d) to impart strength and inspiration to the talented young generation. |
Answer:
Wrong Pair: (2) Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana – to provide gainful employment to rural unemployed and underemployed.
1G. Choose the correct pair:
Question 1.
| Group – ‘A’ | Group – ‘B’ |
| 1. Seasonal unemployment | (a) Computers |
| 2. Disguised unemployment | (b) Breakdown of machinery |
| 3. Structural unemployment | (c) Zero marginal productivity |
| 4. Frictional unemployment | (d) Depression |
| 5. Cyclical unemployment | (e) Slack season |
| 6. Technological unemployment | (f) Infrastructural changes |
| 7. EGS | (g) Maharashtra |
Answer:
Correct Pair: (1) – (e), (2) – (c), (3) – (f), (4) – (b), (5) – (d), (6) – (a), (7) – (g).
2. Distinguish Between:
Question 1.
Unemployment and Underemployment.
Answer:
| Unemployment | Underemployment |
| (i) It refers to a situation in which people are willing to work at the prevailing wage rate but do not get jobs. | (i) It is a situation in which employed people are contributing to production, less than their capacity. |
| (ii) It is a situation when the supply of labour force is more than its demand. | (ii) It is a situation where workers work below his ability as he is unable to find a suitable job. |
| (iii) Unemployed are those who do not have any work. | (iii) Underemployed work for less than 28 hours a week or CA working as a clerk. |
| (iv) In this situation, there is wastage of working capacity and a complete waste of manpower. | (iv) In this situation there is underutilization of working capacity. |
Question 2.
Disguised Unemployment and Seasonal Unemployment.
Answer:
| Disguised Unemployment | Seasonal Unemployment |
| (i) It is a situation where people appear to work but do not contribute anything to production. | (i) It is a situation in which people remain unemployed during the off-season. |
| (ii) It is found throughout the year. | (ii) It is found only in some months of the year. |
| (iii) It is usually found in the agricultural sector due to too much pressure of population on land. | (iii) It is found in the agricultural sector as well as in agro-based industries like sugar mills, rice mills, etc. |
| (iv) Marginal productivity of a worker is zero. | (iv) Marginal productivity of a worker is not zero. |
| (v) It is classified on the basis of productivity. | (v) It is classified on the basis of seasons. |
| (vi) It can be reduced by way of production control, rural industrialization, labour mobility, etc. | (vi) It can be reduced by providing better irrigational facilities, encouraging cottage industries, creating alternative job opportunities, etc. |
Question 3.
Frictional Unemployment and Structural Unemployment.
Answer:
| Frictional Unemployment | Structural Unemployment |
| (i) It takes place when due to the frictions in the industry, some workers are removed from jobs. | (i) It takes place due to the structural changes in the economic organizations. |
| (ii) It is the result of a shortage of raw materials, strikes, power failure, etc. | (ii) It is the result of a change in the production process, shifting the industry from one region to another, technological changes, etc. |
| (iii) It is temporary unemployment. | (iii) It may be long-term unemployment. |
| (iv) It is seen in all countries. | (iv) It is normally seen in underdeveloped countries. |
| (v) It can be removed by improvement in the supply of inputs, good labor-employer relations, etc. | (v) It can be removed by way of long-term planning, creation of alternative jobs, etc. |
Question 4.
Technological Unemployment and Cyclical Unemployment.
Answer:
| Technological Unemployment | Cyclical Unemployment |
| (i) It refers to unemployment due to the introduction of new techniques of production. | (i) It refers to unemployment due to a lack of effective demand for goods and services in the market. |
| (ii) It may be temporary or long-term in nature. | (ii) It is temporary in nature. |
| (iii) It is caused due to the introduction of new labour-saving techniques, lack of proper training, etc. | (iii) It is caused by fluctuations in business and trade cycles, a fall in effective demand, etc. |
| (iv) It is found more in developing countries. | (iv) It is found more in the developed countries. |
| (v) It can be removed by making alternative job arrangements, providing technical training, encouraging self-employment, etc. | (v) It can be removed by encouraging consumption, export activities, etc. |
Question 5.
Rural Unemployment and Urban Unemployment.
Answer:
| Rural Unemployment | Urban Unemployment |
| (i) Unemployment prevailing in the village is called rural unemployment. | (i) Unemployment prevailing in the cities and towns is called urban unemployment. |
(ii) It is of two types:
|
(ii) It is also of two types:
|
| (iii) Causes of rural unemployment are more pressure on land, rising population, seasonal nature of agriculture, etc. | (iii) Causes of urban unemployment are slow economic growth, lopsided development, immobility of labour, the spread of education, etc. |
| (iv) This problem is not so intense in India. | (iv) This problem is more intense in India. |
Question 6.
Voluntary Unemployment and Involuntary Unemployment.
Answer:
| Voluntary Unemployment | Involuntary Unemployment |
| (i) Voluntary unemployment arises when people are fit to work but not willing to work. | (i) Involuntary unemployment arises when people who are able and willing to work at the existing wage rate, do not find employment. |
| (ii) The idle rich belong to this category. | (ii) It is generally found among educated and skilled workers. |
| (iii) It is not considered a serious problem. | (iii) It gives rise to serious economic and social problems. |
| (iv) The Government cannot solve the problem of voluntarily unemployed people. | (iv) The Government can solve the problem of such people. |
3. Answer the following:
Question 1.
Explain the concepts of unemployment.
Answer:
Unemployment is a situation in which a person between the age group of 15 to 59 years, who is willing and able to work at the prevailing wage but not getting any job. Hence it is a situation of scarcity of jobs, where the supply of labour is more than its demand.
Concepts of Unemployment:
- Involuntary unemployment: It refers to a situation when people are able and willing to work but there is no work for them due to excess of labour force in relation to demand labour it is also known as visible or open unemployment. Such unemployment is found in both rural and urban areas.
- Voluntary unemployment: This is not really unemployment, it is “idleness”. It is a type of unemployment where a person is fit to work but not willing to work. E.g. Rich people not willing to work or beggars who are not ready to work or educated people waiting for white-collared jobs.
- Underemployment: It is a situation where a person’s capacity to work is not fully utilized with respect to time, energy, or education. E.g: a CA working as a clerk, or a person who is ready to work full time gets a part-time job.
- Full employment: It is a situation where all the available resources in an economy are used to their optimum level.
Question 2.
What are the types of Rural unemployment?
Answer:
The unemployment situation found in village and rural areas is called rural unemployment. The main two types of rural unemployment are:
(i) Seasonal unemployment: In India, agriculture depends on the monsoon, therefore only one crop can be grown during a year. The rural agricultural labourers work mostly for 4 to 5 months during rains and rest of the year they are idle. Hence unemployment during the off-season is known as seasonal unemployment. Seasonal unemployment is also found in tourism, marriage bands, sugar factories, ice factory, fisheries, etc.
(ii) Disguised unemployment: It is also known as invisible unemployment. It is a situation where more people are working when less is required. E.g. on a piece of land when 6 workers work, the output produced is 20 quintals. If 2 workers are removed, then also the output produced is 20 quintals. This means 2 workers are not adding anything to the production. Hence these surplus workers are said to be disguisedly unemployed or in economic terms, the marginal productivity of these disguisedly unemployed labours is zero.
Question 3.
What are the types of Urban unemployment?
Answer:
Unemployment found in towns and cities is known as urban unemployment.
The two types of urban unemployment are:
(i) Educated unemployment: With the spread of education, the number of educated persons has increased. But when these educated persons do not find jobs, there is said to be educated unemployment. This type of unemployment is found among matriculates, undergraduates, graduates, and postgraduates. The casual approach to education; imbalance between job opportunities and the number of educated youth, Preference for white-collar jobs, lack of employable skills, lack of awareness about available educational opportunities are the main reasons for unemployment among educated youth in India.
(ii) Industrial unemployment: It refers to unemployment in the industrial sector. The unemployed workers may be skilled or unskilled. This is generally in a form of open unemployment. Slow industrial growth, the rapid growth of population, lack of training facilities, low adaptability to modern technology, inconvenient location of industries, low mobility of labour, etc. are the main reason for industrial unemployment. Industrial unemployment can be further classified into-
- Technological unemployment
- Frictional unemployment
- Cyclical unemployment
- Structural unemployment.
Question 4.
State any 4 Causes of Unemployment.
Answer:
Causes of Unemployment:
- The slow rate of economic development: Slow rate of economic development has resulted in the inability of the economy to give employment to the additional labour force. Therefore, unemployment is increasing.
- Excessive use of machinery: Industries are undergoing modernization and using more machines and less labour. This reduces employment opportunities. Also, in the agricultural sector, producers are increasingly substituting capital for labour.
- Migration of rural population: Agriculture being seasonal, in the off-season, there are no alternative jobs available. So they migrate to urban areas and the number of unemployed increases in urban areas.
- Expectation towards employment: Educated people have high expectations about the salary and they want ‘white-collar jobs which are not enough. They prefer to remain unemployed rather than accepting a lower salary. This also causes unemployment.
Question 5.
State the economic effects of unemployment.
Answer:
Economic effects of unemployment:
- Waste of human resources: Human resources are wasted due to unemployment in the country. These resources could have been used in the production activity of the economy.
- Difficult to implement welfare schemes: Due to corruption and malpractices, it is difficult to implement various welfare schemes introduced by the government from time to time.
- Poverty and Income inequality: Lack of employment leads to poverty and income inequality in the economy.
- Growth of informal sector: Due to unemployment, poverty increases in the economy which will attract the growth of informal sectors like smuggling, drug peddling, black marketing, etc.
- High dependency ratio: When unemployment increases in an economy, it will lead to an increase in dependency ratio.
- The unemployed group will become the burden on the employed group.
Question 6.
State the Social Effects of Unemployment.
Answer:
Social effects of unemployment:
- Social tensions: Due to unemployment, social tensions and unrest in the economy go on increasing.
- Loss of human dignity: Unemployment especially among the educated, creates an inferiority complex and leads to low dignity and self-esteem.
- Helplessness: Sometimes unemployed youth become so helpless that they try to run away from reality and some may commit suicide. Therefore, unemployment is socially undesirable.
Question 7.
State any 4 specific measures taken by the Government to generate employment in the country.
Answer:
Specific measures to generate employment are as follows:
- Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY): It was announced by the Government on 1st April 1989 to general employment in 120 backward districts specifically rural areas of India. This program was later on renamed as Jawahar Gram Samrudhi Yojana (JGSY).
- Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS): This scheme aims at providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a year to at least one member of every rural household.
- Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana, 2014: It is a placement linked skill training programme run under the Ministry of Rural Development.
- The main aim of this scheme is to reduce poverty and provide gainful and sustainable employment.
- This scheme focused on rural youth from poor families under the age group of 15 – 35 years.
- Startup India Initiative: It was introduced to impart more strength and inspiration to the talented young generation of India to do something new for India and humanity.
4. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:
Question 1.
Problems of unemployment in India and America are the same.
OR
Problems of unemployment in developed and developing countries are the same.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with the statement.
- Problems of unemployment in India and America are not the same.
- India is a developing country whereas America is a developed one.
- India being an agricultural economy, in rural areas there is a problem of disguised and seasonal unemployment and in urban areas, there is underemployment, frictional, structural, and educated unemployment.
- All this is because of overpopulation.
- But America is a technically advanced country and being thinly populated, the problem of unemployment is not so very serious.
- More often cyclical unemployment is found there which is because of a lack of effective demand.
- Hence, the statement that the problems of unemployment in India and America are the same is not correct.
Question 2.
The high growth of the population is the only cause of rural unemployment.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with the statement.
- The high growth of the population is one of the causes of rural unemployment.
- Other causes are:
- Seasonal nature of agriculture.
- Lack of mobility.
- Declining of handicrafts.
- Under the development of villages.
- Joint family system.
- Law of inheritance.
- Illiteracy among the people.
Hence, the high growth of the population is not the only cause of rural unemployment.
Question 3.
Disguised unemployment is a part of urban unemployment.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with the statement.
- Disguised unemployment is a special feature of rural areas.
- It exists when more workers are employed in a sector than what is actually required.
- They seem to be working but their contribution to the work is zero.
- This is found more in rural areas because of the high growth of the population and the lack of alternative job opportunities.
- In urban areas, we find educated unemployment or there may be frictional, structural, cyclical, or technological unemployment.
- Hence, disguised unemployment is a part of rural unemployment.
Question 4.
Educated unemployment is due to a defective education system.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with the statement.
- The Indian education system is defective.
- It stresses more on general education rather than job-oriented education.
- Educated people do not fit in any type of job unless they do some professional courses.
- Hence, a defective education system is one of the main causes of unemployment among educated people.
Question 5.
Frictional unemployment is temporary in nature.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with the statement.
- Frictional unemployment arises when there are problems like a breakdown of machinery, shortage of raw materials, power failure, etc. and some workers are removed from their jobs.
- All these are temporary problems and can be solved in a short period.
- Such problems do not cause a serious problem.
- Hence, it is right to say that frictional employment is temporary in nature.
Question 6.
Underemployment is found both in rural and urban areas.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with the statement.
- Underemployment arises when employed persons contribute less than their capacity.
- In rural areas, on the farms, labourers work for 2-3 hours a day and since alternative jobs are not available, they remain idle for the rest of the day.
- In urban areas, because of the shortage of employment, when qualified persons do not get jobs as per their qualifications, they accept either low-paid or part-time jobs.
- Hence, in both rural and urban areas underemployment is found, although it is more in rural areas.
5. Observe the following charts and answer the questions given below:
Question 1.
Question i.
Workers were sitting idle in a factory due to power failure for 3 hours.
Answer:
Frictional unemployment.
Question ii.
Ram had no work, due to the end of the Kharif crop season.
Answer:
Seasonal unemployment.
Question iii.
Due to the introduction of taxis and auto-rickshaws, Bhimaji’s horse-cart was not demanded by travellers.
Answer:
Structural unemployment.
Question 2.
Question i.
If Prakash is ready to work at the prevailing wage rate in the market, but he is unable to find the work, then what type of unemployment is it? Write the reason.
Answer:
Involuntary Unemployment.
It is due to the excess labour force with respect to demand for labour.
Question ii.
Vishal is an educated youth XYZ company is offering him a job, but he doesn’t want to work. What kind of unemployment is it? Write the reason.
Answer:
Voluntary Unemployment.
It is a kind of self unemployment. Here, the person is fit and eligible to work, but wants to remain unemployed.
Question iii.
Ajay has passed his degree college by first class and he is working as a factory assembly like a worker. Write the reason.
Answer:
Underemployment.
Mr. Ajay could have worked much better as per his qualification, but due to the non-availability of job opportunities, he is working as a factory assembly.
Question iv.
Write the meaning of full employment.
Answer:
Full employment is a situation in which all the available resources of the country are being used at their optimum and in the most efficient manner.